distributed.py

# Copyright (c) 2022-2024, NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
#
# See LICENSE for license information.

"""Methods needed for distributed training (DP/TP)."""
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager, AbstractContextManager, ContextDecorator
from typing import Any, Dict, Union, Optional, Callable, Tuple, List

import torch
from torch.cuda import _lazy_call, _lazy_init
from torch.utils.checkpoint import detach_variable, noop_context_fn
from torch.distributed.fsdp import FullyShardedDataParallel as FSDP
from torch.distributed.fsdp._common_utils import _get_module_fsdp_state
from torch.distributed.fsdp._traversal_utils import _get_fsdp_states_with_modules

from .utils import safely_set_viewless_tensor_data
from .constants import dist_group_type
from .fp8 import FP8GlobalStateManager
from .float8_tensor import Float8Tensor


__all__ = ["checkpoint", "CudaRNGStatesTracker"]


_MODEL_PARALLEL_ATTRIBUTE_DEFAULTS = {
    "tensor_model_parallel": False,
    "partition_dim": -1,
    "partition_stride": 1,
}

_USE_REENTRANT_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE = True

_FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_ENABLED = False
_FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_PHASE = False


_ALL_ACTIVE_RNG_STATES = {}


def get_all_rng_states() -> bool:
    """Returns all generator states used by `CudaRNGStatesTracker`."""
    return _ALL_ACTIVE_RNG_STATES


def set_all_rng_states(states: List) -> None:
    """Updates all generator states used by `CudaRNGStatesTracker`."""
    global _ALL_ACTIVE_RNG_STATES
    _ALL_ACTIVE_RNG_STATES = states


def graph_safe_rng_available() -> bool:
    """Returns whether cuda graph safe RNG state manipulation is supported."""
    return (hasattr(torch.cuda.CUDAGraph, "register_generator_state")
            and hasattr(torch.Generator, "graphsafe_set_state")
            and hasattr(torch.Generator, "graphsafe_get_state")
            and hasattr(torch.Generator, "clone_state"))


def _get_cuda_rng_state(
    device: Union[int, str, torch.device] = "cuda",
    clone: bool = False,
    graph_safe: bool = True,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Return the random number generator state of the specified GPU."""

    _lazy_init()
    if isinstance(device, str):
        device = torch.device(device)
    elif isinstance(device, int):
        device = torch.device("cuda", device)
    idx = device.index
    if idx is None:
        idx = torch.cuda.current_device()
    default_generator = torch.cuda.default_generators[idx]
    if graph_safe_rng_available() and graph_safe:
        if clone:
            # Reference to the cloned generator state
            return default_generator.clone_state()
        # Reference to the current generator state
        return default_generator.graphsafe_get_state()
    return default_generator.get_state()


def _set_cuda_rng_state(
    new_state: torch.Tensor,
    device: Union[int, str] = -1,
    graph_safe = True,
) -> None:
    """Sets the random number generator state of the current GPU."""

    if device == -1:
        device = torch.device("cuda")
    elif isinstance(device, str):
        device = torch.device(device)
    elif isinstance(device, int):
        device = torch.device("cuda", device)

    def cb() -> None:
        idx = device.index
        if idx is None:
            idx = torch.cuda.current_device()
        default_generator = torch.cuda.default_generators[idx]
        if graph_safe_rng_available() and graph_safe:
            default_generator.graphsafe_set_state(new_state)
            return
        default_generator.set_state(new_state)

    _lazy_call(cb)


def set_tensor_model_parallel_attributes(
    tensor: torch.Tensor, is_parallel: bool, dim: int, stride: int
) -> None:
    """set attributes needed for TP"""
    for attribute in _MODEL_PARALLEL_ATTRIBUTE_DEFAULTS:
        assert not hasattr(tensor, attribute)
    # Set the attributes.
    setattr(tensor, "tensor_model_parallel", is_parallel)
    setattr(tensor, "partition_dim", dim)
    setattr(tensor, "partition_stride", stride)


def get_distributed_world_size(group: Optional[dist_group_type] = None) -> int:
    """Return world size for the distributed group."""
    if not torch.distributed.is_initialized():
        return 1
    return torch.distributed.get_world_size(group=group)


def get_distributed_rank(group: Optional[dist_group_type] = None) -> int:
    """Return my rank for the distributed group."""
    assert torch.distributed.is_initialized(), "torch.distributed is not initialized."
    return torch.distributed.get_rank(group=group)


def initialize_affine_weight_gpu(
    weight: torch.Tensor,
    init_method: Callable,
    get_rng_state_tracker: Callable,
    partition_dim: int = 0,
    stride: int = 1,
    set_tp_attributes: bool = True,
) -> None:
    """Initialize affine weight for model parallel on GPU."""

    if set_tp_attributes:
        set_tensor_model_parallel_attributes(
            tensor=weight, is_parallel=True, dim=partition_dim, stride=stride
        )

    if get_rng_state_tracker is None:
        init_method(weight)
        return

    with get_rng_state_tracker().fork():
        init_method(weight)


def split_tensor_into_1d_equal_chunks(
    tensor: torch.Tensor, tp_group: dist_group_type, new_buffer: bool = False
) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Break a tensor into equal 1D chunks."""
    partition_size = torch.numel(tensor) // get_distributed_world_size(tp_group)
    start_index = partition_size * get_distributed_rank(tp_group)
    end_index = start_index + partition_size
    if new_buffer:
        data = torch.empty(
            partition_size,
            dtype=tensor.dtype,
            device=torch.cuda.current_device(),
            requires_grad=False,
        )
        data.copy_(tensor.view(-1)[start_index:end_index])
    else:
        data = tensor.view(-1)[start_index:end_index]
    return data


def gather_split_1d_tensor(
    tensor: torch.Tensor, tp_group: dist_group_type
) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Opposite of above function, gather values from model parallel ranks."""
    numel_gathered = torch.numel(tensor) * get_distributed_world_size(tp_group)
    gathered = torch.empty(
        numel_gathered,
        dtype=tensor.dtype,
        device=torch.cuda.current_device(),
        requires_grad=False,
    )
    torch.distributed.all_gather_into_tensor(gathered, tensor, group=tp_group)
    return gathered


class activation_recompute_forward(AbstractContextManager, ContextDecorator):
    """Context manager used to control the forward runtime behavior when executed
    under the `CheckpointFunction` function. For running FP8, the forward pass will
    run without storing intermediate activations. Instead, the forward pass saves
    the inputs tuple and the calling function. In the backwards pass, these are
    retrieved, and the forward pass is computed again while tracking the intermediate
    activations, followed by calculation of gradients using these values.
    """
    def __init__(
        self,
        activation_recompute: bool = False,
        recompute_phase: bool = False
    ):
        super().__init__()
        self.activation_recompute = activation_recompute
        self.recompute_phase = recompute_phase

    def __enter__(self):
        global _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_ENABLED, _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_PHASE
        _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_ENABLED = (
            self.activation_recompute and FP8GlobalStateManager.is_fp8_enabled()
        )
        _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_PHASE = self.recompute_phase

    def __exit__(self, *exc_details):
        global _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_ENABLED, _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_PHASE
        _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_ENABLED = False
        _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_PHASE = False


def is_fp8_activation_recompute_enabled() -> bool:
    """Return global boolean"""
    return _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_ENABLED


def in_fp8_activation_recompute_phase() -> bool:
    """Return global boolean"""
    return _FP8_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE_PHASE


def _get_active_autocast_contexts():
    """
    Returns new CPU and GPU torch.amp.autocast(..) contexts that match the active autocast state
    at the time of this function's execution.
    """
    autocast_cached = torch.is_autocast_cache_enabled()

    gpu_autocast_enabled = torch.is_autocast_enabled()
    gpu_autocast_dtype = torch.get_autocast_gpu_dtype()
    gpu_autocast_ctx = torch.cuda.amp.autocast(
        gpu_autocast_enabled, gpu_autocast_dtype, autocast_cached)

    cpu_autocast_enabled = torch.is_autocast_cpu_enabled()
    cpu_autocast_dtype = torch.get_autocast_cpu_dtype()
    cpu_autocast_ctx = torch.cpu.amp.autocast(
        cpu_autocast_enabled, cpu_autocast_dtype, autocast_cached)

    return gpu_autocast_ctx, cpu_autocast_ctx


class _CheckpointFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
    """This function is adapted from torch.utils.checkpoint with
    two main changes:
        1) torch.cuda.set_rng_state is replaced with `_set_cuda_rng_state`
        2) the states in the model parallel tracker are also properly
           tracked/set/reset.
    """

    @staticmethod
    def forward(
        ctx,
        run_function: Callable,
        distribute_saved_activations: bool,
        get_rng_state_tracker: Union[Callable, None],
        tp_group: Union[dist_group_type, None],
        context_fn: Union[Callable, None],
        kwargs: Dict[str, Any],
        *args: Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...],
    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...]:
        """Call forward function while saving state to be able to
        redo the computation later."""
        ctx.run_function = run_function
        ctx.distribute_saved_activations = distribute_saved_activations

        # Copy the rng states.
        ctx.fwd_cpu_rng_state = torch.get_rng_state()
        ctx.fwd_cuda_rng_state = _get_cuda_rng_state(graph_safe=False)
        if get_rng_state_tracker is not None:
            ctx.fwd_cuda_rng_state_tracker = get_rng_state_tracker().get_states()

        if context_fn is not None:
            forward_ctx, recompute_ctx = context_fn()
        else:
            forward_ctx, recompute_ctx = noop_context_fn()

        # Preserve torch autocast context for the backward pass
        torch_gpu_amp_ctx, torch_cpu_amp_ctx = _get_active_autocast_contexts()

        with torch.no_grad(), forward_ctx:
            with activation_recompute_forward(
                activation_recompute=True, recompute_phase=False
            ):
                outputs = run_function(*args, **kwargs)

        # Divide hidden states across model parallel group and only keep
        # the chunk corresponding to the current rank.
        if distribute_saved_activations:
            ctx.input_0_shape = args[0].data.shape
            safely_set_viewless_tensor_data(
                args[0],
                split_tensor_into_1d_equal_chunks(
                    args[0].data, tp_group, new_buffer=True
                ),
            )

        # Store everything.
        ctx.inputs = [arg if not torch.is_tensor(arg) else None for arg in args]
        tensor_inputs = [arg if torch.is_tensor(arg) else None for arg in args]
        ctx.save_for_backward(*tensor_inputs)

        ctx.get_rng_state_tracker = get_rng_state_tracker
        ctx.tp_group = tp_group
        ctx.recompute_ctx = recompute_ctx
        ctx.torch_gpu_amp_ctx = torch_gpu_amp_ctx
        ctx.torch_cpu_amp_ctx = torch_cpu_amp_ctx
        ctx.kwargs = kwargs

        return outputs

    @staticmethod
    def backward(
        ctx, *args: Tuple[Union[torch.Tensor, None], ...]
    ) -> Tuple[Union[torch.Tensor, None], ...]:
        """Call backward function with activation recomputation."""
        if not torch.autograd._is_checkpoint_valid():
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Checkpointing is not compatible with .grad(), "
                "please use .backward() if possible"
            )

        inputs = tuple(
            t if t is not None else arg
            for (t, arg) in zip(ctx.saved_tensors, ctx.inputs)
        )

        get_rng_state_tracker = ctx.get_rng_state_tracker

        if ctx.distribute_saved_activations:
            safely_set_viewless_tensor_data(
                inputs[0],
                gather_split_1d_tensor(inputs[0].data, ctx.tp_group).view(
                    ctx.input_0_shape
                ),
            )

        # Store the current states.
        bwd_cpu_rng_state = torch.get_rng_state()
        bwd_cuda_rng_state = _get_cuda_rng_state(graph_safe=False)
        if get_rng_state_tracker is not None:
            bwd_cuda_rng_state_tracker = get_rng_state_tracker().get_states()

        # Set the states to what it used to be before the forward pass.
        torch.set_rng_state(ctx.fwd_cpu_rng_state)
        _set_cuda_rng_state(ctx.fwd_cuda_rng_state, graph_safe=False)
        if get_rng_state_tracker is not None:
            get_rng_state_tracker().set_states(ctx.fwd_cuda_rng_state_tracker)

        # Compute the forward pass.
        detached_inputs = detach_variable(inputs)
        with (torch.enable_grad(), ctx.recompute_ctx,
              ctx.torch_gpu_amp_ctx, ctx.torch_cpu_amp_ctx,
              activation_recompute_forward(
                  activation_recompute=True, recompute_phase=True)):
            outputs = ctx.run_function(*detached_inputs, **ctx.kwargs)

        # Set the states back to what it was at the start of this function.
        torch.set_rng_state(bwd_cpu_rng_state)
        _set_cuda_rng_state(bwd_cuda_rng_state, graph_safe=False)
        if get_rng_state_tracker is not None:
            get_rng_state_tracker().set_states(bwd_cuda_rng_state_tracker)

        if isinstance(outputs, torch.Tensor):
            outputs = (outputs,)

        outputs_with_grad = []
        args_with_grad = []
        for i, output in enumerate(outputs):
            if torch.is_tensor(output) and output.requires_grad:
                outputs_with_grad.append(output)
                args_with_grad.append(args[i])
        if len(outputs_with_grad) == 0:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "none of output has requires_grad=True,"
                " this checkpoint() is not necessary"
            )

        torch.autograd.backward(outputs_with_grad, args_with_grad)
        grads = tuple(
            inp.grad if isinstance(inp, torch.Tensor) else None
            for inp in detached_inputs
        )
        return (None, None, None, None, None, None) + grads


class _CheckpointFrame:
    """
    Storage frame for forward RNG states and detached activations from the forward recompute.
    """
    def __init__(
        self,
        recompute_fn: Callable,
        get_rng_state_tracker: Callable
    ):
        self.recompute_fn = recompute_fn
        self.recomputed = []
        self.count = 0
        self.get_rng_state_tracker = get_rng_state_tracker
        self.fwd_rng_states = None
        self.bwd_rng_states = None


    def cache_rng_states(self, forward=True):
        """Cache fwd/bwd RNG states in the frame to restore later."""
        rng_states = (
            torch.get_rng_state(),
            _get_cuda_rng_state(graph_safe=False),
        )
        if self.get_rng_state_tracker is not None:
            rng_states += (self.get_rng_state_tracker().get_states(), )

        if forward:
            self.fwd_rng_states = rng_states
        else:
            self.bwd_rng_states = rng_states

    def restore_rng_states(self, forward=True):
        """Restore fwd/bwd RNG states that were previously cached into the frame."""
        if forward:
            rng_states = self.fwd_rng_states
        else:
            rng_states = self.bwd_rng_states

        torch.set_rng_state(rng_states[0])
        _set_cuda_rng_state(rng_states[1], graph_safe=False)
        if self.get_rng_state_tracker is not None:
            self.get_rng_state_tracker().set_states(rng_states[2])


class _recomputation_hook(torch.autograd.graph.saved_tensors_hooks):  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
    """torch.autograd hook for packing/unpacking tensors during the activation recompute phase."""

    def __init__(self, frame):

        def pack_hook(x):
            """
            Packing hook for each recomputed activation passed into the `ctx.save_for_backward()`
            call in the forward recomputation.
            """
            frame.recomputed.append(x.detach())
            return x.detach()

        def unpack_hook(x):
            """
            No-op unpack hook that will never be called because the backward pass for the
            forward recomputation is never triggered.
            """
            return x

        super().__init__(pack_hook, unpack_hook)


class _checkpoint_hook(torch.autograd.graph.saved_tensors_hooks):  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
    """torch.autograd hook for packing/unpacking tensors during the checkpointed forward pass."""

    def __init__(self, frame, args, kwargs):

        def pack_hook(x):
            """
            Packing hook for each tensor passed into `ctx.save_for_backward()` call in the
            forward pass. Since this is the first forward pass, we discard the tensor and instead
            pack a placeholder tensor index into the autograd engine context.
            """
            del x
            idx = frame.count
            frame.count += 1
            return idx

        def unpack_hook(idx):
            """
            Unpacking hook for each tensor that comes out of the `ctx.saved_tensors` call in the
            backward pass. The first time this is called, the _recomputation_hook will save all the
            activation tensors from `ctx.save_for_backward()` in the forward recomputation into the
            _CheckpointFrame. Subsequent calls will simply return the already recomputed activation
            tensor at the given index of the _CheckpointFrame storage.
            """

            if not frame.recomputed:
                # Store current RNG states in the backward pass
                frame.cache_rng_states(forward=False)

                # Set RNG states to what we saved before the forward pass
                frame.restore_rng_states(forward=True)

                # Recompute the forward pass
                with _recomputation_hook(frame):
                    frame.recompute_fn(*args, **kwargs)

                # Restore RNG states back to the backward pass
                frame.restore_rng_states(forward=False)

            # Return the already recomputed activation tensor at the given index
            activation = frame.recomputed[idx]
            frame.recomputed[idx] = None
            return activation

        super().__init__(pack_hook, unpack_hook)


def use_reentrant_activation_recompute():
    """Returns `True` if activation recompute is using the 'reentrant' method."""
    return _USE_REENTRANT_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE


def get_activation_recompute_contexts():
    """Returns context objects for the checkpointed forward pass and the forward recompute phase."""
    forward_ctx = activation_recompute_forward(
        activation_recompute=True,
        recompute_phase=False,
    )
    recompute_ctx = activation_recompute_forward(
        activation_recompute=True,
        recompute_phase=True,
    )
    return forward_ctx, recompute_ctx


def has_te_modules(network):
    """
    Check if there are any Transformer Engine modules in the network.
    """
    from .module import LayerNorm, RMSNorm
    from .module.base import TransformerEngineBaseModule
    from .attention import UnfusedDotProductAttention, DotProductAttention, MultiheadAttention
    from .transformer import TransformerLayer

    te_classes_list = [
        LayerNorm,
        RMSNorm,
        TransformerEngineBaseModule,
        UnfusedDotProductAttention,
        DotProductAttention,
        MultiheadAttention,
        TransformerLayer,
    ]

    if isinstance(network, torch.nn.Module):
        for module in network.modules():
            if any(isinstance(module, te_class) for te_class in te_classes_list):
                return True
        return False

    # Cannot check for TE modules inside a custom class/callable that's not a torch.nn.Module,
    # so just assume that it has TE modules just to be safe.
    return True


def checkpoint(
    function: Callable,
    *args: Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...],
    **kwargs: Dict[str, Any],
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...]:
    """
    Checkpoint a part of the model by trading compute for memory. This function is based on
    `torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/checkpoint.html>`_.

    .. warning::

        It is the user's responsibility to ensure identical behavior when calling
        :attr:`function` from the forward and backward pass. If different output is
        produced (e.g. due to global state), then the checkpointed version won't
        be numerically equivalent.

    .. warning::
        `use_reentrant=False` does not support early stopping, and will execute the entire forward
        pass for the checkpointed module when recomputing activations in the backward pass.

    Parameters
    ----------
    function: Callable
            pytorch module used to run the forward and backward passes using
            the specified :attr:`args` and :attr:`kwargs`.
    distribute_saved_activations: bool, default = False
            if set to `True` and `use_reentrant=True`, first tensor argument is distributed
            across the specified tensor parallel group (`tp_group`) before saving it for the
            backward pass. This has no effect when `use_reentrant=False`.
    get_rng_state_tracker: `Callable`, default = None
            python callable which returns an instance of :func:`CudaRNGStatesTracker`.
    tp_group : ProcessGroup, default = None
            tensor parallel process group. Used only when `distribute_saved_activations=True`
            and `use_reentrant=True`. If `None`, it falls back to the default group.
    use_reentrant : bool, default = True
            perform checkpointing in reentrant mode.
    args : tuple
            tuple of torch tensors for inputs to :attr:`function`.
    kwargs : dict
            dictionary of string keys for keyword arguments to :attr:`function`.
    """
    # Pop out te.distributed.checkpoint() arguments
    global _USE_REENTRANT_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE
    _USE_REENTRANT_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE = kwargs.pop("use_reentrant", True)
    distribute_saved_activations = kwargs.pop("distribute_saved_activations", False)
    tp_group = kwargs.pop("tp_group", None)
    get_rng_state_tracker = kwargs.pop("get_rng_state_tracker", None)

    # Ensure backward compatibility.
    if (len(args) > 3 and isinstance(args[0], bool) and callable(args[1])
        and isinstance(args[2], None | dist_group_type)):
        warnings.warn(
            "Passing non-tensor non-keyword arguments is deprecated and support will be removed in "
            "future releases of TransformerEngine. `distribute_saved_activations`, `tp_group`, and "
            "`get_rng_state_tracker` must be passed as keyword arguments to `checkpoint`.",
            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2,
        )
        distribute_saved_activations, get_rng_state_tracker, tp_group = args[:3] # pylint: disable=unbalanced-tuple-unpacking
        args = args[3:]

    # Trigger the native PyTorch checkpoint if the function is not or does not contain a
    # Transformer Engine module.
    context_fn = kwargs.pop("context_fn", noop_context_fn)
    determinism_check = kwargs.pop("determinism_check", "default")
    debug = kwargs.pop("debug", False)
    if not has_te_modules(function):
        return torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint(
            function,
            *args,
            use_reentrant=_USE_REENTRANT_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE,
            context_fn=context_fn,
            determinism_check=determinism_check,
            debug=debug,
            **kwargs
        )

    # If this TE module is FSDP-wrapped, clear its FSDP group information because there's no need
    # to scatter/gather activations that we will recompute anyway.
    setattr(function, "fsdp_wrapped", False)
    setattr(function, "fsdp_group", None)

    # Otherwise discard unused te.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint() arguments
    # and execute TE's own checkpointing
    # NOTE: This logic uses the TE checkpoint on all custom callable `function` handles because we
    #       cannot be sure there are no TE modules inside the function. It also means we might run
    #       the TE checkpoint for non-TE modules, so the TE checkpoint has to support a potential
    #       user context function.
    del determinism_check, debug
    if _USE_REENTRANT_ACTIVATION_RECOMPUTE:
        # If saved activations need to be distributed but there is no process group,
        # default to the world group.
        if distribute_saved_activations:
            assert torch.distributed.is_initialized(), "torch.distributed is not initialized."
            tp_group = torch.distributed.GroupMember.WORLD if tp_group is None else tp_group

        return _CheckpointFunction.apply(
            function,
            distribute_saved_activations,
            get_rng_state_tracker,
            tp_group,
            context_fn,
            kwargs,
            *args,
        )

    if distribute_saved_activations:
        warnings.warn(
            "`distribute_saved_activations=True` has no effect when `use_reentrant=False`. "
            "The non-reentrant checkpoint implementation does not manually store forward "
            "inputs for the activation recompute in the backward pass, and instead leverages "
            "the autograd engine's pack/unpack hooks."
        )

    user_forward_ctx, user_recompute_ctx = context_fn()
    te_forward_ctx, te_recompute_ctx = get_activation_recompute_contexts()

    # Preserve the torch autocast contexts from the forward pass during recompute phase.
    torch_gpu_amp_forward_ctx, torch_cpu_amp_forward_ctx = _get_active_autocast_contexts()

    def recompute_fn(*args, **kwargs):
        with (torch.autograd.enable_grad(),
              te_recompute_ctx, user_recompute_ctx,
              torch_gpu_amp_forward_ctx, torch_cpu_amp_forward_ctx):
            function(*args, **kwargs)

    # Initialize a new checkpoint frame for each new forward pass.
    new_frame = _CheckpointFrame(
        recompute_fn,
        get_rng_state_tracker,
    )
    new_frame.cache_rng_states(forward=True)

    with (_checkpoint_hook(new_frame, args, kwargs),
          te_forward_ctx, user_forward_ctx):
        out = function(*args, **kwargs)

    return out


class CudaRNGStatesTracker:
    """
    For model parallelism, multiple RNG states need to simultaneously exist in order
    to execute operations in or out of the model parallel region. This class keeps
    track of the various RNG states and provides utility methods to maintain them and
    execute parts of the model under a given RNG setting. Using the `add` method, a
    cuda rng state is initialized based on the input `seed` and is assigned to `name`.
    Later, by forking the rng state, we can perform operations and return to our starting
    cuda state.
    """

    def __init__(self):
        # Map from a string name to the cuda rng state.
        self.states_ = {}
        # Seeds are just for book keeping and ensure no seed is set twice.
        self.seeds_ = set()

    def reset(self):
        """
        Set to the initial state (no tracker).
        """
        self.states_ = {}
        self.seeds_ = set()

    def get_states(self) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
        """
        Get rng states. Copy the dictionary so we have direct pointers
        to the states, not just a pointer to the dictionary.
        """
        states = {}
        for name in self.states_:
            states[name] = self.states_[name]
        return states

    def set_states(self, states: Dict[str, torch.Tensor]) -> None:
        """
        Set the rng states. For efficiency purposes, we do not
        check the size of seed for compatibility.

        states: Dict[str, torch.Tensor]
               A mapping from string names to RNG states.
        """
        self.states_ = states

    def add(self, name: str, seed: int) -> None:
        """
        Adds a new RNG state.

        name: str
             string identifier for the RNG state.
        seed: int
             PyTorch seed for the RNG state.
        """
        # Check seed is not already used.
        if seed in self.seeds_:
            raise Exception(f"seed {seed} already exists")
        self.seeds_.add(seed)
        # Check that state is not already defined.
        if name in self.states_:
            raise Exception(f"cuda rng state {name} already exists")

        if graph_safe_rng_available():
            new_state = _get_cuda_rng_state(clone=True)
            new_state.manual_seed(seed)
            self.states_[name] = new_state
            # Update global states.
            set_all_rng_states(self.states_)
        else:
            # Get the current rng state.
            orig_rng_state = _get_cuda_rng_state()
            # Set the new state and store it.
            torch.cuda.manual_seed(seed)
            self.states_[name] = _get_cuda_rng_state(clone=True)
            # Reset rng state to what it was.
            _set_cuda_rng_state(orig_rng_state)
            # Update global states.
            set_all_rng_states(self.states_)

    @contextmanager
    def fork(self, name: str = "model-parallel-rng"):
        """
        Fork the cuda rng state, perform operations, and exit with
        the original state.

        name: str
             string identifier for the RNG state.
        """
        # Check if we have added the state
        if name not in self.states_:
            raise Exception(f"cuda rng state {name} is not added")
        # Get the reference to current rng state.
        orig_cuda_rng_state = _get_cuda_rng_state()
        # Set rng state to the desired one
        _set_cuda_rng_state(self.states_[name])
        # Do the stuff we wanted to do.
        try:
            yield
        finally:
            # this is redundant with graph-safe API
            if not graph_safe_rng_available():
                self.states_[name] = _get_cuda_rng_state()
            # And set the state to the original state we started with.
            _set_cuda_rng_state(orig_cuda_rng_state)


def reduce_scatter_along_first_dim(
    input_: torch.Tensor, tp_group: dist_group_type, async_op: bool = False
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """Reduce-scatter the input tensor across model parallel group."""
    world_size = get_distributed_world_size(tp_group)
    # Bypass the function if we are using only 1 GPU.
    if world_size == 1:
        return input_, None

    dim_size = list(input_.size())
    assert (
        dim_size[0] % world_size == 0
    ), "First dimension of the tensor should be divisible by tensor parallel size"

    dim_size[0] = dim_size[0] // world_size

    output = torch.empty(
        dim_size, dtype=input_.dtype, device=torch.cuda.current_device()
    )
    handle = torch.distributed.reduce_scatter_tensor(
        output, input_.contiguous(), group=tp_group, async_op=async_op
    )
    return output, handle


def gather_along_first_dim(
    input_: torch.Tensor, tp_group: dist_group_type, async_op: bool = False
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """Gather tensors and concatinate along the first dimension."""

    world_size = get_distributed_world_size(tp_group)
    # Bypass the function if we are using only 1 GPU.
    if world_size == 1:
        return input_, None

    dim_size = list(input_.size())
    dim_size[0] = dim_size[0] * world_size

    output = torch.empty(
        dim_size, dtype=input_.dtype, device=torch.cuda.current_device()
    )
    handle = torch.distributed.all_gather_into_tensor(
        output, input_.contiguous(), group=tp_group, async_op=async_op
    )

    return output, handle


def allreduce(
    input_: torch.Tensor,
    tp_group: Optional[dist_group_type] = None,
    async_op: bool = False,
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """All-reduce the input tensor across model parallel group."""

    # Bypass the function if we are using only 1 GPU.
    if get_distributed_world_size(tp_group) == 1:
        return input_, None

    # All-reduce.
    handle = torch.distributed.all_reduce(input_, group=tp_group, async_op=async_op)

    return input_, handle


def _fsdp_scatter_tensors(
    fsdp_group: dist_group_type,
    *tensors: torch.Tensor,
):
    shapes = []
    if fsdp_group is not None:
        for t in tensors:
            if isinstance(t, torch.Tensor):
                target = t._data if isinstance(t, Float8Tensor) else t
                shapes.append(target.data.shape)
                safely_set_viewless_tensor_data(
                    target, split_tensor_into_1d_equal_chunks(
                        target.data, fsdp_group, new_buffer=True)
                )
            else:
                shapes.append(None)
    return shapes


def _fsdp_gather_tensors(
    fsdp_group: dist_group_type,
    shapes: List[Tuple[int,...]],
    *tensors: torch.Tensor,
):
    if fsdp_group is not None:
        assert len(shapes) == len(tensors), "Number of tensors and tensor shapes must be equal."
        for s, t in zip(shapes, tensors):
            if isinstance(t, torch.Tensor):
                assert s is not None, "Internal TE error."
                target = t._data if isinstance(t, Float8Tensor) else t
                safely_set_viewless_tensor_data(
                    target, gather_split_1d_tensor(target.data, fsdp_group).view(s)
                )


def _is_te_module(module):
    """
    Check if given module is a Transformer Engine module that requires the TE checkpoint
    implementation for activation recompute.
    """
    from .module import LayerNorm, RMSNorm
    from .module.base import TransformerEngineBaseModule
    from .attention import UnfusedDotProductAttention, DotProductAttention, MultiheadAttention
    from .transformer import TransformerLayer
    te_classes_list = [
        LayerNorm,
        RMSNorm,
        TransformerEngineBaseModule,
        UnfusedDotProductAttention,
        DotProductAttention,
        MultiheadAttention,
        TransformerLayer,
    ]
    is_te_module = False
    for te_class in te_classes_list:
        if isinstance(module, te_class):
            is_te_module = True
            break
    return is_te_module


def prepare_te_modules_for_fsdp(fsdp_root: torch.nn.Module) -> None:
    """
    Inject FSDP process gorup references into FSDP-wrapped TE modules in an FSDP-wrapped root
    module in order to scatter/gather the Fp8 weight copies at the same time FSDP scatters/gathers
    its `FlatParameters`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    fsdp_root: torch.nn.Module
               FSDP-wrapped root module that may contain FSDP-wrapped TE modules.
    """
    assert isinstance(fsdp_root, FSDP), "Root module must be FSDP-wrapped."
    assert not fsdp_root.primary_weights_in_fp8, (
        "TE modules with primary weights in FP8 cannot be FSDP-wrapped. "
        "Please initialize your model without the te.fp8_model_init(...) context."
    )

    # If the root module is a TE module, inject FSDP information into it
    if _is_te_module(fsdp_root.module):
        root_state = _get_module_fsdp_state(fsdp_root)
        assert root_state is not None, "Root module does not have a valid _FSDPState."
        setattr(fsdp_root.module, "fsdp_group", root_state.process_group)

    # Iterate through all FSDP-wrapped submodules and inject FSDP information into TE modules
    fsdp_states, fsdp_modules = _get_fsdp_states_with_modules(fsdp_root)
    for state, fsdp_module in zip(fsdp_states, fsdp_modules):
        assert not fsdp_module.module.primary_weights_in_fp8, (
            "TE modules with primary weights in FP8 cannot be FSDP-wrapped. "
            "Please initialize your model without the te.fp8_model_init(...) context."
        )
        if _is_te_module(fsdp_module.module):
            setattr(fsdp_module.module, "fsdp_group", state.process_group)


class FullyShardedDataParallel(FSDP):
    """
    Transformer Engine wrapper around `torch.distributed.fsdp.FullyShardedDataParallel` that
    extracts necessary information out of the FSDP wrap for TE modules to scatter their
    activation tensors after each forward pass and gather them before the backward pass.
    """

    def __init__(self, module, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(module, *args, **kwargs)
        prepare_te_modules_for_fsdp(self)