## Using GoogleTest from various build systems

GoogleTest comes with pkg-config files that can be used to determine all
necessary flags for compiling and linking to GoogleTest (and GoogleMock).
Pkg-config is a standardised plain-text format containing

*   the includedir (-I) path
*   necessary macro (-D) definitions
*   further required flags (-pthread)
*   the library (-L) path
*   the library (-l) to link to

All current build systems support pkg-config in one way or another. For all
examples here we assume you want to compile the sample
`samples/sample3_unittest.cc`.

### CMake

Using `pkg-config` in CMake is fairly easy:

```cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)

cmake_policy(SET CMP0048 NEW)
project(my_gtest_pkgconfig VERSION 0.0.1 LANGUAGES CXX)

find_package(PkgConfig)
pkg_search_module(GTEST REQUIRED gtest_main)

add_executable(testapp samples/sample3_unittest.cc)
target_link_libraries(testapp ${GTEST_LDFLAGS})
target_compile_options(testapp PUBLIC ${GTEST_CFLAGS})

include(CTest)
add_test(first_and_only_test testapp)
```

It is generally recommended that you use `target_compile_options` + `_CFLAGS`
over `target_include_directories` + `_INCLUDE_DIRS` as the former includes not
just -I flags (GoogleTest might require a macro indicating to internal headers
that all libraries have been compiled with threading enabled. In addition,
GoogleTest might also require `-pthread` in the compiling step, and as such
splitting the pkg-config `Cflags` variable into include dirs and macros for
`target_compile_definitions()` might still miss this). The same recommendation
goes for using `_LDFLAGS` over the more commonplace `_LIBRARIES`, which happens
to discard `-L` flags and `-pthread`.

### Autotools

Finding GoogleTest in Autoconf and using it from Automake is also fairly easy:

In your `configure.ac`:

```
AC_PREREQ([2.69])
AC_INIT([my_gtest_pkgconfig], [0.0.1])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([samples/sample3_unittest.cc])
AC_PROG_CXX

PKG_CHECK_MODULES([GTEST], [gtest_main])

AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign subdir-objects])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
```

and in your `Makefile.am`:

```
check_PROGRAMS = testapp
TESTS = $(check_PROGRAMS)

testapp_SOURCES = samples/sample3_unittest.cc
testapp_CXXFLAGS = $(GTEST_CFLAGS)
testapp_LDADD = $(GTEST_LIBS)
```

### Meson

Meson natively uses pkgconfig to query dependencies:

```
project('my_gtest_pkgconfig', 'cpp', version : '0.0.1')

gtest_dep = dependency('gtest_main')

testapp = executable(
  'testapp',
  files(['samples/sample3_unittest.cc']),
  dependencies : gtest_dep,
  install : false)

test('first_and_only_test', testapp)
```

### Plain Makefiles

Since `pkg-config` is a small Unix command-line utility, it can be used in
handwritten `Makefile`s too:

```makefile
GTEST_CFLAGS = `pkg-config --cflags gtest_main`
GTEST_LIBS = `pkg-config --libs gtest_main`

.PHONY: tests all

tests: all
  ./testapp

all: testapp

testapp: testapp.o
  $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $< -o $@ $(GTEST_LIBS)

testapp.o: samples/sample3_unittest.cc
  $(CXX) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $< -c -o $@ $(GTEST_CFLAGS)
```

### Help! pkg-config can't find GoogleTest!

Let's say you have a `CMakeLists.txt` along the lines of the one in this
tutorial and you try to run `cmake`. It is very possible that you get a failure
along the lines of:

```
-- Checking for one of the modules 'gtest_main'
CMake Error at /usr/share/cmake/Modules/FindPkgConfig.cmake:640 (message):
  None of the required 'gtest_main' found
```

These failures are common if you installed GoogleTest yourself and have not
sourced it from a distro or other package manager. If so, you need to tell
pkg-config where it can find the `.pc` files containing the information. Say you
installed GoogleTest to `/usr/local`, then it might be that the `.pc` files are
installed under `/usr/local/lib64/pkgconfig`. If you set

```
export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/lib64/pkgconfig
```

pkg-config will also try to look in `PKG_CONFIG_PATH` to find `gtest_main.pc`.

### Using pkg-config in a cross-compilation setting

Pkg-config can be used in a cross-compilation setting too. To do this, let's
assume the final prefix of the cross-compiled installation will be `/usr`,
and your sysroot is `/home/MYUSER/sysroot`. Configure and install GTest using

```
mkdir build && cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr ..
```

Install into the sysroot using `DESTDIR`:

```
make -j install DESTDIR=/home/MYUSER/sysroot
```

Before we continue, it is recommended to **always** define the following two
variables for pkg-config in a cross-compilation setting:

```
export PKG_CONFIG_ALLOW_SYSTEM_CFLAGS=yes
export PKG_CONFIG_ALLOW_SYSTEM_LIBS=yes
```

otherwise `pkg-config` will filter `-I` and `-L` flags against standard
prefixes such as `/usr` (see https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=28264#c3
for reasons why this stripping needs to occur usually).

If you look at the generated pkg-config file, it will look something like

```
libdir=/usr/lib64
includedir=/usr/include

Name: gtest
Description: GoogleTest (without main() function)
Version: 1.10.0
URL: https://github.com/google/googletest
Libs: -L${libdir} -lgtest -lpthread
Cflags: -I${includedir} -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1 -lpthread
```

Notice that the sysroot is not included in `libdir` and `includedir`! If you
try to run `pkg-config` with the correct
`PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR=/home/MYUSER/sysroot/usr/lib64/pkgconfig` against this `.pc`
file, you will get

```
$ pkg-config --cflags gtest
-DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1 -lpthread -I/usr/include
$ pkg-config --libs gtest
-L/usr/lib64 -lgtest -lpthread
```

which is obviously wrong and points to the `CBUILD` and not `CHOST` root.
In order to use this in a cross-compilation setting, we need to tell
pkg-config to inject the actual sysroot into `-I` and `-L` variables. Let us
now tell pkg-config about the actual sysroot

```
export PKG_CONFIG_DIR=
export PKG_CONFIG_SYSROOT_DIR=/home/MYUSER/sysroot
export PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR=${PKG_CONFIG_SYSROOT_DIR}/usr/lib64/pkgconfig
```

and running `pkg-config` again we get

```
$ pkg-config --cflags gtest
-DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1 -lpthread -I/home/MYUSER/sysroot/usr/include
$ pkg-config --libs gtest
-L/home/MYUSER/sysroot/usr/lib64 -lgtest -lpthread
```

which contains the correct sysroot now. For a more comprehensive guide to
also including `${CHOST}` in build system calls, see the excellent tutorial
by Diego Elio Pettenò: https://autotools.io/pkgconfig/cross-compiling.html
