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Once annual rainfall exceeds ", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 206, 222, 260, 233 ], "score": 0.67, "content": "400{-}500\\ \\mathrm{mm}", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 260, 222, 263, 234 ], "score": 1.0, "content": ",", "type": "text" } ], "index": 10 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 235, 263, 246 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 235, 263, 246 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "there is an increasing divergence between forest and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 11 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 247, 263, 258 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 247, 263, 258 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "grassland ET (Zhang et al., 2001). Research from", "type": "text" } ], "index": 12 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 259, 263, 270 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 259, 263, 270 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "South Africa in particular has demonstrated flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 13 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 272, 263, 282 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 272, 263, 282 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "reduction following afforestation with both pine and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 14 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 284, 263, 293 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 284, 263, 293 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "eucalypt species (Bosch, 1979; Van Lill et al., 1980;", "type": "text" } ], "index": 15 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 295, 263, 305 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 295, 263, 305 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Van Wyk, 1987; Bosch and Von Gadow, 1990; Scott", "type": "text" } ], "index": 16 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 307, 262, 317 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 307, 262, 317 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "and Smith, 1997; Scott et al., 2000). In regions, where", "type": "text" } ], "index": 17 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 320, 263, 330 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 320, 263, 330 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "water is an increasingly valuable resource, prediction", "type": "text" } ], "index": 18 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 331, 263, 342 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 331, 263, 342 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "of the long-term hydrologic impact of afforestation is", "type": "text" } ], "index": 19 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 343, 263, 354 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 343, 263, 354 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "a prerequisite for the optimal planning of catchment", "type": "text" } ], "index": 20 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 354, 84, 365 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 354, 84, 365 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "land use.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 21 } ], "index": 11 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 47, 366, 263, 665 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 58, 366, 263, 378 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 58, 366, 263, 378 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Zhang et al. (1999, 2001) developed simple and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 22 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 379, 263, 390 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 379, 263, 390 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "easily parameterised models to predict changes in", "type": "text" } ], "index": 23 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 390, 263, 402 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 390, 263, 402 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "mean annual flows following afforestation. However,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 24 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 402, 262, 413 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 402, 262, 413 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "there is a need to consider the annual flow regime as the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 25 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 416, 262, 426 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 416, 262, 426 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "relative changes in high and low flows may have", "type": "text" } ], "index": 26 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 427, 262, 438 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 427, 262, 438 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "considerable site specific and downstream impacts..", "type": "text" } ], "index": 27 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 438, 263, 449 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 438, 263, 449 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Sikka et al. (2003) recently showed a change from", "type": "text" } ], "index": 28 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 451, 263, 461 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 451, 263, 461 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "grassland to Eucalyptus globulus plantations in India", "type": "text" } ], "index": 29 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 462, 262, 473 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 462, 262, 473 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "decreased a low flow index by a factor of two during the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 30 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 474, 263, 485 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 474, 263, 485 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "first rotation (9 years), and by 3.75 during the second", "type": "text" } ], "index": 31 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 486, 263, 497 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 486, 263, 497 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "rotation, with more subdued impact on peak flows. The", "type": "text" } ], "index": 32 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 498, 263, 510 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 498, 263, 510 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "index was defined as the 10 day average flow exceeded", "type": "text" } ], "index": 33 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 509, 263, 521 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 509, 65, 520 ], "score": 0.86, "content": "95\\%", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 66, 510, 263, 521 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " of the time, obtained from analysis of 10-day flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 34 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 522, 263, 534 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 522, 263, 534 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "duration curves. 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This may be", "type": "text" } ], "index": 75 }, { "bbox": [ 286, 438, 500, 448 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 286, 438, 500, 448 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "compared with 2000, where there is substantially", "type": "text" } ], "index": 76 }, { "bbox": [ 284, 448, 339, 462 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 284, 448, 339, 462 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "higher flows.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 77 } ], "index": 71 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 285, 461, 502, 665 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 298, 462, 502, 473 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 298, 462, 502, 473 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "This paper presents the results of a project aimed at", "type": "text" } ], "index": 78 }, { "bbox": [ 286, 474, 502, 485 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 286, 474, 502, 485 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "quantifying changes in annual flow regime of", "type": "text" } ], "index": 79 }, { "bbox": [ 284, 485, 502, 498 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 284, 485, 502, 498 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments following plantation establishment. 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For any generalisation of response of the FDC to", "type": "text" } ], "index": 84 }, { "bbox": [ 286, 546, 502, 557 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 286, 546, 502, 557 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "vegetation change, the variation in the annual climate", "type": "text" } ], "index": 85 }, { "bbox": [ 286, 558, 502, 568 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 286, 558, 502, 568 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "signal must be removed. The time-tested solution to", "type": "text" } ], "index": 86 }, { "bbox": [ 285, 570, 502, 581 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 285, 570, 502, 581 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "this problem is the paired-catchment (control versus", "type": "text" } ], "index": 87 }, { "bbox": [ 285, 582, 502, 593 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 285, 582, 502, 593 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "treatment) experiment. 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Research from", "type": "text" } ], "index": 12 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 259, 263, 270 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 259, 263, 270 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "South Africa in particular has demonstrated flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 13 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 272, 263, 282 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 272, 263, 282 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "reduction following afforestation with both pine and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 14 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 284, 263, 293 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 284, 263, 293 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "eucalypt species (Bosch, 1979; Van Lill et al., 1980;", "type": "text" } ], "index": 15 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 295, 263, 305 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 295, 263, 305 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Van Wyk, 1987; Bosch and Von Gadow, 1990; Scott", "type": "text" } ], "index": 16 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 307, 262, 317 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 307, 262, 317 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "and Smith, 1997; Scott et al., 2000). In regions, where", "type": "text" } ], "index": 17 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 320, 263, 330 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 320, 263, 330 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "water is an increasingly valuable resource, prediction", "type": "text" } ], "index": 18 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 331, 263, 342 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 331, 263, 342 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "of the long-term hydrologic impact of afforestation is", "type": "text" } ], "index": 19 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 343, 263, 354 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 343, 263, 354 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "a prerequisite for the optimal planning of catchment", "type": "text" } ], "index": 20 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 354, 84, 365 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 354, 84, 365 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "land use.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 21 } ], "index": 11, "page_num": "page_1", "page_size": [ 544.0, 743.0 ], "bbox_fs": [ 45, 115, 263, 365 ] }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 47, 366, 263, 665 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 58, 366, 263, 378 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 58, 366, 263, 378 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Zhang et al. (1999, 2001) developed simple and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 22 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 379, 263, 390 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 379, 263, 390 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "easily parameterised models to predict changes in", "type": "text" } ], "index": 23 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 390, 263, 402 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 390, 263, 402 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "mean annual flows following afforestation. However,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 24 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 402, 262, 413 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 402, 262, 413 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "there is a need to consider the annual flow regime as the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 25 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 416, 262, 426 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 416, 262, 426 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "relative changes in high and low flows may have", "type": "text" } ], "index": 26 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 427, 262, 438 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 427, 262, 438 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "considerable site specific and downstream impacts..", "type": "text" } ], "index": 27 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 438, 263, 449 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 438, 263, 449 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Sikka et al. (2003) recently showed a change from", "type": "text" } ], "index": 28 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 451, 263, 461 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 451, 263, 461 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "grassland to Eucalyptus globulus plantations in India", "type": "text" } ], "index": 29 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 462, 262, 473 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 462, 262, 473 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "decreased a low flow index by a factor of two during the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 30 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 474, 263, 485 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 474, 263, 485 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "first rotation (9 years), and by 3.75 during the second", "type": "text" } ], "index": 31 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 486, 263, 497 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 486, 263, 497 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "rotation, with more subdued impact on peak flows. The", "type": "text" } ], "index": 32 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 498, 263, 510 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 498, 263, 510 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "index was defined as the 10 day average flow exceeded", "type": "text" } ], "index": 33 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 509, 263, 521 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 509, 65, 520 ], "score": 0.86, "content": "95\\%", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 66, 510, 263, 521 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " of the time, obtained from analysis of 10-day flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 34 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 522, 263, 534 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 522, 263, 534 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "duration curves. Scott and Smith (1997) reported", "type": "text" } ], "index": 35 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 534, 263, 546 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 534, 263, 546 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "proportionally greater reductions in low flows", "type": "text" } ], "index": 36 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 547, 263, 557 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 547, 263, 557 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "(75–100th percentiles) than annual flows from South", "type": "text" } ], "index": 37 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 559, 263, 568 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 559, 263, 568 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "African research catchments under conversions from", "type": "text" } ], "index": 38 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 571, 263, 581 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 571, 263, 581 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "grass to pine and eucalypt plantations, while Bosch", "type": "text" } ], "index": 39 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 582, 262, 592 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 582, 262, 592 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "(1979) found the greatest reduction in seasonal flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 40 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 593, 262, 605 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 593, 262, 605 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "from the summer wet season. 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Fig. 1 plots", "type": "text" } ], "index": 70 }, { "bbox": [ 285, 377, 501, 389 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 285, 377, 501, 389 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "annual FDCsover 12 years of plantation growth for one", "type": "text" } ], "index": 71 }, { "bbox": [ 286, 390, 501, 400 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 286, 390, 501, 400 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "of the catchments used in this study, Pine Creek. The", "type": "text" } ], "index": 72 }, { "bbox": [ 285, 402, 501, 413 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 285, 402, 501, 413 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "net change in flow is obscured by rainfall variability;", "type": "text" } ], "index": 73 }, { "bbox": [ 285, 415, 501, 424 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 285, 415, 501, 424 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "e.g. the greatest change in the FDC is in 1996, with the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 74 }, { "bbox": [ 286, 424, 501, 437 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 286, 426, 353, 437 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "stream flowing ", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 354, 424, 383, 435 ], "score": 0.88, "content": "<\\!20\\%", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 383, 426, 501, 437 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " of the time. 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For the consideration", "type": "text" } ], "index": 24 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 438, 257, 450 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 438, 257, 450 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "of annual flow regime, daily flows are an appropriate", "type": "text" } ], "index": 25 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 451, 171, 462 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 451, 171, 462 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "time step for FDC construction.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 26 } ], "index": 19 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 42, 462, 258, 664 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 53, 462, 257, 474 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 53, 462, 257, 474 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "FDCs were computed from the distribution of daily", "type": "text" } ], "index": 27 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 474, 257, 486 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 474, 257, 486 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "flows for each year of record based on the appropriate", "type": "text" } ], "index": 28 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 487, 257, 497 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 487, 257, 497 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "water years (May–April or November–October) for", "type": "text" } ], "index": 29 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 499, 258, 510 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 499, 258, 510 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "10 Southern Hemisphere catchments. Each 10th", "type": "text" } ], "index": 30 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 511, 258, 521 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 511, 258, 521 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "percentile (decile) was extracted from the annual", "type": "text" } ], "index": 31 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 522, 258, 533 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 522, 258, 533 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "FDCs of each catchment to form the data sets for", "type": "text" } ], "index": 32 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 535, 258, 546 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 535, 258, 546 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "analysis. For the purpose of characterising changes in", "type": "text" } ], "index": 33 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 547, 258, 557 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 547, 258, 557 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "each of the deciles, it is assumed that the time series is", "type": "text" } ], "index": 34 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 559, 258, 569 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 559, 258, 569 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "principally a function of climate and vegetation", "type": "text" } ], "index": 35 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 571, 258, 581 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 571, 258, 581 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "characteristics. 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In", "type": "text" } ], "index": 20 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 343, 258, 354 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 343, 258, 354 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "general the model fits the higher flows (lower deciles)", "type": "text" } ], "index": 21 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 355, 258, 365 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 355, 258, 365 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "better, most of the poorer fits are in the 80–100", "type": "text" } ], "index": 22 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 367, 258, 377 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 367, 258, 377 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "percentile range. This can be expected given the results", "type": "text" } ], "index": 23 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 378, 257, 389 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 379, 165, 389 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "of the significance tests for ", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 165, 378, 171, 387 ], "score": 0.59, "content": "^b", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 172, 379, 257, 389 ], "score": 1.0, "content": ". 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(2000), Hickel (2001), Nandakumar and Mein (1993) and Fahey and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 1 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 111, 245, 122 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 111, 245, 122 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Jackson (1997) compared to estimated reductions in this study", "type": "text" } ], "index": 2 } ], "index": 1 }, { "type": "table_footnote", "bbox": [ 41, 251, 496, 308 ], "group_id": 0, "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 44, 249, 498, 263 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 44, 249, 498, 263 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "a Rainfall refers to the rainfall in the year used for comparison of results. 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The data that can be compared with our results", "type": "text" } ], "index": 19 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 484, 258, 496 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 484, 258, 496 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "are presented in Table 5 and can be broadly compared", "type": "text" } ], "index": 20 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 496, 258, 507 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 496, 258, 507 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "with Fig. 4. These data are reductions in years with near", "type": "text" } ], "index": 21 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 508, 259, 519 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 508, 259, 519 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "average annual rainfall, and at a time after treatment", "type": "text" } ], "index": 22 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 520, 257, 531 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 520, 257, 531 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "when maximum changes in streamflow have occurred.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 23 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 533, 257, 543 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 533, 257, 543 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Table 5 also includes estimates on the total and low flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 24 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 545, 257, 555 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 545, 257, 555 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "reductions calculated from this study. Results from Pine", "type": "text" } ], "index": 25 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 557, 259, 568 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 557, 259, 568 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Creek and Traralgon Creek are not included in Table 5", "type": "text" } ], "index": 26 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 569, 258, 580 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 569, 258, 580 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "as these catchments are not paired. Exact comparisons", "type": "text" } ], "index": 27 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 581, 257, 592 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 581, 257, 592 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "are impossible because of the rainfall variability, and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 28 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 593, 257, 605 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 593, 257, 605 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "lack of calibration period for Redhill. Despite this,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 29 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 605, 257, 616 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 605, 257, 616 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Table 5 shows that total and low flow reductions", "type": "text" } ], "index": 30 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 618, 258, 629 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 618, 258, 629 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "estimated from our study are comparable to the results", "type": "text" } ], "index": 31 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 630, 257, 640 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 630, 257, 640 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "from paired catchment studies, indicating that our", "type": "text" } ], "index": 32 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 642, 258, 653 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 642, 258, 653 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "simple model has successfully removed the rainfall", "type": "text" } ], "index": 33 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 654, 68, 665 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 654, 68, 665 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "signal.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 34 } ], "index": 25.5 }, { "type": "title", "bbox": [ 281, 357, 355, 367 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 357, 355, 368 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 357, 355, 368 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "4.5. Zero flow days", "type": "text" } ], "index": 35 } ], "index": 35 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 281, 381, 496, 546 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 381, 497, 392 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 381, 497, 392 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "As this analysis could only be applied, where there", "type": "text" } ], "index": 36 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 393, 497, 404 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 393, 497, 404 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "was consistent drying up of streams, it was confined to", "type": "text" } ], "index": 37 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 406, 496, 415 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 406, 496, 415 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek and Redhill catchments. The", "type": "text" } ], "index": 38 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 417, 496, 428 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 417, 387, 428 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "model returned values of", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 387, 417, 396, 426 ], "score": 0.77, "content": "E", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 396, 417, 496, 428 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " of 0.95, 0.99 and 0.99,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 39 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 428, 497, 441 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 429, 355, 441 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "respectively. The ", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 356, 430, 360, 438 ], "score": 0.61, "content": "t^{\\star}", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 361, 429, 400, 441 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "-tests on ", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 400, 429, 407, 438 ], "score": 0.69, "content": "^b", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 408, 429, 431, 441 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " and ", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 432, 428, 459, 439 ], "score": 0.88, "content": "\\Delta N_{\\mathrm{zero}}", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 459, 429, 497, 441 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " returned", "type": "text" } ], "index": 40 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 442, 497, 452 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 442, 497, 452 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "significant results at the 0.05 level for both parameters at", "type": "text" } ], "index": 41 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 453, 496, 464 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 453, 496, 464 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "all three catchments. The climate adjusted zero flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 42 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 465, 496, 476 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 465, 496, 476 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "days are shown in Fig. 5. The increases in zero flow days", "type": "text" } ], "index": 43 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 476, 497, 487 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 478, 465, 487 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "are substantial with flows confined to less than", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 466, 476, 485, 487 ], "score": 0.86, "content": "50\\%", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 486, 478, 497, 487 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " of", "type": "text" } ], "index": 44 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 488, 497, 500 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 488, 397, 500 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the time by year 8 at Stewarts", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 398, 488, 411, 498 ], "score": 0.41, "content": "\\mathrm{Ck}", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 411, 488, 447, 500 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " and Pine", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 448, 488, 461, 498 ], "score": 0.43, "content": "\\mathrm{Ck}", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 461, 488, 497, 500 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " and year", "type": "text" } ], "index": 45 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 500, 497, 512 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 500, 497, 512 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "11 at Redhill. 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(2001) have shown young", "type": "text" } ], "index": 5 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 165, 257, 174 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 165, 257, 174 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "mixed species eucalypt forests may use more water than", "type": "text" } ], "index": 6 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 175, 258, 187 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 175, 258, 187 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "mature stands, and Putahena and Cordery (2000) suggest", "type": "text" } ], "index": 7 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 188, 257, 198 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 188, 257, 198 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "maximum Pinus radiata water use may have been", "type": "text" } ], "index": 8 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 200, 236, 209 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 200, 236, 209 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "reached after 12 years, with a subsequent decline.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 9 } ], "index": 4.5 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 42, 211, 257, 317 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 53, 211, 257, 223 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 53, 211, 257, 223 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The small Australian catchments converted to pine in", "type": "text" } ], "index": 10 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 224, 258, 234 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 224, 258, 234 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "response group 1 (Stewarts Creek 5, Pine Creek and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 11 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 235, 257, 247 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 235, 257, 247 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Redhill) have similar shallow soils, potential evapo-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 12 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 248, 257, 258 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 248, 257, 258 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "transpiration and rainfall distribution (relatively uni-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 13 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 259, 257, 271 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 259, 257, 271 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "form) although Stewarts Creek is significantly wetter.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 14 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 271, 257, 282 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 271, 257, 282 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The combination of small catchment area and the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 15 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 283, 258, 295 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 283, 258, 295 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "increased transpirative demand that exceeds summer", "type": "text" } ], "index": 16 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 294, 257, 307 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 294, 257, 307 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "and autumn rainfall and stored water results in the large", "type": "text" } ], "index": 17 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 307, 229, 319 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 307, 229, 319 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "impact on lower flows, compared to high flows.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 18 } ], "index": 14 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 42, 318, 258, 508.75 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 54, 318, 258, 330 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 54, 318, 258, 330 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The magnitude of the response within Group 2 varies", "type": "text" } ], "index": 19 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 331, 258, 341 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 331, 258, 341 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "considerably, with greater reduction in flows in the two", "type": "text" } ], "index": 20 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 343, 257, 353 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 343, 257, 353 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Cathedral Peak catchments, and Lambrechtsbos B.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 21 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 355, 258, 366 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 355, 258, 366 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Potential evaporation is in phase with rainfall at the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 22 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 366, 258, 377 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 367, 183, 377 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Cathedral Peak sites as they receive", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 183, 366, 202, 376 ], "score": 0.89, "content": "85\\%", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 202, 367, 207, 377 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " (", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 207, 366, 245, 377 ], "score": 0.39, "content": "1260\\,\\mathrm{mm}", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 246, 367, 258, 377 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " on", "type": "text" } ], "index": 23 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 379, 259, 389 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 379, 259, 389 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "average) of their rainfall in summer. The conjunction of", "type": "text" } ], "index": 24 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 390, 257, 402 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 390, 257, 402 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "peak demand and plant water availability may explain", "type": "text" } ], "index": 25 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 402, 258, 414 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 402, 258, 414 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the high reductions relative to the remaining catchments", "type": "text" } ], "index": 26 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 415, 258, 426 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 415, 258, 426 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "in Group 2. In addition, the stocking density was", "type": "text" } ], "index": 27 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 426, 257, 437 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 426, 257, 437 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "described as ‘abnormally dense’ by Scott et al. (2000).", "type": "text" } ], "index": 28 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 438, 258, 449 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 438, 258, 449 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Growth at Glendhu 2 was notably slow (Fahey and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 29 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 450, 258, 461 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 450, 258, 461 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Jackson, 1997) and Lambrechtsbos A and Biesievlei are", "type": "text" } ], "index": 30 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 463, 257, 473 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 463, 257, 473 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "described as being within sub optimal growth zones", "type": "text" } ], "index": 31 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 474, 258, 485 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 474, 258, 485 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "(Scott and Smith, 1997) characterised by these authors", "type": "text" } ], "index": 32 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 487, 258, 497 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 487, 258, 497 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "as having relatively slow response times and lesser", "type": "text" } ], "index": 33 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 498, 209, 510 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 498, 209, 510 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "reductions that those at more optimal sites.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 34 } ], "index": 26.5 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 42, 509.25, 258, 665 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 54, 510, 257, 522 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 54, 510, 257, 522 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The response groups may be in part explained by the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 35 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 523, 257, 533 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 523, 257, 533 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "storage characteristics of the catchments. Accurate", "type": "text" } ], "index": 36 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 535, 257, 545 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 535, 257, 545 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "measures of storage are not available from the literature,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 37 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 547, 258, 556 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 547, 258, 556 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "but the soil depths and the baseflow index (Table 1) both", "type": "text" } ], "index": 38 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 559, 257, 568 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 559, 257, 568 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "show the three south eastern Australian catchments with", "type": "text" } ], "index": 39 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 570, 258, 581 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 570, 258, 581 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the greatest reduction are likely to have the lowest", "type": "text" } ], "index": 40 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 582, 257, 593 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 582, 257, 593 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "storage capacity. The greater flow reductions, particu-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 41 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 594, 258, 605 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 594, 258, 605 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "larly for low flows, could be expected under these", "type": "text" } ], "index": 42 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 606, 257, 617 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 606, 257, 617 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "conditions. Inclusion of a storage term in the model is an", "type": "text" } ], "index": 43 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 618, 258, 629 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 618, 258, 629 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "obvious option for improving the analysis. However the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 44 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 630, 259, 641 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 630, 259, 641 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "addition of extra parameters would be at the cost of", "type": "text" } ], "index": 45 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 643, 257, 653 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 643, 257, 653 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "maintaining model simplicity, particularly as character-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 46 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 654, 187, 665 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 654, 187, 665 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "ising a transient storage is not trivial.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 47 } ], "index": 41 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 281, 91, 497, 269 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 92, 496, 102 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 92, 496, 102 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Traralgon Creek would be expected to have both the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 48 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 104, 496, 115 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 104, 496, 115 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "most subdued flow reductions and longer response time", "type": "text" } ], "index": 49 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 115, 498, 127 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 115, 402, 127 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "because of the large area of", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 403, 115, 411, 124 ], "score": 0.55, "content": "E.", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 411, 115, 498, 127 ], "score": 1.0, "content": ". regnans forest, and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 50 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 128, 497, 138 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 128, 497, 138 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "uncertain vegetation record. Peak stand water use of a", "type": "text" } ], "index": 51 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 139, 496, 151 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 139, 496, 151 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "natural stand of this species is around 30 years.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 52 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 151, 496, 162 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 151, 496, 162 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Additionally in this large, ‘real world’ catchment,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 53 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 163, 497, 175 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 163, 497, 175 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "there is a continuous cycle of forest management", "type": "text" } ], "index": 54 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 175, 497, 187 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 175, 497, 187 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "which includes harvesting. A mixture of pasture and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 55 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 186, 497, 199 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 186, 497, 199 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "‘scrub’, which could represent significant understorey", "type": "text" } ], "index": 56 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 200, 496, 210 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 200, 496, 210 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "stands, were replaced by plantation species. Conse-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 57 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 212, 498, 223 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 212, 498, 223 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "quently the difference between pre and post treatment", "type": "text" } ], "index": 58 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 223, 497, 234 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 223, 497, 234 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "ET may be less than at other catchments. Reductions of", "type": "text" } ], "index": 59 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 235, 496, 246 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 235, 496, 246 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "this magnitude could be more readily expected in larger,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 60 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 247, 496, 258 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 247, 496, 258 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "multi land use catchments than the very high impacts", "type": "text" } ], "index": 61 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 259, 465, 269 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 259, 465, 269 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "estimated at the smaller Australian catchments.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 62 } ], "index": 55 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 281, 270, 496, 461 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 271, 496, 282 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 271, 496, 282 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The analysis of zero flow days was successful,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 63 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 283, 497, 294 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 283, 497, 294 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "demonstrating that the impact on flow intermittence can", "type": "text" } ], "index": 64 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 295, 496, 306 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 295, 496, 306 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "be evaluated without of the entire FDC. This was helpful", "type": "text" } ], "index": 65 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 307, 497, 318 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 307, 497, 318 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "as the change in the higher percentiles (low flows) could", "type": "text" } ], "index": 66 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 319, 497, 329 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 319, 497, 329 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "not always be modelled. The results for the three", "type": "text" } ], "index": 67 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 331, 496, 341 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 331, 496, 341 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments analysed are a rather stark indication of the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 68 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 343, 497, 354 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 343, 497, 354 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "potential for highly increased zero flow periods in small", "type": "text" } ], "index": 69 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 354, 496, 366 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 354, 496, 366 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments, at least in south-eastern Australia. However,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 70 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 367, 497, 377 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 367, 497, 377 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "it should be noted these curves probably represent a", "type": "text" } ], "index": 71 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 379, 497, 389 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 379, 497, 389 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "maximum response as they are all derived from small", "type": "text" } ], "index": 72 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 391, 496, 402 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 391, 496, 402 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments with small storage capacities and large", "type": "text" } ], "index": 73 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 403, 497, 413 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 403, 497, 413 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "percentages of afforestation. This method could be used", "type": "text" } ], "index": 74 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 415, 496, 426 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 415, 496, 426 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "to determine change in the occurrence of any given flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 75 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 426, 497, 437 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 426, 497, 437 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "in response to afforestation; e.g. to determine the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 76 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 438, 497, 450 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 438, 497, 450 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "likelihood of maintaining a reservoir storage or an", "type": "text" } ], "index": 77 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 451, 496, 461 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 451, 496, 461 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "environmental flow that requires an average critical flow.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 78 } ], "index": 70.5 }, { "type": "title", "bbox": [ 281, 486, 400, 496 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 486, 400, 497 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 486, 400, 497 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "6. Summary and conclusions", "type": "text" } ], "index": 79 } ], "index": 79 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 280, 509, 497, 665 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 510, 497, 522 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 510, 497, 522 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Thisprojectsoughtto(i)developamethodtoremove", "type": "text" } ], "index": 80 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 523, 496, 533 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 523, 496, 533 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the climate signal from streamflow records to identify", "type": "text" } ], "index": 81 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 534, 497, 545 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 534, 497, 545 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the impact of vegetation on flow from afforested", "type": "text" } ], "index": 82 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 546, 496, 557 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 546, 496, 557 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments, and (ii) quantify this impact on the flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 83 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 558, 497, 570 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 558, 497, 570 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "duration curve. A simple model was proposed that", "type": "text" } ], "index": 84 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 570, 497, 581 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 570, 497, 581 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "considered the age of plantation and the annual rainfall", "type": "text" } ], "index": 85 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 583, 497, 593 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 583, 497, 593 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "to be the principal drivers for evapotranspiration. This", "type": "text" } ], "index": 86 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 595, 496, 604 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 595, 496, 604 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "model was fitted to the observed deciles of the FDC, and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 87 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 606, 497, 617 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 606, 497, 617 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the climate signal was then removed from the stream-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 88 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 617, 497, 629 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 617, 497, 629 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "flow records by adjusting the FDC for average rainfall", "type": "text" } ], "index": 89 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 631, 496, 640 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 631, 496, 640 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "over the period of record. The model was tested and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 90 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 642, 496, 653 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 642, 496, 653 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "applied to 10 afforested catchments. We successfully", "type": "text" } ], "index": 91 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 653, 497, 665 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 653, 497, 665 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "fitted our model to catchments with varying spatial", "type": "text" } ], "index": 92 } ], "index": 86 } ], "layout_bboxes": [], "page_idx": 10, "page_size": [ 544.0, 743.0 ], "_layout_tree": [], "images": [], "tables": [], "interline_equations": [], "discarded_blocks": [ { "type": "discarded", "bbox": [ 484, 70, 497, 77 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 482, 69, 498, 79 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 482, 69, 498, 79 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "", "type": "text" } ] } ] }, { "type": "discarded", "bbox": [ 167, 70, 371, 79 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 168, 70, 370, 80 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 168, 70, 370, 80 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "", "type": "text" } ] } ] } ], "need_drop": false, "drop_reason": [], "para_blocks": [ { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 42, 90, 258, 209 ], "lines": [], "index": 4.5, "page_num": "page_10", "page_size": [ 544.0, 743.0 ], "bbox_fs": [ 41, 91, 258, 209 ], "lines_deleted": true }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 42, 211, 257, 317 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 53, 211, 257, 223 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 53, 211, 257, 223 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The small Australian catchments converted to pine in", "type": "text" } ], "index": 10 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 224, 258, 234 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 224, 258, 234 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "response group 1 (Stewarts Creek 5, Pine Creek and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 11 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 235, 257, 247 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 235, 257, 247 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Redhill) have similar shallow soils, potential evapo-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 12 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 248, 257, 258 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 248, 257, 258 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "transpiration and rainfall distribution (relatively uni-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 13 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 259, 257, 271 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 259, 257, 271 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "form) although Stewarts Creek is significantly wetter.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 14 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 271, 257, 282 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 271, 257, 282 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The combination of small catchment area and the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 15 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 283, 258, 295 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 283, 258, 295 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "increased transpirative demand that exceeds summer", "type": "text" } ], "index": 16 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 294, 257, 307 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 294, 257, 307 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "and autumn rainfall and stored water results in the large", "type": "text" } ], "index": 17 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 307, 229, 319 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 307, 229, 319 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "impact on lower flows, compared to high flows.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 18 } ], "index": 14, "page_num": "page_10", "page_size": [ 544.0, 743.0 ], "bbox_fs": [ 41, 211, 258, 319 ] }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 42, 318, 258, 508.75 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 54, 318, 258, 330 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 54, 318, 258, 330 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The magnitude of the response within Group 2 varies", "type": "text" } ], "index": 19 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 331, 258, 341 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 331, 258, 341 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "considerably, with greater reduction in flows in the two", "type": "text" } ], "index": 20 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 343, 257, 353 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 343, 257, 353 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Cathedral Peak catchments, and Lambrechtsbos B.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 21 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 355, 258, 366 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 355, 258, 366 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Potential evaporation is in phase with rainfall at the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 22 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 366, 258, 377 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 367, 183, 377 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Cathedral Peak sites as they receive", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 183, 366, 202, 376 ], "score": 0.89, "content": "85\\%", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 202, 367, 207, 377 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " (", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 207, 366, 245, 377 ], "score": 0.39, "content": "1260\\,\\mathrm{mm}", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 246, 367, 258, 377 ], "score": 1.0, "content": " on", "type": "text" } ], "index": 23 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 379, 259, 389 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 379, 259, 389 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "average) of their rainfall in summer. The conjunction of", "type": "text" } ], "index": 24 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 390, 257, 402 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 390, 257, 402 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "peak demand and plant water availability may explain", "type": "text" } ], "index": 25 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 402, 258, 414 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 402, 258, 414 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the high reductions relative to the remaining catchments", "type": "text" } ], "index": 26 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 415, 258, 426 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 415, 258, 426 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "in Group 2. In addition, the stocking density was", "type": "text" } ], "index": 27 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 426, 257, 437 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 426, 257, 437 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "described as ‘abnormally dense’ by Scott et al. (2000).", "type": "text" } ], "index": 28 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 438, 258, 449 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 438, 258, 449 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Growth at Glendhu 2 was notably slow (Fahey and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 29 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 450, 258, 461 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 450, 258, 461 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Jackson, 1997) and Lambrechtsbos A and Biesievlei are", "type": "text" } ], "index": 30 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 463, 257, 473 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 463, 257, 473 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "described as being within sub optimal growth zones", "type": "text" } ], "index": 31 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 474, 258, 485 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 474, 258, 485 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "(Scott and Smith, 1997) characterised by these authors", "type": "text" } ], "index": 32 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 487, 258, 497 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 487, 258, 497 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "as having relatively slow response times and lesser", "type": "text" } ], "index": 33 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 498, 209, 510 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 498, 209, 510 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "reductions that those at more optimal sites.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 34 } ], "index": 26.5, "page_num": "page_10", "page_size": [ 544.0, 743.0 ], "bbox_fs": [ 41, 318, 259, 510 ] }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 42, 509.25, 258, 665 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 54, 510, 257, 522 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 54, 510, 257, 522 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The response groups may be in part explained by the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 35 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 523, 257, 533 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 523, 257, 533 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "storage characteristics of the catchments. Accurate", "type": "text" } ], "index": 36 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 535, 257, 545 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 535, 257, 545 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "measures of storage are not available from the literature,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 37 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 547, 258, 556 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 547, 258, 556 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "but the soil depths and the baseflow index (Table 1) both", "type": "text" } ], "index": 38 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 559, 257, 568 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 559, 257, 568 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "show the three south eastern Australian catchments with", "type": "text" } ], "index": 39 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 570, 258, 581 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 570, 258, 581 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the greatest reduction are likely to have the lowest", "type": "text" } ], "index": 40 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 582, 257, 593 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 582, 257, 593 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "storage capacity. The greater flow reductions, particu-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 41 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 594, 258, 605 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 594, 258, 605 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "larly for low flows, could be expected under these", "type": "text" } ], "index": 42 }, { "bbox": [ 41, 606, 257, 617 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 41, 606, 257, 617 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "conditions. Inclusion of a storage term in the model is an", "type": "text" } ], "index": 43 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 618, 258, 629 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 618, 258, 629 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "obvious option for improving the analysis. However the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 44 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 630, 259, 641 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 630, 259, 641 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "addition of extra parameters would be at the cost of", "type": "text" } ], "index": 45 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 643, 257, 653 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 643, 257, 653 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "maintaining model simplicity, particularly as character-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 46 }, { "bbox": [ 42, 654, 187, 665 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 42, 654, 187, 665 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "ising a transient storage is not trivial.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 47 } ], "index": 41, "page_num": "page_10", "page_size": [ 544.0, 743.0 ], "bbox_fs": [ 41, 510, 259, 665 ] }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 281, 91, 497, 269 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 92, 496, 102 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 92, 496, 102 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Traralgon Creek would be expected to have both the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 48 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 104, 496, 115 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 104, 496, 115 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "most subdued flow reductions and longer response time", "type": "text" } ], "index": 49 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 115, 498, 127 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 115, 402, 127 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "because of the large area of", "type": "text" }, { "bbox": [ 403, 115, 411, 124 ], "score": 0.55, "content": "E.", "type": "inline_equation" }, { "bbox": [ 411, 115, 498, 127 ], "score": 1.0, "content": ". regnans forest, and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 50 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 128, 497, 138 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 128, 497, 138 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "uncertain vegetation record. Peak stand water use of a", "type": "text" } ], "index": 51 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 139, 496, 151 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 139, 496, 151 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "natural stand of this species is around 30 years.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 52 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 151, 496, 162 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 151, 496, 162 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Additionally in this large, ‘real world’ catchment,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 53 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 163, 497, 175 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 163, 497, 175 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "there is a continuous cycle of forest management", "type": "text" } ], "index": 54 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 175, 497, 187 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 175, 497, 187 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "which includes harvesting. A mixture of pasture and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 55 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 186, 497, 199 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 186, 497, 199 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "‘scrub’, which could represent significant understorey", "type": "text" } ], "index": 56 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 200, 496, 210 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 200, 496, 210 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "stands, were replaced by plantation species. Conse-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 57 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 212, 498, 223 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 212, 498, 223 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "quently the difference between pre and post treatment", "type": "text" } ], "index": 58 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 223, 497, 234 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 223, 497, 234 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "ET may be less than at other catchments. Reductions of", "type": "text" } ], "index": 59 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 235, 496, 246 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 235, 496, 246 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "this magnitude could be more readily expected in larger,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 60 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 247, 496, 258 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 247, 496, 258 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "multi land use catchments than the very high impacts", "type": "text" } ], "index": 61 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 259, 465, 269 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 259, 465, 269 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "estimated at the smaller Australian catchments.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 62 } ], "index": 55, "page_num": "page_10", "page_size": [ 544.0, 743.0 ], "bbox_fs": [ 280, 92, 498, 269 ] }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 281, 270, 496, 461 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 271, 496, 282 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 271, 496, 282 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The analysis of zero flow days was successful,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 63 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 283, 497, 294 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 283, 497, 294 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "demonstrating that the impact on flow intermittence can", "type": "text" } ], "index": 64 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 295, 496, 306 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 295, 496, 306 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "be evaluated without of the entire FDC. This was helpful", "type": "text" } ], "index": 65 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 307, 497, 318 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 307, 497, 318 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "as the change in the higher percentiles (low flows) could", "type": "text" } ], "index": 66 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 319, 497, 329 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 319, 497, 329 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "not always be modelled. The results for the three", "type": "text" } ], "index": 67 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 331, 496, 341 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 331, 496, 341 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments analysed are a rather stark indication of the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 68 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 343, 497, 354 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 343, 497, 354 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "potential for highly increased zero flow periods in small", "type": "text" } ], "index": 69 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 354, 496, 366 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 354, 496, 366 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments, at least in south-eastern Australia. However,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 70 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 367, 497, 377 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 367, 497, 377 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "it should be noted these curves probably represent a", "type": "text" } ], "index": 71 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 379, 497, 389 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 379, 497, 389 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "maximum response as they are all derived from small", "type": "text" } ], "index": 72 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 391, 496, 402 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 391, 496, 402 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments with small storage capacities and large", "type": "text" } ], "index": 73 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 403, 497, 413 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 403, 497, 413 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "percentages of afforestation. This method could be used", "type": "text" } ], "index": 74 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 415, 496, 426 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 415, 496, 426 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "to determine change in the occurrence of any given flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 75 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 426, 497, 437 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 426, 497, 437 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "in response to afforestation; e.g. to determine the", "type": "text" } ], "index": 76 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 438, 497, 450 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 438, 497, 450 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "likelihood of maintaining a reservoir storage or an", "type": "text" } ], "index": 77 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 451, 496, 461 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 451, 496, 461 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "environmental flow that requires an average critical flow.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 78 } ], "index": 70.5, "page_num": "page_10", "page_size": [ 544.0, 743.0 ], "bbox_fs": [ 280, 271, 497, 461 ] }, { "type": "title", "bbox": [ 281, 486, 400, 496 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 486, 400, 497 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 486, 400, 497 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "6. Summary and conclusions", "type": "text" } ], "index": 79 } ], "index": 79, "page_num": "page_10", "page_size": [ 544.0, 743.0 ] }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 280, 509, 497, 665 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 510, 497, 522 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 293, 510, 497, 522 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Thisprojectsoughtto(i)developamethodtoremove", "type": "text" } ], "index": 80 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 523, 496, 533 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 523, 496, 533 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the climate signal from streamflow records to identify", "type": "text" } ], "index": 81 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 534, 497, 545 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 534, 497, 545 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the impact of vegetation on flow from afforested", "type": "text" } ], "index": 82 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 546, 496, 557 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 546, 496, 557 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments, and (ii) quantify this impact on the flow", "type": "text" } ], "index": 83 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 558, 497, 570 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 558, 497, 570 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "duration curve. A simple model was proposed that", "type": "text" } ], "index": 84 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 570, 497, 581 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 570, 497, 581 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "considered the age of plantation and the annual rainfall", "type": "text" } ], "index": 85 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 583, 497, 593 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 583, 497, 593 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "to be the principal drivers for evapotranspiration. This", "type": "text" } ], "index": 86 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 595, 496, 604 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 595, 496, 604 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "model was fitted to the observed deciles of the FDC, and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 87 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 606, 497, 617 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 606, 497, 617 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the climate signal was then removed from the stream-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 88 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 617, 497, 629 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 617, 497, 629 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "flow records by adjusting the FDC for average rainfall", "type": "text" } ], "index": 89 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 631, 496, 640 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 631, 496, 640 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "over the period of record. The model was tested and", "type": "text" } ], "index": 90 }, { "bbox": [ 281, 642, 496, 653 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 281, 642, 496, 653 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "applied to 10 afforested catchments. We successfully", "type": "text" } ], "index": 91 }, { "bbox": [ 280, 653, 497, 665 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 280, 653, 497, 665 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "fitted our model to catchments with varying spatial", "type": "text" } ], "index": 92 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 92, 263, 101 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 92, 263, 101 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "scales, species and environments, and haveshown thatit", "type": "text", "cross_page": true } ], "index": 0 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 105, 263, 114 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 105, 263, 114 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "provides a means of separating the influence of climate", "type": "text", "cross_page": true } ], "index": 1 }, { "bbox": [ 47, 116, 263, 127 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 47, 116, 263, 127 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "and vegetation on the FDCs. 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This research has led to the development", "type": "text" } ], "index": 14 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 271, 263, 281 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 271, 263, 281 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "of a method to assess the net impact of afforestation on", "type": "text" } ], "index": 15 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 282, 262, 294 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 282, 262, 294 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "the flow duration curve which does not require paired-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 16 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 295, 214, 306 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 295, 214, 306 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "catchments to remove climatic variability.", "type": "text" } ], "index": 17 } ], "index": 8.5 }, { "type": "title", "bbox": [ 47, 339, 127, 350 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 339, 127, 350 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 339, 127, 350 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Acknowledgements", "type": "text" } ], "index": 18 } ], "index": 18 }, { "type": "text", "bbox": [ 46, 362, 263, 518 ], "lines": [ { "bbox": [ 58, 364, 262, 374 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 58, 364, 262, 374 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "The authors would like to thank Rory Nathan,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 19 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 376, 263, 386 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 376, 263, 386 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Narendra Tuteja, Tom McMahon, Geoff Podger, Rob", "type": "text" } ], "index": 20 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 387, 262, 399 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 387, 262, 399 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Vertessy, Glen Walker and Peter Hairsine for particu-", "type": "text" } ], "index": 21 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 399, 263, 411 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 399, 263, 411 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "larly helpful discussions on methodologies and reviews,", "type": "text" } ], "index": 22 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 411, 263, 422 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 411, 263, 422 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Richard Morton for valuable statistical advice, Dave", "type": "text" } ], "index": 23 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 423, 262, 435 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 423, 262, 435 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Scott for supplying the South African data, Barry Fahey", "type": "text" } ], "index": 24 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 435, 263, 446 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 435, 263, 446 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "for the New Zealand data, and Hancocks Victorian", "type": "text" } ], "index": 25 }, { "bbox": [ 46, 447, 262, 458 ], "spans": [ { "bbox": [ 46, 447, 262, 458 ], "score": 1.0, "content": "Plantations for vegetation data. 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