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All rights reserved.", "bbox": [ 151, 645, 279, 655 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 210.0, 624.0, 1291.0, 624.0, 1291.0, 654.0, 210.0, 654.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "aSchool of Forest and Ecosystem Studies,University of Melbourne,P.O.Box 137,Heidelberg,Victoria 3084,Australia", "bbox": [ 75, 224, 464, 235 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 460.0, 647.0, 1040.0, 649.0, 1039.0, 679.0, 460.0, 677.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "bCSIRODivision of Land andWater,Canberra,ACT,Australia", "bbox": [ 165, 232, 373, 244 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 369.0, 679.0, 1130.0, 679.0, 1130.0, 710.0, 369.0, 710.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "cCooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Canberra,ACT, Australia", "bbox": [ 132, 244, 406, 255 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 299.0, 701.0, 1203.0, 703.0, 1203.0, 740.0, 299.0, 737.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "dDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "bbox": [ 107, 252, 432, 266 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 389.0, 750.0, 1108.0, 750.0, 1108.0, 780.0, 389.0, 780.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Received 1 October 2003; revised 22 December 2004; accepted 3 January 2005", "bbox": [ 139, 269, 398, 280 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 554.0, 340.0, 945.0, 337.0, 945.0, 374.0, 554.0, 376.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 199, 122, 340, 134 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 247.0, 477.0, 1252.0, 477.0, 1252.0, 520.0, 247.0, 520.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "The response of flow duration curves to afforestation", "bbox": [ 88, 171, 450, 187 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1165.0, 212.0, 1285.0, 218.0, 1283.0, 256.0, 1164.0, 251.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Journal", "bbox": [ 419, 76, 461, 92 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1171.0, 260.0, 1207.0, 260.0, 1207.0, 290.0, 1171.0, 290.0 ], "score": 0.84, "text": "of", "bbox": [ 421, 93, 434, 104 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1157.0, 290.0, 1379.0, 297.0, 1378.0, 351.0, 1155.0, 343.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Hydrology", "bbox": [ 416, 104, 495, 126 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1164.0, 374.0, 1368.0, 374.0, 1368.0, 389.0, 1164.0, 389.0 ], "score": 0.73, "text": "nuriarnom/laonta/ihrdr", "bbox": [ 418, 134, 492, 140 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1572.0, 868.0, 1572.0, 868.0, 1600.0, 116.0, 1600.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Keywords: Afforestation; Flow duration curves; Flow reduction; Paired catchments", "bbox": [ 41, 565, 312, 575 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 862.0, 213.0, 862.0, 213.0, 894.0, 116.0, 894.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Abstract", "bbox": [ 41, 310, 76, 321 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 238.0, 557.0, 1254.0, 557.0, 1254.0, 600.0, 238.0, 600.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "Patrick N.J. Lanea,c,*, Alice E. Bestb,c,d, Klaus Hickelb;c, Lu Zhangbc", "bbox": [ 85, 200, 451, 215 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1681.0, 1381.0, 1683.0, 1381.0, 1720.0, 127.0, 1718.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "* Corresponding author. Address: Forest Science Centre, Department of Sustainability and Environment, P.O. Box 137, Heidelberg, Vic.", "bbox": [ 45, 605, 496, 619 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1711.0, 314.0, 1714.0, 314.0, 1744.0, 114.0, 1741.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "3084,Australia.Tel.:", "bbox": [ 41, 615, 112, 627 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 480.0, 1711.0, 702.0, 1714.0, 702.0, 1744.0, 480.0, 1741.0 ], "score": 0.93, "text": ";fax: +61 3 9450 8644.", "bbox": [ 172, 615, 252, 627 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 167.0, 1744.0, 368.0, 1744.0, 368.0, 1772.0, 167.0, 1772.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "mailaddress:patrickl", "bbox": [ 60, 627, 132, 637 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 388.0, 1744.0, 657.0, 1744.0, 657.0, 1772.0, 388.0, 1772.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "unimelb.edu.au (P.N.J. Lane).", "bbox": [ 139, 627, 236, 637 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 137.0, 912.0, 1385.0, 912.0, 1385.0, 948.0, 137.0, 948.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " The hydrologic effect of replacing pasture or other short crops with trees is reasonably well understood on a mean annual", "bbox": [ 49, 328, 498, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 946.0, 1383.0, 946.0, 1383.0, 976.0, 116.0, 976.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "basis. The impact on fow regime, as described by the annual flow duration curve (FDC) is less certain. A method to assess the", "bbox": [ 41, 340, 497, 351 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 974.0, 1383.0, 974.0, 1383.0, 1010.0, 114.0, 1010.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "impact of plantation establishment on FDCs was developed. The starting point for the analyses was the assumption that rainfall", "bbox": [ 41, 350, 497, 363 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1008.0, 1381.0, 1008.0, 1381.0, 1038.0, 116.0, 1038.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and vegetation age are the principal drivers of evapotranspiration. A key objective was to remove the variability in the rainfall", "bbox": [ 41, 362, 496, 373 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1041.0, 1381.0, 1041.0, 1381.0, 1071.0, 116.0, 1071.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "signal, leaving changes in streamflow solely attributable to the evapotranspiration of the plantation. A method was developed to", "bbox": [ 41, 374, 496, 385 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1073.0, 1381.0, 1073.0, 1381.0, 1103.0, 116.0, 1103.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "(1) fit a model to the observed annual time series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 1oth percentile for each year of record with annual", "bbox": [ 41, 386, 496, 397 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1101.0, 1381.0, 1103.0, 1381.0, 1133.0, 114.0, 1131.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "rainfall and plantation age as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation with the long term mean to obtain climate", "bbox": [ 41, 396, 496, 407 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1135.0, 1383.0, 1135.0, 1383.0, 1165.0, 118.0, 1165.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "adjusted FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as plantations age. Data from 10 catchments from Australia, South", "bbox": [ 42, 408, 497, 419 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1165.0, 1381.0, 1165.0, 1381.0, 1195.0, 118.0, 1195.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Africa and New Zealand were used. The model was able to represent flow variation for the majority of percentiles at eight of the", "bbox": [ 42, 419, 496, 430 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1191.0, 1383.0, 1193.0, 1383.0, 1230.0, 114.0, 1228.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "10 catchments, particularly for the 10-50th percentiles. The adjusted FDCs revealed variable patterns in flow reductions with", "bbox": [ 41, 428, 497, 442 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1230.0, 1379.0, 1230.0, 1379.0, 1260.0, 116.0, 1260.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "two types of responses (groups) being identified. Group 1 catchments show a substantial increase in the number of zero fow", "bbox": [ 41, 442, 496, 453 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1258.0, 1381.0, 1260.0, 1381.0, 1290.0, 114.0, 1288.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "days, with low flows being more affected than high flows. Group 2 catchments show a more uniform reduction in flows across", "bbox": [ 41, 452, 496, 464 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1292.0, 1383.0, 1292.0, 1383.0, 1322.0, 116.0, 1322.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "all percentiles. The differences may be partly explained by storage characteristics. The modelled fow reductions were in accord", "bbox": [ 41, 465, 497, 475 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1322.0, 1381.0, 1322.0, 1381.0, 1352.0, 116.0, 1352.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "with published results of paired catchment experiments. An additional analysis was performed to characterise the impact of", "bbox": [ 41, 475, 496, 486 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1417.0, 1381.0, 1417.0, 1381.0, 1447.0, 116.0, 1447.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "in the occurrence of any given flow in response to afforestation. The methods used in this study proved satisfactory in removing", "bbox": [ 41, 510, 496, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1449.0, 1383.0, 1449.0, 1383.0, 1479.0, 116.0, 1479.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "the rainfall variability, and have added useful insight into the hydrologic impacts of plantation establishment. This approach", "bbox": [ 41, 521, 497, 532 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1479.0, 1379.0, 1479.0, 1379.0, 1509.0, 116.0, 1509.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "provides a methodology for understanding catchment response to afforestation, where paired catchment data is not available.", "bbox": [ 41, 532, 496, 543 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1382.0, 713.0, 1387.0, 713.0, 1417.0, 114.0, 1413.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "when adjusted for climate, indicated a significant increase in", "bbox": [ 41, 497, 256, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 768.0, 1382.0, 1381.0, 1387.0, 1381.0, 1417.0, 768.0, 1413.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": ".The zero flow day method could be used to determine change", "bbox": [ 276, 497, 496, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1354.0, 570.0, 1354.0, 570.0, 1385.0, 116.0, 1385.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "afforestation on the number of zero flow days", "bbox": [ 41, 487, 205, 498 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 637.0, 1354.0, 1383.0, 1354.0, 1383.0, 1385.0, 637.0, 1385.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "for the catchments in group 1. This model performed particularly well, and", "bbox": [ 229, 487, 497, 498 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 141.0, 1507.0, 541.0, 1509.0, 541.0, 1539.0, 141.0, 1537.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "bbox": [ 50, 542, 194, 554 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1080.0, 368.0, 1383.0, 365.0, 1383.0, 402.0, 1080.0, 404.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol", "bbox": [ 388, 132, 497, 144 ] } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 0, "height": 2064, "width": 1512 } }, { "layout_dets": [ { "category_id": 0, "poly": [ 130.931640625, 251.82516479492188, 312.8154296875, 251.82516479492188, 312.8154296875, 283.4620056152344, 130.931640625, 283.4620056152344 ], "score": 0.9999987483024597, "bbox": [ 47, 90, 112, 102 ] }, { "category_id": 4, "poly": [ 794.2171020507812, 763.5051879882812, 1396.4493408203125, 763.5051879882812, 1396.4493408203125, 818.8292236328125, 794.2171020507812, 818.8292236328125 ], "score": 0.9999982714653015, "bbox": [ 285, 274, 502, 294 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 130.19113159179688, 1017.6807861328125, 732.7059326171875, 1017.6807861328125, 732.7059326171875, 1849.8070068359375, 130.19113159179688, 1849.8070068359375 ], "score": 0.9999954104423523, "bbox": [ 46, 366, 263, 665 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 793.3727416992188, 1280.632568359375, 1397.07080078125, 1280.632568359375, 1397.07080078125, 1849.0452880859375, 793.3727416992188, 1849.0452880859375 ], "score": 0.9999947547912598, "bbox": [ 285, 461, 502, 665 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 793.5277099609375, 849.8186645507812, 1397.0140380859375, 849.8186645507812, 1397.0140380859375, 1280.6221923828125, 793.5277099609375, 1280.6221923828125 ], "score": 0.999994158744812, "bbox": [ 285, 305, 502, 460 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 130.5381317138672, 317.5604248046875, 731.9227905273438, 317.5604248046875, 731.9227905273438, 1015.91748046875, 130.5381317138672, 1015.91748046875 ], "score": 0.9999940395355225, "bbox": [ 46, 114, 263, 365 ] }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 130.44467163085938, 194.42764282226562, 166.39125061035156, 194.42764282226562, 166.39125061035156, 215.1434783935547, 130.44467163085938, 215.1434783935547 ], "score": 0.999992847442627, "bbox": [ 46, 69, 59, 77 ] }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 479.5857849121094, 195.1154022216797, 1045.4803466796875, 195.1154022216797, 1045.4803466796875, 218.7963104248047, 479.5857849121094, 218.7963104248047 ], "score": 0.99998939037323, "bbox": [ 172, 70, 376, 78 ] }, { "category_id": 3, "poly": [ 799.3821411132812, 256.1320495605469, 1390.73681640625, 256.1320495605469, 1390.73681640625, 742.4434204101562, 799.3821411132812, 742.4434204101562 ], "score": 0.9999882578849792, "bbox": [ 287, 92, 500, 267 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 984, 1180, 1065, 1180, 1065, 1211, 984, 1211 ], "score": 0.88, "latex": "<20\\%", "bbox": [ 354, 424, 383, 435 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 128, 1415, 183, 1415, 183, 1445, 128, 1445 ], "score": 0.86, "latex": "95\\%", "bbox": [ 46, 509, 65, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 573, 618, 723, 618, 723, 649, 573, 649 ], "score": 0.67, "latex": "400–500\\;\\mathrm{mm}", "bbox": [ 206, 222, 260, 233 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 249.0, 316.0, 254.0, 315.0, 291.0, 126.0, 286.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "1. Introduction", "bbox": [ 45, 89, 113, 104 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 765.0, 1394.0, 765.0, 1394.0, 793.0, 793.0, 793.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 1. Annual flow duration curves of daily flows from Pine Creek,", "bbox": [ 285, 275, 501, 285 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 793.0, 999.0, 793.0, 999.0, 821.0, 793.0, 821.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Australia, 1989-2000.", "bbox": [ 285, 285, 359, 295 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 161.0, 1017.0, 735.0, 1017.0, 735.0, 1054.0, 161.0, 1054.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Zhang et al. (1999, 2001) developed simple and", "bbox": [ 57, 366, 264, 379 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1051.0, 735.0, 1051.0, 735.0, 1088.0, 127.0, 1088.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "easily parameterised models to predict changes in", "bbox": [ 45, 378, 264, 391 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1086.0, 730.0, 1086.0, 730.0, 1116.0, 129.0, 1116.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "mean annual fows following afforestation. However,", "bbox": [ 46, 390, 262, 401 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1120.0, 732.0, 1120.0, 732.0, 1150.0, 129.0, 1150.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "there is a need to consider the annual flow regime as the", "bbox": [ 46, 403, 263, 413 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1152.0, 732.0, 1152.0, 732.0, 1182.0, 129.0, 1182.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "relative changes in high and low flows may have", "bbox": [ 46, 414, 263, 425 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1187.0, 730.0, 1187.0, 730.0, 1217.0, 129.0, 1217.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "considerable site specific and downstream impacts..", "bbox": [ 46, 427, 262, 438 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1219.0, 732.0, 1219.0, 732.0, 1249.0, 129.0, 1249.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Sikka et al. (2003) recently showed a change from", "bbox": [ 46, 438, 263, 449 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1249.0, 734.0, 1247.0, 735.0, 1284.0, 127.0, 1286.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "grassland to Eucalyptus globulus plantations in India", "bbox": [ 45, 449, 264, 462 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1284.0, 728.0, 1284.0, 728.0, 1314.0, 129.0, 1314.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "decreased alow flow index by a factor of two during the", "bbox": [ 46, 462, 261, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1316.0, 735.0, 1316.0, 735.0, 1352.0, 127.0, 1352.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "first rotation (9 years), and by 3.75 during the second", "bbox": [ 45, 473, 264, 486 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1352.0, 732.0, 1352.0, 732.0, 1382.0, 129.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "rotation, with more subdued impact on peak flows. The", "bbox": [ 46, 486, 263, 497 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1385.0, 732.0, 1385.0, 732.0, 1415.0, 129.0, 1415.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "index was defined as the 10 day average flow exceeded", "bbox": [ 46, 498, 263, 509 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 1447.0, 735.0, 1449.0, 734.0, 1486.0, 125.0, 1483.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "duration curves. Scott and Smith (1997) reported", "bbox": [ 44, 520, 264, 534 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1486.0, 732.0, 1486.0, 732.0, 1516.0, 129.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "proportionally greater reductions in low fows", "bbox": [ 46, 534, 263, 545 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 1511.0, 737.0, 1514.0, 737.0, 1550.0, 125.0, 1548.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "(75-100th percentiles) than annual flows from South", "bbox": [ 44, 543, 265, 557 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1548.0, 735.0, 1550.0, 734.0, 1580.0, 127.0, 1578.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "African research catchments under conversions from", "bbox": [ 45, 557, 264, 568 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 1582.0, 737.0, 1580.0, 737.0, 1617.0, 125.0, 1619.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " grass to pine and eucalypt plantations, while Bosch", "bbox": [ 44, 569, 265, 582 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1619.0, 732.0, 1619.0, 732.0, 1649.0, 129.0, 1649.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "(1979) found the greatest reduction in seasonal flow", "bbox": [ 46, 582, 263, 593 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1651.0, 732.0, 1651.0, 732.0, 1681.0, 129.0, 1681.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "from the summer wet season. Fahey and Jackson", "bbox": [ 46, 594, 263, 605 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 1679.0, 735.0, 1681.0, 734.0, 1718.0, 125.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "(1997) reported the reduction in peak flows was twice", "bbox": [ 44, 604, 264, 618 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1718.0, 732.0, 1718.0, 732.0, 1748.0, 129.0, 1748.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "that of total flow and low flows for pine afforestation in", "bbox": [ 46, 618, 263, 629 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 1746.0, 732.0, 1748.0, 732.0, 1785.0, 125.0, 1782.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " New Zealand. The generalisations that can be drawn", "bbox": [ 44, 628, 263, 642 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1784.0, 728.0, 1784.0, 728.0, 1815.0, 129.0, 1815.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "from annual analyses, where processes and hydrologic", "bbox": [ 46, 642, 261, 653 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1819.0, 732.0, 1817.0, 732.0, 1847.0, 127.0, 1849.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "responses are to a certain extent integrated may not", "bbox": [ 45, 654, 263, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 184.0, 1415.0, 732.0, 1417.0, 732.0, 1447.0, 184.0, 1445.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "of the time, obtained from analysis of 10-day flow", "bbox": [ 66, 509, 263, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 823.0, 1277.0, 1400.0, 1279.0, 1400.0, 1316.0, 823.0, 1314.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " This paper presents the results of a project aimed at", "bbox": [ 296, 459, 503, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1316.0, 1398.0, 1316.0, 1398.0, 1346.0, 793.0, 1346.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "quantifying changes in annual fow regime of", "bbox": [ 285, 473, 502, 484 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1350.0, 1398.0, 1350.0, 1398.0, 1380.0, 793.0, 1380.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments following plantation establishment. The", "bbox": [ 285, 485, 502, 496 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1385.0, 1398.0, 1385.0, 1398.0, 1415.0, 793.0, 1415.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "flow regime is represented by the flow duration curve", "bbox": [ 285, 498, 502, 509 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1417.0, 1398.0, 1417.0, 1398.0, 1447.0, 793.0, 1447.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "(FDC). The key assumption was that rainfall and", "bbox": [ 285, 510, 502, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1451.0, 1396.0, 1451.0, 1396.0, 1481.0, 793.0, 1481.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "forest age are the principal drivers of evapotranspira-", "bbox": [ 285, 522, 502, 533 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1481.0, 1400.0, 1481.0, 1400.0, 1518.0, 788.0, 1518.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "tion. For any generalisation of response of the FDC to", "bbox": [ 283, 533, 503, 546 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1518.0, 1398.0, 1518.0, 1398.0, 1548.0, 793.0, 1548.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "vegetation change, the variation in the annual climate", "bbox": [ 285, 546, 502, 557 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1550.0, 1398.0, 1550.0, 1398.0, 1580.0, 790.0, 1580.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "signal must be removed. The time-tested solution to", "bbox": [ 284, 557, 502, 568 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1585.0, 1398.0, 1585.0, 1398.0, 1615.0, 790.0, 1615.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "this problem is the paired-catchment (control versus", "bbox": [ 284, 570, 502, 581 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1617.0, 1398.0, 1617.0, 1398.0, 1647.0, 790.0, 1647.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "treatment) experiment. The benefits in such studies", "bbox": [ 284, 582, 502, 592 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1651.0, 1396.0, 1651.0, 1396.0, 1681.0, 793.0, 1681.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "are manifold: unambiguous measures of trends,", "bbox": [ 285, 594, 502, 605 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1686.0, 1392.0, 1686.0, 1392.0, 1716.0, 790.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "insights into the processes driving those trends,", "bbox": [ 284, 606, 500, 617 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1716.0, 1400.0, 1716.0, 1400.0, 1752.0, 793.0, 1752.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "excellent opportunities for model parameterisation", "bbox": [ 285, 617, 503, 630 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1750.0, 1394.0, 1750.0, 1394.0, 1780.0, 793.0, 1780.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "and validation. However these data are not readily", "bbox": [ 285, 629, 501, 640 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1784.0, 1390.0, 1784.0, 1390.0, 1815.0, 790.0, 1815.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "available for the range of treamtments and environ-", "bbox": [ 284, 642, 500, 653 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1817.0, 1396.0, 1817.0, 1396.0, 1847.0, 790.0, 1847.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " ments required. Consequently, the aims of this project", "bbox": [ 284, 654, 502, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 851.0, 1398.0, 851.0, 1398.0, 882.0, 793.0, 882.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "apply on a seasonal or shorter scale. Further, the", "bbox": [ 285, 306, 502, 317 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 879.0, 1398.0, 882.0, 1398.0, 918.0, 788.0, 916.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": " observed impacts of any land use change on flows may", "bbox": [ 283, 316, 502, 330 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 916.0, 1400.0, 916.0, 1400.0, 952.0, 788.0, 952.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "be exaggerated or understated depending on the", "bbox": [ 283, 329, 503, 342 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 948.0, 1400.0, 948.0, 1400.0, 985.0, 788.0, 985.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "prevailing climate. Observations of fow during", "bbox": [ 283, 341, 503, 354 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 985.0, 1398.0, 985.0, 1398.0, 1015.0, 793.0, 1015.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "extended wet or dry spells, or with high annual", "bbox": [ 285, 354, 502, 365 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1017.0, 1398.0, 1017.0, 1398.0, 1047.0, 793.0, 1047.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "variability can obscure the real impacts. Fig. 1 plots", "bbox": [ 285, 366, 502, 376 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1051.0, 1398.0, 1051.0, 1398.0, 1081.0, 790.0, 1081.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " annual FDCs over 12 years of plantation growth for one", "bbox": [ 284, 378, 502, 389 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1084.0, 1398.0, 1084.0, 1398.0, 1114.0, 793.0, 1114.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "of the catchments used in this study, Pine Creek. The", "bbox": [ 285, 390, 502, 401 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 786.0, 1114.0, 1400.0, 1116.0, 1400.0, 1152.0, 786.0, 1150.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " net change in flow is obscured by rainfall variability;", "bbox": [ 282, 401, 503, 414 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1148.0, 1400.0, 1146.0, 1400.0, 1182.0, 788.0, 1185.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "e.g. the greatest change in the FDC is in 1996, with the", "bbox": [ 283, 413, 503, 425 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 786.0, 1215.0, 1398.0, 1213.0, 1398.0, 1249.0, 786.0, 1251.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " compared with 2000, where there is substantially", "bbox": [ 282, 437, 502, 449 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1249.0, 941.0, 1249.0, 941.0, 1279.0, 788.0, 1279.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "higher flows.", "bbox": [ 283, 449, 338, 460 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1180.0, 983.0, 1180.0, 983.0, 1217.0, 788.0, 1217.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "stream flowing", "bbox": [ 283, 424, 353, 438 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1066.0, 1180.0, 1400.0, 1180.0, 1400.0, 1217.0, 1066.0, 1217.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": " of the time. This may be", "bbox": [ 383, 424, 503, 438 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 161.0, 318.0, 728.0, 318.0, 728.0, 355.0, 161.0, 355.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Widespread afforestation through plantation estab-", "bbox": [ 57, 114, 261, 127 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 348.0, 732.0, 350.0, 732.0, 387.0, 125.0, 385.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "lishment on non-forested land represents a potentially", "bbox": [ 44, 125, 263, 139 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 389.0, 732.0, 389.0, 732.0, 417.0, 129.0, 417.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "significant alteration of catchment evapotranspiration", "bbox": [ 46, 140, 263, 150 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 421.0, 730.0, 421.0, 730.0, 452.0, 129.0, 452.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "(ET). Using data collated from multiple catchment", "bbox": [ 46, 151, 262, 162 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 456.0, 732.0, 456.0, 732.0, 484.0, 129.0, 484.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "studies, researchers have demonstrated a consistent", "bbox": [ 46, 164, 263, 174 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 482.0, 737.0, 484.0, 737.0, 520.0, 125.0, 518.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " difference in ET between forests and grass or short ", "bbox": [ 44, 173, 265, 187 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 122.0, 518.0, 734.0, 516.0, 735.0, 553.0, 123.0, 555.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " crops, and the relationship between ET and rainfall on", "bbox": [ 43, 186, 264, 199 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 553.0, 732.0, 553.0, 732.0, 583.0, 127.0, 583.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "a mean annual basis (Holmes and Sinclair, 1986;", "bbox": [ 45, 199, 263, 209 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 585.0, 732.0, 585.0, 732.0, 621.0, 127.0, 621.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Vertessy and Bessard, 1999; Zhang et al., 1999,", "bbox": [ 45, 210, 263, 223 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 654.0, 732.0, 654.0, 732.0, 684.0, 129.0, 684.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "there is an increasing divergence between forest and", "bbox": [ 46, 235, 263, 246 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 684.0, 734.0, 682.0, 735.0, 718.0, 125.0, 720.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "grassland ET (Zhang et al., 2001). Research from", "bbox": [ 44, 246, 264, 258 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 718.0, 732.0, 718.0, 732.0, 755.0, 127.0, 755.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "South Africa in particular has demonstrated flow", "bbox": [ 45, 258, 263, 271 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 755.0, 730.0, 755.0, 730.0, 785.0, 129.0, 785.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "reduction following afforestation with both pine and", "bbox": [ 46, 271, 262, 282 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 783.0, 732.0, 780.0, 732.0, 817.0, 125.0, 819.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "eucalypt species (Bosch, 1979; Van Lill et al., 1980;", "bbox": [ 44, 281, 263, 294 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 819.0, 732.0, 819.0, 732.0, 849.0, 131.0, 849.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Van Wyk, 1987; Bosch and Von Gadow, 1990; Scott", "bbox": [ 47, 294, 263, 305 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 854.0, 730.0, 854.0, 730.0, 884.0, 129.0, 884.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and Smith, 1997; Scott et al., 2000). In regions, where", "bbox": [ 46, 307, 262, 318 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 888.0, 732.0, 888.0, 732.0, 918.0, 129.0, 918.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "water is an increasingly valuable resource, prediction", "bbox": [ 46, 319, 263, 330 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 914.0, 735.0, 916.0, 734.0, 952.0, 125.0, 950.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": " of the long-term hydrologic impact of afforestation is", "bbox": [ 44, 329, 264, 342 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 952.0, 732.0, 952.0, 732.0, 983.0, 127.0, 983.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "a prerequisite for the optimal planning of catchment", "bbox": [ 45, 342, 263, 353 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 126.0, 982.0, 232.0, 987.0, 231.0, 1017.0, 124.0, 1012.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "land use.", "bbox": [ 45, 353, 83, 366 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 619.0, 572.0, 619.0, 572.0, 649.0, 129.0, 649.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "2001). Once annual rainfall exceeds ", "bbox": [ 46, 222, 205, 233 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 234.0, 127.0, 234.0 ], "score": 0.86, "text": "254", "bbox": [ 45, 68, 61, 84 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. 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Methods", "bbox": [ 40, 234, 92, 247 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 716.0, 526.0, 720.0, 526.0, 757.0, 112.0, 752.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "2.1. Characterisation of fow regime", "bbox": [ 40, 257, 189, 272 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 249.0, 1383.0, 252.0, 1383.0, 288.0, 777.0, 286.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " closure, a time term is required to represent plantation", "bbox": [ 279, 89, 497, 103 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 288.0, 1385.0, 284.0, 1385.0, 320.0, 778.0, 325.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "growth. A simple model relating the time series of", "bbox": [ 279, 103, 498, 115 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 318.0, 1383.0, 323.0, 1383.0, 357.0, 777.0, 353.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "each decile with rainfall and vegetation characteristics", "bbox": [ 279, 114, 497, 128 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 357.0, 1018.0, 357.0, 1018.0, 387.0, 782.0, 387.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "can be expressed as:", "bbox": [ 281, 128, 366, 139 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 167, 69, 371, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 249.0, 722.0, 252.0, 722.0, 288.0, 112.0, 286.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "were to (1) fit a model to the observed annual time", "bbox": [ 40, 89, 259, 103 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 290.0, 719.0, 290.0, 719.0, 320.0, 116.0, 320.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 10th percentile for each", "bbox": [ 41, 104, 258, 115 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 320.0, 722.0, 320.0, 722.0, 357.0, 112.0, 357.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " year of record with annual rainfall and plantation age", "bbox": [ 40, 115, 259, 128 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 355.0, 719.0, 355.0, 719.0, 385.0, 116.0, 385.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation", "bbox": [ 41, 127, 258, 138 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 389.0, 722.0, 389.0, 722.0, 419.0, 116.0, 419.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "with the long term mean to obtain climate adjusted", "bbox": [ 41, 140, 259, 150 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 421.0, 719.0, 421.0, 719.0, 452.0, 116.0, 452.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as", "bbox": [ 41, 151, 258, 162 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 456.0, 717.0, 456.0, 717.0, 486.0, 116.0, 486.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "plantations age. If the climate signal, represented by", "bbox": [ 41, 164, 257, 174 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 482.0, 722.0, 486.0, 721.0, 523.0, 112.0, 518.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "rainfall, could be successfully removed, the resulting", "bbox": [ 40, 173, 259, 188 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 522.0, 719.0, 522.0, 719.0, 553.0, 116.0, 553.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "changes in the FDC would be solely attributable to the", "bbox": [ 41, 187, 258, 199 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 557.0, 243.0, 557.0, 243.0, 587.0, 114.0, 587.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "vegetation.", "bbox": [ 41, 200, 87, 211 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 587.0, 1385.0, 587.0, 1385.0, 617.0, 780.0, 617.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "plantation. Annual rainfall was chosen as the rainfall", "bbox": [ 280, 211, 498, 222 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 621.0, 1385.0, 621.0, 1385.0, 649.0, 780.0, 649.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "statistic as it proved to be the most robust predictor of", "bbox": [ 280, 223, 498, 233 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 654.0, 1385.0, 654.0, 1385.0, 684.0, 780.0, 684.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "flow over the whole range of flow percentiles, as", "bbox": [ 280, 235, 498, 246 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 686.0, 1383.0, 686.0, 1383.0, 722.0, 777.0, 722.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " compared with rainfall percentiles; e.g. median rain-", "bbox": [ 279, 246, 497, 259 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 718.0, 1385.0, 718.0, 1385.0, 755.0, 777.0, 755.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "fall versus 10th flow percentile. The use of annual", "bbox": [ 279, 258, 498, 271 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 748.0, 1385.0, 750.0, 1385.0, 787.0, 775.0, 785.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "rainfall also minimises parameter complexity. The", "bbox": [ 278, 269, 498, 283 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 787.0, 1383.0, 787.0, 1383.0, 817.0, 782.0, 817.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "choice of model form is dependent on selecting a", "bbox": [ 281, 283, 497, 294 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 821.0, 1383.0, 821.0, 1383.0, 849.0, 780.0, 849.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "function that describes the relationship between forest", "bbox": [ 280, 295, 497, 305 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 854.0, 1383.0, 851.0, 1383.0, 881.0, 778.0, 884.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "age and ET. Scott and Smith (1997） demonstrated", "bbox": [ 279, 307, 497, 317 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 886.0, 1383.0, 886.0, 1383.0, 916.0, 780.0, 916.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "cumulative reductions in annual and low flows", "bbox": [ 280, 318, 497, 329 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 920.0, 1383.0, 920.0, 1383.0, 950.0, 780.0, 950.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "resulting from afforestation fitted a sigmoidal", "bbox": [ 280, 331, 497, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 952.0, 1379.0, 952.0, 1379.0, 983.0, 777.0, 983.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "function, similar to forest growth functions. Conse-", "bbox": [ 279, 342, 496, 353 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 985.0, 1385.0, 983.0, 1385.0, 1019.0, 775.0, 1021.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " quently, we used a sigmoidal function to characterise", "bbox": [ 278, 354, 498, 366 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1019.0, 1381.0, 1019.0, 1381.0, 1049.0, 780.0, 1049.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "the impact of plantation growth on each fow decile.", "bbox": [ 280, 366, 496, 377 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1054.0, 1383.0, 1054.0, 1383.0, 1084.0, 780.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 2a is a schematic of the change in the FDC over", "bbox": [ 280, 379, 497, 390 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1086.0, 1143.0, 1086.0, 1143.0, 1116.0, 777.0, 1116.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "time. The model took the form:", "bbox": [ 279, 390, 411, 401 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1202.0, 522.0, 1385.0, 522.0, 1385.0, 550.0, 1202.0, 550.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "is a function of", "bbox": [ 432, 187, 498, 197 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 522.0, 855.0, 522.0, 855.0, 550.0, 782.0, 550.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "where", "bbox": [ 281, 187, 307, 197 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 898.0, 522.0, 1149.0, 522.0, 1149.0, 550.0, 898.0, 550.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "is the percentile flow,", "bbox": [ 323, 187, 413, 197 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 555.0, 929.0, 555.0, 929.0, 585.0, 780.0, 585.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "rainfall and", "bbox": [ 280, 199, 334, 210 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 983.0, 555.0, 1383.0, 555.0, 1383.0, 585.0, 983.0, 585.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " is a function of the age of the", "bbox": [ 353, 199, 497, 210 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1484.0, 780.0, 1484.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "afforestation has taken place. For the average climate", "bbox": [ 280, 523, 498, 534 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1516.0, 1383.0, 1516.0, 1383.0, 1546.0, 775.0, 1546.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the new equilibrium plantation water use under", "bbox": [ 278, 545, 497, 556 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1552.0, 1385.0, 1552.0, 1385.0, 1582.0, 777.0, 1582.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " afforestation is reached. Y then gives the magnitude", "bbox": [ 279, 558, 498, 569 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1619.0, 1385.0, 1619.0, 1385.0, 1649.0, 780.0, 1649.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "the shape of the response as shown in Fig. 2b. For", "bbox": [ 280, 582, 498, 593 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1718.0, 1383.0, 1718.0, 1383.0, 1748.0, 780.0, 1748.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "afforestation condition would not require the time", "bbox": [ 280, 618, 497, 629 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1752.0, 1383.0, 1752.0, 1383.0, 1782.0, 780.0, 1782.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "term. Details of the optimisation scheme and", "bbox": [ 280, 630, 497, 641 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1784.0, 1383.0, 1784.0, 1383.0, 1815.0, 780.0, 1815.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "sensitivity tests on initial parameter values are given", "bbox": [ 280, 642, 497, 653 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1817.0, 1020.0, 1817.0, 1020.0, 1847.0, 780.0, 1847.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "in Lane et al. (2003).", "bbox": [ 280, 654, 366, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1382.0, 1209.0, 1382.0, 1209.0, 1419.0, 777.0, 1419.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "from the period of record average, and", "bbox": [ 279, 497, 434, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1263.0, 1382.0, 1385.0, 1382.0, 1385.0, 1419.0, 1263.0, 1419.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "is the time", "bbox": [ 454, 497, 498, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1286.0, 856.0, 1286.0, 856.0, 1316.0, 782.0, 1316.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "where", "bbox": [ 281, 462, 307, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1649.0, 1195.0, 1649.0, 1195.0, 1686.0, 777.0, 1686.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "the average pre-treatment condition", "bbox": [ 279, 593, 429, 606 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1312.0, 1486.0, 1385.0, 1486.0, 1385.0, 1516.0, 1312.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "when", "bbox": [ 472, 534, 498, 545 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1419.0, 1258.0, 1419.0, 1258.0, 1449.0, 780.0, 1449.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "in years at which half of the reduction in", "bbox": [ 280, 510, 452, 521 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1302.0, 1419.0, 1385.0, 1419.0, 1385.0, 1449.0, 1302.0, 1449.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "due to", "bbox": [ 468, 510, 498, 521 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1141.0, 1686.0, 1379.0, 1686.0, 1379.0, 1716.0, 1141.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": " Estimation of a pre-", "bbox": [ 410, 606, 496, 617 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1486.0, 894.0, 1486.0, 894.0, 1516.0, 780.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "condition", "bbox": [ 280, 534, 321, 545 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 899.0, 1286.0, 1205.0, 1286.0, 1205.0, 1316.0, 899.0, 1316.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "is the percentile flow (i.e.", "bbox": [ 323, 462, 433, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1253.0, 1286.0, 1383.0, 1286.0, 1383.0, 1316.0, 1253.0, 1316.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "is the 50th", "bbox": [ 450, 462, 497, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 822.0, 1686.0, 1074.0, 1686.0, 1074.0, 1716.0, 822.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " approximately equals", "bbox": [ 295, 606, 386, 617 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1279.0, 1649.0, 1312.0, 1649.0, 1312.0, 1686.0, 1279.0, 1686.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "at", "bbox": [ 460, 593, 472, 606 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1352.0, 962.0, 1350.0, 962.0, 1380.0, 778.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "sigmoidal term,", "bbox": [ 279, 486, 346, 496 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1003.0, 1352.0, 1385.0, 1350.0, 1385.0, 1380.0, 1003.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "is the deviation of annual rainfall", "bbox": [ 360, 486, 498, 496 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1316.0, 988.0, 1314.0, 988.0, 1350.0, 775.0, 1352.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "percentile flow),", "bbox": [ 278, 473, 355, 485 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1013.0, 1316.0, 1076.0, 1314.0, 1076.0, 1350.0, 1013.0, 1352.0 ], "score": 0.9, "text": " and", "bbox": [ 364, 473, 387, 485 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1099.0, 1316.0, 1385.0, 1314.0, 1385.0, 1350.0, 1099.0, 1352.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " are coefficients of the", "bbox": [ 395, 473, 498, 485 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1587.0, 1238.0, 1587.0, 1238.0, 1617.0, 780.0, 1617.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "of change due to afforestation, and ", "bbox": [ 280, 571, 445, 582 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1263.0, 1587.0, 1385.0, 1587.0, 1385.0, 1617.0, 1263.0, 1617.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " describes", "bbox": [ 454, 571, 498, 582 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1009.0, 1486.0, 1269.0, 1486.0, 1269.0, 1516.0, 1009.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "becomes the value of", "bbox": [ 363, 534, 456, 545 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 144.0, 783.0, 720.0, 785.0, 719.0, 821.0, 144.0, 819.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Flow duration curves display the relationship", "bbox": [ 51, 281, 258, 295 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 821.0, 719.0, 821.0, 719.0, 851.0, 116.0, 851.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "between streamflow and the percentage of time", "bbox": [ 41, 295, 258, 306 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 854.0, 717.0, 854.0, 717.0, 884.0, 116.0, 884.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the streamflow is exceeded as a cumulative density", "bbox": [ 41, 307, 257, 318 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 888.0, 719.0, 888.0, 719.0, 918.0, 116.0, 918.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "function They can be constructed for any time period", "bbox": [ 41, 319, 258, 330 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 920.0, 715.0, 920.0, 715.0, 950.0, 116.0, 950.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "(daily, weekly, monthly, etc.) and provide a graphical", "bbox": [ 41, 331, 257, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 952.0, 717.0, 955.0, 717.0, 985.0, 114.0, 983.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and statistical view of historic streamflow variability", "bbox": [ 41, 342, 257, 354 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 987.0, 717.0, 987.0, 717.0, 1017.0, 114.0, 1017.0 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Vogel and Fennessey (1994)", "bbox": [ 40, 366, 259, 379 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 110.0, 1047.0, 722.0, 1049.0, 722.0, 1086.0, 109.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and Smakhtin (1999, 2001) demonstrate the utility", "bbox": [ 39, 376, 259, 390 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1088.0, 719.0, 1088.0, 719.0, 1118.0, 114.0, 1118.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "(and caveats) of FDCs in characterising, comparing", "bbox": [ 41, 391, 258, 402 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1150.0, 114.0, 1150.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "and predicting flow regimes at varying temporal", "bbox": [ 41, 403, 259, 413 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1150.0, 724.0, 1150.0, 724.0, 1187.0, 112.0, 1187.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "scales. Fig. 1 is an example of annual FDCs", "bbox": [ 40, 413, 260, 427 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1187.0, 722.0, 1187.0, 722.0, 1217.0, 114.0, 1217.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "constructed from daily flows. For the consideration", "bbox": [ 41, 427, 259, 438 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 110.0, 1215.0, 722.0, 1217.0, 722.0, 1253.0, 109.0, 1251.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " of annual flow regime, daily fows are an appropriate", "bbox": [ 39, 437, 259, 451 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1253.0, 477.0, 1253.0, 477.0, 1284.0, 114.0, 1284.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "time step for FDC construction.", "bbox": [ 41, 451, 171, 462 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1342.0, 189.0, 1387.0, 189.0, 1387.0, 234.0, 1342.0, 234.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "255", "bbox": [ 482, 68, 499, 84 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1284.0, 715.0, 1284.0, 715.0, 1314.0, 148.0, 1314.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDCs were computed from the distribution of daily", "bbox": [ 53, 462, 257, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1316.0, 720.0, 1320.0, 719.0, 1350.0, 112.0, 1346.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "flows for each year of record based on the appropriate", "bbox": [ 40, 473, 258, 485 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1382.0, 116.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "water years (May-April or November-October) for", "bbox": [ 41, 486, 258, 497 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1380.0, 722.0, 1382.0, 722.0, 1419.0, 112.0, 1417.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "10 Southern Hemisphere catchments. Each 10th", "bbox": [ 40, 496, 259, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1419.0, 719.0, 1417.0, 720.0, 1447.0, 114.0, 1449.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "percentile (decile） was extracted from the annual", "bbox": [ 41, 510, 259, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1449.0, 720.0, 1451.0, 719.0, 1481.0, 112.0, 1479.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDCs of each catchment to form the data sets for", "bbox": [ 40, 521, 258, 533 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1486.0, 719.0, 1486.0, 719.0, 1516.0, 114.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "analysis. 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Statistical analyses", "bbox": [ 285, 179, 383, 192 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 228.0, 127.0, 228.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "256", "bbox": [ 45, 68, 61, 82 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 825.0, 1245.0, 1396.0, 1245.0, 1396.0, 1275.0, 825.0, 1275.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "It is important to assess the significance of the", "bbox": [ 296, 448, 502, 458 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1279.0, 1396.0, 1279.0, 1396.0, 1309.0, 790.0, 1309.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "model parameters to check the model assumptions", "bbox": [ 284, 460, 502, 471 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1307.0, 1400.0, 1309.0, 1400.0, 1346.0, 788.0, 1344.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "that rainfall and forest age are driving changes in the", "bbox": [ 283, 470, 503, 484 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1346.0, 1396.0, 1346.0, 1396.0, 1376.0, 790.0, 1376.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDC. The model (2) was split into simplified forms,", "bbox": [ 284, 484, 502, 495 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1378.0, 1396.0, 1378.0, 1396.0, 1408.0, 793.0, 1408.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "where only the rainfall or time terms were included by", "bbox": [ 285, 496, 502, 506 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1445.0, 1398.0, 1445.0, 1398.0, 1475.0, 793.0, 1475.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Eq. (6). The component models (5) and (6) were then", "bbox": [ 285, 520, 502, 530 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1477.0, 1233.0, 1477.0, 1233.0, 1507.0, 790.0, 1507.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "tested against the complete model, (2).", "bbox": [ 284, 531, 443, 542 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1408.0, 872.0, 1408.0, 872.0, 1445.0, 790.0, 1445.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "setting", "bbox": [ 284, 506, 313, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 933.0, 1408.0, 1198.0, 1408.0, 1198.0, 1445.0, 933.0, 1445.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": ", as shown in Eq. (5), or", "bbox": [ 335, 506, 431, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1260.0, 1408.0, 1400.0, 1408.0, 1400.0, 1445.0, 1260.0, 1445.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "as shown in", "bbox": [ 453, 506, 503, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 173, 69, 376, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 944.0, 1400.0, 944.0, 1400.0, 980.0, 790.0, 980.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "minus the ratio of the mean square error to the", "bbox": [ 284, 339, 503, 352 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1008.0, 1400.0, 1011.0, 1400.0, 1047.0, 790.0, 1045.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "1.0. Higher values indicate greater agreement between", "bbox": [ 284, 362, 503, 376 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1041.0, 1403.0, 1043.0, 1402.0, 1079.0, 788.0, 1077.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " observed and predicted data as per the coefficient of ", "bbox": [ 283, 374, 504, 388 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1112.0, 1400.0, 1112.0, 1400.0, 1142.0, 793.0, 1142.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "evaluating hydrologic modelling because it is a", "bbox": [ 285, 400, 503, 411 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1213.0, 1121.0, 1213.0, 1121.0, 1241.0, 790.0, 1241.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "indicate adequate model fits.", "bbox": [ 284, 436, 403, 446 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1366.0, 1178.0, 1398.0, 1178.0, 1398.0, 1208.0, 1366.0, 1208.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "to", "bbox": [ 491, 424, 502, 434 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1178.0, 879.0, 1178.0, 879.0, 1208.0, 793.0, 1208.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "always", "bbox": [ 285, 424, 316, 434 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 932.0, 1178.0, 1280.0, 1178.0, 1280.0, 1208.0, 932.0, 1208.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "we have arbitrarily considered", "bbox": [ 335, 424, 460, 434 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1363.0, 1075.0, 1402.0, 1075.0, 1402.0, 1112.0, 1363.0, 1112.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "in", "bbox": [ 490, 386, 504, 400 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 909.0, 844.0, 909.0, 844.0, 946.0, 788.0, 946.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and", "bbox": [ 283, 327, 303, 340 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1147.0, 875.0, 1398.0, 877.0, 1398.0, 914.0, 1147.0, 912.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " are predicted values,", "bbox": [ 412, 314, 502, 329 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1146.0, 1343.0, 1146.0, 1343.0, 1176.0, 793.0, 1176.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "measure of the deviation from the 1:1 line. As", "bbox": [ 285, 412, 483, 423 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1368.0, 1146.0, 1398.0, 1146.0, 1398.0, 1176.0, 1368.0, 1176.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "is", "bbox": [ 492, 412, 502, 423 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 875.0, 871.0, 877.0, 871.0, 914.0, 788.0, 912.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "where", "bbox": [ 283, 314, 313, 329 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 897.0, 875.0, 1122.0, 877.0, 1122.0, 914.0, 897.0, 912.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "are observed data,", "bbox": [ 322, 314, 403, 329 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 870.0, 909.0, 1273.0, 909.0, 1273.0, 946.0, 870.0, 946.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " is the mean for the entire period.", "bbox": [ 313, 327, 458, 340 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1299.0, 909.0, 1398.0, 909.0, 1398.0, 946.0, 1299.0, 946.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "is unity", "bbox": [ 467, 327, 502, 340 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 980.0, 1309.0, 980.0, 1309.0, 1010.0, 793.0, 1010.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "variance in the observed data, and ranges from", "bbox": [ 285, 352, 470, 363 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1365.0, 980.0, 1398.0, 980.0, 1398.0, 1010.0, 1365.0, 1010.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "to", "bbox": [ 491, 352, 502, 363 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1075.0, 959.0, 1075.0, 959.0, 1112.0, 790.0, 1112.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "determination", "bbox": [ 284, 386, 345, 400 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1041.0, 1075.0, 1334.0, 1075.0, 1334.0, 1112.0, 1041.0, 1112.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "is used in preference to", "bbox": [ 374, 386, 479, 400 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 596.0, 1398.0, 598.0, 1398.0, 634.0, 790.0, 632.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Sutcliffe, 1970; Chiew and McMahon, 1993; Legates", "bbox": [ 284, 214, 502, 228 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 628.0, 1396.0, 632.0, 1396.0, 667.0, 788.0, 662.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": " and McCabe, 1999) was used as the ^goodness of fit’", "bbox": [ 283, 226, 502, 240 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 669.0, 1398.0, 669.0, 1398.0, 697.0, 793.0, 697.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "measure to evaluate the fit between observed and", "bbox": [ 285, 240, 502, 250 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 736.0, 905.0, 731.0, 907.0, 763.0, 791.0, 768.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "given by:", "bbox": [ 284, 264, 326, 274 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 701.0, 1346.0, 699.0, 1346.0, 729.0, 790.0, 731.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "predicted flow deciles (2) and zero flow days (3).", "bbox": [ 284, 252, 484, 262 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1370.0, 701.0, 1398.0, 699.0, 1398.0, 729.0, 1370.0, 731.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "is", "bbox": [ 492, 252, 502, 262 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 827.0, 568.0, 1206.0, 568.0, 1206.0, 598.0, 827.0, 598.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "The coefficient of efficiency", "bbox": [ 297, 204, 433, 215 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1247.0, 568.0, 1398.0, 568.0, 1398.0, 598.0, 1247.0, 598.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "(Nash and", "bbox": [ 448, 204, 502, 215 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 825.0, 1716.0, 1394.0, 1716.0, 1394.0, 1752.0, 825.0, 1752.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "For both the fow duration curve analysis and zero", "bbox": [ 296, 617, 501, 630 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1784.0, 1392.0, 1784.0, 1392.0, 1815.0, 795.0, 1815.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "whether (5) and (6) were significantly different to (2).", "bbox": [ 286, 642, 500, 653 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1812.0, 1009.0, 1815.0, 1009.0, 1851.0, 790.0, 1849.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "A critical value of", "bbox": [ 284, 652, 363, 666 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1750.0, 1030.0, 1752.0, 1030.0, 1782.0, 790.0, 1780.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "flow days analysis, a", "bbox": [ 284, 629, 370, 641 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1045.0, 1750.0, 1394.0, 1752.0, 1394.0, 1782.0, 1045.0, 1780.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "-test was then performed to test", "bbox": [ 375, 629, 501, 641 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1024.0, 1812.0, 1312.0, 1815.0, 1312.0, 1851.0, 1024.0, 1849.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "exceeding the calculated", "bbox": [ 368, 652, 472, 666 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1327.0, 1812.0, 1396.0, 1815.0, 1396.0, 1851.0, 1327.0, 1849.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "value", "bbox": [ 477, 652, 502, 666 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 256.0, 1398.0, 256.0, 1398.0, 286.0, 795.0, 286.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "the magnitude of change in zero flow days due to", "bbox": [ 286, 92, 502, 102 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 389.0, 1398.0, 389.0, 1398.0, 419.0, 790.0, 419.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "new equilibrium condition under afforestation is", "bbox": [ 284, 140, 502, 150 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 421.0, 891.0, 421.0, 891.0, 452.0, 790.0, 452.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "reached.", "bbox": [ 284, 151, 320, 162 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 322.0, 1305.0, 322.0, 1305.0, 353.0, 793.0, 353.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "response. 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A similar approach to", "bbox": [ 45, 500, 264, 512 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1423.0, 735.0, 1423.0, 735.0, 1453.0, 129.0, 1453.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Eq. (2), using an inverse sigmoidal function was", "bbox": [ 46, 512, 264, 523 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1456.0, 732.0, 1456.0, 732.0, 1486.0, 129.0, 1486.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "employed to assess the impact of afforestation on the", "bbox": [ 46, 524, 263, 534 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1589.0, 735.0, 1589.0, 735.0, 1619.0, 129.0, 1619.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "rainfall increases, and increases with plantation", "bbox": [ 46, 572, 264, 582 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 126.0, 1624.0, 220.0, 1618.0, 222.0, 1651.0, 128.0, 1656.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "growth:", "bbox": [ 45, 584, 79, 594 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 590.0, 1557.0, 732.0, 1557.0, 732.0, 1587.0, 590.0, 1587.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "decreases as", "bbox": [ 212, 560, 263, 571 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1524.0, 596.0, 1524.0, 596.0, 1554.0, 129.0, 1554.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the left hand side of Eq. (2) is replaced by", "bbox": [ 46, 548, 214, 559 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1490.0, 512.0, 1490.0, 512.0, 1520.0, 129.0, 1520.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "number of zero flow days per year", "bbox": [ 46, 536, 184, 547 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 586.0, 1490.0, 732.0, 1490.0, 732.0, 1520.0, 586.0, 1520.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": ". 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Zero fow day analysis", "bbox": [ 46, 463, 157, 476 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1617.0, 844.0, 1617.0, 844.0, 1662.0, 788.0, 1662.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and", "bbox": [ 283, 582, 303, 598 ] } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 3, "height": 2064, "width": 1512 } }, { "layout_dets": [ { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 780.4981079101562, 951.0537109375, 1382.5201416015625, 951.0537109375, 1382.5201416015625, 1648.58154296875, 780.4981079101562, 1648.58154296875 ], "score": 0.9999959468841553, "bbox": [ 280, 342, 497, 593 ] }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 466.9576110839844, 194.6658935546875, 1030.6968994140625, 194.6658935546875, 1030.6968994140625, 219.20504760742188, 466.9576110839844, 219.20504760742188 ], "score": 0.9999955892562866, "bbox": [ 168, 70, 370, 78 ] }, { "category_id": 0, "poly": [ 782.29931640625, 886.77197265625, 919.8917236328125, 886.77197265625, 919.8917236328125, 915.8782348632812, 782.29931640625, 915.8782348632812 ], "score": 0.9999911189079285, "bbox": 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"score": 0.99, "text": "catchment studies from southeastern Australia, New", "bbox": [ 281, 355, 497, 366 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1019.0, 1383.0, 1019.0, 1383.0, 1049.0, 780.0, 1049.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Zealand and South Africa. The initial criteria for", "bbox": [ 280, 366, 497, 377 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1047.0, 1383.0, 1051.0, 1383.0, 1088.0, 775.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "selection of these catchments were a known veg-", "bbox": [ 278, 376, 497, 391 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1088.0, 1385.0, 1088.0, 1385.0, 1118.0, 780.0, 1118.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "etation history and streamflow records of good", "bbox": [ 280, 391, 498, 402 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1120.0, 1381.0, 1120.0, 1381.0, 1150.0, 780.0, 1150.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "quality. The ideal data sets were those with a lengthy", "bbox": [ 280, 403, 496, 413 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1155.0, 1385.0, 1152.0, 1385.0, 1182.0, 778.0, 1185.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "pre- and post-treatment (plantation establishment)", "bbox": [ 279, 415, 498, 425 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1215.0, 1387.0, 1217.0, 1387.0, 1253.0, 775.0, 1251.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " ment converted from grassland or a crop equivalent to", "bbox": [ 278, 437, 499, 451 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1253.0, 1385.0, 1253.0, 1385.0, 1284.0, 780.0, 1284.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "plantation. In reality, all these criteria were not easy to", "bbox": [ 280, 451, 498, 462 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1286.0, 1383.0, 1286.0, 1383.0, 1316.0, 782.0, 1316.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "satisfy. For example in Victoria, Australia, the best", "bbox": [ 281, 462, 497, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1320.0, 1385.0, 1320.0, 1385.0, 1348.0, 780.0, 1348.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "data is from Stewarts Creek, a set of decommissioned", "bbox": [ 280, 475, 498, 485 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1352.0, 1385.0, 1352.0, 1385.0, 1382.0, 780.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "research catchments with 9 years of pre-treatment", "bbox": [ 280, 486, 498, 497 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1387.0, 1383.0, 1387.0, 1383.0, 1417.0, 780.0, 1417.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "data and 25 years of post-treatment. Here, though, the", "bbox": [ 280, 499, 497, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 1417.0, 1383.0, 1419.0, 1383.0, 1449.0, 777.0, 1447.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "treatment was a conversion from native eucalypt", "bbox": [ 279, 510, 497, 521 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1484.0, 780.0, 1484.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "forest to pine. The assumption made for this data set is", "bbox": [ 280, 523, 498, 534 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1486.0, 1383.0, 1486.0, 1383.0, 1516.0, 780.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "that the immediate post-treatment period may be", "bbox": [ 280, 534, 497, 545 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1518.0, 1383.0, 1518.0, 1383.0, 1548.0, 780.0, 1548.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "viewed as a non-forested condition. This condition is", "bbox": [ 280, 546, 497, 557 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1552.0, 1385.0, 1552.0, 1385.0, 1582.0, 777.0, 1582.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "likely to approximate the ET conditions of pasture or", "bbox": [ 279, 558, 498, 569 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1587.0, 1385.0, 1587.0, 1385.0, 1617.0, 780.0, 1617.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "short crops for up to 3 years. Catchment details and", "bbox": [ 280, 571, 498, 582 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1619.0, 1145.0, 1617.0, 1145.0, 1647.0, 775.0, 1649.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "treatments are given in Table 1.", "bbox": [ 278, 582, 411, 592 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1187.0, 1154.0, 1187.0, 1154.0, 1217.0, 780.0, 1217.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "flow record with approximately", "bbox": [ 280, 427, 415, 438 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1224.0, 1187.0, 1381.0, 1187.0, 1381.0, 1217.0, 1224.0, 1217.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "of the catch-", "bbox": [ 440, 427, 496, 438 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 167, 69, 371, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 776.0, 881.0, 924.0, 886.0, 923.0, 925.0, 775.0, 920.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": " 3. Data sets", "bbox": [ 279, 317, 332, 332 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 254.0, 1383.0, 254.0, 1383.0, 290.0, 782.0, 290.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "when comparing (5) and (2) would indicate the time", "bbox": [ 281, 91, 497, 104 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 290.0, 1381.0, 290.0, 1381.0, 320.0, 782.0, 320.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "term in (6) was required to improve the complete", "bbox": [ 281, 104, 496, 115 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 318.0, 1347.0, 320.0, 1347.0, 357.0, 777.0, 355.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "model and is therefore significant, and vice versa.", "bbox": [ 279, 114, 484, 128 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 656.0, 1385.0, 656.0, 1385.0, 686.0, 782.0, 686.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "where SSE is the residual sum of the squared errors, df", "bbox": [ 281, 236, 498, 246 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 686.0, 1383.0, 686.0, 1383.0, 722.0, 780.0, 722.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "is degrees of freedom, and the subscripts s and c refer", "bbox": [ 280, 246, 497, 259 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 720.0, 1379.0, 722.0, 1379.0, 753.0, 777.0, 750.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "to the simplified model and complete models,", "bbox": [ 279, 259, 496, 271 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 752.0, 926.0, 752.0, 926.0, 789.0, 777.0, 789.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "respectively.", "bbox": [ 279, 270, 333, 284 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 816.0, 1651.0, 1381.0, 1651.0, 1381.0, 1681.0, 816.0, 1681.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "All catchments, with the exception of Traralgon", "bbox": [ 293, 594, 496, 605 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1686.0, 1379.0, 1686.0, 1379.0, 1716.0, 782.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Creek, were afforested with pine species, predomi-", "bbox": [ 281, 606, 496, 617 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1752.0, 1379.0, 1752.0, 1379.0, 1782.0, 782.0, 1782.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Cathedral Peak catchments. 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(2), to the", "bbox": [ 297, 462, 502, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1322.0, 1394.0, 1322.0, 1394.0, 1352.0, 795.0, 1352.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "observed data was generally good. Table 2 gives", "bbox": [ 286, 475, 501, 486 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1221.0, 1046.0, 1221.0, 1046.0, 1251.0, 795.0, 1251.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "4.1. Model evaluation", "bbox": [ 286, 439, 376, 450 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 228.0, 127.0, 228.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "258", "bbox": [ 45, 68, 61, 82 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1378.0, 204.0, 1378.0, 204.0, 1402.0, 131.0, 1402.0 ], "score": 0.93, "text": "Table 3", "bbox": [ 47, 496, 73, 504 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1397.0, 355.0, 1400.0, 355.0, 1436.0, 127.0, 1434.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Coefficient of efficiency,", "bbox": [ 45, 502, 127, 516 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1150.0, 915.0, 1150.0, 915.0, 1189.0, 790.0, 1189.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "4. Results", "bbox": [ 284, 413, 329, 428 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 787.0, 1396.0, 787.0, 1396.0, 817.0, 793.0, 817.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and Redhill the lower BFI is matched by the shallow", "bbox": [ 285, 283, 502, 294 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 821.0, 1398.0, 821.0, 1398.0, 849.0, 793.0, 849.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "soils. Pre-treatment data is not available for all", "bbox": [ 285, 295, 502, 305 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 854.0, 1398.0, 854.0, 1398.0, 884.0, 793.0, 884.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchment in the data set, so it was decided for the", "bbox": [ 285, 307, 502, 318 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 886.0, 1396.0, 886.0, 1396.0, 916.0, 793.0, 916.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "sake of consistency in the analysis to start each of the", "bbox": [ 285, 318, 502, 329 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 920.0, 1396.0, 920.0, 1396.0, 950.0, 795.0, 950.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "data sets in the year of treatment. The FDCs were", "bbox": [ 286, 331, 502, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 955.0, 1396.0, 955.0, 1396.0, 985.0, 795.0, 985.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "constructed for water years of May-April for eight", "bbox": [ 286, 343, 502, 354 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 987.0, 1396.0, 987.0, 1396.0, 1017.0, 793.0, 1017.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "catchments. The 2 Cathedral Peak catchments were", "bbox": [ 285, 355, 502, 366 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1019.0, 1398.0, 1019.0, 1398.0, 1049.0, 790.0, 1049.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "analysed for November-October because of the", "bbox": [ 284, 366, 502, 377 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1054.0, 1192.0, 1054.0, 1192.0, 1084.0, 790.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "summer rainfall maxima (Table 2).", "bbox": [ 284, 379, 428, 390 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 163.0, 785.0, 732.0, 785.0, 732.0, 815.0, 163.0, 815.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Data on soil characteristics have been obtained", "bbox": [ 58, 282, 263, 293 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 815.0, 735.0, 817.0, 734.0, 854.0, 125.0, 851.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "from published reports and personal communication", "bbox": [ 44, 293, 264, 307 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 849.0, 732.0, 851.0, 732.0, 888.0, 125.0, 886.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "with researchers, but is far from uniform, particularly", "bbox": [ 44, 305, 263, 319 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 124.0, 886.0, 734.0, 881.0, 735.0, 918.0, 125.0, 922.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "regarding porosity. Consequently only an indication", "bbox": [ 44, 318, 264, 330 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 920.0, 732.0, 920.0, 732.0, 950.0, 129.0, 950.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "of mean depth is reported here. However, this does", "bbox": [ 46, 331, 263, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 950.0, 732.0, 952.0, 732.0, 989.0, 125.0, 987.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " give some indication of the likely relative storage", "bbox": [ 44, 341, 263, 356 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 987.0, 732.0, 987.0, 732.0, 1017.0, 129.0, 1017.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "capacities of the catchments. To obtain insights into", "bbox": [ 46, 355, 263, 366 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1021.0, 732.0, 1021.0, 732.0, 1051.0, 129.0, 1051.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "the pre-afforestation hydrologic characteristics a", "bbox": [ 46, 367, 263, 378 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1054.0, 732.0, 1054.0, 732.0, 1084.0, 129.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "baseflow separation was performed on the daily", "bbox": [ 46, 379, 263, 390 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1088.0, 732.0, 1088.0, 732.0, 1118.0, 129.0, 1118.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "fows for the first 3 years following disturbance,", "bbox": [ 46, 391, 263, 402 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1118.0, 730.0, 1118.0, 730.0, 1148.0, 129.0, 1148.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "using the digital filtering method of Lyne and Hollick", "bbox": [ 46, 402, 262, 413 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1152.0, 732.0, 1152.0, 732.0, 1182.0, 129.0, 1182.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "(1979) with a filter coefficient of 0.925 and three", "bbox": [ 46, 414, 263, 425 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 1185.0, 734.0, 1182.0, 735.0, 1219.0, 125.0, 1221.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " passes. The resultant average basefow index (BFI),", "bbox": [ 44, 426, 264, 438 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1221.0, 730.0, 1221.0, 730.0, 1249.0, 129.0, 1249.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the ratio of baseflow to total flow, is given in Table 1.", "bbox": [ 46, 439, 262, 449 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1251.0, 730.0, 1251.0, 730.0, 1281.0, 129.0, 1281.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "The Australian catchments display a notably", "bbox": [ 46, 450, 262, 461 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1288.0, 732.0, 1288.0, 732.0, 1316.0, 129.0, 1316.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "lower BFI than the South African and New Zealand", "bbox": [ 46, 463, 263, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1320.0, 734.0, 1318.0, 735.0, 1348.0, 127.0, 1350.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "catchments. For Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek", "bbox": [ 45, 475, 264, 485 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 252.0, 208.0, 252.0, 208.0, 282.0, 129.0, 282.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Table 2", "bbox": [ 46, 90, 74, 101 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 282.0, 513.0, 282.0, 513.0, 312.0, 129.0, 312.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Significance of the rainfall and time terms", "bbox": [ 46, 101, 184, 112 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 173, 69, 376, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1225.0, 697.0, 1396.0, 697.0, 1396.0, 727.0, 1225.0, 727.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "level, * represents", "bbox": [ 440, 250, 502, 261 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 725.0, 298.0, 725.0, 298.0, 755.0, 129.0, 755.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "significance at the", "bbox": [ 46, 260, 107, 271 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 343.0, 725.0, 941.0, 725.0, 941.0, 755.0, 343.0, 755.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "level, and na denotes too few data points for meaningful analysis.", "bbox": [ 123, 260, 338, 271 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 697.0, 625.0, 697.0, 625.0, 727.0, 147.0, 727.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " indicates that the rainfall term was significant at the", "bbox": [ 52, 250, 224, 261 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 661.0, 697.0, 718.0, 697.0, 718.0, 727.0, 661.0, 727.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "level,", "bbox": [ 237, 250, 258, 261 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13, "poly": [ 409, 885, 432, 885, 432, 912, 409, 912 ], "score": 0.71, "latex": "E", "bbox": [ 147, 318, 155, 328 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 566, 1085, 590, 1085, 590, 1112, 566, 1112 ], "score": 0.7, "latex": "E", "bbox": [ 203, 390, 212, 400 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 484, 254, 524, 254, 524, 284, 484, 284 ], "score": 0.7, "latex": "(E)", "bbox": [ 174, 91, 188, 102 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 315, 919, 334, 919, 334, 946, 315, 946 ], "score": 0.66, "latex": "b", "bbox": [ 113, 330, 120, 340 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 376, 587, 394, 587, 394, 614, 376, 614 ], "score": 0.62, "latex": "b", "bbox": [ 135, 211, 141, 221 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 460, 1051, 478, 1051, 478, 1077, 460, 1077 ], "score": 0.59, "latex": "b", "bbox": [ 165, 378, 171, 387 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 451, 319, 552, 319, 552, 350, 451, 350 ], "score": 0.46, "latex": "60\\%~0.8", "bbox": [ 162, 114, 198, 125 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 498, 719, 522, 719, 522, 746, 498, 746 ], "score": 0.45, "latex": "Y", "bbox": [ 179, 258, 187, 268 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1342.0, 191.0, 1387.0, 191.0, 1387.0, 236.0, 1342.0, 236.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "259", "bbox": [ 482, 68, 499, 84 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 914.0, 1383.0, 914.0, 1383.0, 944.0, 780.0, 944.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "most deciles the adjusted FDCs are identical for 12", "bbox": [ 280, 329, 497, 339 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 948.0, 1381.0, 948.0, 1381.0, 978.0, 780.0, 978.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "and 20 years after treatment. This figure clearly", "bbox": [ 280, 341, 496, 352 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 983.0, 1381.0, 983.0, 1381.0, 1013.0, 782.0, 1013.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "demonstrates the necessity for FDC adjustment,", "bbox": [ 281, 353, 496, 364 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 773.0, 1013.0, 1168.0, 1010.0, 1168.0, 1047.0, 773.0, 1049.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " particularly for the 20 years FDC.", "bbox": [ 278, 364, 420, 376 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 834.0, 882.0, 1383.0, 882.0, 1383.0, 912.0, 834.0, 912.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "values are given in Table 4. Fig. 3 shows that for", "bbox": [ 300, 317, 497, 328 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 955.0, 719.0, 955.0, 719.0, 985.0, 116.0, 985.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "general the model fits the higher flows (lower deciles)", "bbox": [ 41, 343, 258, 354 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 987.0, 719.0, 987.0, 719.0, 1017.0, 116.0, 1017.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "better, most of the poorer fits are in the 80-100", "bbox": [ 41, 355, 258, 366 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1017.0, 722.0, 1015.0, 722.0, 1051.0, 112.0, 1054.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " percentile range. This can be expected given the results", "bbox": [ 40, 366, 259, 378 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1150.0, 116.0, 1150.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Glendhu 2 and for 10th and 20th percentiles from", "bbox": [ 41, 403, 259, 413 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1150.0, 724.0, 1150.0, 724.0, 1187.0, 114.0, 1187.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Cathedral Peak 3 may exaggerate the goodness of fit to", "bbox": [ 41, 413, 260, 427 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1187.0, 646.0, 1187.0, 646.0, 1215.0, 114.0, 1215.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the exact form of the model (Lane et al., 2003).", "bbox": [ 41, 427, 232, 437 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 150.0, 854.0, 285.0, 854.0, 285.0, 884.0, 150.0, 884.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "The poorest", "bbox": [ 53, 307, 102, 318 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 309.0, 854.0, 715.0, 854.0, 715.0, 884.0, 309.0, 884.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "values were those from Lambrechts-", "bbox": [ 111, 307, 257, 318 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 886.0, 408.0, 886.0, 408.0, 916.0, 116.0, 916.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "bos A and B. The high", "bbox": [ 41, 318, 146, 329 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 433.0, 886.0, 719.0, 886.0, 719.0, 916.0, 433.0, 916.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "for 50-100th deciles at", "bbox": [ 155, 318, 258, 329 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1088.0, 565.0, 1088.0, 565.0, 1118.0, 114.0, 1118.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "sensitivity analysis suggested that the", "bbox": [ 41, 391, 203, 402 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 591.0, 1088.0, 722.0, 1088.0, 722.0, 1118.0, 591.0, 1118.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "values for", "bbox": [ 212, 391, 259, 402 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 920.0, 314.0, 920.0, 314.0, 950.0, 116.0, 950.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Biesievlei, where", "bbox": [ 41, 331, 112, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 335.0, 920.0, 719.0, 920.0, 719.0, 950.0, 335.0, 950.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "was not significant are notable. In", "bbox": [ 120, 331, 258, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1054.0, 459.0, 1054.0, 459.0, 1084.0, 114.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "of the significance tests for ", "bbox": [ 41, 379, 165, 390 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 479.0, 1054.0, 719.0, 1054.0, 719.0, 1084.0, 479.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": ". The results of the", "bbox": [ 172, 379, 258, 390 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 759.0, 1383.0, 759.0, 1383.0, 789.0, 780.0, 789.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 3. Examples of observed and fow duration curves adjusted for", "bbox": [ 280, 273, 497, 284 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 787.0, 1381.0, 787.0, 1381.0, 815.0, 782.0, 815.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "average rainfall following afforestation for Stewarts Creek 5,", "bbox": [ 281, 283, 496, 293 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 779.0, 810.0, 873.0, 815.0, 871.0, 845.0, 777.0, 840.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Australia.", "bbox": [ 280, 291, 313, 304 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 810.0, 1043.0, 1385.0, 1045.0, 1385.0, 1081.0, 810.0, 1079.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "The relative net flow change due to afforestation is", "bbox": [ 291, 375, 498, 389 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1109.0, 1387.0, 1112.0, 1387.0, 1148.0, 775.0, 1146.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " old equilibrium water use condition of pre-treatment", "bbox": [ 278, 399, 499, 413 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1146.0, 1387.0, 1142.0, 1388.0, 1178.0, 778.0, 1183.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "vegetation to the new equilibrium condition at forest", "bbox": [ 279, 412, 499, 424 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1178.0, 1385.0, 1176.0, 1385.0, 1213.0, 778.0, 1215.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "canopy closure. This quantity is plotted for all catchments", "bbox": [ 279, 424, 498, 436 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1215.0, 1385.0, 1215.0, 1385.0, 1245.0, 780.0, 1245.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "in Fig. 4. Some deciles have been removed from the data", "bbox": [ 280, 437, 498, 448 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1247.0, 1383.0, 1247.0, 1383.0, 1277.0, 782.0, 1277.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "set, the 10th and 50th percentile for Glendhu 2 and the", "bbox": [ 281, 448, 497, 459 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1281.0, 1383.0, 1281.0, 1383.0, 1312.0, 782.0, 1312.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "10th and 20th percentiles from Cathedral Peak 3. The", "bbox": [ 281, 461, 497, 472 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1314.0, 1383.0, 1314.0, 1383.0, 1344.0, 780.0, 1344.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "optimised value of a was zero or near zero for these cases,", "bbox": [ 280, 473, 497, 483 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1348.0, 1383.0, 1348.0, 1383.0, 1378.0, 780.0, 1378.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "which is not consistent with the conceptual model. The", "bbox": [ 280, 485, 497, 496 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1378.0, 1385.0, 1376.0, 1385.0, 1413.0, 775.0, 1415.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " changes shown in Fig. 4 are variable. However, there are", "bbox": [ 278, 496, 498, 508 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1415.0, 1385.0, 1415.0, 1385.0, 1445.0, 780.0, 1445.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "some commonalities between catchment responses. Two", "bbox": [ 280, 509, 498, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1447.0, 1387.0, 1445.0, 1387.0, 1481.0, 775.0, 1484.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "types of responses (groups) were identified. Group 1", "bbox": [ 278, 520, 499, 533 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1481.0, 1385.0, 1481.0, 1385.0, 1511.0, 780.0, 1511.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "catchments show a substantial increase in the number of", "bbox": [ 280, 533, 498, 543 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1514.0, 1387.0, 1514.0, 1387.0, 1550.0, 777.0, 1550.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": " zero flow days, with a greater proportional reduction in", "bbox": [ 279, 545, 499, 557 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1548.0, 1385.0, 1548.0, 1385.0, 1578.0, 782.0, 1578.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "low flows than high fows. Group 2 catchments show a", "bbox": [ 281, 557, 498, 568 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1582.0, 1383.0, 1582.0, 1383.0, 1612.0, 780.0, 1612.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "more uniform proportional reduction in fows across all", "bbox": [ 280, 569, 497, 580 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1617.0, 1383.0, 1615.0, 1383.0, 1645.0, 778.0, 1647.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "percentiles, albeit with some variability. The catchments", "bbox": [ 279, 582, 497, 592 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 776.0, 1644.0, 980.0, 1649.0, 979.0, 1686.0, 775.0, 1681.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": " in each group are:", "bbox": [ 279, 591, 352, 606 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1079.0, 877.0, 1079.0, 877.0, 1116.0, 780.0, 1116.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "givenby", "bbox": [ 280, 388, 315, 401 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 976.0, 1079.0, 1385.0, 1079.0, 1385.0, 1116.0, 976.0, 1116.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": ", which represents the change from the", "bbox": [ 351, 388, 498, 401 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 288.0, 717.0, 288.0, 717.0, 318.0, 116.0, 318.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentile at all the catchments. The majority of fits", "bbox": [ 41, 103, 257, 114 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 355.0, 719.0, 355.0, 719.0, 385.0, 116.0, 385.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "significance of the rainfall and time terms is given in", "bbox": [ 41, 127, 258, 138 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 387.0, 717.0, 387.0, 717.0, 417.0, 114.0, 417.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Table 3 for all deciles, where solutions were found.", "bbox": [ 41, 139, 257, 150 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 417.0, 720.0, 421.0, 719.0, 452.0, 112.0, 447.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "There were not enough data to fit the model in five", "bbox": [ 40, 150, 258, 162 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 456.0, 717.0, 456.0, 717.0, 484.0, 116.0, 484.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "instances because of extended periods of zero flows.", "bbox": [ 41, 164, 257, 174 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 488.0, 719.0, 488.0, 719.0, 518.0, 116.0, 518.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "This problem is addressed to some extent in the zero", "bbox": [ 41, 175, 258, 186 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 522.0, 719.0, 522.0, 719.0, 550.0, 116.0, 550.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "fow analysis. If the rainfall signal is to be separated", "bbox": [ 41, 187, 258, 197 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 555.0, 719.0, 555.0, 719.0, 585.0, 114.0, 585.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "from the vegetation signal the rainfall terms must be", "bbox": [ 41, 199, 258, 210 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 110.0, 649.0, 722.0, 651.0, 722.0, 688.0, 109.0, 686.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " 0.10 level. The incidence of significance was greatest", "bbox": [ 39, 233, 259, 247 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 688.0, 719.0, 688.0, 719.0, 718.0, 116.0, 718.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "for the 10-50th percentiles at 45 of the 50 data sets at", "bbox": [ 41, 247, 258, 258 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 817.0, 432.0, 815.0, 432.0, 851.0, 112.0, 854.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "significant at the 0.10 level.", "bbox": [ 40, 294, 155, 306 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 189.0, 320.0, 295.0, 320.0, 295.0, 350.0, 189.0, 350.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "returned", "bbox": [ 68, 115, 106, 125 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 755.0, 267.0, 755.0, 267.0, 785.0, 116.0, 785.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "results, with", "bbox": [ 41, 271, 96, 282 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 325.0, 755.0, 719.0, 755.0, 719.0, 785.0, 325.0, 785.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " of the deciles significant at 0.05", "bbox": [ 116, 271, 258, 282 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 685.0, 589.0, 722.0, 589.0, 722.0, 619.0, 685.0, 619.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "of", "bbox": [ 246, 212, 259, 222 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 621.0, 601.0, 621.0, 601.0, 649.0, 114.0, 649.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the deciles at the 0.05 level, and a further", "bbox": [ 41, 223, 216, 233 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 645.0, 621.0, 719.0, 621.0, 719.0, 649.0, 645.0, 649.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "at the", "bbox": [ 232, 223, 258, 233 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 787.0, 532.0, 787.0, 532.0, 815.0, 116.0, 815.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "level. There were an additional", "bbox": [ 41, 283, 191, 293 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 578.0, 787.0, 719.0, 787.0, 719.0, 815.0, 578.0, 815.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "of deciles", "bbox": [ 207, 283, 258, 293 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 110.0, 249.0, 483.0, 252.0, 483.0, 288.0, 109.0, 286.0 ], "score": 0.91, "text": "the coefficient of efficiency ", "bbox": [ 39, 89, 173, 103 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 525.0, 249.0, 720.0, 252.0, 719.0, 288.0, 525.0, 286.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "for each flow", "bbox": [ 188, 89, 258, 103 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 589.0, 375.0, 589.0, 375.0, 619.0, 116.0, 619.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "significant. This term,", "bbox": [ 41, 212, 134, 222 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 395.0, 589.0, 627.0, 589.0, 627.0, 619.0, 395.0, 619.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": ", was significant for", "bbox": [ 142, 212, 225, 222 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 381.0, 320.0, 450.0, 320.0, 450.0, 350.0, 381.0, 350.0 ], "score": 0.9, "text": "，with", "bbox": [ 137, 115, 161, 125 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 553.0, 320.0, 719.0, 320.0, 719.0, 350.0, 553.0, 350.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "or better. The", "bbox": [ 198, 115, 258, 125 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 718.0, 497.0, 718.0, 497.0, 748.0, 116.0, 748.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "the 0.05 level. The time term,", "bbox": [ 41, 258, 178, 269 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 523.0, 718.0, 717.0, 718.0, 717.0, 748.0, 523.0, 748.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "returned similar", "bbox": [ 188, 258, 257, 269 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1318.0, 719.0, 1318.0, 719.0, 1348.0, 148.0, 1348.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "Following the successful fitting of (2) to the", "bbox": [ 53, 474, 258, 485 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1382.0, 114.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "observed percentiles, the FDCs were adjusted for", "bbox": [ 41, 486, 258, 497 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1419.0, 719.0, 1419.0, 719.0, 1447.0, 114.0, 1447.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "average annual rainfall. The climate adjusted FDCs", "bbox": [ 41, 510, 258, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1453.0, 719.0, 1453.0, 719.0, 1481.0, 114.0, 1481.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "produce an estimation of the change in flow", "bbox": [ 41, 523, 258, 533 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1486.0, 722.0, 1483.0, 722.0, 1514.0, 112.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "percentiles over time for each catchment due to", "bbox": [ 40, 534, 259, 545 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1548.0, 116.0, 1548.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "afforestation that may be viewed in two forms: new", "bbox": [ 41, 546, 258, 557 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1552.0, 722.0, 1552.0, 722.0, 1580.0, 114.0, 1580.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDCs, adjusted for climate, as exemplified in Fig. 3", "bbox": [ 41, 558, 259, 568 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1587.0, 721.0, 1582.0, 722.0, 1612.0, 112.0, 1617.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "for Stewarts Creek 5, and a comparison between all", "bbox": [ 40, 571, 259, 580 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1619.0, 717.0, 1619.0, 717.0, 1649.0, 114.0, 1649.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments of the maximum change in yield (given by", "bbox": [ 41, 582, 257, 593 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1651.0, 722.0, 1651.0, 722.0, 1681.0, 118.0, 1681.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Y) for each flow percentile from baseline flows (given", "bbox": [ 42, 594, 259, 605 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1718.0, 715.0, 1718.0, 715.0, 1748.0, 118.0, 1748.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "equilibrium of maximum water use is reached, the", "bbox": [ 42, 618, 257, 629 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1750.0, 719.0, 1750.0, 719.0, 1780.0, 116.0, 1780.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "adjusted FDCs for individual years should be identical", "bbox": [ 41, 629, 258, 640 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1784.0, 719.0, 1784.0, 719.0, 1815.0, 114.0, 1815.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "if rainfall variability has been accounted for. The new", "bbox": [ 41, 642, 258, 653 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 110.0, 1808.0, 600.0, 1813.0, 600.0, 1856.0, 109.0, 1851.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": " equilibrium is approximately reached for ", "bbox": [ 39, 650, 215, 668 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1686.0, 159.0, 1686.0, 159.0, 1716.0, 116.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "by", "bbox": [ 41, 606, 57, 617 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 232.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1716.0, 232.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": " as shown in Fig. 4. Where the new", "bbox": [ 83, 606, 258, 617 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1387.0, 322.0, 1387.0, 322.0, 1417.0, 116.0, 1417.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "climate by setting", "bbox": [ 41, 499, 115, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 365.0, 1387.0, 719.0, 1387.0, 719.0, 1417.0, 365.0, 1417.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "to zero, representing long term", "bbox": [ 131, 499, 258, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 167, 69, 371, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1249.0, 694.0, 1251.0, 694.0, 1288.0, 112.0, 1286.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "4.2. Adjusted FDCs—magnitude of fow reductions", "bbox": [ 40, 449, 249, 463 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1709.0, 1325.0, 1709.0, 1325.0, 1739.0, 782.0, 1739.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Group 1: Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek, and Redhill", "bbox": [ 281, 615, 476, 626 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1744.0, 1381.0, 1744.0, 1381.0, 1774.0, 782.0, 1774.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Group 2: Cathedral Peak 2 and 3, Lambrechtsbos A,", "bbox": [ 281, 627, 496, 638 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 889.0, 1776.0, 1383.0, 1776.0, 1383.0, 1806.0, 889.0, 1806.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Lambrechtsbos B, Glendhu 2, Biesievlei and", "bbox": [ 319, 639, 497, 650 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 889.0, 1810.0, 1072.0, 1810.0, 1072.0, 1840.0, 889.0, 1840.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Traralgon Creek", "bbox": [ 319, 651, 385, 662 ] } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 6, "height": 2064, "width": 1512 } }, { "layout_dets": [ { "category_id": 6, "poly": [ 130.38211059570312, 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"100\\%", "bbox": [ 46, 448, 70, 459 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 209, 1042, 276, 1042, 276, 1072, 209, 1072 ], "score": 0.84, "latex": "100\\%", "bbox": [ 75, 375, 99, 385 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 1174, 940, 1224, 940, 1224, 971, 1174, 971 ], "score": 0.84, "latex": "T_{\\mathrm{half}}", "bbox": [ 422, 338, 440, 349 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 129, 1401, 172, 1401, 172, 1428, 129, 1428 ], "score": 0.7, "latex": "T_{\\mathrm{half}}", "bbox": [ 46, 504, 61, 514 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1372.0, 208.0, 1372.0, 208.0, 1402.0, 129.0, 1402.0 ], "score": 0.93, "text": "Table 4", "bbox": [ 46, 493, 74, 504 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 173.0, 1400.0, 408.0, 1397.0, 408.0, 1434.0, 173.0, 1436.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "(years) for all catchments", "bbox": [ 62, 503, 146, 516 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 228.0, 127.0, 228.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "260", "bbox": [ 45, 68, 61, 82 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 173, 69, 376, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 509.0, 733.0, 758.0, 733.0, 758.0, 763.0, 509.0, 763.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 4. Net flow reductions", "bbox": [ 183, 263, 272, 274 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 841.0, 733.0, 1012.0, 733.0, 1012.0, 763.0, 841.0, 763.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "for all catchments.", "bbox": [ 302, 263, 364, 274 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 157.0, 836.0, 737.0, 834.0, 737.0, 871.0, 157.0, 873.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Group 1 exhibit both the highest reduction of", "bbox": [ 56, 300, 265, 313 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 871.0, 732.0, 871.0, 732.0, 907.0, 127.0, 907.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "flows overall, and show the largest proportional", "bbox": [ 45, 313, 263, 326 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 909.0, 732.0, 909.0, 732.0, 940.0, 129.0, 940.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "reduction at lower flows, leading to a complete", "bbox": [ 46, 327, 263, 338 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 944.0, 732.0, 944.0, 732.0, 974.0, 129.0, 974.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "cessation of fow. Comparison of flow reductions is", "bbox": [ 46, 339, 263, 350 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 972.0, 735.0, 974.0, 734.0, 1011.0, 125.0, 1008.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "hindered slightly by the range of afforestation at the", "bbox": [ 44, 349, 264, 363 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1010.0, 735.0, 1010.0, 735.0, 1041.0, 129.0, 1041.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments (Table 1). These results could be scaled", "bbox": [ 46, 363, 264, 374 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1079.0, 730.0, 1079.0, 730.0, 1109.0, 129.0, 1109.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "linear relationship between the area planted and flow", "bbox": [ 46, 388, 262, 399 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1114.0, 732.0, 1114.0, 732.0, 1144.0, 129.0, 1144.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "reductions. As there is no evidence that this is the", "bbox": [ 46, 401, 263, 411 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1146.0, 728.0, 1146.0, 728.0, 1176.0, 129.0, 1176.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "case we have not presented scaled reductions here.", "bbox": [ 46, 412, 261, 423 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 1178.0, 737.0, 1176.0, 737.0, 1213.0, 125.0, 1215.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "Linear scaling would shift the reduction curves", "bbox": [ 44, 424, 265, 436 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 1213.0, 737.0, 1210.0, 737.0, 1247.0, 125.0, 1249.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "upward for those catchments that are less than", "bbox": [ 44, 436, 265, 448 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 1281.0, 492.0, 1286.0, 492.0, 1320.0, 124.0, 1316.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " of the curves or our groupings.", "bbox": [ 44, 461, 177, 475 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 197.0, 1245.0, 735.0, 1247.0, 734.0, 1284.0, 197.0, 1281.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " afforested, but would not change the shape", "bbox": [ 70, 448, 264, 462 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1045.0, 208.0, 1045.0, 208.0, 1075.0, 129.0, 1075.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "upto", "bbox": [ 46, 376, 74, 386 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 277.0, 1045.0, 735.0, 1045.0, 735.0, 1075.0, 277.0, 1075.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " afforested if it is assumed there is a", "bbox": [ 99, 376, 264, 386 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 825.0, 903.0, 1398.0, 905.0, 1398.0, 942.0, 825.0, 940.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "The speed of fow responses to afforestation can be", "bbox": [ 296, 325, 502, 339 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 976.0, 1398.0, 976.0, 1398.0, 1006.0, 793.0, 1006.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "is substantial variation in response times both over the", "bbox": [ 285, 351, 502, 362 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1008.0, 1402.0, 1004.0, 1403.0, 1041.0, 788.0, 1045.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " percentile spread in some individual catchments, and", "bbox": [ 283, 362, 504, 374 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1045.0, 1398.0, 1045.0, 1398.0, 1075.0, 790.0, 1075.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " between the catchments. The majority of responses have", "bbox": [ 284, 376, 502, 386 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1114.0, 1398.0, 1114.0, 1398.0, 1142.0, 793.0, 1142.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Stewarts Creek, Redhill and Lambrechtsbos A exhibit the", "bbox": [ 285, 401, 502, 411 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1148.0, 1398.0, 1148.0, 1398.0, 1178.0, 793.0, 1178.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "fastest responses, with Biesievlei showing the most", "bbox": [ 285, 413, 502, 424 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1215.0, 1398.0, 1215.0, 1398.0, 1245.0, 793.0, 1245.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments display a good correspondence to published", "bbox": [ 285, 437, 502, 448 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1249.0, 1394.0, 1249.0, 1394.0, 1279.0, 793.0, 1279.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "annual changes (Scott et al., 2000; Van Wyk, 1987),", "bbox": [ 285, 449, 501, 460 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1284.0, 1398.0, 1284.0, 1398.0, 1314.0, 793.0, 1314.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "excepting the 10-20th deciles for both Cathedral Peak", "bbox": [ 285, 462, 502, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1079.0, 814.0, 1079.0, 814.0, 1109.0, 790.0, 1109.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "a", "bbox": [ 284, 388, 292, 399 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 868.0, 1079.0, 1398.0, 1079.0, 1398.0, 1109.0, 868.0, 1109.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "value between 5 and 10 years. Pine Creek and", "bbox": [ 312, 388, 502, 399 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1178.0, 1087.0, 1176.0, 1087.0, 1213.0, 788.0, 1215.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "uniformly slow response.", "bbox": [ 283, 424, 391, 436 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1141.0, 1178.0, 1400.0, 1176.0, 1400.0, 1213.0, 1141.0, 1215.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "for the South African", "bbox": [ 410, 424, 503, 436 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 942.0, 1173.0, 942.0, 1173.0, 972.0, 793.0, 972.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "evaluated by examining the value of", "bbox": [ 285, 339, 422, 349 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1225.0, 942.0, 1398.0, 942.0, 1398.0, 972.0, 1225.0, 972.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "(Table 4). There", "bbox": [ 440, 339, 502, 349 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1815.0, 939.0, 1817.0, 939.0, 1847.0, 129.0, 1845.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Note that no solution could be found for the 50 percentile for Glendhu indicted by the ns.", "bbox": [ 46, 653, 337, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 838.0, 1123.0, 838.0, 1123.0, 875.0, 793.0, 875.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "4.3. 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Discussion", "bbox": [ 279, 580, 335, 596 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 252.0, 195.0, 252.0, 195.0, 282.0, 112.0, 282.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Table5", "bbox": [ 40, 90, 70, 101 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 279.0, 1383.0, 282.0, 1383.0, 312.0, 112.0, 310.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " Published fow reductions from paired catchment analyses, after Scott et al. (2000), Hickel (2001), Nandakumar and Mein (1993) and Fahey and", "bbox": [ 40, 100, 497, 112 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 307.0, 681.0, 310.0, 681.0, 340.0, 112.0, 338.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Jackson (1997) compared to estimated reductions in this study", "bbox": [ 40, 110, 245, 122 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1330.0, 202.0, 1368.0, 177.0, 1393.0, 215.0, 1355.0, 240.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "261", "bbox": [ 478, 72, 501, 77 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 167, 69, 371, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1243.0, 720.0, 1245.0, 719.0, 1275.0, 148.0, 1273.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "A further check on the overall model performance is", "bbox": [ 53, 447, 258, 458 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1279.0, 719.0, 1277.0, 720.0, 1307.0, 112.0, 1309.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " a comparison with published results of paired catchment", "bbox": [ 40, 460, 259, 470 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1312.0, 719.0, 1312.0, 719.0, 1342.0, 114.0, 1342.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "studies. The data that can be compared with our results", "bbox": [ 41, 472, 258, 483 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1346.0, 719.0, 1346.0, 719.0, 1376.0, 114.0, 1376.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "are presented in Table 5 and can be broadly compared", "bbox": [ 41, 484, 258, 495 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1380.0, 719.0, 1380.0, 719.0, 1410.0, 114.0, 1410.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "with Fig. 4. These data are reductions in years with near", "bbox": [ 41, 496, 258, 507 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1415.0, 722.0, 1415.0, 722.0, 1445.0, 114.0, 1445.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "average annual rainfall, and at a time after treatment ", "bbox": [ 41, 509, 259, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1445.0, 717.0, 1445.0, 717.0, 1475.0, 114.0, 1475.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "when maximum changes in streamflow have occurred.", "bbox": [ 41, 520, 257, 530 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1481.0, 719.0, 1481.0, 719.0, 1509.0, 114.0, 1509.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Table 5 also includes estimates on the total and low flow", "bbox": [ 41, 533, 258, 543 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1511.0, 719.0, 1511.0, 719.0, 1542.0, 114.0, 1542.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "reductions calculated from this study. Results from Pine", "bbox": [ 41, 543, 258, 555 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1548.0, 719.0, 1548.0, 719.0, 1578.0, 114.0, 1578.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Creek and Traralgon Creek are not included in Table 5", "bbox": [ 41, 557, 258, 568 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1582.0, 722.0, 1582.0, 722.0, 1612.0, 114.0, 1612.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "as these catchments are not paired. Exact comparisons", "bbox": [ 41, 569, 259, 580 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1615.0, 719.0, 1615.0, 719.0, 1645.0, 116.0, 1645.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "are impossible because of the rainfall variability, and", "bbox": [ 41, 581, 258, 592 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1649.0, 717.0, 1649.0, 717.0, 1679.0, 116.0, 1679.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "lack of calibration period for Redhill. Despite this,", "bbox": [ 41, 593, 257, 604 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1681.0, 719.0, 1681.0, 719.0, 1711.0, 116.0, 1711.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "Table 5 shows that total and low flow reductions", "bbox": [ 41, 605, 258, 615 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1716.0, 719.0, 1716.0, 719.0, 1746.0, 116.0, 1746.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "estimated from our study are comparable to the results", "bbox": [ 41, 617, 258, 628 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1750.0, 719.0, 1750.0, 719.0, 1780.0, 116.0, 1780.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "from paired catchment studies, indicating that our", "bbox": [ 41, 629, 258, 640 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1782.0, 719.0, 1782.0, 719.0, 1812.0, 116.0, 1812.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "simple model has successfully removed the rainfall", "bbox": [ 41, 641, 258, 652 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 111.0, 1820.0, 190.0, 1814.0, 192.0, 1846.0, 113.0, 1852.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "signal.", "bbox": [ 39, 655, 69, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 989.0, 717.0, 987.0, 717.0, 1023.0, 112.0, 1026.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "catchments and the lower deciles at Lambrechtsbos B.", "bbox": [ 40, 356, 257, 368 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1062.0, 715.0, 1062.0, 715.0, 1092.0, 116.0, 1092.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "lower than other published data (Fahey and Jackson,", "bbox": [ 41, 382, 257, 393 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1092.0, 189.0, 1092.0, 189.0, 1124.0, 116.0, 1124.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "1997).", "bbox": [ 41, 393, 68, 404 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1028.0, 168.0, 1028.0, 168.0, 1058.0, 116.0, 1058.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "The", "bbox": [ 41, 370, 60, 380 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 222.0, 1028.0, 715.0, 1028.0, 715.0, 1058.0, 222.0, 1058.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "from Glendhu 2 appears to be substantially", "bbox": [ 79, 370, 257, 380 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1176.0, 631.0, 1176.0, 631.0, 1213.0, 114.0, 1213.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "4.4. Comparison with paired catchment studies", "bbox": [ 41, 423, 227, 436 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 816.0, 1686.0, 1381.0, 1686.0, 1381.0, 1716.0, 816.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "The aims of the project have largely been met. The", "bbox": [ 293, 606, 496, 617 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1720.0, 1383.0, 1720.0, 1383.0, 1750.0, 782.0, 1750.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "general characterisation of FDCs and adjustment for", "bbox": [ 281, 619, 497, 629 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1750.0, 1385.0, 1750.0, 1385.0, 1787.0, 782.0, 1787.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "climate has been very encouraging given the task of", "bbox": [ 281, 629, 498, 643 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1784.0, 1381.0, 1784.0, 1381.0, 1815.0, 782.0, 1815.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "fitting our model to 10 flow percentiles, for 10 different", "bbox": [ 281, 642, 496, 653 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 1812.0, 1383.0, 1815.0, 1383.0, 1851.0, 777.0, 1849.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "catchments (resulting in 100 model fits） with", "bbox": [ 279, 652, 497, 666 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 816.0, 1060.0, 1381.0, 1060.0, 1381.0, 1090.0, 816.0, 1090.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "As this analysis could only be applied, where there", "bbox": [ 293, 381, 496, 392 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1094.0, 1383.0, 1094.0, 1383.0, 1124.0, 782.0, 1124.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "was consistent drying up of streams, it was confined to", "bbox": [ 281, 393, 497, 404 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1127.0, 1381.0, 1127.0, 1381.0, 1157.0, 782.0, 1157.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek and Redhill catchments. The", "bbox": [ 281, 405, 496, 416 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1228.0, 1383.0, 1228.0, 1383.0, 1256.0, 780.0, 1256.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "significant results at the 0.05 level for both parameters at", "bbox": [ 280, 442, 497, 452 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1260.0, 1383.0, 1260.0, 1383.0, 1290.0, 780.0, 1290.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "all three catchments. The climate adjusted zero flow", "bbox": [ 280, 453, 497, 464 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1292.0, 1383.0, 1292.0, 1383.0, 1322.0, 780.0, 1322.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "days are shown in Fig. 5. The increases in zero flow days", "bbox": [ 280, 465, 497, 475 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 1387.0, 1387.0, 1389.0, 1387.0, 1425.0, 777.0, 1423.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "11 at Redhill. The latter has changed from an almost ", "bbox": [ 279, 499, 499, 512 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1423.0, 1385.0, 1421.0, 1385.0, 1458.0, 775.0, 1460.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " permanent to a highly intermittent stream. The curves", "bbox": [ 278, 512, 498, 524 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1456.0, 1385.0, 1492.0, 775.0, 1490.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " are also in sensible agreement with the flow reductions", "bbox": [ 278, 523, 498, 537 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1492.0, 885.0, 1492.0, 885.0, 1522.0, 777.0, 1522.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "in Fig. 4.", "bbox": [ 279, 537, 318, 547 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1278.0, 1193.0, 1383.0, 1193.0, 1383.0, 1223.0, 1278.0, 1223.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " returned", "bbox": [ 459, 429, 497, 440 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1327.0, 1295.0, 1327.0, 1295.0, 1357.0, 777.0, 1357.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " are substantial with flows confined to less than", "bbox": [ 279, 477, 465, 488 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1351.0, 1327.0, 1385.0, 1327.0, 1385.0, 1357.0, 1351.0, 1357.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "of", "bbox": [ 486, 477, 498, 488 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1161.0, 1077.0, 1161.0, 1077.0, 1189.0, 780.0, 1189.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "model returned values of", "bbox": [ 280, 417, 387, 428 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1102.0, 1161.0, 1381.0, 1161.0, 1381.0, 1189.0, 1102.0, 1189.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "of 0.95, 0.99 and 0.99,", "bbox": [ 396, 417, 496, 428 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1134.0, 1193.0, 1200.0, 1193.0, 1200.0, 1223.0, 1134.0, 1223.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " and", "bbox": [ 408, 429, 431, 440 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1193.0, 989.0, 1193.0, 989.0, 1223.0, 780.0, 1223.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "respectively. The", "bbox": [ 280, 429, 355, 440 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1004.0, 1193.0, 1112.0, 1193.0, 1112.0, 1223.0, 1004.0, 1223.0 ], "score": 0.89, "text": "-testson", "bbox": [ 361, 429, 400, 440 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1284.0, 1354.0, 1385.0, 1357.0, 1385.0, 1393.0, 1284.0, 1391.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and year", "bbox": [ 461, 487, 498, 501 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1354.0, 1106.0, 1357.0, 1106.0, 1393.0, 775.0, 1391.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " the time by year 8 at Stewarts", "bbox": [ 278, 487, 397, 501 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1145.0, 1354.0, 1245.0, 1357.0, 1245.0, 1393.0, 1145.0, 1391.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and Pine", "bbox": [ 411, 487, 447, 501 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 690.0, 1385.0, 694.0, 1385.0, 731.0, 125.0, 727.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "a Rainfall refers to the rainfall in the year used for comparison of results. The value in brackets refers to the deviation from the mean anual", "bbox": [ 44, 248, 498, 263 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 722.0, 408.0, 725.0, 408.0, 755.0, 114.0, 752.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "rainfall for the period of record.", "bbox": [ 41, 259, 146, 271 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 832.0, 312.0, 834.0, 311.0, 864.0, 112.0, 862.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " 30-100th percentiles.", "bbox": [ 40, 299, 111, 311 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 125.0, 776.0, 457.0, 780.0, 457.0, 811.0, 125.0, 806.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "c Low flow reduction calculated by", "bbox": [ 44, 279, 164, 291 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 122.0, 748.0, 463.0, 750.0, 463.0, 780.0, 122.0, 778.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "b Total flow reduction calculated by", "bbox": [ 43, 269, 166, 280 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 608.0, 748.0, 743.0, 750.0, 743.0, 780.0, 608.0, 778.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "for all deciles.", "bbox": [ 218, 269, 267, 280 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 123.0, 800.0, 374.0, 806.0, 374.0, 843.0, 122.0, 836.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "d For Cathedral Peak 3 the", "bbox": [ 44, 287, 134, 303 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1081.0, 800.0, 1385.0, 806.0, 1385.0, 843.0, 1081.0, 836.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "were lower then the values of the", "bbox": [ 388, 287, 498, 303 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 391.0, 800.0, 430.0, 806.0, 430.0, 843.0, 391.0, 836.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and", "bbox": [ 140, 287, 154, 303 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 602.0, 776.0, 772.0, 780.0, 772.0, 811.0, 602.0, 806.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "for 70, 80, 90 and", "bbox": [ 216, 279, 277, 291 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 828.0, 776.0, 934.0, 780.0, 934.0, 811.0, 828.0, 806.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "percentiles.", "bbox": [ 297, 279, 336, 291 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 449.0, 800.0, 639.0, 806.0, 639.0, 843.0, 449.0, 836.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "values for the 10 and", "bbox": [ 161, 287, 229, 303 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 685.0, 800.0, 1065.0, 806.0, 1065.0, 843.0, 685.0, 836.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentiles were excluded as the values of", "bbox": [ 246, 287, 383, 303 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 987.0, 993.0, 991.0, 992.0, 1030.0, 777.0, 1025.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "4.5. Zero fow days", "bbox": [ 279, 355, 356, 370 ] } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 8, "height": 2064, "width": 1512 } }, { "layout_dets": [ { "category_id": 4, "poly": [ 130.26629638671875, 1337.3250732421875, 732.2774047851562, 1337.3250732421875, 732.2774047851562, 1418.7119140625, 130.26629638671875, 1418.7119140625 ], "score": 0.9999995231628418, "bbox": [ 46, 481, 263, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 131.43930053710938, 195.23593139648438, 165.80084228515625, 195.23593139648438, 165.80084228515625, 215.28358459472656, 131.43930053710938, 215.28358459472656 ], "score": 0.999997615814209, "bbox": [ 47, 70, 59, 77 ] }, { "category_id": 3, "poly": [ 131.99615478515625, 262.13848876953125, 732.1187744140625, 262.13848876953125, 732.1187744140625, 1316.8990478515625, 131.99615478515625, 1316.8990478515625 ], "score": 0.9999966621398926, "bbox": [ 47, 94, 263, 474 ] }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 480.581787109375, 195.6566162109375, 1043.8951416015625, 195.6566162109375, 1043.8951416015625, 218.63613891601562, 480.581787109375, 218.63613891601562 ], "score": 0.9999943971633911, "bbox": [ 172, 70, 375, 78 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 794.3954467773438, 1085.8665771484375, 1394.706298828125, 1085.8665771484375, 1394.706298828125, 1847.09423828125, 794.3954467773438, 1847.09423828125 ], "score": 0.9999863505363464, "bbox": [ 285, 390, 501, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 795.3126831054688, 256.7186279296875, 1395.0584716796875, 256.7186279296875, 1395.0584716796875, 1079.958251953125, 795.3126831054688, 1079.958251953125 ], "score": 0.9999836683273315, "bbox": [ 286, 92, 501, 388 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 130.74447631835938, 1445.3975830078125, 731.3636474609375, 1445.3975830078125, 731.3636474609375, 1846.5950927734375, 130.74447631835938, 1846.5950927734375 ], "score": 0.9999815225601196, "bbox": [ 47, 520, 263, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 1045, 452, 1098, 452, 1098, 482, 1045, 482 ], "score": 0.87, "latex": "27\\%", "bbox": [ 375, 162, 395, 173 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1339.0, 732.0, 1339.0, 732.0, 1367.0, 129.0, 1367.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 5. Number of zero fow days for average rainfall following", "bbox": [ 46, 482, 263, 492 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1365.0, 730.0, 1365.0, 730.0, 1393.0, 131.0, 1393.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "afforestation for Stewarts Creek 5, Redhill and Pine Creek,", "bbox": [ 47, 491, 262, 501 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1398.0, 219.0, 1398.0, 219.0, 1421.0, 133.0, 1421.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Australia.", "bbox": [ 47, 503, 78, 511 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 228.0, 127.0, 228.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "262", "bbox": [ 45, 68, 61, 82 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 173, 69, 376, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 827.0, 1086.0, 1398.0, 1086.0, 1398.0, 1116.0, 827.0, 1116.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "The model fits show we have quantified the net", "bbox": [ 297, 390, 502, 401 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1120.0, 1396.0, 1120.0, 1396.0, 1150.0, 793.0, 1150.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "impact of afforestation for the majority of the flow", "bbox": [ 285, 403, 502, 413 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 786.0, 1150.0, 1398.0, 1146.0, 1398.0, 1182.0, 786.0, 1187.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " percentiles in the 10 catchments. Results for the 10-50th", "bbox": [ 282, 413, 502, 425 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1185.0, 1400.0, 1180.0, 1400.0, 1217.0, 788.0, 1221.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " percentiles were particularly encouraging. It is not", "bbox": [ 283, 426, 503, 438 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1219.0, 1396.0, 1219.0, 1396.0, 1249.0, 793.0, 1249.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "surprising that the relationship between rainfall and flow", "bbox": [ 285, 438, 502, 449 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1251.0, 1396.0, 1251.0, 1396.0, 1281.0, 793.0, 1281.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "diminishes at lower fows (60-100th percentile), where", "bbox": [ 285, 450, 502, 461 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1286.0, 1396.0, 1286.0, 1396.0, 1316.0, 793.0, 1316.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "seasonal storage effects and rainfall distribution become", "bbox": [ 285, 462, 502, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1318.0, 1396.0, 1318.0, 1396.0, 1348.0, 788.0, 1348.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " more important drivers for runoff generation. The", "bbox": [ 283, 474, 502, 485 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1352.0, 1398.0, 1352.0, 1398.0, 1382.0, 790.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "poorest model fits were gained for Lambrechtsbos A", "bbox": [ 284, 486, 502, 497 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1382.0, 1396.0, 1382.0, 1396.0, 1413.0, 788.0, 1413.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " and B. The likely reason at Lambrechtsbos A is an", "bbox": [ 283, 497, 502, 508 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1419.0, 1398.0, 1419.0, 1398.0, 1447.0, 793.0, 1447.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "observed annual decrease in stand water use after 12", "bbox": [ 285, 510, 502, 520 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1451.0, 1398.0, 1451.0, 1398.0, 1481.0, 793.0, 1481.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "years (Scott et al., 2000) which does not conform to the", "bbox": [ 285, 522, 502, 533 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1486.0, 1398.0, 1486.0, 1398.0, 1516.0, 793.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "sigmoidal form of our model over the full 19 years of", "bbox": [ 285, 534, 502, 545 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1518.0, 1398.0, 1518.0, 1398.0, 1548.0, 793.0, 1548.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "record. The failure of the model to fit the lower flows at", "bbox": [ 285, 546, 502, 557 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 786.0, 1546.0, 1400.0, 1548.0, 1400.0, 1585.0, 786.0, 1582.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " Lambrechtsbos B is not as explicable. A decrease in", "bbox": [ 282, 556, 503, 570 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1587.0, 1398.0, 1587.0, 1398.0, 1615.0, 790.0, 1615.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "stand water use in this catchment is observed as the", "bbox": [ 284, 571, 502, 581 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1619.0, 1400.0, 1619.0, 1400.0, 1649.0, 793.0, 1649.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "plantation ages, but does not occur during the first 20", "bbox": [ 285, 582, 503, 593 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1651.0, 1398.0, 1651.0, 1398.0, 1681.0, 793.0, 1681.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "years after treatment (Scott et al., 2000). Other data from", "bbox": [ 285, 594, 502, 605 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 1679.0, 1398.0, 1681.0, 1398.0, 1718.0, 788.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " South Africa (Scott et al., 2000) indicate there are", "bbox": [ 283, 604, 502, 618 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 791.0, 1711.0, 1398.0, 1716.0, 1398.0, 1752.0, 790.0, 1748.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " diminished flow reductions as plantations age, but again,", "bbox": [ 284, 615, 502, 630 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1752.0, 1396.0, 1752.0, 1396.0, 1782.0, 795.0, 1782.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "generally after 20 years. Our use of an asymptotic curve", "bbox": [ 286, 630, 502, 641 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1785.0, 1398.0, 1782.0, 1398.0, 1812.0, 790.0, 1815.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "assumes a new equilibrium of stand water use is", "bbox": [ 284, 642, 502, 652 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1815.0, 1394.0, 1817.0, 1394.0, 1847.0, 790.0, 1845.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "reached. The results of the model fitting generally justify", "bbox": [ 284, 653, 501, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 249.0, 1398.0, 252.0, 1398.0, 288.0, 788.0, 286.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " Lambrechtsbos B appear to be over-estimated by our", "bbox": [ 283, 89, 502, 103 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 284.0, 1398.0, 288.0, 1398.0, 325.0, 788.0, 320.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " model, which is unsurprising as the model fit was poor.", "bbox": [ 283, 102, 502, 116 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 322.0, 1398.0, 322.0, 1398.0, 353.0, 793.0, 353.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "The remaining four South African catchments, and also", "bbox": [ 285, 115, 502, 127 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 355.0, 1398.0, 355.0, 1398.0, 385.0, 793.0, 385.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Redhill and Stewarts Creek are in good agreement with", "bbox": [ 285, 127, 502, 138 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 389.0, 1400.0, 389.0, 1400.0, 417.0, 793.0, 417.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "the published values, particularly when the deviation of", "bbox": [ 285, 140, 503, 150 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 421.0, 1398.0, 421.0, 1398.0, 452.0, 793.0, 452.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "average rainfall is considered. Glendhu 2 reductions are", "bbox": [ 285, 151, 502, 162 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 488.0, 1396.0, 488.0, 1396.0, 518.0, 788.0, 518.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " a heavier impact on the lower flows. Overall, it appears", "bbox": [ 283, 175, 502, 186 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 518.0, 1400.0, 518.0, 1400.0, 555.0, 788.0, 555.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " there are no significant discrepancies with the published", "bbox": [ 283, 186, 503, 199 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 555.0, 1398.0, 555.0, 1398.0, 585.0, 793.0, 585.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "paired catchment analyses. We suggest our technique", "bbox": [ 285, 199, 502, 210 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 589.0, 1398.0, 589.0, 1398.0, 619.0, 790.0, 619.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " represents an alternative to the paired-catchment method", "bbox": [ 284, 212, 502, 222 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 617.0, 1398.0, 619.0, 1398.0, 656.0, 788.0, 654.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "for assessing hydrologic response to vegetation treat-", "bbox": [ 283, 222, 502, 236 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 651.0, 1400.0, 649.0, 1400.0, 686.0, 788.0, 688.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": " ment, where paired data are unavailable. The method", "bbox": [ 283, 234, 503, 246 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 688.0, 1396.0, 688.0, 1396.0, 718.0, 793.0, 718.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "has not yet resulted in a predictive model, but has", "bbox": [ 285, 247, 502, 258 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 722.0, 1394.0, 722.0, 1394.0, 752.0, 795.0, 752.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "increased our knowledge of afforestation impacts. This", "bbox": [ 286, 259, 501, 270 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 755.0, 1398.0, 755.0, 1398.0, 785.0, 793.0, 785.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "is a valuable outcome given the contentious issue of", "bbox": [ 285, 271, 502, 282 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 787.0, 1398.0, 787.0, 1398.0, 817.0, 793.0, 817.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "afforestation in Australia and other countries, and a", "bbox": [ 285, 283, 502, 294 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 792.0, 821.0, 1398.0, 819.0, 1398.0, 849.0, 793.0, 851.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "current paucity of data on inter-annual flows. It should", "bbox": [ 284, 295, 502, 305 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 849.0, 1396.0, 851.0, 1396.0, 888.0, 788.0, 886.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " be noted that nine of the 10 catchment were pine species.", "bbox": [ 283, 305, 502, 319 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 888.0, 1398.0, 888.0, 1398.0, 918.0, 793.0, 918.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "More data is required to compare the impact of", "bbox": [ 285, 319, 502, 330 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 920.0, 1390.0, 920.0, 1390.0, 950.0, 790.0, 950.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "hardwood species, particularly eucalypts, on the FDC.", "bbox": [ 284, 331, 500, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 950.0, 1396.0, 955.0, 1396.0, 985.0, 792.0, 980.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Unfortunately these data are currently scarce. There are", "bbox": [ 285, 341, 502, 354 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 791.0, 980.0, 1398.0, 985.0, 1398.0, 1021.0, 790.0, 1017.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "substantial data on the physiological controls of eucalypt", "bbox": [ 284, 352, 502, 367 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 1019.0, 1396.0, 1019.0, 1396.0, 1049.0, 793.0, 1049.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "water use (see Whitehead and Beadle, 2004), but not at", "bbox": [ 285, 366, 502, 377 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 790.0, 1054.0, 1016.0, 1054.0, 1016.0, 1084.0, 790.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the catchment scale.", "bbox": [ 284, 379, 365, 390 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 788.0, 452.0, 1044.0, 452.0, 1044.0, 488.0, 788.0, 488.0 ], "score": 0.91, "text": " close to the reported ", "bbox": [ 283, 162, 375, 175 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1099.0, 452.0, 1398.0, 452.0, 1398.0, 488.0, 1099.0, 488.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": ", but our model produces", "bbox": [ 395, 162, 502, 175 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1443.0, 732.0, 1443.0, 732.0, 1479.0, 129.0, 1479.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "substantially varying spatial scales, soils and geology,", "bbox": [ 46, 519, 263, 532 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1479.0, 732.0, 1479.0, 732.0, 1509.0, 129.0, 1509.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "species planted and climatic environments. Although", "bbox": [ 46, 532, 263, 543 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1511.0, 735.0, 1511.0, 735.0, 1548.0, 127.0, 1548.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "there were poor results for individual deciles, the FDCs ", "bbox": [ 45, 543, 264, 557 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1548.0, 732.0, 1548.0, 732.0, 1578.0, 129.0, 1578.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "at eight of the 10 catchments were adequately described", "bbox": [ 46, 557, 263, 568 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1580.0, 730.0, 1578.0, 730.0, 1608.0, 127.0, 1610.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "by Eq. (2). The results of the statistical tests in which the", "bbox": [ 45, 568, 262, 578 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1612.0, 726.0, 1612.0, 726.0, 1643.0, 129.0, 1643.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "rainfall term was significant for most deciles demon-", "bbox": [ 46, 580, 261, 591 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1647.0, 735.0, 1647.0, 735.0, 1683.0, 127.0, 1683.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "strated the model structure was appropriate for adjusting", "bbox": [ 45, 592, 264, 605 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1683.0, 730.0, 1683.0, 730.0, 1711.0, 129.0, 1711.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "the FDCs for climatic (rainfall) variability. The", "bbox": [ 46, 605, 262, 615 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1716.0, 732.0, 1716.0, 732.0, 1746.0, 129.0, 1746.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "comparisons of our results with published paired", "bbox": [ 46, 617, 263, 628 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1750.0, 732.0, 1750.0, 732.0, 1780.0, 129.0, 1780.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchment analyses are satisfactory, although the", "bbox": [ 46, 629, 263, 640 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1784.0, 735.0, 1784.0, 735.0, 1812.0, 129.0, 1812.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "different methodologies make direct comparisons of", "bbox": [ 46, 642, 264, 652 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1815.0, 737.0, 1817.0, 737.0, 1847.0, 127.0, 1845.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "deciles with total fow uncertain. Low flows at", "bbox": [ 45, 653, 265, 664 ] } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 9, "height": 2064, "width": 1512 } }, { "layout_dets": [ { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 466.4325256347656, 194.8888397216797, 1031.1922607421875, 194.8888397216797, 1031.1922607421875, 219.64439392089844, 466.4325256347656, 219.64439392089844 ], "score": 0.9999977350234985, "bbox": [ 167, 70, 371, 79 ] }, { "category_id": 0, "poly": [ 781.4110107421875, 1350.9322509765625, 1112.086181640625, 1350.9322509765625, 1112.086181640625, 1380.4071044921875, 781.4110107421875, 1380.4071044921875 ], "score": 0.9999973773956299, "bbox": [ 281, 486, 400, 496 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 118.7479248046875, 587.0300903320312, 715.7766723632812, 587.0300903320312, 715.7766723632812, 883.0694580078125, 118.7479248046875, 883.0694580078125 ], "score": 0.9999968409538269, "bbox": [ 42, 211, 257, 317 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 118.48811340332031, 252.823486328125, 715.749267578125, 252.823486328125, 715.749267578125, 583.28515625, 118.48811340332031, 583.28515625 ], "score": 0.9999964237213135, "bbox": [ 42, 91, 257, 209 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 117.62772369384766, 885.8139038085938, 717.3323974609375, 885.8139038085938, 717.3323974609375, 1415.2767333984375, 117.62772369384766, 1415.2767333984375 ], "score": 0.9999961853027344, "bbox": [ 42, 318, 258, 509 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 782.490234375, 254.01434326171875, 1380.5517578125, 254.01434326171875, 1380.5517578125, 748.8712768554688, 782.490234375, 748.8712768554688 ], "score": 0.9999944567680359, "bbox": [ 281, 91, 496, 269 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 117.28860473632812, 1415.5831298828125, 716.8341064453125, 1415.5831298828125, 716.8341064453125, 1847.5146484375, 117.28860473632812, 1847.5146484375 ], "score": 0.9999933242797852, "bbox": [ 42, 509, 257, 665 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 781.5156860351562, 752.15576171875, 1380.3497314453125, 752.15576171875, 1380.3497314453125, 1279.9158935546875, 781.5156860351562, 1279.9158935546875 ], "score": 0.9999922513961792, "bbox": [ 281, 270, 496, 460 ] }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 781.4845581054688, 1417.2979736328125, 1380.813232421875, 1417.2979736328125, 1380.813232421875, 1845.5704345703125, 781.4845581054688, 1845.5704345703125 ], "score": 0.9999920725822449, "bbox": [ 281, 510, 496, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 1346.2413330078125, 196.15005493164062, 1380.82568359375, 196.15005493164062, 1380.82568359375, 216.4473876953125, 1346.2413330078125, 216.4473876953125 ], "score": 0.9999884366989136, "bbox": [ 484, 70, 496, 77 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 510, 1017, 563, 1017, 563, 1047, 510, 1047 ], "score": 0.89, "latex": "85\\%", "bbox": [ 183, 366, 202, 376 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 1121, 321, 1143, 321, 1143, 347, 1121, 347 ], "score": 0.55, "latex": "E", "bbox": [ 403, 115, 411, 124 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 433, 354, 456, 354, 456, 380, 433, 380 ], "score": 0.47, "latex": "E.", "bbox": [ 155, 127, 164, 136 ] }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 578, 1018, 683, 1018, 683, 1048, 578, 1048 ], "score": 0.39, "latex": "1260\\,\\mathrm{mm}", "bbox": [ 207, 366, 245, 377 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 167, 69, 371, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1350.0, 1117.0, 1350.0, 1117.0, 1387.0, 780.0, 1387.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "6. Summary and conclusions", "bbox": [ 280, 485, 401, 499 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 150.0, 585.0, 717.0, 585.0, 717.0, 615.0, 150.0, 615.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "The small Australian catchments converted to pine in", "bbox": [ 53, 210, 257, 221 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 109.0, 619.0, 724.0, 617.0, 724.0, 654.0, 110.0, 656.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "response group 1 (Stewarts Creek 5, Pine Creek and", "bbox": [ 39, 222, 260, 235 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 649.0, 722.0, 651.0, 722.0, 688.0, 112.0, 686.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Redhill) have similar shallow soils, potential evapo-", "bbox": [ 40, 233, 259, 247 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 688.0, 717.0, 688.0, 717.0, 718.0, 116.0, 718.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "transpiration and rainfall distribution (relatively uni-", "bbox": [ 41, 247, 257, 258 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 722.0, 717.0, 722.0, 717.0, 752.0, 116.0, 752.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "form) although Stewarts Creek is significantly wetter.", "bbox": [ 41, 259, 257, 270 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 755.0, 719.0, 755.0, 719.0, 785.0, 116.0, 785.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "The combination of small catchment area and the", "bbox": [ 41, 271, 258, 282 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 787.0, 717.0, 787.0, 717.0, 817.0, 116.0, 817.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "increased transpirative demand that exceeds summer", "bbox": [ 41, 283, 257, 294 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 819.0, 720.0, 821.0, 719.0, 851.0, 114.0, 849.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and autumn rainfall and stored water results in the large", "bbox": [ 41, 294, 258, 306 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 856.0, 638.0, 856.0, 638.0, 884.0, 116.0, 884.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "impact on lower flows, compared to high flows.", "bbox": [ 41, 308, 229, 318 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 252.0, 722.0, 252.0, 722.0, 288.0, 114.0, 288.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "this assumption for the length of commercial plantation", "bbox": [ 41, 90, 259, 103 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 286.0, 719.0, 286.0, 719.0, 322.0, 114.0, 322.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "growth (up to 20 years) considered here. The physio-", "bbox": [ 41, 102, 258, 115 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 322.0, 719.0, 322.0, 719.0, 353.0, 116.0, 353.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "logical relationship between stand age and water use for", "bbox": [ 41, 115, 258, 127 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 385.0, 719.0, 385.0, 719.0, 421.0, 114.0, 421.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "thoroughly investigated, although Cornish and Vertessy", "bbox": [ 41, 138, 258, 151 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 417.0, 722.0, 419.0, 722.0, 456.0, 112.0, 454.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "(2001) and Roberts et al. (2001) have shown young", "bbox": [ 40, 150, 259, 164 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 456.0, 719.0, 456.0, 719.0, 486.0, 116.0, 486.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "mixed species eucalypt forests may use more water than", "bbox": [ 41, 164, 258, 174 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 484.0, 722.0, 486.0, 722.0, 522.0, 112.0, 520.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " mature stands, and Putahena and Cordery (2000) suggest ", "bbox": [ 40, 174, 259, 187 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 522.0, 719.0, 522.0, 719.0, 553.0, 116.0, 553.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "maximum Pinus radiata water use may have been", "bbox": [ 41, 187, 258, 199 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 553.0, 655.0, 553.0, 655.0, 583.0, 114.0, 583.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "reached after 12 years, with a subsequent decline.", "bbox": [ 41, 199, 235, 209 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 355.0, 432.0, 355.0, 432.0, 385.0, 116.0, 385.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "plantation species other than", "bbox": [ 41, 127, 155, 138 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 457.0, 355.0, 719.0, 355.0, 719.0, 385.0, 457.0, 385.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "regnans have not been", "bbox": [ 164, 127, 258, 138 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 146.0, 881.0, 720.0, 884.0, 719.0, 920.0, 146.0, 918.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " The magnitude of the response within Group 2 varies", "bbox": [ 52, 317, 258, 331 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 920.0, 717.0, 920.0, 717.0, 950.0, 116.0, 950.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "considerably, with greater reduction in flows in the two", "bbox": [ 41, 331, 257, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 952.0, 717.0, 952.0, 717.0, 983.0, 116.0, 983.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Cathedral Peak catchments, and Lambrechtsbos B.", "bbox": [ 41, 342, 257, 353 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 987.0, 719.0, 987.0, 719.0, 1017.0, 114.0, 1017.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Potential evaporation is in phase with rainfall at the", "bbox": [ 41, 355, 258, 366 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1054.0, 722.0, 1054.0, 722.0, 1084.0, 114.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "average) of their rainfall in summer. The conjunction of", "bbox": [ 41, 379, 259, 390 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1088.0, 722.0, 1088.0, 722.0, 1118.0, 116.0, 1118.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "peak demand and plant water availability may explain", "bbox": [ 41, 391, 259, 402 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1118.0, 722.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1150.0, 114.0, 1148.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the high reductions relative to the remaining catchments ", "bbox": [ 41, 402, 259, 413 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1155.0, 722.0, 1155.0, 722.0, 1185.0, 116.0, 1185.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "in Group 2. In addition, the stocking density was", "bbox": [ 41, 415, 259, 426 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1187.0, 717.0, 1187.0, 717.0, 1215.0, 116.0, 1215.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "described as ‘abnormally dense’ by Scott et al. (2000).", "bbox": [ 41, 427, 257, 437 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1219.0, 719.0, 1219.0, 719.0, 1249.0, 116.0, 1249.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Growth at Glendhu 2 was notably slow (Fahey and", "bbox": [ 41, 438, 258, 449 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1247.0, 722.0, 1249.0, 722.0, 1286.0, 112.0, 1284.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " Jackson, 1997) and Lambrechtsbos A and Biesievlei are", "bbox": [ 40, 448, 259, 462 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1286.0, 719.0, 1286.0, 719.0, 1316.0, 116.0, 1316.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "described as being within sub optimal growth zones", "bbox": [ 41, 462, 258, 473 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1318.0, 719.0, 1318.0, 719.0, 1348.0, 116.0, 1348.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "(Scott and Smith, 1997) characterised by these authors", "bbox": [ 41, 474, 258, 485 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1382.0, 114.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "as having relatively slow response times and lesser", "bbox": [ 41, 486, 258, 497 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 109.0, 1383.0, 586.0, 1380.0, 586.0, 1417.0, 110.0, 1419.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": " reductions that those at more optimal sites.", "bbox": [ 39, 497, 210, 510 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 112.0, 1017.0, 509.0, 1017.0, 509.0, 1054.0, 112.0, 1054.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " Cathedral Peak sites as they receive", "bbox": [ 40, 366, 183, 379 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 684.0, 1017.0, 719.0, 1017.0, 719.0, 1054.0, 684.0, 1054.0 ], "score": 0.93, "text": "on", "bbox": [ 246, 366, 258, 379 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 810.0, 249.0, 1383.0, 252.0, 1383.0, 288.0, 810.0, 286.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Traralgon Creek would be expected to have both the", "bbox": [ 291, 89, 497, 103 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 286.0, 1385.0, 286.0, 1385.0, 322.0, 780.0, 322.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "most subdued flow reductions and longer response time", "bbox": [ 280, 102, 498, 115 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 355.0, 1385.0, 355.0, 1385.0, 385.0, 780.0, 385.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "uncertain vegetation record. Peak stand water use of a", "bbox": [ 280, 127, 498, 138 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 389.0, 1381.0, 389.0, 1381.0, 419.0, 777.0, 419.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "natural stand of this species is around 30 years.", "bbox": [ 279, 140, 496, 150 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 421.0, 1383.0, 421.0, 1383.0, 452.0, 782.0, 452.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Additionally in this large, ‘real world’ catchment,", "bbox": [ 281, 151, 497, 162 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 456.0, 1385.0, 456.0, 1385.0, 486.0, 780.0, 486.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "there is a continuous cycle of forest management", "bbox": [ 280, 164, 498, 174 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 488.0, 1385.0, 488.0, 1385.0, 518.0, 782.0, 518.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "which includes harvesting. A mixture of pasture and", "bbox": [ 281, 175, 498, 186 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 522.0, 1383.0, 522.0, 1383.0, 553.0, 784.0, 553.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "'scrub', which could represent significant understorey", "bbox": [ 282, 187, 497, 199 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 555.0, 1381.0, 555.0, 1381.0, 585.0, 780.0, 585.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "stands, were replaced by plantation species. Conse-", "bbox": [ 280, 199, 496, 210 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 589.0, 1385.0, 589.0, 1385.0, 619.0, 780.0, 619.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "quently the difference between pre and post treatment", "bbox": [ 280, 212, 498, 222 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 619.0, 1383.0, 619.0, 1383.0, 649.0, 777.0, 649.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "ET may be less than at other catchments. Reductions of", "bbox": [ 279, 222, 497, 233 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 651.0, 1385.0, 651.0, 1385.0, 688.0, 777.0, 688.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "this magnitude could be more readily expected in larger,", "bbox": [ 279, 234, 498, 247 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 688.0, 1383.0, 688.0, 1383.0, 718.0, 780.0, 718.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "multi land use catchments than the very high impacts", "bbox": [ 280, 247, 497, 258 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 720.0, 1293.0, 720.0, 1293.0, 750.0, 782.0, 750.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "estimated at the smaller Australian catchments.", "bbox": [ 281, 259, 465, 269 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 322.0, 1120.0, 322.0, 1120.0, 353.0, 780.0, 353.0 ], "score": 0.93, "text": "because of the large area of ", "bbox": [ 280, 115, 402, 127 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1144.0, 322.0, 1385.0, 322.0, 1385.0, 353.0, 1144.0, 353.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "regnans forest, and", "bbox": [ 411, 115, 498, 127 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 146.0, 1412.0, 720.0, 1415.0, 719.0, 1451.0, 146.0, 1449.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " The response groups may be in part explained by the", "bbox": [ 52, 508, 258, 522 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 109.0, 1449.0, 722.0, 1447.0, 722.0, 1483.0, 110.0, 1486.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "storage characteristics of the catchments. Accurate", "bbox": [ 39, 521, 259, 533 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1486.0, 717.0, 1486.0, 717.0, 1516.0, 114.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "measures of storage are not available from the literature,", "bbox": [ 41, 534, 257, 545 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1546.0, 114.0, 1546.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "but the soil depths and the baseflow index (Table 1) both", "bbox": [ 41, 546, 258, 556 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1552.0, 722.0, 1552.0, 722.0, 1580.0, 114.0, 1580.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "show the three south eastern Australian catchments with", "bbox": [ 41, 558, 259, 568 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 114.0, 1587.0, 722.0, 1587.0, 722.0, 1617.0, 114.0, 1617.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the greatest reduction are likely to have the lowest", "bbox": [ 41, 571, 259, 582 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 109.0, 1617.0, 722.0, 1615.0, 722.0, 1651.0, 110.0, 1653.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": " storage capacity. The greater flow reductions, particu-", "bbox": [ 39, 582, 259, 594 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1651.0, 717.0, 1651.0, 717.0, 1681.0, 116.0, 1681.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "larly for low flows, could be expected under these", "bbox": [ 41, 594, 257, 605 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1716.0, 116.0, 1716.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "conditions. Inclusion of a storage term in the model is an", "bbox": [ 41, 606, 258, 617 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1718.0, 719.0, 1718.0, 719.0, 1748.0, 116.0, 1748.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "obvious option for improving the analysis. However the", "bbox": [ 41, 618, 258, 629 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1752.0, 719.0, 1752.0, 719.0, 1782.0, 116.0, 1782.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "addition of extra parameters would be at the cost of", "bbox": [ 41, 630, 258, 641 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1784.0, 717.0, 1784.0, 717.0, 1815.0, 116.0, 1815.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "maintaining model simplicity, particularly as character-", "bbox": [ 41, 642, 257, 653 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1817.0, 518.0, 1817.0, 518.0, 1847.0, 116.0, 1847.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "ising a transient storage is not trivial.", "bbox": [ 41, 654, 186, 664 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 816.0, 755.0, 1381.0, 755.0, 1381.0, 785.0, 816.0, 785.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "The analysis of zero flow days was successful,", "bbox": [ 293, 271, 496, 282 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 787.0, 1383.0, 787.0, 1383.0, 817.0, 782.0, 817.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "demonstrating that the impact on flow intermittence can", "bbox": [ 281, 283, 497, 294 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 819.0, 1383.0, 819.0, 1383.0, 849.0, 780.0, 849.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "be evaluated without of the entire FDC. This was helpful", "bbox": [ 280, 294, 497, 305 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 854.0, 1381.0, 854.0, 1381.0, 884.0, 777.0, 884.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " as the change in the higher percentiles (low flows) could", "bbox": [ 279, 307, 496, 318 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 886.0, 1381.0, 886.0, 1381.0, 916.0, 782.0, 916.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "not always be modelled. The results for the three", "bbox": [ 281, 318, 496, 329 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 920.0, 1381.0, 920.0, 1381.0, 950.0, 782.0, 950.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchments analysed are a rather stark indication of the", "bbox": [ 281, 331, 496, 341 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 955.0, 1383.0, 955.0, 1383.0, 985.0, 782.0, 985.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "potential for highly increased zero flow periods in small", "bbox": [ 281, 343, 497, 354 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 987.0, 1381.0, 987.0, 1381.0, 1017.0, 782.0, 1017.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments, at least in south-eastern Australia. However,", "bbox": [ 281, 355, 496, 366 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 1015.0, 1383.0, 1019.0, 1383.0, 1054.0, 777.0, 1049.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "it should be noted these curves probably represent a", "bbox": [ 279, 365, 497, 379 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1054.0, 1383.0, 1054.0, 1383.0, 1084.0, 777.0, 1084.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": " maximum response as they are all derived from small", "bbox": [ 279, 379, 497, 390 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1088.0, 1381.0, 1088.0, 1381.0, 1118.0, 777.0, 1118.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "catchments with small storage capacities and large", "bbox": [ 279, 391, 496, 402 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1120.0, 1385.0, 1120.0, 1385.0, 1150.0, 780.0, 1150.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentages of afforestation. This method could be used", "bbox": [ 280, 403, 498, 413 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1150.0, 1381.0, 1150.0, 1381.0, 1180.0, 777.0, 1180.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "to determine change in the occurrence of any given flow", "bbox": [ 279, 413, 496, 424 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1187.0, 1383.0, 1187.0, 1383.0, 1217.0, 780.0, 1217.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "in response to afforestation; e.g. to determine the", "bbox": [ 280, 427, 497, 438 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1215.0, 1387.0, 1217.0, 1387.0, 1253.0, 775.0, 1251.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "likelihood of maintaining a reservoir storage or an", "bbox": [ 278, 437, 499, 451 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1253.0, 1381.0, 1253.0, 1381.0, 1284.0, 782.0, 1284.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "environmental fow that requires an average critical flow.", "bbox": [ 281, 451, 496, 462 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 810.0, 1412.0, 1385.0, 1417.0, 1385.0, 1453.0, 810.0, 1449.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "This project sought to (i) develop a method to remove", "bbox": [ 291, 508, 498, 523 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1453.0, 1383.0, 1453.0, 1383.0, 1481.0, 780.0, 1481.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "the climate signal from streamflow records to identify", "bbox": [ 280, 523, 497, 533 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1486.0, 1383.0, 1486.0, 1383.0, 1516.0, 780.0, 1516.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the impact of vegetation on flow from afforested", "bbox": [ 280, 534, 497, 545 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1518.0, 1385.0, 1518.0, 1385.0, 1548.0, 780.0, 1548.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "catchments, and (ii) quantify this impact on the flow", "bbox": [ 280, 546, 498, 557 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1550.0, 1383.0, 1550.0, 1383.0, 1580.0, 777.0, 1580.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "duration curve. A simple model was proposed that", "bbox": [ 279, 557, 497, 568 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 775.0, 1582.0, 1387.0, 1582.0, 1387.0, 1619.0, 775.0, 1619.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " considered the age of plantation and the annual rainfall", "bbox": [ 278, 569, 499, 582 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1619.0, 1385.0, 1619.0, 1385.0, 1649.0, 777.0, 1649.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "to be the principal drivers for evapotranspiration. This", "bbox": [ 279, 582, 498, 593 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1651.0, 1385.0, 1651.0, 1385.0, 1679.0, 780.0, 1679.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "model was fitted to the observed deciles of the FDC, and", "bbox": [ 280, 594, 498, 604 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 778.0, 1681.0, 1381.0, 1686.0, 1381.0, 1716.0, 777.0, 1711.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "the climate signal was then removed from the stream-", "bbox": [ 279, 605, 496, 617 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 780.0, 1716.0, 1387.0, 1716.0, 1387.0, 1752.0, 780.0, 1752.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "flow records by adjusting the FDC for average rainfall", "bbox": [ 280, 617, 499, 630 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1748.0, 1385.0, 1746.0, 1385.0, 1782.0, 778.0, 1785.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "over the period of record. The model was tested and", "bbox": [ 279, 629, 498, 641 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 777.0, 1780.0, 1381.0, 1780.0, 1381.0, 1817.0, 777.0, 1817.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "applied to 10 afforested catchments. 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Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", "bbox": [ 173, 69, 376, 80 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 252.0, 734.0, 249.0, 735.0, 286.0, 127.0, 288.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "scales, species and environments, and have shown that it", "bbox": [ 45, 90, 264, 102 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 290.0, 732.0, 290.0, 732.0, 320.0, 129.0, 320.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "provides a means of separating the influence of climate", "bbox": [ 46, 104, 263, 115 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 322.0, 732.0, 322.0, 732.0, 353.0, 129.0, 353.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and vegetation on the FDCs. The modelled results", "bbox": [ 46, 115, 263, 127 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 353.0, 730.0, 353.0, 730.0, 383.0, 129.0, 383.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "showed the greatest proportional impacts were for", "bbox": [ 46, 127, 262, 137 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 387.0, 732.0, 387.0, 732.0, 417.0, 129.0, 417.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "median and lower flows. The flow reductions from the", "bbox": [ 46, 139, 263, 150 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 421.0, 732.0, 421.0, 732.0, 449.0, 129.0, 449.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "three small catchments SE Australian were the highest", "bbox": [ 46, 151, 263, 161 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 456.0, 735.0, 456.0, 735.0, 486.0, 129.0, 486.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and may reflect lower storages. The characterisation of", "bbox": [ 46, 164, 264, 174 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 488.0, 732.0, 488.0, 732.0, 518.0, 129.0, 518.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "the number of zero flow days was also successful for", "bbox": [ 46, 175, 263, 186 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 522.0, 735.0, 522.0, 735.0, 553.0, 129.0, 553.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "these catchments in indicating a significant increase in", "bbox": [ 46, 187, 264, 199 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 555.0, 730.0, 555.0, 730.0, 585.0, 129.0, 585.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "zero flows. The flow reductions identified here probably", "bbox": [ 46, 199, 262, 210 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 589.0, 732.0, 589.0, 732.0, 619.0, 127.0, 619.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "represent a maximum effect given the size of the", "bbox": [ 45, 212, 263, 222 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 619.0, 728.0, 619.0, 728.0, 649.0, 129.0, 649.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments, level of afforestation and the shallow soils.", "bbox": [ 46, 222, 261, 233 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 654.0, 732.0, 654.0, 732.0, 684.0, 129.0, 684.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "These results have yielded useful new insights on the", "bbox": [ 46, 235, 263, 246 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 688.0, 735.0, 688.0, 735.0, 718.0, 129.0, 718.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "contentious issue of the hydrological impact of", "bbox": [ 46, 247, 264, 258 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 720.0, 732.0, 720.0, 732.0, 750.0, 129.0, 750.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "afforestation. This research has led to the development", "bbox": [ 46, 259, 263, 269 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 755.0, 732.0, 755.0, 732.0, 785.0, 129.0, 785.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "of a method to assess the net impact of afforestation on", "bbox": [ 46, 271, 263, 282 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 787.0, 730.0, 787.0, 730.0, 817.0, 129.0, 817.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "the fow duration curve which does not require paired-", "bbox": [ 46, 283, 262, 294 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 819.0, 591.0, 821.0, 591.0, 851.0, 127.0, 849.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchments to remove climatic variability.", "bbox": [ 45, 294, 212, 306 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 163.0, 1010.0, 730.0, 1010.0, 730.0, 1041.0, 163.0, 1041.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "The authors would like to thank Rory Nathan,", "bbox": [ 58, 363, 262, 374 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1041.0, 735.0, 1041.0, 735.0, 1077.0, 127.0, 1077.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Narendra Tuteja, Tom McMahon, Geoff Podger, Rob", "bbox": [ 45, 374, 264, 387 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1077.0, 728.0, 1077.0, 728.0, 1107.0, 131.0, 1107.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Vertessy, Glen Walker and Peter Hairsine for particu-", "bbox": [ 47, 387, 261, 398 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1109.0, 732.0, 1109.0, 732.0, 1140.0, 129.0, 1140.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "larly helpful discussions on methodologies and reviews,", "bbox": [ 46, 399, 263, 410 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1142.0, 732.0, 1144.0, 732.0, 1174.0, 127.0, 1172.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Richard Morton for valuable statistical advice, Dave", "bbox": [ 45, 411, 263, 422 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1178.0, 730.0, 1178.0, 730.0, 1208.0, 129.0, 1208.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Scott for supplying the South African data, Barry Fahey", "bbox": [ 46, 424, 262, 434 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1208.0, 732.0, 1210.0, 732.0, 1241.0, 127.0, 1238.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "for the New Zealand data, and Hancocks Victorian", "bbox": [ 45, 434, 263, 446 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1241.0, 730.0, 1243.0, 730.0, 1273.0, 127.0, 1271.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Plantations for vegetation data. The study was funded by", "bbox": [ 45, 446, 262, 458 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1277.0, 735.0, 1277.0, 735.0, 1307.0, 129.0, 1307.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "the Victorian Department of Natural Resources and", "bbox": [ 46, 459, 264, 470 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1312.0, 732.0, 1312.0, 732.0, 1339.0, 129.0, 1339.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Environment Private Forestry Unit, the CRC for", "bbox": [ 46, 472, 263, 482 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 1344.0, 735.0, 1344.0, 735.0, 1374.0, 129.0, 1374.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Catchment Hydrology, and the MDBC funded project", "bbox": [ 46, 483, 264, 494 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1372.0, 735.0, 1374.0, 734.0, 1410.0, 127.0, 1408.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "“Integrated assessment of the effects of land use changes", "bbox": [ 45, 493, 264, 507 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1410.0, 558.0, 1408.0, 558.0, 1438.0, 127.0, 1441.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "on water yield and salt loads’ (D2013).", "bbox": [ 45, 507, 200, 517 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 189.0, 170.0, 189.0, 170.0, 228.0, 127.0, 228.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "264", "bbox": [ 45, 68, 61, 82 ] }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 1593.0, 732.0, 1598.0, 732.0, 1632.0, 127.0, 1627.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Bosch, J.M., 1979. 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