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1045, 1718, 1045, 1747, 991, 1747], "score": 0.26, "latex": "\\mathrm{{Nu}}(\\mathrm{{II}})"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [93.0, 136.0, 526.0, 136.0, 526.0, 161.0, 93.0, 161.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Academic Editors: W. Cantwell and J. M. Deitzel"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 214.0, 873.0, 214.0, 873.0, 249.0, 89.0, 249.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 278.0, 180.0, 278.0, 180.0, 305.0, 91.0, 305.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Abstract"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 334.0, 1540.0, 334.0, 1540.0, 365.0, 89.0, 365.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "The sorption of Ni(Il) onto grape shell ash (GSA) was studied by performing batch kinetic sorption experiments. The influences of major parameters in Nickel(Il) ions"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 363.0, 1547.0, 363.0, 1547.0, 395.0, 91.0, 395.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "sorption on GS such as initial of pH, initial concentration of Ni() ions, the initial temperatures of solution, and contact time were investigated. The maximum increase in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 424.0, 1547.0, 421.0, 1547.0, 456.0, 86.0, 458.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "rate constants and the equilbrium sorption capacities were calculated. The results indicate that the sorption process follows the second-order kinetics and the values of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 487.0, 1545.0, 487.0, 1545.0, 521.0, 89.0, 521.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "adsorption ofNill) on GSA from all the systems were found to be 0.999, and the values ofpredicted equilbrium sorption capacities showed good agreement with the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 543.0, 467.0, 546.0, 467.0, 580.0, 86.0, 577.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " that the adsorption process is spontaneous."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 607.0, 234.0, 607.0, 234.0, 633.0, 91.0, 633.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "1. Introduction"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 665.0, 1540.0, 665.0, 1540.0, 697.0, 89.0, 697.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "The presence of heavy metals in the environment is of major concern because of their toxic nature and tendency for bioaccumulation in the food chain even in relatively"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 692.0, 1466.0, 692.0, 1466.0, 724.0, 89.0, 724.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "low concentrations [1-5]. The discharge of water containing heavy metals causes critical polution problems. Nickel (Ml) ion is one such heavy metal frequently"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 721.0, 1537.0, 721.0, 1537.0, 755.0, 89.0, 755.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "encountered in wastewater streams from industries such as electroplating, battery manufacture, mineral processing, steam-electric power plants, paint formulation, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 850.0, 1547.0, 850.0, 1547.0, 884.0, 89.0, 884.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "and shortness ofbreath, rapid respiration, cyanosis, and extreme weakness [9-12]. These harmful efects ofNi(ll) necessitate its removal from wastewaters before the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 877.0, 1562.0, 877.0, 1562.0, 911.0, 89.0, 911.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "release into streams. Several treatment methods such as membrane fitration, chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation/reduction, ion exchange, fitration, electrochemical"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 909.0, 1557.0, 909.0, 1557.0, 943.0, 91.0, 943.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "treatment, solvent extraction, co-precipitation, and adsorption have been reported for the removal of metallc ions from water and wastewater [13]. Adsorptive removal "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 938.0, 1528.0, 938.0, 1528.0, 972.0, 89.0, 972.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "is based on the ability ofa porous adsorbent to selectively adsorb some specific compounds from the atmosphere or refinery streans. The compounds, which have a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 967.0, 1469.0, 967.0, 1469.0, 1001.0, 89.0, 1001.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "suitable size and shape, can be removed via adsorption. Based on the types of interactions between an adsorbate and a porous sorbent, the adsorption can be"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 997.0, 1523.0, 997.0, 1523.0, 1031.0, 89.0, 1031.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "categorized as a physical or chemical one [14]. Various porous adsorbents such as activated carbons, zeolites, and mesoporous materials have been investigated for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1026.0, 490.0, 1026.0, 490.0, 1057.0, 89.0, 1057.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "adsorptive removal of hazardous compounds."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 1070.0, 1530.0, 1072.0, 1530.0, 1113.0, 86.0, 1111.0], "score": 0.79, "text": "A grape is afuitnerryfthe dids wodyvns ofth btancal gesVitisGrapescan atnraor thycaneed formakingjm juic jll, ga"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1106.0, 1564.0, 1106.0, 1564.0, 1140.0, 89.0, 1140.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Italy ranks first in grape production in the world and Iran ranks eleventh in grape production, a potential of3 millon tons"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 1131.0, 1542.0, 1131.0, 1542.0, 1172.0, 86.0, 1172.0], "score": 0.92, "text": "of grape are produced anually The total area planted of grape is 310.000 hectare. Thishows a high potentalof grape shell produced during pruning step each year"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1165.0, 1542.0, 1165.0, 1542.0, 1196.0, 89.0, 1196.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "that have ittle value. This leads to a need to convert this by-product to usefil, value added product, such as adsorbent. To our knowledge, no investigations have used"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1194.0, 583.0, 1194.0, 583.0, 1228.0, 89.0, 1228.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "grape shels as precursor to produce adsorbent and ash."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1245.0, 1500.0, 1245.0, 1500.0, 1279.0, 89.0, 1279.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "In this study, we attempt to utilize grape shell waste, an agricutural waste available in Iran as a sorbent to remove Niions from aqueous solution. This study mainly"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1274.0, 1540.0, 1274.0, 1540.0, 1308.0, 91.0, 1308.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "focuses on the efect of some environmental parameters such as solution pH, initial Nill) concentration, contact time, and temperature on the abity of Grape Shell ash"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1304.0, 1535.0, 1304.0, 1535.0, 1338.0, 91.0, 1338.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "(GSA) to biosorb Nim) ions from aqueous solutions and to determine the mechanism that govern Ni) ions removal as well as to find a suitable kinetic model for the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [87.0, 1330.0, 266.0, 1335.0, 265.0, 1370.0, 86.0, 1364.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "adsorption process."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1396.0, 246.0, 1396.0, 246.0, 1423.0, 91.0, 1423.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "2. Expe rime ntal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 1450.0, 352.0, 1447.0, 352.0, 1481.0, 86.0, 1484.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "2.1. Preparation of the Ads orbent"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1508.0, 1560.0, 1508.0, 1560.0, 1540.0, 91.0, 1540.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "GS was obtained from one ofthe villages of Arak in Iran. Unmodified sorbent was washed several times with warm distilled water to remove impurities and was dried at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1601.0, 335.0, 1601.0, 335.0, 1632.0, 89.0, 1632.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "stored in air glass container."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1662.0, 199.0, 1662.0, 199.0, 1688.0, 91.0, 1688.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "2.2.Reagents"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1818.0, 229.0, 1818.0, 229.0, 1844.0, 89.0, 1844.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "analytical grade."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1874.0, 207.0, 1874.0, 207.0, 1908.0, 89.0, 1908.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "2.3. Apparatus"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 1927.0, 1510.0, 1930.0, 1510.0, 1964.0, 86.0, 1961.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " The Ni ion concentration in the solutions was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (model AA 680 made of SHIMADZU) using a standard calibration"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 2020.0, 369.0, 2020.0, 369.0, 2051.0, 89.0, 2051.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "2.4. Batch Ads orption Experiments"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 2073.0, 1508.0, 2073.0, 1508.0, 2108.0, 89.0, 2108.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Batch experiments were conducted in order to study the efect ofimportant parameters like the pH, contact time, and the initial ion concentration on the adsorptive"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 2168.0, 1555.0, 2168.0, 1555.0, 2203.0, 91.0, 2203.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "onto the GSA was studied across a pH range of2.0-5.0 in different time with a fixed adsorbent concentration. The effect ofthe initial concentration and contact time on"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 2203.0, 1498.0, 2203.0, 1498.0, 2237.0, 91.0, 2237.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "the uptake of the Ni ions was conducted by varying the ion concentration from 5.0 to 50.0 mg L-1 at different contact times (0.0-90.0 min). The percent of Ni(II)"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 819.0, 481.0, 819.0, 481.0, 853.0, 91.0, 853.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "lethal in humans at atmospheric exposures of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [243.0, 1749.0, 1545.0, 1749.0, 1545.0, 1783.0, 243.0, 1783.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "in double distiled water. Working solutions of the desired concentration were then prepared by successive dilution. All the solutions were made using"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1783.0, 639.0, 1783.0, 639.0, 1815.0, 89.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "deionized distilled water. pH adjustments were performed with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [704.0, 1783.0, 1478.0, 1783.0, 1478.0, 1815.0, 704.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "and NaOH (Merck) solutions 0.1 N. A chemicals used in the experiments were reagent"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 750.0, 998.0, 750.0, 998.0, 792.0, 86.0, 792.0], "score": 0.91, "text": "porcelain enamelng [68] In drinking water and forindustrial wastewater, the tolerance lmit ofnickel is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [195.0, 1562.0, 426.0, 1567.0, 426.0, 1608.0, 195.0, 1603.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "from room temperature to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 782.0, 1247.0, 782.0, 1247.0, 816.0, 89.0, 816.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "created. Dermatitis (nickel itch) is the most frequent effect ofexposure to nickel, such as coins and costume jewelry. Nickel carbonyl"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1345.0, 782.0, 1542.0, 782.0, 1542.0, 816.0, 1345.0, 816.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "has been estimated as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1521.0, 397.0, 1562.0, 397.0, 1562.0, 429.0, 1521.0, 429.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1111.0, 750.0, 1148.0, 750.0, 1148.0, 792.0, 1111.0, 792.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1249.0, 750.0, 1567.0, 750.0, 1567.0, 792.0, 1249.0, 792.0], "score": 0.91, "text": ".Cancer ofnose, bone, and ungs is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [84.0, 1713.0, 839.0, 1715.0, 839.0, 1757.0, 84.0, 1754.0], "score": 0.79, "text": "Solutionfmtalns (nkeltratewas ofaaltical gadeytetic stock t"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 2105.0, 689.0, 2103.0, 689.0, 2144.0, 86.0, 2147.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "removal ofNion using GSA. For the batch adsorption experiments,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [753.0, 2105.0, 1101.0, 2103.0, 1101.0, 2144.0, 753.0, 2147.0], "score": 0.86, "text": "sohutionofNi ofinitialconcentration"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 185.0, 180.0, 185.0, 180.0, 217.0, 89.0, 217.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Copyright"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [205.0, 185.0, 1513.0, 185.0, 1513.0, 217.0, 205.0, 217.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "2013 Nahid Ghasemi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 397.0, 666.0, 397.0, 666.0, 429.0, 89.0, 429.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "the rate of sorption of Ni(l) ions on GS was observed at an initial"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1195.0, 2105.0, 1370.0, 2103.0, 1370.0, 2144.0, 1195.0, 2147.0], "score": 0.94, "text": "was contacted with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1483.0, 2105.0, 1528.0, 2103.0, 1528.0, 2144.0, 1483.0, 2147.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 2139.0, 563.0, 2139.0, 563.0, 2173.0, 89.0, 2173.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "contents were placed in a stirrer and gently agitated at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [647.0, 2139.0, 1523.0, 2139.0, 1523.0, 2173.0, 647.0, 2173.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "The solution was fitered, and the residual Ni concentration was analyzed. The effect of the initial pH"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [736.0, 397.0, 1298.0, 397.0, 1298.0, 429.0, 736.0, 429.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " initial concentration of nickel 50 mgL, temperature of solution"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1373.0, 397.0, 1417.0, 397.0, 1417.0, 429.0, 1373.0, 429.0], "score": 0.96, "text": ", and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [742.0, 1533.0, 1567.0, 1535.0, 1567.0, 1569.0, 742.0, 1567.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " The material was placed in a vertical stainless steel reactor and heated in a furnace at a rate of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [492.0, 1562.0, 1326.0, 1567.0, 1326.0, 1608.0, 492.0, 1603.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " The black residue was cooled and sieved to get GS ash (GSA) with an average paricle size of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1422.0, 1562.0, 1515.0, 1567.0, 1515.0, 1608.0, 1422.0, 1603.0], "score": 0.92, "text": "and finally"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [576.0, 819.0, 606.0, 819.0, 606.0, 853.0, 576.0, 853.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [672.0, 819.0, 1535.0, 819.0, 1535.0, 853.0, 672.0, 853.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "[3]. Acute Ni(ll) poisoning causes dizziness, headache, nausea and vomiting, chest pain, dry cough"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [153.0, 1533.0, 184.0, 1535.0, 184.0, 1569.0, 153.0, 1567.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [229.0, 1533.0, 666.0, 1535.0, 666.0, 1569.0, 229.0, 1567.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "and cut into small pieces of sizes between 2.0 and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 458.0, 903.0, 458.0, 903.0, 490.0, 91.0, 490.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "rate constants were found to be 0.224, 0.402, 0.193 and 0.123 min at 298, 308, 318, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [965.0, 458.0, 1471.0, 458.0, 1471.0, 490.0, 965.0, 490.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " respectively. The values of correlation coefficients for the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1961.0, 613.0, 1961.0, 613.0, 1993.0, 89.0, 1993.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "curve. The pH was measured via the Swiss-made Metrohm"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [688.0, 1961.0, 1031.0, 1961.0, 1031.0, 1993.0, 688.0, 1993.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "meter with a combined glass electrode."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 517.0, 718.0, 517.0, 718.0, 551.0, 89.0, 551.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "experimental equilibrium uptake values. The thermodynamic parameters"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [822.0, 517.0, 1557.0, 517.0, 1557.0, 551.0, 822.0, 551.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ", and S\") of the adsorption process were calculated, and these parameters showed"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [961.0, 1713.0, 990.0, 1715.0, 990.0, 1757.0, 961.0, 1754.0], "score": 0.82, "text": "off"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1046.0, 1713.0, 1545.0, 1715.0, 1545.0, 1757.0, 1046.0, 1754.0], "score": 0.92, "text": "ions was prepared by dissolving the requred quanty of"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 1, "height": 2339, "width": 1653}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 1, "poly": [91.9344482421875, 690.4903564453125, 1550.9111328125, 690.4903564453125, 1550.9111328125, 779.0286865234375, 91.9344482421875, 779.0286865234375], "score": 0.9999997019767761}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [91.05098724365234, 360.5782470703125, 453.71307373046875, 360.5782470703125, 453.71307373046875, 387.5991516113281, 91.05098724365234, 387.5991516113281], "score": 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{"category_id": 14, "poly": [823, 1460, 1160, 1460, 1160, 1520, 823, 1520], "score": 0.34, "latex": "\\log\\,\\left(q_{e}-q_{t}\\right)=\\log q_{e}-\\frac{k_{1}}{2.303}t,\\!\\left(3\\right)"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1154, 2151, 1214, 2151, 1214, 2183, 1154, 2183], "score": 0.33, "latex": "1\\,\\mathrm{gL^{-1}}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [552, 1682, 581, 1682, 581, 1710, 552, 1710], "score": 0.3, "latex": "\\circleddash"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [395, 1107, 449, 1107, 449, 1135, 395, 1135], "score": 0.28, "latex": "\\mathrm{{Nu}}(\\mathrm{{II}})"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [707, 1827, 722, 1827, 722, 1850, 707, 1850], "score": 0.28, "latex": "^b"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [550, 1569, 579, 1569, 579, 1596, 550, 1596], "score": 0.28, "latex": "\\underline{{\\boldsymbol{\\Theta}}})"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [538, 1603, 582, 1603, 582, 1630, 538, 1630], "score": 0.27, "latex": "\\mathrm{(min)}"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 305.0, 342.0, 305.0, 342.0, 336.0, 86.0, 336.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " 3. Results and Discussion"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 361.0, 448.0, 363.0, 448.0, 395.0, 88.0, 392.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "3.1. Effects of Solution pH and Agitation Time"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 419.0, 1552.0, 419.0, 1552.0, 451.0, 89.0, 451.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "One ofthe main parameters affecting the metal adsorption from aqueous solution is the pH ofthe solution. The influence of solution pH and agitation time on the removal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 451.0, 1557.0, 451.0, 1557.0, 482.0, 89.0, 482.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "of Ni() by GSA was represented in Figure 1 and Table 1, for a period of 90 min. With increasing pH from 2 to 5, adsorption capacity ofadsorbent increased from 7.2"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 724.0, 1535.0, 724.0, 1535.0, 755.0, 89.0, 755.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "contrary, as the pH increases, the adsorbent surface becomes more and more negatively charged, and the adsorption ofNil) ions is more favorable. Figure 1 shows "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 753.0, 1070.0, 753.0, 1070.0, 785.0, 89.0, 785.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "that the Ni(Il) removal by GSA increases with increase in pH and the maximum of removal attains at 20 minutes."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 811.0, 512.0, 814.0, 512.0, 841.0, 88.0, 838.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "3.2. Effect of Initial Concentration and Agitation Time"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 936.0, 1567.0, 936.0, 1567.0, 967.0, 91.0, 967.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "adsorption sites in adsorbent that is high at higher initial concentrations. Thus, at the same time, the time required for attaining the equilibrium state is highly independent on"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 960.0, 1491.0, 962.0, 1491.0, 997.0, 86.0, 994.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " initial NiMl) concentration. In Figure 2, the infuence of contact time on the adsorption of NiIl) on GSA is observed. According to Figure 2, the amount ofNi(I)"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 994.0, 1550.0, 994.0, 1550.0, 1028.0, 91.0, 1028.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "adsorption onto GSA increases sharply up to the first 10 minutes and finally attain equilbrium where there is no further increase in the amount of adsorption The uptake"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1174.0, 1080.0, 1174.0, 1080.0, 1206.0, 89.0, 1206.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Table 3: Comparison of adsorption capacity of various adsorbents for the removal of Ni(ll) from aqueous phase."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 1301.0, 327.0, 1301.0, 327.0, 1333.0, 86.0, 1333.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "3.3. Adsorption Kinetic Study"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1357.0, 1525.0, 1357.0, 1525.0, 1389.0, 89.0, 1389.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Determination of uptake kinetics is important for the evaluation ofa candidate adsorbent material. In order to estimate the uptake capacity ofthe sample in this study,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1384.0, 1520.0, 1384.0, 1520.0, 1418.0, 89.0, 1418.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "three sorption kinetic models developed, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich equations by Lagergren [19], Ho and McKay [20], and Fatehi et al."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1413.0, 352.0, 1413.0, 352.0, 1445.0, 89.0, 1445.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "[21], respectively, were used."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [867.0, 1663.0, 945.0, 1670.0, 943.0, 1696.0, 865.0, 1690.0], "score": 0.91, "text": "t),(5)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1915.0, 1555.0, 1915.0, 1555.0, 1949.0, 89.0, 1949.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "due to a boundary layer or external resistance controllng at the begining of the sorption process [22]. In most cases ofthe literature, the pseudo- first-order model does"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1974.0, 1510.0, 1974.0, 1510.0, 2008.0, 91.0, 2008.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "sorption capacity ofthe solid phase. Contrary to other well established models, it predicts the behavior over the whole range of studies and it is in agreement with a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 2003.0, 625.0, 2003.0, 625.0, 2037.0, 89.0, 2037.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "chemisorption mechanism being the rate-controling step [22]"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 2088.0, 1532.0, 2088.0, 1532.0, 2122.0, 89.0, 2122.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Table 4: The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich's equation kinetic parameters for Nill) sorption onto GSA at different temperatures of solution."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [206.0, 1713.0, 605.0, 1718.0, 605.0, 1752.0, 206.0, 1747.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "is related to the available sites for adsorption."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1368.0, 1681.0, 1542.0, 1681.0, 1542.0, 1715.0, 1368.0, 1715.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ", and the parameter"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 1764.0, 1283.0, 1766.0, 1283.0, 1801.0, 86.0, 1798.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " Initially, the validity of the two models was checked by studying the kinetics under different intial temperatures of solution. Linear plots of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1402.0, 1764.0, 1441.0, 1766.0, 1441.0, 1801.0, 1402.0, 1798.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1483.0, 1764.0, 1560.0, 1766.0, 1559.0, 1801.0, 1483.0, 1798.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "versus t"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 906.0, 169.0, 906.0, 169.0, 938.0, 89.0, 938.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "4.344 to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [302.0, 906.0, 1520.0, 906.0, 1520.0, 938.0, 302.0, 938.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "with the increasing in initial Ni(ll) concentration. This increase may be due to the ratio of the initial number of moles of Ni(ll) to the available"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [87.0, 480.0, 110.0, 485.0, 110.0, 519.0, 86.0, 514.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1223.0, 183.0, 1278.0, 183.0, 1278.0, 214.0, 1223.0, 214.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [714.0, 1606.0, 1018.0, 1606.0, 1018.0, 1637.0, 714.0, 1637.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "is the rate constants of adsorption."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1308.0, 183.0, 1346.0, 183.0, 1346.0, 214.0, 1308.0, 214.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1373.0, 183.0, 1542.0, 183.0, 1542.0, 214.0, 1373.0, 214.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "are the equilibrium"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1886.0, 1171.0, 1886.0, 1171.0, 1920.0, 89.0, 1920.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "pseudo-frst-order model to ft the kinetic data for the initial concentrations examined. The reason for these diferences in the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1196.0, 1886.0, 1552.0, 1886.0, 1552.0, 1920.0, 1196.0, 1920.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "values is that there is a time lag, possibly"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1058.0, 1798.0, 1096.0, 1798.0, 1096.0, 1830.0, 1058.0, 1830.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1123.0, 1798.0, 1520.0, 1798.0, 1520.0, 1830.0, 1123.0, 1830.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "values were calculated from the slopes ofthe"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [649.0, 1606.0, 687.0, 1606.0, 687.0, 1637.0, 649.0, 1637.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 636.0, 1075.0, 633.0, 1075.0, 668.0, 89.0, 670.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "Figure 1: The influence of solution pH and agitation time on the removal ofNi(ll) by GSA (Ni(ll) concentration,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1944.0, 914.0, 1944.0, 914.0, 1978.0, 89.0, 1978.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "not ft the kinetic data well for the whole range ofcontact time, and generally underestimate the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [939.0, 1944.0, 1510.0, 1944.0, 1510.0, 1978.0, 939.0, 1978.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "values [23, 24]. The pseudo-second order model is based on the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1306.0, 1569.0, 1530.0, 1567.0, 1530.0, 1601.0, 1306.0, 1603.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "are the amounts ofNi(lI)"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1154.0, 1569.0, 1219.0, 1567.0, 1219.0, 1601.0, 1154.0, 1603.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1244.0, 1569.0, 1283.0, 1567.0, 1283.0, 1601.0, 1244.0, 1603.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1857.0, 942.0, 1857.0, 942.0, 1891.0, 89.0, 1891.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "coeficients of the pseudo-frst-order kinetic were found to be lower than 0.76, and the calculated"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [967.0, 1857.0, 1212.0, 1857.0, 1212.0, 1891.0, 967.0, 1891.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "is not equal to experimental"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1235.0, 1857.0, 1510.0, 1857.0, 1510.0, 1891.0, 1235.0, 1891.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ", suggesting the insufficiency of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [677.0, 183.0, 927.0, 183.0, 927.0, 214.0, 677.0, 214.0], "score": 0.96, "text": ", were calculated as follows:"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1168.0, 636.0, 1280.0, 633.0, 1280.0, 668.0, 1168.0, 670.0], "score": 0.94, "text": ", GSA dose,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 872.0, 984.0, 872.0, 984.0, 906.0, 91.0, 906.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "Figure 2 and Table 2 represent the removal of NiM) as a function of initial concentrations ranging from"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1102.0, 872.0, 1532.0, 872.0, 1532.0, 906.0, 1102.0, 906.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "by GSA. The uptake eficiency is increased from"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 2225.0, 978.0, 2222.0, 978.0, 2256.0, 86.0, 2259.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "Figure 4: The pseudo second order plots for the adsorption of Ni(ll) by GSA. (Ni(ll) concentration,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 692.0, 425.0, 692.0, 425.0, 724.0, 89.0, 724.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "In lower pH, a higher concentration of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [458.0, 692.0, 1542.0, 692.0, 1542.0, 724.0, 458.0, 724.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "ions present in the mixture competes with Ni(ll) ions for the adsorption sites resulting in the reduced uptake ofNi(Il). On the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [614.0, 217.0, 1035.0, 217.0, 1035.0, 249.0, 614.0, 249.0], "score": 0.94, "text": "is equilibrium Ni(ll) concentration on adsorbent"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [920.0, 1681.0, 983.0, 1681.0, 983.0, 1715.0, 920.0, 1715.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [999.0, 1681.0, 1239.0, 1681.0, 1239.0, 1715.0, 999.0, 1715.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "is the initial adsorption rate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 217.0, 387.0, 217.0, 387.0, 249.0, 89.0, 249.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "and initial concentrations of Ni(I)"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [464.0, 217.0, 589.0, 217.0, 589.0, 249.0, 464.0, 249.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ", respectively;"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1108.0, 217.0, 1491.0, 217.0, 1491.0, 249.0, 1108.0, 249.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "); V is the volume ofNi() solution (L); and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1515.0, 217.0, 1537.0, 217.0, 1537.0, 249.0, 1515.0, 249.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1798.0, 905.0, 1798.0, 905.0, 1830.0, 89.0, 1830.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "showed the applicability ofthe above equations (the first and second order) for GSA (Figures"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1243.0, 953.0, 1238.0, 953.0, 1269.0, 89.0, 1274.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Figure 2: The influence of initial concentration and agitation time on the removal ofNi(l) by GSA"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 183.0, 165.0, 183.0, 165.0, 214.0, 89.0, 214.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "removal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [216.0, 183.0, 653.0, 183.0, 653.0, 214.0, 216.0, 214.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " and the amount of adsorbed Ni(lI) at equilibrium,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1347.0, 636.0, 1485.0, 633.0, 1485.0, 668.0, 1347.0, 670.0], "score": 0.92, "text": "; Agitation time,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1310.0, 1243.0, 1449.0, 1238.0, 1449.0, 1269.0, 1310.0, 1274.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "; Agitation time,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1131.0, 1243.0, 1243.0, 1238.0, 1243.0, 1269.0, 1131.0, 1274.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "; GSA dose,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1067.0, 2225.0, 1179.0, 2222.0, 1179.0, 2256.0, 1067.0, 2259.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ", GSA dose,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [997.0, 1827.0, 1159.0, 1827.0, 1159.0, 1861.0, 997.0, 1861.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "versus Int (Figure"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1180.0, 1827.0, 1513.0, 1827.0, 1513.0, 1861.0, 1180.0, 1861.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " are presented in Table 4. Correlation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 244.0, 357.0, 246.0, 357.0, 280.0, 86.0, 278.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the mass ofGSA sample used"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [925.0, 1798.0, 961.0, 1798.0, 961.0, 1830.0, 925.0, 1830.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [979.0, 1798.0, 1031.0, 1798.0, 1031.0, 1830.0, 979.0, 1830.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "). The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 570.0, 714.0, 570.0, 714.0, 602.0, 89.0, 602.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "Table 1: The maximum amount of Ni(Il) sorbate as a function of pH at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 1021.0, 927.0, 1023.0, 927.0, 1057.0, 86.0, 1055.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " of adsorption of other adsorbents for the removal of Ni(Il) from aqueous phase is given in Table"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [948.0, 1021.0, 1164.0, 1023.0, 1163.0, 1057.0, 948.0, 1055.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "for comparison [15-18]"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1684.0, 551.0, 1684.0, 551.0, 1715.0, 91.0, 1715.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "The simplified form of Elovich's equation is shown in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [582.0, 1684.0, 603.0, 1684.0, 603.0, 1715.0, 582.0, 1715.0], "score": 0.94, "text": "is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 1106.0, 394.0, 1109.0, 394.0, 1143.0, 86.0, 1140.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Table 2: The maximum amount of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [450.0, 1106.0, 1038.0, 1109.0, 1038.0, 1143.0, 450.0, 1140.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "sorbate as a function of initial concentration of Ni(ll) at 40 minutes."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1827.0, 706.0, 1827.0, 706.0, 1861.0, 89.0, 1861.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "linear plots and are presented in Table 4. The Elovich constants (a and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [723.0, 1827.0, 974.0, 1827.0, 974.0, 1861.0, 723.0, 1861.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ") computed from the plots of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [84.0, 1564.0, 549.0, 1567.0, 549.0, 1608.0, 84.0, 1606.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "The frst and scond orderate expressions given by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [580.0, 1564.0, 807.0, 1567.0, 807.0, 1608.0, 580.0, 1606.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "and (4) are respectively,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1606.0, 537.0, 1606.0, 537.0, 1637.0, 89.0, 1637.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "adsorbed (mg g ) at equilibrium time and at time t"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [583.0, 1606.0, 622.0, 1606.0, 622.0, 1637.0, 583.0, 1637.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 2, "height": 2339, "width": 1653}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 1, "poly": [88.7582015991211, 1832.003662109375, 1155.3814697265625, 1832.003662109375, 1155.3814697265625, 1862.21630859375, 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14, "poly": [1175, 1059, 1349, 1059, 1349, 1091, 1175, 1091], "score": 0.59, "latex": "\\Delta G=-R T\\ln k_{D},"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [656, 1199, 705, 1199, 705, 1228, 656, 1228], "score": 0.56, "latex": "\\mathtt{h}\\,k_{D}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [526, 578, 548, 578, 548, 606, 526, 606], "score": 0.55, "latex": "q_{t}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1278, 1170, 1297, 1170, 1297, 1194, 1278, 1194], "score": 0.55, "latex": "T"}, {"category_id": 14, "poly": [1167, 1101, 1381, 1101, 1381, 1162, 1167, 1162], "score": 0.54, "latex": "\\ln k_{D}=\\frac{\\Delta S}{R}-\\frac{\\Delta H}{R T},\\!(9)"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1167, 1101, 1370, 1101, 1370, 1162, 1167, 1162], "score": 0.49, "latex": "\\ln k_{D}=\\frac{\\Delta S}{R}-\\frac{\\Delta H}{R T},\\quad(9\\times10^{-2})"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [985, 362, 1046, 362, 1046, 388, 985, 388], "score": 0.48, "latex": "328\\,\\mathrm{K}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1339, 1232, 1398, 1232, 1398, 1258, 1339, 1258], "score": 0.48, "latex": "318\\,\\mathrm{K}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [869, 968, 918, 968, 918, 994, 869, 994], "score": 0.46, "latex": "({\\Delta S}^{\\circ})"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1234, 229, 1255, 229, 1255, 255, 1234, 255], "score": 0.45, "latex": "\\underline{{3}})"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [207, 1233, 224, 1233, 224, 1259, 207, 1259], "score": 0.42, "latex": "\\underline{{6}}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1119, 114, 1181, 114, 1181, 147, 1119, 147], "score": 0.36, "latex": "1\\,\\mathrm{gL^{-1}}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1309, 394, 1323, 394, 1323, 421, 1309, 421], "score": 0.35, "latex": "^b"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [486, 310, 540, 310, 540, 339, 486, 339], "score": 0.35, "latex": "\\mathrm{Ni(II)}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [547, 1987, 561, 1987, 561, 2003, 547, 2003], "score": 0.34, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1175, 1060, 1350, 1060, 1350, 1091, 1175, 1091], "score": 0.33, "latex": "\\Delta G=-R T\\ln k_{D},"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1117, 392, 1402, 392, 1402, 425, 1117, 425], "score": 0.31, "latex": "a~(\\mathsf{m g g}^{-1}\\operatorname{min}^{-1})\\,\\mathrm{and}\\,b~(\\mathsf{m g g}^{-1})"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1178, 848, 1336, 848, 1336, 882, 1178, 882], "score": 0.3, "latex": "1\\,\\mathrm{gL^{-1}};\\mathrm{pH}=6)."}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [234, 283, 251, 283, 251, 308, 234, 308], "score": 0.3, "latex": "\\underline{{3}}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1249, 363, 1310, 363, 1310, 391, 1249, 391], "score": 0.28, "latex": "\\mathrm{The}\\,q_{e}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1115, 2102, 1130, 2102, 1130, 2118, 1115, 2118], "score": 0.27, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [899, 362, 960, 362, 960, 388, 899, 388], "score": 0.27, "latex": "298\\,\\mathrm{K}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1443, 609, 1498, 609, 1498, 638, 1443, 638], "score": 0.25, "latex": "\\mathrm{{Nu}}(\\mathrm{{II}})"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 173.0, 1545.0, 173.0, 1545.0, 205.0, 91.0, 205.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "The values of correlation coefficients for the adsorption of Nill) on GSA from allthe systems were found to be 0.999 for pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 431.0, 199.0, 431.0, 199.0, 458.0, 91.0, 458.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "temperature."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 485.0, 310.0, 485.0, 310.0, 517.0, 86.0, 517.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "3.4. Ads orption Mechanism"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 543.0, 1508.0, 543.0, 1508.0, 577.0, 91.0, 577.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "To confirm whether Ni ions adsorption on GSA is dominated by intraparticle difusion (Weber and Morris), the empirical data were analyzed using the intraparticle"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 670.0, 1545.0, 670.0, 1545.0, 704.0, 91.0, 704.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "passed through the origin, showing that intraparticle difusion was not sole rate-controling step although it was involved in the process. This emphasized that adsorption"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 702.0, 551.0, 702.0, 551.0, 733.0, 89.0, 733.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "of Ni(l) ions was a two or more steps process [26]."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 787.0, 1139.0, 787.0, 1139.0, 819.0, 91.0, 819.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "Table 5: The intraparticle difusion kinetic parameters for Nill) sorption onto GSA at different temperatures of solution."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 914.0, 394.0, 914.0, 394.0, 945.0, 89.0, 945.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "3.5. Adsorption Thermodynamic Study"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1350.0, 1009.0, 1387.0, 1009.0, 1387.0, 1040.0, 1350.0, 1040.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "(7)"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1296.0, 1545.0, 1296.0, 1545.0, 1330.0, 89.0, 1330.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "endothermic nature ofthe sorption process. Since difusion is an exothermic process, it would be expected that increased solution temperature would result in decrease"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1330.0, 1355.0, 1330.0, 1355.0, 1364.0, 91.0, 1364.0], "score": 0.94, "text": "uptake of NiMl) ions from aqueous solution. Also, the negative value of \u25b3S\u00b0 (-0.0276 kJ mol I K-1) may be related to the decrease randommess."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 1411.0, 733.0, 1413.0, 733.0, 1455.0, 86.0, 1452.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "Table 6: Thermodynanmic parameters for adsorption of Nil) onto GSA."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1542.0, 224.0, 1542.0, 224.0, 1569.0, 91.0, 1569.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "4. Conclusion"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1598.0, 1550.0, 1598.0, 1550.0, 1632.0, 89.0, 1632.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "The sorption characteristics of Grape Shell were studied for Ni(ll). The results indicated that this adsorbent may be used as an inexpensive and effective material for the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1628.0, 1523.0, 1628.0, 1523.0, 1662.0, 91.0, 1662.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "removal ofNi) from aqueous solutions but with a low efficiency. The sorption process was affected by experimental conditions such as pH, initial concentration of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1657.0, 1528.0, 1657.0, 1528.0, 1691.0, 89.0, 1691.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "Ni) ions, the initial temperatures of solution, and contact time. Analysis ofthe kinetic data showed that the kinetics ofNi adsorption using Grape Shllash as an"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1684.0, 1535.0, 1686.0, 1535.0, 1720.0, 89.0, 1718.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "adsorbent for different values of initial temperatures of soution is explained by the second-order-kinetic model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters determined"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1715.0, 831.0, 1715.0, 831.0, 1747.0, 89.0, 1747.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the Ni(ll) biosorption process onto GSA."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [93.0, 1779.0, 261.0, 1779.0, 261.0, 1805.0, 93.0, 1805.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Acknowedgment"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1832.0, 1151.0, 1832.0, 1151.0, 1864.0, 89.0, 1864.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "The authors would like to thank the Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, for providing the research fund for this project"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [87.0, 1890.0, 207.0, 1896.0, 205.0, 1930.0, 86.0, 1924.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "References"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [113.0, 1949.0, 1552.0, 1952.0, 1552.0, 1986.0, 113.0, 1983.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "1. A. Bhatnagar and A. K. Minocha, \u201cBiosorption optimization of nickel removal from water using Punica granatum peel waste,\u2032 Colloids and Surfaces B, vol. 76,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [108.0, 2005.0, 1562.0, 2008.0, 1562.0, 2049.0, 108.0, 2047.0], "score": 0.95, "text": " 2. V. K. Gupta, R. Mangla and S. Agarwal Pb() selective potentiometric sensor based on 4-tertbutycalx[4]arene in PVC matrix,\u201d Electroanalysis, vol. 14, p."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [145.0, 2037.0, 536.0, 2039.0, 536.0, 2074.0, 145.0, 2071.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "1127-1132, 2002. View at Google Scholar"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [113.0, 2069.0, 1555.0, 2069.0, 1555.0, 2103.0, 113.0, 2103.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " 3. V. K. Gupta, P. J. M. Carrott, M. M. L. Ribeiro Carrott, and S. Suhas, \u201cLow-cost adsorbents: growing approach to wastewater treatment a review,' Critical"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [113.0, 2127.0, 1496.0, 2127.0, 1496.0, 2159.0, 113.0, 2159.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "4. V. K. Gupta, R. N. Goyal, and R. A. Sharma, \u201cNovel PVC membrane based alizarin sensor and its application; determination of vanadium, zirconium and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [145.0, 2156.0, 1422.0, 2156.0, 1422.0, 2190.0, 145.0, 2190.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "molybdenum\" International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 156-172, 2009. View at Google Scholar View at Scopus"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [111.0, 2181.0, 1557.0, 2186.0, 1557.0, 2220.0, 111.0, 2215.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " 5. A. K. Jain, V. K. Gupta, B. B. Sahoo, and L. P. Singh, \u201cCopper(Ml)-selective electrodes based on macrocyclic compounds,\u201d Analytical Proceedings including"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [148.0, 2215.0, 1262.0, 2215.0, 1262.0, 2249.0, 148.0, 2249.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Analytical Communications, vol 32, no. 3, pp. 99-101, 1995. View at Publisher View at Google Scholar \u00b7 View at Scopus"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [462.0, 280.0, 1557.0, 283.0, 1557.0, 317.0, 462.0, 314.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "values decrease as temperature rises, confrming that the rate of biosorption is faster at lower temperatures, which is probably"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1481.0, 264.0, 1481.0, 264.0, 1513.0, 89.0, 1513.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Figure 7: Plot of ln"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1172.0, 469.0, 1172.0, 469.0, 1206.0, 89.0, 1206.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "distribution coeffcient of the adsorbate and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [494.0, 1172.0, 532.0, 1172.0, 532.0, 1206.0, 494.0, 1206.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 397.0, 517.0, 397.0, 517.0, 431.0, 89.0, 431.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "Elovich equation disagreed with the experimental"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1378.0, 1133.0, 1444.0, 1138.0, 1444.0, 1172.0, 1377.0, 1167.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1476.0, 1133.0, 1528.0, 1138.0, 1527.0, 1172.0, 1476.0, 1167.0], "score": 0.92, "text": "is the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1400.0, 1267.0, 1513.0, 1267.0, 1513.0, 1301.0, 1400.0, 1301.0], "score": 0.92, "text": " showed the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 855.0, 972.0, 850.0, 972.0, 884.0, 89.0, 889.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "Figure 6: The intraparticle diffusion plots for the adsorption ofNi) by GSA. (NilI) concentration,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 202.0, 1496.0, 202.0, 1496.0, 236.0, 91.0, 236.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "values of predicted equlbrium sorption capacities showed good agreement with the experimental equilbriumuptake values. Based on correlation coeffcients and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1267.0, 1117.0, 1267.0, 1117.0, 1301.0, 89.0, 1301.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "spontaneous adsorption of Ni(ll) ions on GSA for the temperature range studied (298, 308 and 318 K). The negative"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1165.0, 1267.0, 1220.0, 1267.0, 1220.0, 1301.0, 1165.0, 1301.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "value"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [86.0, 358.0, 127.0, 361.0, 127.0, 402.0, 86.0, 400.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1312.0, 358.0, 1545.0, 361.0, 1545.0, 402.0, 1312.0, 400.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "values calculated fom the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1073.0, 1201.0, 1550.0, 1201.0, 1550.0, 1235.0, 1073.0, 1235.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "was obtained using (8) for different temperatures. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [303.0, 1481.0, 480.0, 1481.0, 480.0, 1513.0, 303.0, 1513.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "against temperature"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [536.0, 1481.0, 858.0, 1481.0, 858.0, 1513.0, 536.0, 1513.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "for the adsorption of Ni(Il) by GSA."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 970.0, 538.0, 970.0, 538.0, 1004.0, 91.0, 1004.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "The thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs free energy"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [596.0, 970.0, 686.0, 970.0, 686.0, 1004.0, 596.0, 1004.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ", enthalpy"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 638.0, 790.0, 638.0, 790.0, 672.0, 89.0, 672.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "on to GSA at different temperature applied to diffusion model is shown in Figure"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [813.0, 638.0, 1503.0, 638.0, 1503.0, 672.0, 813.0, 672.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " and the intraparticle diffusion constants are given in Table 5. No plots of model"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1400.0, 397.0, 1547.0, 397.0, 1547.0, 431.0, 1400.0, 431.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ", decreased with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [683.0, 1233.0, 1022.0, 1233.0, 1022.0, 1267.0, 683.0, 1267.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " are negative (-8.5078, -8.0296, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [733.0, 1138.0, 1141.0, 1138.0, 1141.0, 1172.0, 733.0, 1172.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ") were calculated using the following equations:"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [562.0, 1172.0, 791.0, 1172.0, 791.0, 1206.0, 562.0, 1206.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "are as defined previously."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [812.0, 1172.0, 1515.0, 1172.0, 1515.0, 1206.0, 812.0, 1206.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "is the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol I K-1) and T is temperature (K) [27]."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [654.0, 1138.0, 694.0, 1138.0, 694.0, 1172.0, 654.0, 1172.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 1138.0, 554.0, 1138.0, 554.0, 1172.0, 91.0, 1172.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [599.0, 1138.0, 607.0, 1138.0, 607.0, 1172.0, 599.0, 1172.0], "score": 0.87, "text": "\uff0c"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1201.0, 655.0, 1201.0, 655.0, 1235.0, 89.0, 1235.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "and \u25b3S\u00b0 can be obtained from the slope and intercept of the plot"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [706.0, 1201.0, 1029.0, 1201.0, 1029.0, 1235.0, 706.0, 1235.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "against 1/T , respectively (Figure Z)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1185.0, 1233.0, 1338.0, 1233.0, 1338.0, 1267.0, 1185.0, 1267.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "at 298, 308, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1399.0, 1233.0, 1560.0, 1233.0, 1560.0, 1267.0, 1399.0, 1267.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ", resp.), indicating"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [747.0, 970.0, 868.0, 970.0, 868.0, 1004.0, 747.0, 1004.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ", and entropy"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [919.0, 970.0, 1547.0, 970.0, 1547.0, 1004.0, 919.0, 1004.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "have an important role to determine spontaneity and heat change for the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [91.0, 231.0, 1233.0, 231.0, 1233.0, 263.0, 91.0, 263.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "values calculated, it is evident that the adsorption of Ni(ll) can be best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (Table"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 1233.0, 206.0, 1233.0, 206.0, 1267.0, 89.0, 1267.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "data in Table"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [225.0, 1233.0, 631.0, 1233.0, 631.0, 1267.0, 225.0, 1267.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "showed that the standard free energy changes"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1264.0, 397.0, 1308.0, 397.0, 1308.0, 431.0, 1264.0, 431.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 314.0, 485.0, 314.0, 485.0, 346.0, 89.0, 346.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "due to a decrease in the interactions between"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [541.0, 314.0, 1323.0, 314.0, 1323.0, 346.0, 541.0, 346.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " ions and GSA as the biosorbent. This behavior is a characteristic of exothermic reactions."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [145.0, 1983.0, 546.0, 1983.0, 546.0, 2017.0, 145.0, 2017.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "no. 2, pp. 544-548, 2010. View at Publisher"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [562.0, 1983.0, 932.0, 1983.0, 932.0, 2017.0, 562.0, 2017.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "View at Google Scholar : View at Scopus"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1351.0, 1065.0, 1385.0, 1065.0, 1385.0, 1092.0, 1351.0, 1092.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "(8)"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [541.0, 397.0, 1116.0, 397.0, 1116.0, 431.0, 541.0, 431.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "vales. It was observed that the Elovich model constants, namely,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1065.0, 855.0, 1177.0, 850.0, 1177.0, 884.0, 1065.0, 889.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ", GSA dose,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [89.0, 280.0, 233.0, 283.0, 233.0, 317.0, 89.0, 314.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Results of Table"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [252.0, 280.0, 435.0, 283.0, 435.0, 317.0, 252.0, 314.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "also showed that the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1047.0, 358.0, 1248.0, 361.0, 1248.0, 402.0, 1047.0, 400.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "for Elovich's equation."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [148.0, 2098.0, 1114.0, 2098.0, 1114.0, 2132.0, 148.0, 2132.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 783-842, 2009. View at Publisher"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1131.0, 2098.0, 1500.0, 2098.0, 1500.0, 2132.0, 1131.0, 2132.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "View at Google Scholar : View at Scopus"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [156.0, 358.0, 898.0, 361.0, 898.0, 402.0, 156.0, 400.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "values were in the range of0.484 to 0.926 for the various temperatures ranging fom"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [961.0, 358.0, 984.0, 361.0, 984.0, 402.0, 961.0, 400.0], "score": 0.6, "text": "10"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [124.0, 609.0, 1442.0, 612.0, 1442.0, 646.0, 124.0, 643.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " indicates the thickness of the boundary layer, that is larger values of I suggest greater boundary layer effects. The calculated data for the adsorption of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1499.0, 609.0, 1540.0, 612.0, 1540.0, 646.0, 1499.0, 643.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "ions"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 3, "height": 2339, "width": 1653}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 1, "poly": [104.688720703125, 78.35415649414062, 1568.3668212890625, 78.35415649414062, 1568.3668212890625, 1363.578369140625, 104.688720703125, 1363.578369140625], "score": 0.9997628927230835}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1113, 694, 1128, 694, 1128, 710, 1113, 710], "score": 0.42, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [885, 695, 899, 695, 899, 710, 885, 710], "score": 0.42, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [924, 753, 937, 753, 937, 769, 924, 769], "score": 0.41, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1152, 753, 1167, 753, 1167, 769, 1152, 769], "score": 0.37, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [231, 1101, 245, 1101, 245, 1117, 231, 1117], "score": 0.36, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1054, 230, 1069, 230, 1069, 245, 1054, 245], "score": 0.34, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [926, 288, 941, 288, 941, 304, 926, 304], "score": 0.34, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [466, 1042, 480, 1042, 480, 1058, 466, 1058], "score": 0.32, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1163, 347, 1178, 347, 1178, 362, 1163, 362], "score": 0.29, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1022, 1159, 1036, 1159, 1036, 1175, 1022, 1175], "score": 0.29, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1020, 1216, 1033, 1216, 1033, 1232, 1020, 1232], "score": 0.29, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [594, 811, 607, 811, 607, 826, 594, 826], "score": 0.29, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1104, 173, 1118, 173, 1118, 188, 1104, 188], "score": 0.28, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [460, 1101, 475, 1101, 475, 1117, 460, 1117], "score": 0.27, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [409, 985, 423, 985, 423, 1000, 409, 1000], "score": 0.27, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1067, 463, 1081, 463, 1081, 478, 1067, 478], "score": 0.25, "latex": "\\cdot"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [111.0, 76.0, 1547.0, 78.0, 1547.0, 112.0, 111.0, 110.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " 6. 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