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An autopsy was not carried out.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[289,337,462,348],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,337,461,348],"content":"Literature review and discussion","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[289,360,535,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,360,535,372],"content":"We searched the Medline database (from 1995, year of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[289,373,535,384],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,373,534,384],"content":"introduction of rituximab MeSH term, to April 2007)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[289,385,535,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,385,533,396],"content":"to determine the effect of rituximab on aPL levels,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[289,397,535,408],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,397,534,408],"content":"thromboembolic events  and thrombocytopenia  in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[289,409,535,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[290,409,535,420],"content":" patient affected by primary APS, secondary APS and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[289,421,535,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,421,534,432],"content":"catastrophic APS. 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We further reviewed reference lists.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[289,469,486,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,469,486,480],"content":"The search was limited to article in English","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,481,535,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,481,534,493],"content":"We found 12 case reports published so far (Table 2).","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[289,494,535,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[289,494,535,506],"content":" No controlled trials have been published, limiting","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[289,710,535,724],"spans":[{"bbox":[294,710,530,724],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_37400000\/libgen.scimag37409000-37409999.zip_10.1177\/0961203307085251\/images\/1_294_525_530_726.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[289,725,535,733],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,725,532,733],"content":"Figure I  Trend of aPL after rituximab. 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The crystal diffracted to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[385,282,414,292],"content":"2.95\\textup{\\AA}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,282,459,292],"content":"resolution.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,339,270,350],"spans":[{"bbox":[205,339,270,350],"content":"1. Introduction","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,353,459,364],"spans":[{"bbox":[203,353,294,364],"content":"Tumour necrosis factor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[295,353,302,364],"content":"\\alpha","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[303,353,458,364],"content":"(TNF) is a major inflammatory cytokine","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,366,459,377],"spans":[{"bbox":[205,366,458,377],"content":"that plays a central role in host defence and inflammation (Aggarwal,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,378,459,387],"spans":[{"bbox":[205,378,458,387],"content":"2003). 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In contrast, TNFR2 is crucial for the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,499,459,508],"spans":[{"bbox":[205,499,458,508],"content":"proliferation, activation and antigen presentation of T cells, which are","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,509,459,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[205,509,459,519],"content":"essential processes in the cell-mediated immune response against","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,520,459,530],"spans":[{"bbox":[205,520,457,530],"content":"bacteria and viruses (Kafrouni et al., 2003; Grell et al., 1998). There-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,531,459,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[205,531,458,541],"content":"fore, blocking TNFR1-mediated signal transduction has emerged as a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,542,459,552],"spans":[{"bbox":[206,542,459,552],"content":"potential therapeutic strategy against inflammatory diseases with a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,553,459,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[205,553,459,563],"content":"low risk of side effects. 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Size-exclusion chromatography was performed using a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,103,567,114],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,103,517,114],"content":"Superose 12 column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[518,103,545,114],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{m}M","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[546,103,566,114],"content":"Tris-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,115,567,125],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,115,330,125],"content":"HCI","type":"text"},{"bbox":[331,115,359,124],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}\\ 7.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[360,115,566,125],"content":". The molecular mass of the purified TNF trimer was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,126,567,136],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,126,340,136],"content":"51\\;\\mathrm{kDa}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,126,566,136],"content":". The complete sequence of this TNF molecule was as follows:","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,137,567,147],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,137,565,147],"content":"VRSSSRTPSDMPVAHVVANPQAEGQLQWLNRRANALLANG-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,148,567,158],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,148,566,158],"content":"VELRDNQLVVPSEGLYLIYSQVLFSGQGCPSTHVLLTHTISRI-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,159,567,168],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,159,566,168],"content":"AVSYQTPVNLLSAIRSPCQRETPEGAEANPWYEPIYLGGVFQ-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,169,567,179],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,169,566,179],"content":"LEPGDRLSAEINRPDYLDFAESGQVYFGIIAL (residues mutated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,180,434,190],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,180,434,190],"content":"from wtTNF are shown in bold).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[320,191,567,201],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,191,566,201],"content":"The extracellular domain of TNFR2 was used in this experiment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,202,567,212],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,202,566,212],"content":"(soluble TNFR2; NCBI accession No. M32315; Uniprot reference","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,213,567,221],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,213,566,221],"content":"P20333). Purified soluble TNFR2 (residues 33-205 in Uniprot","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,222,567,232],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,223,519,232],"content":" P20333; 173 amino acids, without tags) expressed in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[520,222,527,232],"content":"E","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[528,222,567,232],"content":" coli was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,234,567,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,234,520,245],"content":" purchased from PeproTech Inc. The molecular mass was","type":"text"},{"bbox":[521,234,549,245],"content":"19\\,\\mathrm{kDa}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[550,234,566,245],"content":"as a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,246,567,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,246,566,256],"content":"monomer. 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For crystallization of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,380,567,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,380,478,390],"content":" complex, we attempted to purify the full","type":"text"},{"bbox":[479,380,511,390],"content":"110\\:\\mathrm{kDa}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[512,380,566,390],"content":" TNF-TNFR2","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,391,567,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,391,365,401],"content":" complex (one","type":"text"},{"bbox":[366,391,393,401],"content":"51\\;\\mathrm{kDa}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,391,477,401],"content":"TNF trimer and three","type":"text"},{"bbox":[478,391,505,401],"content":"19\\,\\mathrm{kDa}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[506,391,566,401],"content":"soluble TNFR2","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,402,567,412],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,402,566,412],"content":" monomers). 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Crystals were soaked in a cryoprotectant","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,296,567,306],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,296,395,306],"content":"solution composed of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,297,434,306],"content":"7.5\\%(w\/\\nu)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[435,296,479,306],"content":"PEG 3350,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[480,296,502,306],"content":"0.2\\,M","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,296,566,306],"content":"sodium formate,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,307,567,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,307,339,318],"content":"0.06\\;M","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[340,307,427,318],"content":"cobalt(I1) chloride and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,307,445,318],"content":"30\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[446,307,566,318],"content":" glycerol. The crystals were then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,319,567,332],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,319,566,332],"content":"mounted in nylon loops (Hampton Research) and flash-cooled in a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,333,567,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,333,388,343],"content":"nitrogen stream at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[389,333,407,341],"content":"95\\;\\mathrm{K}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[408,333,549,339],"content":". Diffraction data were collected in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[550,334,564,341],"content":"1.0^{\\circ}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[310,340,567,351],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,344,418,351],"content":" oscillation steps (180 images,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[419,342,444,351],"content":"0–180^{\\circ}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[445,340,539,351],"content":") and the crystal diffracted","type":"text"},{"bbox":[540,341,547,351],"content":"\\mathrm{X}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[548,342,566,351],"content":"-rays","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,353,567,364],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,353,321,364],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[322,353,347,363],"content":"2.95\\textup{\\AA}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[348,353,566,363],"content":"resolution. The data set was processed and scaled using the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,364,567,373],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,366,353,373],"content":"H K L{-}2000","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,364,566,373],"content":" program (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997). The crystals","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,376,567,387],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,376,405,384],"content":"belonged to space group","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,376,434,385],"content":"P2_{1}2_{1}2_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[435,376,532,387],"content":", with unit-cell parameters","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,376,562,386],"content":"a=74.5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[563,376,566,387],"content":"，","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,385,567,394],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,385,346,394],"content":"b=117.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[350,386,392,394],"content":"c=246.8\\overset{\\circ}{\\mathrm{A}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[393,388,566,394],"content":". Data-collection statistics are shown in Table 1.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,420,418,431],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,420,418,431],"content":" 3. Results and discussion","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,433,567,447],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,433,566,447],"content":"The results of SDS-PAGE using the crystallization solution suggested","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,448,567,457],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,448,566,457],"content":"that the crystal contained both TNF and TNFR2. Gel-filtration","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,458,567,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,458,566,468],"content":"analysis showed that the TNF-TNFR2 complex with a molecular","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,469,567,478],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,469,343,478],"content":"mass of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[344,469,376,478],"content":"110\\:\\mathrm{kDa}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[377,469,493,478],"content":" contained both a TNF trimer","type":"text"},{"bbox":[494,469,524,478],"content":"(51\\,\\mathrm{kDa})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[525,469,566,478],"content":"and three","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,479,567,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,479,386,491],"content":"TNFR2 monomers","type":"text"},{"bbox":[387,479,433,490],"content":"(3\\,\\times\\,19\\;\\mathrm{kDa})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,479,566,491],"content":". This suggests that the asymmetric","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,492,567,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,492,566,501],"content":"unit of the crystals contained two molecules of the TNF-TNFR2","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,502,567,510],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,502,565,510],"content":"complex (two TNF trimers and six TNFR2 monomers). The calcu-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,511,567,523],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,512,411,522],"content":"lated solvent content was","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,511,435,523],"content":"50.7\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,511,566,523],"content":" and the Matthews coeffcient was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,523,431,533],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,523,362,533],"content":"2.49\\stackrel{\\circ}{\\mathrm{A}}^{3}\\mathrm{Da}^{-1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,524,431,533],"content":"(Matthews, 1968).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[320,534,567,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,534,565,545],"content":"Molecular replacement was performed with the MOLREP pro-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,546,567,555],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,546,566,555],"content":"gram (Vagin & Teplyakov, 1997) in CCP4i (Potterton et al., 2003)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,556,567,566],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,556,566,566],"content":"using the TNF mutant structure described in our previous report","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,567,567,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,567,566,578],"content":"(PDB code 2e7a; Shibata et al., 2008) as a search model. Two","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,579,567,588],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,579,566,588],"content":"significant solutions corresponding to TNF trimers were obtained","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,589,567,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[315,589,352,599],"content":"(R=0.469)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[353,589,566,599],"content":". The model from molecular replacement was subjected to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,600,567,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,600,566,611],"content":"rigid-body refinement, simulated annealing, energy minimization and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,612,567,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,612,320,621],"content":"B","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[321,612,566,622],"content":"-factor refinement using CNS (Bringer et al., 1998). The initial","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,623,567,631],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,623,565,631],"content":"electron-density map calculated using only the phases of refined TNF","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,632,567,644],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,632,378,644],"content":"trimer structures ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[379,632,415,644],"content":"{R=0.425}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[416,632,432,644],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,632,480,643],"content":"R_{\\mathrm{free}}=0.493)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[481,632,566,644],"content":" clearly showed almost","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,645,567,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,645,566,654],"content":"the entire TNF trimer. The main chains and side chains of TNFR2","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,655,567,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,655,566,665],"content":"could also be detected around the TNF trimer. 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Abstract 671","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[50,634,258,645],"content":"Correspondence: Diane Descamps, MD, PhD. Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,643,259,654],"content":"Laboratoire de Virologie, 46 Rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris,France (diane.descamps@","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,653,79,662],"content":"bch.aphp.fr).","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,663,201,675],"content":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2012;205:111-20","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,682,258,693],"content":"Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissons, please e-mail:","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,691,127,702],"content":"jourmals.permissions@oup.com","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[575,464,584,478],"content":"Georgia","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[47,476,486,478],"content":"ized by a high level of genetic diversity within HIV type 1 cleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and to the new","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[574,491,586,502],"content":"May 29,","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[574,516,586,529],"content":",2015","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[274,700,486,711],"content":"receptor and then between the gp105 V3 loop and CCR5","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[47,700,114,711],"content":"DOI: 10.1093\/infdis\/jir698","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[],"header":[[419.4,43.56,532.8,55.44]],"footer":[[268.2,729.0,544.32,738.72]],"footnote":[[48.96,589.68,257.4,606.6],[55.44,608.4,183.96,615.6],[49.68,617.4,256.68,633.6],[47.52,635.04,258.48,660.24],[47.88,665.64,202.32,672.48],[49.68,681.84,256.68,702.36]]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[46,103,424,122],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,103,424,122],"content":"Molecular Determinants of HIV-2 R5-X4","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,126,429,146],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,126,429,146],"content":"Tropism in the V3 Loop: Development of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,152,254,171],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,152,254,171],"content":"a New Genotypic Tool","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,191,460,202],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,191,460,202],"content":"Benoit Visseaux,1.4.a Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec,2.a Charlotte Charpentier,1.4 Gilles Collin,1.4 Alexandre Storto,1.4","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,203,451,214],"spans":[{"bbox":[46,203,451,214],"content":"Sophie Matheron,34 Lucile Larrouy,1.4 Florence Damond,14 Francoise Brun-Vezinet,14 Diane Descamps,1.4 and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,215,158,225],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,215,158,225],"content":"the ANRS CO 05 HIV-2 Cohort","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,228,486,239],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,228,486,239],"content":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Département d'Hématologie et Immunologie, and 3Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,240,283,249],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,240,283,249],"content":"Paris, Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard, and 4EA 4409 Paris-Diderot University, France","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[57,255,585,267],"spans":[{"bbox":[57,255,484,267],"content":"Objective. 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This suggests that residue 18 alone is probably","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[45,530,290,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,530,286,542],"content":"not suffcient to predict CXCR4 coreceptor usage. In this rean-","type":"text"},{"bbox":[47,530,289,542],"content":"alysis, the lower concordance was observed in samples exhibiting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[45,543,290,554],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,543,289,554],"content":"a D\/M-tropic mixture, because 6 of the 10 reported D\/M- tropic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[45,558,290,568],"spans":[{"bbox":[46,558,290,568],"content":"viruses were classified as R5 by analysis with the 4 major genotypic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[45,569,290,579],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,569,287,579],"content":"determinants. This observation may be due to the various phe-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[45,582,290,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,582,289,593],"content":"notypic tropism assays used in these studies and to the possible","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[45,597,290,607],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,597,289,607],"content":" differences in double chromatogram peaks interpretation. Similar","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[45,608,290,618],"spans":[{"bbox":[46,608,288,618],"content":"rates of sensitivity and specificity were obtained for tropism ge-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[45,621,290,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,621,288,632],"content":"notypic prediction in HIV-1 infection. 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Similar results of genotypic prediction","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,39,547,50],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,39,545,50],"content":"compared to the standard Trofile assay have been reported after","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,51,491,61],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,51,491,61],"content":"analysis of the MOTIVATE-1 study database [39].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,62,547,76],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,62,546,76],"content":" In conclusion, in our study we established, for the first time,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,77,547,89],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,77,546,89],"content":"a strong association between HIV-2 phenotypic tropism and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,90,547,103],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,90,547,103],"content":"V3-loop genotypic determinants based on a large series of pa-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,104,547,114],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,104,546,114],"content":"tients offering the opportunity to identify R5- and\/or X4-tropic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,115,547,128],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,115,547,128],"content":"viruses. This genotypic tropism test could help improve the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,129,547,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,129,546,140],"content":"knowledge on HIV-2 pathogenesis by describing the evolution","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,141,547,153],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,141,545,153],"content":"of tropism during the natural history of infection and also by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,154,495,166],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,154,495,166],"content":"describing the tropism in different compartments.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,190,335,203],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,190,335,203],"content":"Notes","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,209,547,221],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,209,546,221],"content":"Acknowledgments. C. C., F. D., S. M., F. B. V., and D. D. contributed ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,222,547,228],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,222,545,228],"content":"to the study concept. B. V., A. S., and G. 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This work was supported by the French National","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,289,547,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,289,546,298],"content":"Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS) and by the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,299,547,309],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,299,546,309],"content":"European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (grant FP7\/","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,310,547,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,310,547,320],"content":"2007-2013) under the project Collaborative HIV and Anti-HIV Drug","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,321,460,327],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,321,457,327],"content":"Resistance Network (CHAIN) (grant 223131).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,328,531,337],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,328,531,337],"content":"Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,338,547,347],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,338,545,347],"content":"All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,348,547,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,348,546,359],"content":"Conficts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,360,460,367],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,360,460,367],"content":" content of the manuscript have been disclosed.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,381,360,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,381,360,390],"content":"References","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,397,547,408],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,397,546,408],"content":"1. Valadas E, Franga L, Sousa S, Antunes F. 20 years of HIV-2 infection in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[317,409,547,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,409,546,419],"content":" Portugal: trends and changes in epidemiology. 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Physical examination revealed severe","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,397,240,408],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,397,240,408],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,397,240,408],"content":"splenomegaly and axillary lymphoadenopathy.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[43,409,276,420],"lines":[{"bbox":[43,409,276,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,409,276,420],"content":" Laboratory investigations confirmed positivity for","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,421,276,432],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,421,276,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,421,164,432],"content":"aPL (aCL, LAC and anti-","type":"text"},{"bbox":[165,421,195,432],"content":".\\upbeta_{2}\\mathrm{GPI}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[196,421,276,432],"content":" antibodies） and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,433,276,445],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,433,276,445],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,433,276,445],"content":"showed positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA 1:160)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,446,221,456],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,446,221,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,446,221,456],"content":"and anti-double stranded DNA antibodies.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[45,457,277,468],"lines":[{"bbox":[45,457,277,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,457,277,468],"content":"An abdominal Doppler ultrasonography revealed a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,469,276,480],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,469,276,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,469,276,480],"content":"considerable enlargement of the spleen and multiple","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,481,278,493],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,481,278,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,481,278,493],"content":"focal lesions while angiography showed thrombosis of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,494,276,505],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,494,276,505],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,494,276,505],"content":"the splenic vein. Working diagnosis included lym-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,506,276,516],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,506,276,516],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,506,276,516],"content":"phoma and multiple splenic infarcts. 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Chest ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,589,277,602],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,589,277,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,589,277,602],"content":"X-ray demonstrated multiple pulmonary nodules","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,603,276,612],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,603,276,612],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,603,276,612],"content":"prompting an extensive work-up with whole body CT","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,613,276,625],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,613,276,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,613,275,625],"content":"scan and gallium scintigraphy for stadiation of lym-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,626,276,637],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,626,276,637],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,626,276,637],"content":"phoma that confirmed pulmonary localization of lym-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,638,277,650],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,638,277,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,638,277,650],"content":"phoproliferative disease (stage IV). 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On the basis of clinical,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,685,276,696],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,685,276,696],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,685,276,696],"content":"instrumental and laboratory evidences a diagnosis of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,697,276,709],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,697,276,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,697,274,709],"content":"B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and primary APS was","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,710,124,721],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,710,124,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,710,124,721],"content":"made in this patient.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[43,723,276,733],"lines":[{"bbox":[43,723,276,733],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,723,276,733],"content":"After obtaining informed consent, chemotherapy in-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,734,276,744],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,734,276,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,734,276,744],"content":"cluding CHOP (cyclophosphamide (Cyc), doxorubicin,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,85,534,95],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,85,534,95],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,85,532,95],"content":"vincristine and prednisone) plus rituximab was started.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,96,534,109],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,96,534,109],"spans":[{"bbox":[290,96,457,109],"content":" Rituximab was scheduled at a dose of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[458,96,507,109],"content":"375\\,\\mathrm{mg}\/\\mathrm{m}^{2}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[508,96,534,109],"content":"every","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,110,534,120],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,110,534,120],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,110,534,120],"content":"three weeks for a total of six doses. Rituximab was","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,121,535,131],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,121,535,131],"spans":[{"bbox":[290,121,535,131],"content":"well tolerated with the exception of a transitory","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,132,462,144],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,132,462,144],"spans":[{"bbox":[290,132,458,144],"content":"hypotension during the first infusion.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[303,145,534,156],"lines":[{"bbox":[303,145,534,156],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,145,534,156],"content":"After four infusions the patient developed a com-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,157,534,168],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,157,534,168],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,157,534,168],"content":"plete thrombosis of the left femoral vein and a partial","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[292,169,535,179],"lines":[{"bbox":[292,169,535,179],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,169,535,179],"content":"thrombosis of the left iliac vein. After the sixth dose of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,181,535,192],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,181,535,192],"spans":[{"bbox":[290,181,535,192],"content":"rituximab aPL levels dramatically fell (Figure 1 and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,193,534,205],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,193,534,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,193,534,205],"content":"Table 1) and no further thromboembolic episodes","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,206,412,215],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,206,412,215],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,206,412,215],"content":"occurred during follow-up.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[303,216,535,230],"lines":[{"bbox":[303,216,535,230],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,216,535,230],"content":"The administration of rituximab allowed achieving","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[303,231,534,239],"lines":[{"bbox":[303,231,534,239],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,231,343,239],"content":"partial","type":"text"},{"bbox":[352,231,390,239],"content":"clinical","type":"text"},{"bbox":[392,231,472,239],"content":"remissionof","type":"text"},{"bbox":[478,231,533,239],"content":"lymphoma.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[292,241,535,253],"lines":[{"bbox":[292,241,535,253],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,241,535,253],"content":"Unfortunately in 2006 the patient experienced a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,254,534,264],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,254,534,264],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,254,534,264],"content":"recurrence of pulmonary lymphoma detected by","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,265,535,276],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,265,535,276],"spans":[{"bbox":[290,265,535,276],"content":"surveillance CT and positron emission tomography","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[291,277,535,288],"lines":[{"bbox":[291,277,535,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,277,535,288],"content":"(PET). He finally died from acute respiratory failure","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,289,534,301],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,289,534,301],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,289,533,301],"content":"due to extensive lymphomatous pulmonary involve-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,302,462,312],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,302,462,312],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,302,462,312],"content":"ment. An autopsy was not carried out.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,337,462,348],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,337,462,348],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,337,461,348],"content":"Literature review and discussion","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[292,360,535,372],"lines":[{"bbox":[292,360,535,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,360,535,372],"content":"We searched the Medline database (from 1995, year of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,373,534,384],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,373,534,384],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,373,534,384],"content":"introduction of rituximab MeSH term, to April 2007)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,385,534,396],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,385,534,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,385,533,396],"content":"to determine the effect of rituximab on aPL levels,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,397,534,408],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,397,534,408],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,397,534,408],"content":"thromboembolic events  and thrombocytopenia  in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,409,535,420],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,409,535,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[290,409,535,420],"content":" patient affected by primary APS, secondary APS and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,421,534,432],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,421,534,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,421,534,432],"content":"catastrophic APS. We use the following MeSH terms","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,433,534,445],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,433,534,445],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,433,532,445],"content":"alone or in combination: rituximab, APS, aPL, LAC,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,446,534,456],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,446,534,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,446,533,456],"content":"anticardiolipin antibody, DVT, pulmonary embolism,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,457,534,468],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,457,534,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,457,534,468],"content":"stroke and SLE. We further reviewed reference lists.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,469,486,480],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,469,486,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,469,486,480],"content":"The search was limited to article in English","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[303,481,534,493],"lines":[{"bbox":[303,481,534,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,481,534,493],"content":"We found 12 case reports published so far (Table 2).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[289,494,535,506],"lines":[{"bbox":[289,494,535,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[289,494,535,506],"content":" No controlled trials have been published, limiting","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,710,534,724],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,710,534,724],"spans":[{"bbox":[294,710,530,724],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_37400000\/libgen.scimag37409000-37409999.zip_10.1177\/0961203307085251\/images\/1_294_525_530_726.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,725,534,733],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,725,534,733],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,725,532,733],"content":"Figure I  Trend of aPL after rituximab. Reference values: aCL.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[290,734,436,744],"lines":[{"bbox":[290,734,436,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[291,734,308,744],"content":"anti-","type":"text"},{"bbox":[309,734,318,744],"content":"\\cdot{\\upbeta}_{2}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[322,734,379,744],"content":"\\mathrm{GPI}<10\\,\\mathrm{U\/mL}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[380,734,436,744],"content":"; aPTT 20-32 s.","type":"text"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[33,85,276,96],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,85,127,96],"content":"thrombus thickness","type":"text"},{"bbox":[128,85,194,95],"content":"(>\\,\\mathrm{or}=2\\,\\mathrm{mm})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[195,85,276,96],"content":"were considered","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,97,276,109],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,97,276,109],"content":"diagnostic of proximal DVT recurrence. 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In 1995, he was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,206,276,215],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,206,276,215],"content":"urgently admitted to our hospital for a left common","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,241,276,253],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,241,276,253],"content":"lupus anticoagulant (LAC) was demonstrated in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,254,276,264],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,254,276,264],"content":"serum of the patient on two different occasions. 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In 2002","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,350,132,360],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,350,132,360],"content":"cava filter was placed.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[43,361,276,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,361,274,372],"content":"In 2003, he was admitted to our institute for fatigue,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,397,240,408],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,397,240,408],"content":"splenomegaly and axillary lymphoadenopathy.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[43,409,276,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,409,276,420],"content":" Laboratory investigations confirmed positivity for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,421,276,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,421,164,432],"content":"aPL (aCL, LAC and anti-","type":"text"},{"bbox":[165,421,195,432],"content":".\\upbeta_{2}\\mathrm{GPI}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[196,421,276,432],"content":" antibodies） and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,433,276,445],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,433,276,445],"content":"showed positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA 1:160)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[33,446,221,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,446,221,456],"content":"and anti-double stranded DNA antibodies.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[33,469,276,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,469,276,480],"content":"considerable enlargement of the spleen and multiple","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,494,276,505],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,494,276,505],"content":"the splenic vein. Working diagnosis included lym-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,506,276,516],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,506,276,516],"content":"phoma and multiple splenic infarcts. Splenectomy was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,530,276,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,530,276,540],"content":"thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,541,124,552],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,541,121,552],"content":"felt to be very high.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[43,553,276,565],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,553,274,565],"content":" An axillary lymph node excision showed histology","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,566,276,576],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,566,276,576],"content":"consistent with large B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,603,276,612],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,603,276,612],"content":"prompting an extensive work-up with whole body CT","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,613,276,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,613,275,625],"content":"scan and gallium scintigraphy for stadiation of lym-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,626,276,637],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,626,276,637],"content":"phoma that confirmed pulmonary localization of lym-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,651,276,660],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,651,276,660],"content":"persistent headaches the patient underwent brain MRI","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,661,276,672],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,661,276,672],"content":"and partial thrombosis of the left transverse cerebral","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,673,276,684],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,673,275,684],"content":"sinus was demonstrated. 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Abstract 671","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[50,634,258,645],"content":"Correspondence: Diane Descamps, MD, PhD. Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,643,259,654],"content":"Laboratoire de Virologie, 46 Rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris,France (diane.descamps@","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,653,79,662],"content":"bch.aphp.fr).","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,663,201,675],"content":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2012;205:111-20","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,682,258,693],"content":"Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissons, please e-mail:","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[48,691,127,702],"content":"jourmals.permissions@oup.com","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[575,464,584,478],"content":"Georgia","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[47,476,486,478],"content":"ized by a high level of genetic diversity within HIV type 1 cleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and to the new","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[574,491,586,502],"content":"May 29,","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[574,516,586,529],"content":",2015","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[274,700,486,711],"content":"receptor and then between the gp105 V3 loop and CCR5","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[47,700,114,711],"content":"DOI: 10.1093\/infdis\/jir698","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[],"header":[[419.4,43.56,532.8,55.44]],"footer":[[268.2,729.0,544.32,738.72]],"footnote":[[48.96,589.68,257.4,606.6],[55.44,608.4,183.96,615.6],[49.68,617.4,256.68,633.6],[47.52,635.04,258.48,660.24],[47.88,665.64,202.32,672.48],[49.68,681.84,256.68,702.36]]}},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[48,39,291,49],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,39,291,49],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,39,291,49],"content":"or CXCR4 coreceptors [12, 13]. 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The GENEActive obtained mean RMSE of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,345,393,354],"content":"2.56\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,344,487,353],"content":"(left and right wrist) and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,345,535,353],"content":"2.73\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[536,344,559,354],"content":"(right","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,354,560,366],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,354,560,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,355,412,365],"content":"hip). Predicting EE using the GT3X on the left and right hip obtained mean RMSE of 2.60 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,354,459,365],"content":"2.74\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,355,559,366],"content":" The activPAL obtained a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,366,560,376],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,366,560,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,366,114,376],"content":"mean RMSE of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[115,366,160,375],"content":"2.76\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,367,559,376],"content":". Conclusion: These results demonstrate good prediction accuracy for recent accelerometers on different","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,377,560,386],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,377,560,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,377,559,386],"content":" wear positions in preschoolers. The RF and ANN were equally accurate in EE prediction compared with (mixed) linear models. The","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,387,560,401],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,387,560,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,387,558,401],"content":" RF seems to be a viable alternative to linear and ANN models for EE prediction in young children in a semi-structured setting.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,407,474,419],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,407,474,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,407,474,419],"content":"Keywords: accelerometer, children, linear mixed model, machine learning, physical activity, validation","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[53,435,302,446],"lines":[{"bbox":[53,435,302,446],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,435,299,446],"content":"It is generally agreed that regular physical activity (PA) is","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,447,302,456],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,447,302,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,447,299,456],"content":"related to important health outcomes in children (e.g., cardiometa-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,457,302,468],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,457,302,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,457,300,468],"content":" bolic and psychosocial health; Knaeps et al., 2018; Reddon, Meyre,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,469,302,479],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,469,302,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,469,299,479],"content":"& Cairney, 2017; Shoup, Gattshall, Dandamudi, & Estabrooks,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,480,302,491],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,480,302,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,480,299,491],"content":"2008; Skrede et al., 2017; Wafa et al., 2016). 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They detect accelerations of the body and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,593,302,602],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,593,302,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,593,300,602],"content":"enable an estimation of intensity, frequency, duration, and type","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,603,302,615],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,603,302,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,603,300,615],"content":"of movement (Hills, Mokhtar, & Byrne, 2014; Skotte, Korshoj,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,616,302,627],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,616,302,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,616,300,627],"content":"Kristiansen, Hanisch, & Holtermann, 2014). 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Besides this, most of the research on EE prediction","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,644,577,654],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,644,577,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,644,577,654],"content":"that has been done in preschoolers is limited by the use of direct","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,655,577,664],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,655,577,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,655,577,664],"content":"observation as the criterion measurement and the assignment of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,665,577,675],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,665,577,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,665,576,675],"content":"fixed metabolic equivalents (METs) to activities and accelerometer","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,676,577,686],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,676,577,686],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,676,575,686],"content":" output (Davies et al., 2012; De Decker et al., 2013; Hagenbuchner,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,687,577,697],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,687,577,697],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,687,577,697],"content":"Cliff, Trost, Van Tuc, & Peoples, 2015). 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The GENEActive obtained mean RMSE of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,345,393,354],"content":"2.56\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,344,487,353],"content":"(left and right wrist) and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,345,535,353],"content":"2.73\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[536,344,559,354],"content":"(right","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,354,560,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,355,412,365],"content":"hip). Predicting EE using the GT3X on the left and right hip obtained mean RMSE of 2.60 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,354,459,365],"content":"2.74\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,355,559,366],"content":" The activPAL obtained a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,366,560,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,366,114,376],"content":"mean RMSE of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[115,366,160,375],"content":"2.76\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,367,559,376],"content":". Conclusion: These results demonstrate good prediction accuracy for recent accelerometers on different","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,377,560,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,377,559,386],"content":" wear positions in preschoolers. The RF and ANN were equally accurate in EE prediction compared with (mixed) linear models. The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,387,560,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,387,558,401],"content":" RF seems to be a viable alternative to linear and ANN models for EE prediction in young children in a semi-structured setting.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,407,474,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,407,474,419],"content":"Keywords: accelerometer, children, linear mixed model, machine learning, physical activity, validation","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[53,435,302,446],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,435,299,446],"content":"It is generally agreed that regular physical activity (PA) is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,447,302,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,447,299,456],"content":"related to important health outcomes in children (e.g., cardiometa-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,457,302,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,457,300,468],"content":" bolic and psychosocial health; Knaeps et al., 2018; Reddon, Meyre,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,469,302,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,469,299,479],"content":"& Cairney, 2017; Shoup, Gattshall, Dandamudi, & Estabrooks,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,480,302,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,480,299,491],"content":"2008; Skrede et al., 2017; Wafa et al., 2016). PA is defined as any","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,492,302,502],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,492,300,502],"content":"bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,503,302,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,503,299,513],"content":"energy expenditure (EE) (Caspersen, Powell, & Christenson,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,514,302,524],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,514,299,524],"content":"1985). In order to monitor children's PA, analyze associations","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,525,302,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,525,301,536],"content":"between PA and health outcomes, and evaluate the effectiveness of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,537,302,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,537,302,548],"content":"interventions promoting PA among children, valid measures of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,549,302,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,549,300,559],"content":"children's PA and EE are needed (Lamonte & Ainsworth, 2001). In","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,560,302,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,560,299,570],"content":"recent years, accelerometers have gained considerable popularity","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,571,302,581],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,571,300,581],"content":"as an objective measure of sedentary behaviors, PA and other","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,582,302,592],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,582,300,592],"content":"outcomes, such as EE. They detect accelerations of the body and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,593,302,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,593,300,602],"content":"enable an estimation of intensity, frequency, duration, and type","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,603,302,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,603,300,615],"content":"of movement (Hills, Mokhtar, & Byrne, 2014; Skotte, Korshoj,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,616,302,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,616,300,627],"content":"Kristiansen, Hanisch, & Holtermann, 2014). Accelerometers have","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,628,302,637],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,628,299,637],"content":"several advantages over traditional questionnaire-based measures","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,638,302,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,638,299,649],"content":"of PA, including superior reliability and validity, and are increas-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,650,302,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,650,298,659],"content":"ingly being used in studies with very young children (Hills et al.,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,660,302,672],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,660,301,672],"content":"2014). However, traditional linear model equations developed for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,673,302,683],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,673,300,683],"content":"activity count-based data do not provide accurate estimates of EE in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,684,257,693],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,684,257,693],"content":"preschoolers (Janssen et al., 2013; Reilly et al., 2006).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[329,435,577,446],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,435,577,446],"content":"Because the relationships between accelerometer output and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,447,577,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,447,577,456],"content":"EE differ in preschoolers compared with older children, prediction","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,457,577,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,457,577,468],"content":"equations require development and validation in this specific age","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,469,577,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,469,577,479],"content":" group (Butte et al., 2014). Considerable progress has been made","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,480,577,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,480,576,491],"content":"in predicting EE for adults and older children (Jimmy, Seiler, &","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,492,577,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,492,577,501],"content":"Maeder, 2013; Montoye, Begum, Henning, & Pfeiffer, 2017;","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,502,577,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,502,576,511],"content":"Montoye, Mudd, Biswas， & Pfeiffer, 20i5） whereas several","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,513,577,524],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,513,577,524],"content":" methodological questions concerning the use of accelerometry","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,525,577,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,525,576,536],"content":"in young children remain open. In their recently published review","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,537,577,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,537,576,548],"content":"that provides age-specific practical considerations on accelerome-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,549,577,557],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,549,577,557],"content":"ter data collection (e.g., device placement) and processing criteria","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,558,577,566],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,558,577,566],"content":"(e.g., epoch length, cut-points, and algorithms), Migueles and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,567,577,577],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,567,577,577],"content":"colleagues (2017) observed a lack of calibration and validation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,578,577,588],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,578,575,588],"content":"studies for preschoolers that address important processing criteria","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,589,577,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,589,575,600],"content":"(such as EE algorithms for wrist- and hip-worn accelerometers).","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,601,577,613],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,601,576,613],"content":"However, as studies included in the review were restricted to those","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,614,577,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,614,577,621],"content":"applying the latest version of the Actigraph device (GT3X), no","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,622,577,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,622,577,632],"content":"practical consideration about device selection in this age group","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,633,577,643],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,633,577,643],"content":"could be drawn. Besides this, most of the research on EE prediction","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,644,577,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,644,577,654],"content":"that has been done in preschoolers is limited by the use of direct","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,655,577,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,655,577,664],"content":"observation as the criterion measurement and the assignment of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,665,577,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,665,576,675],"content":"fixed metabolic equivalents (METs) to activities and accelerometer","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,676,577,686],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,676,575,686],"content":" output (Davies et al., 2012; De Decker et al., 2013; Hagenbuchner,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,687,577,697],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,687,577,697],"content":"Cliff, Trost, Van Tuc, & Peoples, 2015). Additionally, the use of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,698,577,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,698,577,709],"content":"highly structured protocols under laboratory settings has been","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,710,577,719],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,710,577,719],"content":"found to overestimate EE in children, which limits the transfer","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,720,499,731],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,720,499,731],"content":"to free-living behaviors (Nilsson et al., 2008).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[329,732,577,741],"spans":[{"bbox":[329,732,575,741],"content":"Recent studies in older children and adults show improve-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,742,577,753],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,742,576,753],"content":"ments in EE prediction using non-linear models (Mackintosh,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,64,301,75],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,64,298,75],"content":"Montoye, Pfeiffer, & McNarry, 2016; Montoye et al., 2017).","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,76,301,86],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,76,299,86],"content":"Preliminary evidence demonstrates that machine learning models","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,87,301,98],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,87,297,98],"content":"outperform simplified regression models in preschoolers (Chowdhury","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,99,85,108],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,99,85,108],"content":"et al., 2018).","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[33,64,301,75],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,64,301,75],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,64,298,75],"content":"Montoye, Pfeiffer, & McNarry, 2016; Montoye et al., 2017).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,76,301,86],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,76,301,86],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,76,299,86],"content":"Preliminary evidence demonstrates that machine learning models","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,87,301,98],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,87,301,98],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,87,297,98],"content":"outperform simplified regression models in preschoolers (Chowdhury","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,99,85,108],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,99,85,108],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,99,85,108],"content":"et al., 2018).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[53,109,301,120],"lines":[{"bbox":[53,109,301,120],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,109,300,120],"content":"This study had three purposes related to accelerometer use in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,121,301,132],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,121,301,132],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,121,300,132],"content":"preschoolers: (1) to provide energy expenditure (EE) prediction","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,133,301,142],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,133,301,142],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,133,300,142],"content":"models from raw accelerometry data established against indirect","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,143,301,154],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,143,301,154],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,143,300,154],"content":" calorimetry, (2) to compare two linear and two machine learning","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,155,301,164],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,155,301,164],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,155,300,164],"content":"models, and (3) to compare accuracy of different accelerometers","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,165,187,176],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,165,187,176],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,165,187,176],"content":"placed on the hips, thigh, and wrists.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[139,192,194,203],"lines":[{"bbox":[139,192,194,203],"spans":[{"bbox":[139,192,194,203],"content":"Methods","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,213,133,225],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,213,133,225],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,213,133,225],"content":"Study Participants","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,229,301,243],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,229,301,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,229,300,243],"content":"To recruit 3- to 6-year-old children from four daycare facilities","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,244,301,254],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,244,301,254],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,244,299,254],"content":"(kindergartens) in Lower Saxony, we first contacted the adminis-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,255,301,264],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,255,301,264],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,255,300,264],"content":"tration of the kindergartens. In the next step, we explained the aim","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,265,301,275],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,265,301,275],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,265,299,275],"content":"and the procedures of the study to the administration as well as to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,276,301,288],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,276,301,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,276,300,288],"content":"parent representatives during a pre-arranged meeting in each","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,289,301,299],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,289,301,299],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,289,299,299],"content":"kindergarten. Thereafter, study information material was distrib-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,300,301,309],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,300,301,309],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,300,300,309],"content":"uted to all parents. In the course of regular kindergarten morning","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,310,301,320],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,310,301,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,310,299,320],"content":"circle time, we demonstrated the indirect calorimetry to all chil-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,321,301,331],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,321,301,331],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,321,299,331],"content":"dren. Children with written parental informed consent were allo-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,332,301,343],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,332,301,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,332,300,343],"content":"cated to a schedule. On the measurement day, we asked for verbal","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,344,301,353],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,344,301,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,344,299,353],"content":"assent from each child and those refusing to take part in the study","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,354,301,365],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,354,301,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,354,299,365],"content":"were excluded. The local ethics committee (University of Bremen,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,366,301,377],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,366,301,377],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,366,300,377],"content":"Bremen) approved the procedures of the study (ethics committee","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,378,262,388],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,378,262,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,378,262,388],"content":"running title: accelerometry in preschoolers [ACCIPS]).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,401,107,413],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,401,107,413],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,401,107,413],"content":"Study Design","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,419,301,429],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,419,301,429],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,419,300,429],"content":"The measurements took place from October to November 2016 and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,430,301,442],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,430,301,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,430,300,442],"content":"were conducted at each respective kindergarten, using the available","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,443,301,453],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,443,301,453],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,443,300,453],"content":"indoor and outdoor infrastructure. The children had to fast for at","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,454,301,464],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,454,301,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,454,300,464],"content":"least two hours before measurement, but were allowed to drink","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,465,301,475],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,465,301,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,465,299,475],"content":"water. The measurement was restricted to two children per morn-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,476,301,486],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,476,301,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,476,300,486],"content":"ing, measured one after the other, to avoid interference with","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,487,301,496],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,487,301,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,487,122,496],"content":"lunchtime. A total of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[123,487,153,496],"content":"75~\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[154,487,300,496],"content":"were allocated for the measurement","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,498,301,509],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,498,301,509],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,498,298,509],"content":"protocol of one child. This included the assessment of anthropo-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,510,301,520],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,510,301,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,510,300,520],"content":"metrics, handedness, mounting and demounting the devices, mea-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,521,301,532],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,521,301,532],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,521,300,532],"content":"surement of resting metabolic rate (RMR), performance of up to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,533,301,542],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,533,301,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,533,300,542],"content":"nine in- and outdoor activities, changing rooms within the kinder-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,543,301,554],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,543,301,554],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,543,297,554],"content":"garten, and dressing and undressing for outdoor activities (Table 1).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,555,301,565],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,555,301,565],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,555,142,565],"content":"We measured RMR during","type":"text"},{"bbox":[143,555,171,565],"content":"10\\,\\mathrm{{min}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[172,555,300,565],"content":"of supine rest in a quiet, dimly lit","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,566,301,575],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,566,301,575],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,566,299,575],"content":"room. The child lay on a mattress and was provided with a blanket.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,576,301,587],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,576,301,587],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,576,300,587],"content":"A short learning story was shown on a tablet to keep the child calm","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,588,301,598],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,588,301,598],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,588,300,598],"content":"for the measurement of RMR. We decided on a measurement","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,599,301,608],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,599,301,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,599,300,608],"content":"period of 10 minutes as Borges et al. (2016) showed that this is an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,609,301,621],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,609,301,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,609,300,621],"content":"appropriate length of time to achieve steady state conditions and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,622,301,630],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,622,301,630],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,622,300,630],"content":" delineate an optimum abbreviated period to estimate RMR by","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,631,117,645],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,631,117,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,631,117,645],"content":"indirect calorimetry.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,656,85,668],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,656,85,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,656,85,668],"content":"Activities","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,675,301,687],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,675,301,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,675,298,687],"content":"The child was free to choose up to three friends to play with.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,688,301,696],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,688,301,696],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,688,301,696],"content":"Five activities were predetermined and ranged from light","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,698,301,708],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,698,301,708],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,698,300,708],"content":"(e.g., drawing) to vigorous intensities (e.g., jogging). An addi-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,709,301,720],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,709,301,720],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,709,300,720],"content":"tional four activities to be chosen independently with respect to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,721,301,730],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,721,301,730],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,721,300,730],"content":"the resources of the daycare facility and the child's individual","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,731,301,742],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,731,301,742],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,731,300,742],"content":"preferences were offered to each child. Examples are given in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,743,301,752],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,743,301,752],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,743,300,752],"content":"Table 1. 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Our results show good accuracy for all wear positions.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,255,300,263],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,255,299,263],"content":"This is in line with the findings of another study with children in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,264,300,274],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,264,300,274],"content":"which accelerometers mounted on various anatomical positions","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,275,300,285],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,275,299,285],"content":"demonstrated equivalency in the accuracy to predict EE in a semi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,286,212,297],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,286,212,297],"content":"structured setting (Mackintosh et al., 2016).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[52,298,300,307],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,298,299,307],"content":"In our study, we further observed only small differences","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,308,300,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,308,300,318],"content":"regarding the predictive accuracy between the dominant and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,319,300,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,319,300,330],"content":"non-dominant wrist. This also is in line with the findings of another","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,331,300,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,331,299,340],"content":"study that examined the classification accuracy of the GENEActiv","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,341,300,351],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,341,299,351],"content":"with a cut-point based approach for the assessment of PA intensi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,352,300,361],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,352,300,361],"content":"ties in preschoolers (Roscoe, James, & Duncan, 2017) and may","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,362,300,375],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,362,300,375],"content":"help to inform choice of wrist placement when using acceler-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,376,300,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,376,300,385],"content":"ometers in field-based research. We assume good accuracy in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,386,300,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,386,299,396],"content":"predicting EE should the accelerometer either be placed on the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,397,108,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,397,108,406],"content":"left or right wrist.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[52,407,300,418],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,407,300,418],"content":"There are several strengths of our study which are in line","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,419,300,429],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,419,298,429],"content":"with best practice recommendations for calibration studies (Welk,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,430,300,439],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,430,300,439],"content":" 2005). We applied a semi-structured nature of the activity protocol,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,65,578,75],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,65,577,75],"content":"numerous accelerometer positions, and a high-quality criterion","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,76,578,86],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,76,576,86],"content":"measure for EE. Our sample size of 41 children is in line with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,87,578,98],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,87,577,98],"content":"recent calibration and validation studies and the included activities","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,99,578,109],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,99,576,109],"content":"enabled their differentiation into light- to vigorous intensity activi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,110,578,121],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,110,576,121],"content":"ties quite well, with the lowest activity-specific metabolic equiva-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,122,578,132],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,122,513,132],"content":"lents (AME) being observed in drawing [mean ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[514,122,534,131],"content":"(95\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[535,122,577,132],"content":"CI): 1.89","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,133,578,143],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,133,578,143],"content":"(1.7-2.1)], a moderate AME in playing with cars [3.1 (2.5-3.6)]","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,144,578,155],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,144,577,155],"content":"and walking [3.6 (3.3-4.0)], and the most vigorous AME in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,156,578,164],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,156,576,164],"content":"jogging [7.7 (6.7-8.7)] (Brandes, Steenbock, & Wirsik, 2018).","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,165,578,177],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,165,576,177],"content":"The generalizability of our results is indeed limited by the homog-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,178,578,189],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,178,576,189],"content":"enous sample of apparently healthy Caucasian children. Therefore,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,190,578,199],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,190,577,199],"content":"our findings cannot be generalized to other ethnicities or to children","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,200,578,211],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,200,576,211],"content":"with a chronic condition or disease. A further limitation of the study","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,212,578,221],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,212,577,221],"content":"is that not all children completed the five predetermined activities","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,222,578,233],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,222,576,233],"content":" that stretch across all activity intensities (drawing, catching, walk-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,234,578,244],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,234,577,244],"content":"ing at regular speed, walking fast, and jogging). This was due to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,245,542,258],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,245,542,258],"content":" young age and motivational reasons in our target group.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[408,274,480,286],"spans":[{"bbox":[408,274,480,286],"content":"Conclusion","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,297,578,307],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,297,577,307],"content":"These findings provide preliminary evidence that recent acceler-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,308,578,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,308,575,318],"content":"ometers mounted on five different anatomical positions demon-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,319,578,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,319,576,330],"content":"strate equivalency in the accuracy to predict EE from raw","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,331,578,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,331,577,340],"content":"accelerometer data. Our models are publicly available and can","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,341,578,351],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,341,576,351],"content":" be used for studies assessing EE in preschoolers under free-living","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,352,578,361],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,352,576,361],"content":"conditions. The RF, ANN, and (mixed) linear models were equally","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,362,578,375],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,362,577,375],"content":"accurate in predicting EE irrespective of the device and wear","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,376,578,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,376,577,385],"content":"position. We therefore recommend utilizing linear as well as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,386,578,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,386,576,396],"content":"non-linear models for the estimation of EE in preschoolers. We","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,397,578,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,397,576,406],"content":" recommend a further investigation of RF models for EE prediction","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,407,578,418],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,407,576,418],"content":"from raw accelerometer data in young children as well as in other","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,419,578,429],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,419,578,429],"content":" populations, which seems to be a viable alternative to linear and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,430,369,439],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,430,369,439],"content":"ANN models.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,473,85,487],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,473,85,487],"content":"Positions","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,489,578,752],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,489,578,752],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_76200000\/libgen.scimag76251000-76251999.zip_10.1123\/jmpb.2018-0032\/tables\/6_35_489_578_752.jpg"}]}]]},"page_7":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[33,65,126,75],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,65,126,75],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,65,123,75],"content":"Acknowledgments","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,79,301,92],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,79,301,92],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,79,300,92],"content":"The study was supported by an internal innovations grant of the Leibniz","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,93,301,103],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,93,301,103],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,93,300,103],"content":"Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology (BIPS). We thank","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,104,301,113],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,104,301,113],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,104,300,113],"content":" Johanna Sophie Lubasch und Marlena Boning for their assistance during","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,114,301,124],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,114,301,124],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,114,299,124],"content":"data collection and all daycare facilities, daycare staff, parents and children","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,125,301,137],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,125,301,137],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,125,300,137],"content":"for their support and participation in the study. 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A path is fault-free if it does not contain any faulty vertices or faulty","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[24,613,49,624],"content":"edges.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[36,639,277,650],"content":"The authors are with theDepartment of Computer Science and Information","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,649,276,660],"content":"Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,658,277,669],"content":"E-mail: changnw@gmail.com; x85220606@hotmail.com; hsiehsy@mail.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[38,667,78,676],"content":"ncku.edu.tw.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[24,680,277,690],"content":"Manuscript received 04 May 2012; revised 30 Dec.,2012;accepted 07Jan.2013.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[25,690,256,700],"content":"Date of publication 10 Jan.2013; date of current version 09 June 2014.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[25,699,188,709],"content":"Recommended for acceptance by H. 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For","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,175,542,184],"spans":[{"bbox":[288,175,449,183],"content":"convenience, refer to the vertices (edges) in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[450,175,456,184],"content":"F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[457,175,540,183],"content":"as faulty vertices (resp.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,184,542,195],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,185,416,194],"content":"faulty edges). A faulty vertex subset","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,185,454,195],"content":"F\\subseteq V(G)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[455,185,474,194],"content":"is an","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,184,485,195],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{g}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,184,507,195],"content":"-cutif","type":"text"},{"bbox":[508,184,531,195],"content":"G-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[532,185,541,194],"content":"is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,196,542,206],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,196,467,205],"content":"disconnected and every remaining component of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[468,196,491,206],"content":"G-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[492,196,540,205],"content":"has property","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,206,542,216],"spans":[{"bbox":[288,207,299,215],"content":"\\mathcal{P}_{g}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,206,382,215],"content":".A faulty edge subset","type":"text"},{"bbox":[383,206,420,216],"content":"F\\subseteq E(G)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[421,206,437,216],"content":"is a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[438,206,443,216],"content":"g","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[444,207,499,216],"content":"-extra edge cut","type":"text"},{"bbox":[500,207,511,215],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{g}^{\\prime}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[512,206,541,216],"content":"cut for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,216,542,228],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,217,320,228],"content":"short) if","type":"text"},{"bbox":[321,216,344,228],"content":"G-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,217,542,228],"content":"is disconnected and every remaining component of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,232,542,240],"spans":[{"bbox":[288,232,312,238],"content":"G-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[314,232,367,238],"content":"has property","type":"text"},{"bbox":[368,232,378,240],"content":"\\mathcal{P}_{g}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[379,232,396,238],"content":". 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The symbol","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,312,405,325],"content":"\\otimes","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[406,313,540,325],"content":"represents the perfectly matched","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,326,542,338],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,326,378,336],"content":"operation that connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[379,326,389,338],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[390,326,411,338],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,326,422,338],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[423,326,542,336],"content":" by using two specific perfect","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,337,542,348],"spans":[{"bbox":[288,337,330,348],"content":"matchings","type":"text"},{"bbox":[331,339,492,347],"content":"P M_{0}=\\{(0u,1u)|0u\\in~V(Q_{n}^{0}),1u\\in V(Q_{n}^{1})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,337,514,348],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[515,338,541,347],"content":"{\\overline{{P M}}}=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[286,349,542,356],"spans":[{"bbox":[289,349,418,356],"content":"\\{(0u,1\\overline{{u}})|0u\\in V(Q_{n}^{0}),1\\overline{{u}}\\in\\,V(Q_{n}^{1})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,349,540,356],"content":". 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A summary of notations and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,448,393,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,448,393,456],"content":"symbols is listed in Table 1.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,478,393,487],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,478,303,487],"content":"3","type":"text"},{"bbox":[304,478,392,487],"content":"BASIC PROPERTIES","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,491,542,505],"spans":[{"bbox":[286,491,460,505],"content":"Lemmas 1-3 can be easily verified because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[461,491,472,505],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[473,491,485,505],"content":"is","type":"text"},{"bbox":[486,495,491,505],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[492,491,541,505],"content":"-regular and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,506,379,517],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,506,372,517],"content":"triangle-free for every","type":"text"},{"bbox":[373,506,378,517],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,519,542,530],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,519,352,529],"content":"Lemma 1. 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Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[71,537,81,547],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[82,537,99,547],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[100,537,109,547],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[110,537,197,547],"content":"be any two vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[198,536,205,547],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[206,536,217,547],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[218,536,228,547],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[229,536,246,547],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[247,536,256,547],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[257,536,278,547],"content":"have","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[29,549,279,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,549,120,559],"content":"common neighbors in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[121,549,134,558],"content":"Q_{n}^{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,549,153,559],"content":"then","type":"text"},{"bbox":[154,549,183,559],"content":"1u=1\\bar{v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,549,194,559],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[195,549,224,559],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}=1v","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[225,549,241,559],"content":"(i.e.,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,549,272,559],"content":"0u=0\\overline{{v}}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[29,560,279,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,560,226,567],"content":"which  leads  to a  contradiction because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[227,560,278,570],"content":"d_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0u,0v)=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[29,570,279,581],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,570,183,580],"content":"d_{H}(0u,0v)=d_{H}(0\\overline{{{v}}},0v)=n>d i a m(A)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,571,257,581],"content":". In other words,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[258,571,276,580],"content":"，any","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[29,581,279,594],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,581,129,593],"content":"two distinct vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[130,581,137,594],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,582,263,592],"content":"have no common neighbors in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[264,581,274,593],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[29,593,279,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,595,174,606],"content":"Furthermore, because each vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[175,593,181,606],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[182,594,263,606],"content":"has two neighbors in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[264,594,277,606],"content":"Q_{n}^{1},","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[29,607,279,614],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,607,111,614],"content":"|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(A)|=2|V(A)|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[270,607,277,614],"content":"口","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,620,279,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,620,88,632],"content":"Lemma 9. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[89,620,159,632],"content":"F Q_{n+1}=Q_{n}^{0}\\otimes Q_{n}^{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[160,620,185,632],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[186,620,210,632],"content":"n\\geq5,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,620,241,632],"content":"and let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,620,258,632],"content":"K_{1,g}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[259,620,279,632],"content":"be a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[29,633,279,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,633,88,641],"content":"subgraph  of ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[89,633,103,641],"content":"Q_{n}^{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[104,633,135,641],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[136,633,172,641],"content":"0\\leq g\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[173,633,257,641],"content":"Then, the following","type":"text"},{"bbox":[258,633,277,641],"content":"two","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[29,652,279,662],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,652,127,662],"content":"statements hold: (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[128,652,276,662],"content":"|N_{F Q_{n+1}}(K_{1,g})|=(g+1)n\\,+\\quad2-\\binom{g}{2}.","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[29,663,236,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,663,49,678],"content":"(2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[50,663,130,678],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,g}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[131,663,224,678],"content":"is connected with property","type":"text"},{"bbox":[225,663,236,678],"content":"\\mathcal{P}_{g}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,683,279,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,683,163,693],"content":"Proof. By using Lemmas 6 and 8,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[164,683,277,694],"content":"|N_{F Q_{n+1}}(K_{1,g})|=|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(K_{1,g})|\\,+","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[29,695,279,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,695,277,736],"content":"\\begin{array}{l}{{|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(K_{1,g})|=|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(K_{1,g})|+2|V(K_{1,g})|\\ =\\left[(g+1)n-2g-\\left(\\frac{g}{2}\\right)\\right]}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{}+\\ 2(g+1)=(g+1)n+2\\ -\\left(\\frac{g}{2}\\right)}}\\end{array}","type":"interline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[50,737,143,747],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,737,143,747],"content":"Thus, Condition 1 holds.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[358,132,469,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[358,132,469,173],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/2_358_46_469_174.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[411,174,427,178],"spans":[{"bbox":[412,174,427,178],"content":"+","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,187,542,197],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,187,539,197],"content":"Fig. 1. Illustration of the proof of Lemma 10. Here, the white nodes represent fault-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,198,542,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,198,475,204],"content":"freenodes and theblacknodesrepresent faultynodes.Vertex","type":"text"},{"bbox":[476,198,484,205],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[485,198,539,205],"content":"can be connected","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,205,435,215],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,205,329,215],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,205,355,215],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,205,435,215],"content":"by using the bold edges.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,223,542,236],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,223,462,235],"content":" By using Lemmas 6 and 7 (by letting","type":"text"},{"bbox":[463,223,482,236],"content":"g=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[483,223,540,236],"content":"in Lemma 7),","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,236,542,249],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,236,325,249],"content":"both","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,237,383,249],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-N_{Q_{n}^{0}}[K_{1,g}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[384,236,412,249],"content":"  and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,237,471,249],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(K_{1,g})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[472,238,541,249],"content":"are connected.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,253,542,265],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,253,336,265],"content":"Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[337,253,540,265],"content":"|V(Q_{n}^{0}-N_{Q_{n}^{0}}[K_{1,g}])|\\!=\\!2^{n}-\\!\\left[(g\\!+\\!1)n\\!-\\!2g\\!-\\!\\!\\left(\\!g\\!\\right)\\!\\right]\\!-\\!(g\\!+\\!1)>","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,270,542,283],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,270,327,282],"content":"2(g\\!+\\!1)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[328,270,342,283],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[343,270,364,283],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[365,270,382,282],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[383,270,481,282],"content":"0\\leq g\\leq n,\\,Q_{n}^{0}-N_{Q_{n}^{0}}\\,\\left[K_{1,g}\\right]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[482,270,541,281],"content":"is connected to","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,283,542,295],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,284,360,295],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(K_{1,g}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[361,284,418,295],"content":"which leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[419,283,498,295],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,g}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[499,283,542,295],"content":"being con-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[411,296,542,306],"spans":[{"bbox":[411,296,540,306],"content":"|V(F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,g}])|=2^{n+1}-","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,307,542,328],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,307,541,328],"content":"\\left[(g+1)n+2-\\left(\\frac{g}{2}\\right)\\right]-\\;\\;(g+1)>g\\;\\;\\;\\mathrm{for}\\;\\;\\;n\\geq5\\;\\;\\;\\mathrm{and}\\;\\;\\;0\\leq\\;\\;g\\leq n,","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,329,442,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,329,380,340],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,g}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[381,329,431,340],"content":"has property","type":"text"},{"bbox":[432,329,442,340],"content":"\\mathcal{P}_{g}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,360,373,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[286,360,373,372],"content":"4MAIN RESULTS","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,376,397,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,376,396,388],"content":"4.1 3-Extra Connectivity","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,394,542,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,394,364,406],"content":"Lemma 10. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[365,394,435,406],"content":"F Q_{n+1}=Q_{n}^{0}\\otimes Q_{n}^{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,394,480,406],"content":"and let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[481,394,538,406],"content":"F\\subset V(F Q_{n+1}),","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,407,542,416],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,407,362,415],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap V(Q_{n}^{0}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,407,385,416],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[386,407,447,416],"content":"F_{1}=F\\cap V(Q_{n}^{1}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[448,407,478,416],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[479,407,500,415],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[501,407,518,416],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[519,407,541,415],"content":"|F|\\leq","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,416,542,426],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,416,325,426],"content":"4n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[326,417,341,426],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,417,384,426],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,418,472,426],"content":"does not contain isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,417,486,426],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,418,516,426],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[517,417,529,426],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,417,540,426],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,427,542,437],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,427,328,436],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[329,427,340,437],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,427,414,436],"content":"then every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[415,427,445,437],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[446,427,541,437],"content":"is connected to a vertex in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,437,397,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,438,331,450],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,438,355,450],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[356,437,397,450],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,450,542,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,451,333,463],"content":"Proof. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[334,451,344,464],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,451,411,464],"content":"be any vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,450,442,464],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,450,500,463],"content":"(see Fig. 1). If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[501,450,528,464],"content":"1u\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[529,450,542,463],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,464,542,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,464,329,474],"content":"1{\\overline{{u}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[330,465,493,474],"content":"then the result holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[494,465,522,475],"content":"1u\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[523,465,540,474],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,475,542,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,475,329,485],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[330,476,366,483],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,475,409,484],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[410,475,490,483],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,476,516,486],"content":"K_{1},\\;0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[517,476,541,485],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,484,542,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,486,334,495],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[335,484,344,495],"content":"0v","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,484,354,495],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[355,486,384,494],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,485,395,495],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,485,421,495],"content":"1v\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[422,484,432,494],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,484,461,495],"content":"1{\\bar{v}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[462,487,540,494],"content":"then the result holds.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,495,542,505],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,496,379,504],"content":"Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[380,496,408,505],"content":"1v\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[409,496,429,504],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[430,496,458,504],"content":"1\\bar{v}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,496,497,505],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[498,495,540,504],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,505,542,515],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,505,379,515],"content":"contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[380,506,393,515],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,506,420,515],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[421,505,431,515],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[432,505,444,515],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[445,505,454,515],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[455,506,517,515],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[518,505,529,515],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,505,541,515],"content":"in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,516,542,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,516,331,525],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,516,345,526],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,516,375,525],"content":"1w\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[376,516,391,526],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[392,516,423,525],"content":"1{\\overline{{w}}}\\notin F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,516,540,525],"content":"then the result holds. Hence,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,526,542,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,527,347,536],"content":"assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[348,527,378,537],"content":"1w\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[379,527,397,537],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[398,526,427,537],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[428,526,463,536],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[464,526,506,536],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[507,526,540,536],"content":" contains","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,537,542,547],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,537,340,547],"content":"no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[341,538,397,547],"content":"P_{3},\\{0u,0v,0w\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[398,538,451,547],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,537,462,547],"content":"0x","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[463,537,465,547],"content":"1","type":"text"},{"bbox":[466,537,502,547],"content":"\\mathtt{n}\\,Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,537,511,547],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[512,537,539,547],"content":"1x\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,549,542,558],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,549,310,558],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[311,549,340,557],"content":"1{\\overline{{x}}}\\notin F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,549,510,557],"content":" then the result holds. Therefore, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[511,549,539,558],"content":"1x\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,558,542,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,559,316,567],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[317,559,345,567],"content":"1\\overline{{x}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[346,558,425,567],"content":". For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[426,559,503,567],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\{0u,0v,0w,0x\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[504,559,521,567],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[522,559,541,567],"content":"F^{\\prime}=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,568,409,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,568,409,578],"content":"\\{1u,1\\overline{{{u}}},1v,1\\overline{{{v}}},1w,1\\overline{{{w}}},1x,1\\overline{{{x}}}\\}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,580,542,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,580,325,591],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,580,335,591],"content":"A^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[336,580,476,589],"content":"be the connected subgraph induced by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,580,506,591],"content":"V^{\\prime}\\,\\mathrm{in}\\,Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[507,580,540,593],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,590,542,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,592,322,599],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[323,592,344,599],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[345,590,398,599],"content":"d i a m(A^{\\prime})\\leq3,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,591,460,599],"content":"all vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[461,592,470,599],"content":"F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[471,594,540,599],"content":"are distinct (i.e.,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,600,542,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,600,331,610],"content":"\\vert F^{\\prime}\\vert=8)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,600,350,610],"content":". Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[351,600,459,610],"content":"Y=\\{(0y,1y)\\,|\\,0y\\in N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,600,476,611],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,600,487,610],"content":"_{0y}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[488,600,541,611],"content":"be any vertex","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,611,542,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,611,311,621],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[312,612,342,620],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,612,374,620],"content":" and let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[375,611,385,621],"content":"A^{\\prime\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[386,612,540,620],"content":" be the connected subgraph induced by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,621,542,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,622,336,632],"content":"V^{\\prime}\\cup\\{\\boldsymbol{0}y\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[337,622,353,632],"content":"(in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[354,621,366,632],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[367,622,408,632],"content":"0.Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[409,621,430,632],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[431,621,452,632],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[453,621,538,632],"content":"d i a m(A^{\\prime\\prime})\\leq4,~1y\\notin F^{\\prime},","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,633,542,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[298,633,415,641],"content":"implying that only vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[416,633,441,641],"content":"F-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[442,633,542,641],"content":" can be the faulty vertices","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,652,542,662],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,652,308,662],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[309,652,316,662],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[317,652,350,662],"content":"Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[351,652,442,656],"content":"|Y|=|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|\\ge4n-9","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,652,532,654],"content":"(by using Lemma 5) and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,652,540,662],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,655,542,662],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,657,365,662],"content":"contains at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[366,661,492,662],"content":"\\left|F-F^{\\prime}\\right|\\leq(4n-2)-8=4n-10","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,655,540,662],"content":"faulty verti-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,663,542,674],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,663,352,672],"content":"ces, an edge","type":"text"},{"bbox":[353,663,397,674],"content":"(0y,1y)\\in Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[398,663,476,671],"content":"exists such that (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,663,520,674],"content":"0y\\notin F-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[521,663,540,674],"content":"(i.e.)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,673,542,684],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,673,331,684],"content":"0y\\not\\in F_{0}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,677,366,683],"content":"and (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,675,410,684],"content":"1y\\notin F-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[411,675,432,683],"content":"(i.e.,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,675,481,684],"content":"1y\\notin F_{1}-F^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[482,677,541,684],"content":", implying that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,685,542,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,685,327,694],"content":"1y\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[328,685,358,694],"content":"because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[359,685,385,694],"content":"1y\\notin F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[386,686,427,694],"content":".Therefore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,685,437,694],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,686,541,694],"content":"can be connected to a vertex","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,695,542,703],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,695,309,703],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[310,695,340,703],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[533,695,541,703],"content":"口","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,709,452,720],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,709,341,720],"content":"Theorem 1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,709,417,720],"content":"\\kappa_{3}(F Q_{n+1})=4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,709,430,720],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[431,709,452,720],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,723,542,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,723,318,736],"content":"Proof.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[319,723,396,736],"content":"\\kappa_{3}(F Q_{n+1})\\leq4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[397,723,422,736],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[423,723,445,736],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[446,723,540,736],"content":"is demonstrated by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,737,542,747],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,737,361,747],"content":"constructing an","type":"text"},{"bbox":[362,737,373,747],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[374,737,417,747],"content":"-cut of size","type":"text"},{"bbox":[418,737,442,747],"content":"4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,737,455,747],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[456,737,481,747],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[482,737,541,747],"content":" as follows. Let","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_3":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[27,45,279,192],"lines":[{"bbox":[27,45,279,192],"spans":[{"bbox":[27,45,276,192],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/3_27_45_276_192.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[269,196,279,205],"lines":[{"bbox":[269,196,279,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[269,196,277,205],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[125,207,172,216],"lines":[{"bbox":[125,207,172,216],"spans":[{"bbox":[125,207,172,216],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,231,279,242],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,231,279,242],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,231,108,241],"content":"F Q_{n+1}=Q_{n}^{0}\\otimes Q_{n}^{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[109,231,138,242],"content":" and let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[139,231,154,242],"content":"K_{1,3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[155,231,263,242],"content":" be a connected subgraph of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[264,231,274,241],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,243,279,254],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,243,279,254],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,243,176,254],"content":"Using Lemma 9 then yields (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[177,243,277,254],"content":"|N_{F Q_{n+1}}(K_{1,3})|=(3+1)n+","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,258,279,271],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,258,279,271],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,258,108,271],"content":"2-{\\binom{3}{2}}=4n-1,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[109,258,144,271],"content":"and (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[145,258,225,271],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,3}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[226,258,279,271],"content":"is connected","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,277,279,288],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,277,279,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,277,91,287],"content":"with property","type":"text"},{"bbox":[92,277,102,288],"content":"\\mathcal{P}_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[103,277,147,287],"content":". 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Without loss of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,375,279,385],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,375,279,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,375,132,384],"content":"generality, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[133,375,172,385],"content":"|F_{0}|\\geq|F_{1}|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[173,375,204,385],"content":". Thus,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[205,375,279,384],"content":"2|F_{1}|\\leq|F_{0}|+|F_{1}|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,385,279,396],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,385,279,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,385,84,396],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F|\\le4n-2,}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[85,385,122,395],"content":"implying","type":"text"},{"bbox":[123,386,237,395],"content":"\\textstyle|F_{1}|\\leq\\left\\lfloor{\\frac{4n-2}{2}}\\right\\rfloor=2n-1\\leq3n-6","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,385,253,395],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,385,274,396],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,396,279,406],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,396,279,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,397,153,406],"content":"According to the result in [7],","type":"text"},{"bbox":[154,396,183,406],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,397,278,406],"content":" then satisfies one of the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,407,279,417],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,407,279,417],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,407,147,416],"content":"following four scenarios: (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[148,407,178,417],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[179,407,245,417],"content":"is connected, (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[246,407,276,417],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,418,279,428],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,418,279,428],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,418,276,428],"content":"contains two components, one of which one is an isolated vertex,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,429,279,438],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,429,279,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,429,49,438],"content":"(3)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[50,429,79,438],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[80,429,277,438],"content":" contains two components, one of which is an isolated","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,439,279,450],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,439,279,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,439,73,450],"content":"edge. 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Clearly,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[131,685,218,693],"content":"\\{1u,\\,1v,1\\bar{t}\\}\\cap V(Y)=\\emptyset","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[219,685,255,695],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[256,685,278,694],"content":"|Y|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,694,279,706],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,694,279,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,696,164,705],"content":"|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,0u,0v,0\\bar{t}\\})|=4n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[165,695,190,704],"content":"and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[191,694,199,706],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[200,696,279,704],"content":" contains at most","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,705,279,716],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,705,279,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,707,206,716],"content":"|F-\\{1u,\\,1v,1\\bar{t}\\}|\\leq(4n-2)-3=4n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[207,705,278,716],"content":"faulty vertices, 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F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,617,384,628],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[421,617,463,627],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[312,629,423,637],"content":"K_{2},\\ |\\{0u,0\\overline{{{u}}},0v,0\\overline{{{v}}}\\}\\cap F_{0}|\\neq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,629,487,637],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,638,419,649],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,638,523,649],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,650,521,659],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[312,660,339,669],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,660,381,669],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,660,427,669],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[441,660,466,669],"content":"0v\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[478,660,507,669],"content":"0\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[433,670,461,681],"content":"0v\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[478,670,506,681],"content":"0\\overline{{v}}\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[312,681,355,691],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[454,682,491,691],"content":"\\mathrm{~\\hat{~}2~},\\,\\,\\,0u\\notin{F_{0}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[510,681,537,691],"content":"0\\overline{{u}}\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[401,693,450,706],"content":"\\left|F_{1}\\right|\\le2n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[481,693,540,705],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(\\{1u,1v\\})\\cap","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[312,704,347,717],"content":"\\{1{\\overline{{u}}}\\}=\\emptyset","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[395,707,468,716],"content":"d_{H}(1u,1\\overline{{u}})=n\\geq5)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[478,706,539,716],"content":"|F_{1}|=|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(\\{1u,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[312,718,400,726],"content":"\\left.\\left.1v\\right\\}\\right)\\right|+|\\{1\\overline{{u}}\\}|=\\,2n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,717,539,726],"content":"\\vert F\\vert\\le4n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[329,728,499,736],"content":"|F_{0}|\\geq|F_{1}|=2n-1,|F_{0}|=|F|-|F_{1}|=2n-1.","type":"inline_equation"}],"droped_text_block":[{"bbox":[56,256,69,262],"content":"3","type":"text","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[39,261,50,267],"content":"2-","type":"text","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[53,264,72,273],"content":"(2）","type":"text","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[25,26,43,36],"content":"1596","type":"text","tag":"page_no"},{"bbox":[316,28,540,36],"content":"IEEETRANSACTIONSONCOMPUTERS,VOL.63,NO.6,JUNE2014","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[152,737,173,746],"content":" and","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[312,737,413,746],"content":"to the following 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N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})=\\emptyset","type":"inline_equation","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[174,737,278,746],"content":"|F_{1}|\\ge~|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(1t)|+~|\\{1\\bar{t}\\}|=","type":"inline_equation","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[27.3908629442,27.72,42.5279187817,34.92]],"header":[[315.7157360406,27.0,540.2487309645,35.64]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[27,45,279,192],"spans":[{"bbox":[27,45,276,192],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/3_27_45_276_192.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[269,196,279,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[269,196,277,205],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[125,207,172,216],"spans":[{"bbox":[125,207,172,216],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,231,279,242],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,231,108,241],"content":"F Q_{n+1}=Q_{n}^{0}\\otimes Q_{n}^{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[109,231,138,242],"content":" and let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[139,231,154,242],"content":"K_{1,3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[155,231,263,242],"content":" be a connected subgraph of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[264,231,274,241],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,243,279,254],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,243,176,254],"content":"Using Lemma 9 then yields (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[177,243,277,254],"content":"|N_{F Q_{n+1}}(K_{1,3})|=(3+1)n+","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,258,279,271],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,258,108,271],"content":"2-{\\binom{3}{2}}=4n-1,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[109,258,144,271],"content":"and (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[145,258,225,271],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,3}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[226,258,279,271],"content":"is connected","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,277,279,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,277,91,287],"content":"with 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Therefore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[148,277,194,287],"content":"N_{F Q_{n+1}}(K_{1,3})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[195,277,248,287],"content":"is the desired","type":"text"},{"bbox":[249,277,260,288],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[261,277,278,288],"content":"-cut,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,288,202,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,288,90,298],"content":"implying that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[92,289,166,297],"content":"\\kappa_{3}(F Q_{n+1})\\leq4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[167,288,181,298],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[182,289,202,297],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,297,279,308],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,299,109,308],"content":"Next, prove that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[110,299,184,308],"content":"\\kappa_{3}(F Q_{n+1})\\geq4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[185,298,197,308],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[198,298,218,308],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[219,297,277,308],"content":" In other words,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,309,279,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,309,98,319],"content":"the size of every","type":"text"},{"bbox":[99,309,109,320],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[110,309,133,319],"content":"-cut of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[134,309,158,320],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[159,309,194,320],"content":"is at least","type":"text"},{"bbox":[195,309,220,319],"content":"4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[221,309,278,319],"content":".For the sake of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,320,279,331],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,321,126,330],"content":"contradiction, suppose","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,321,182,331],"content":"F\\subset V(F Q_{n+1})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[183,321,206,330],"content":"with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[207,320,254,330],"content":"\\vert F\\vert\\le4n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[255,320,279,330],"content":"is an","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,331,279,342],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,331,49,341],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[50,331,93,340],"content":"-cut; that is,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[94,332,136,341],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[137,332,232,340],"content":"does not contain isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[233,331,246,341],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[247,331,278,342],"content":"isolated","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,341,279,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,342,51,351],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,342,92,350],"content":"or isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[93,342,102,352],"content":"P_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[103,343,157,352],"content":". Showing that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[158,341,199,352],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[200,343,278,352],"content":"is connected yields a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,352,89,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,352,89,359],"content":" contradiction.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,362,279,374],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,362,65,374],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[66,362,126,374],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap V(Q_{n}^{0})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[127,362,148,374],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[149,362,209,374],"content":"F_{1}=F\\cap V(Q_{n}^{1})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[210,362,278,374],"content":". Without loss of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,375,279,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,375,132,384],"content":"generality, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[133,375,172,385],"content":"|F_{0}|\\geq|F_{1}|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[173,375,204,385],"content":". Thus,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[205,375,279,384],"content":"2|F_{1}|\\leq|F_{0}|+|F_{1}|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,385,279,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,385,84,396],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F|\\le4n-2,}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[85,385,122,395],"content":"implying","type":"text"},{"bbox":[123,386,237,395],"content":"\\textstyle|F_{1}|\\leq\\left\\lfloor{\\frac{4n-2}{2}}\\right\\rfloor=2n-1\\leq3n-6","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,385,253,395],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,385,274,396],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,396,279,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,397,153,406],"content":"According to the result in [7],","type":"text"},{"bbox":[154,396,183,406],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,397,278,406],"content":" then satisfies one of the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,407,279,417],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,407,147,416],"content":"following four scenarios: (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[148,407,178,417],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[179,407,245,417],"content":"is connected, (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[246,407,276,417],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,418,279,428],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,418,276,428],"content":"contains two components, one of which one is an isolated vertex,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,429,279,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,429,49,438],"content":"(3)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[50,429,79,438],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[80,429,277,438],"content":" contains two components, one of which is an isolated","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,439,279,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,439,73,450],"content":"edge. (4)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[74,439,103,450],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[104,439,278,450],"content":" contains three components, two of which are","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,451,99,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,451,99,461],"content":"isolated vertices.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,464,279,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,464,68,475],"content":"Case 1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,464,98,474],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[99,464,238,474],"content":"is connected. Because every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[239,464,268,474],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[269,464,277,475],"content":"is","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,475,279,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,476,152,485],"content":"connected to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[153,475,183,485],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,476,276,485],"content":"(by using Lemma 10),","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,486,142,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,486,91,496],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,486,142,496],"content":"is connected.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,497,279,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,497,69,507],"content":"Case 2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[70,497,100,507],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[101,497,279,507],"content":" contains two components, one of which is an","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,508,279,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,508,241,519],"content":"isolated vertex; that is, 1t. It remains to show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,508,250,519],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[251,508,278,519],"content":"can be","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,520,279,529],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,520,105,529],"content":"connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,520,162,529],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,520,279,529],"content":"by using some vertices in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,530,279,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,530,80,539],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[81,530,124,538],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,530,167,539],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[168,530,262,539],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[263,530,277,540],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,540,279,552],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,540,75,552],"content":"0t\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[76,541,90,551],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[91,540,116,549],"content":"0\\bar{t}\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[117,541,131,550],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[132,540,160,552],"content":"1{\\bar{t}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,542,278,550],"content":"then the result holds. Hence,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,551,269,560],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,553,96,560],"content":" assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[97,551,123,560],"content":"1\\bar{t}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[125,553,269,559],"content":". Consider the following two subcases.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,560,279,573],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,561,78,571],"content":"Case 2.1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[81,563,105,569],"content":"0t\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[106,561,122,573],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,560,150,568],"content":"0\\bar{t}\\notin{F_{0}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[151,562,187,571],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[188,560,230,569],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[231,561,278,568],"content":" contains no","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,569,279,579],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,572,80,579],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[81,570,94,579],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[95,574,120,579],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[123,569,129,579],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[130,572,141,579],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[142,570,150,579],"content":"0\\bar{t}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[151,572,211,579],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[212,570,222,579],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[223,572,234,579],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[235,572,265,579],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[266,570,279,579],"content":". If","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,580,279,590],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,580,77,590],"content":"1u\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[78,580,89,590],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[90,580,119,590],"content":"1{\\overline{{u}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,580,278,590],"content":" then the result holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,592,279,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,592,78,602],"content":"1u\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[79,592,96,603],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[97,592,125,605],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[126,592,278,599],"content":". Without loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,600,279,612],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,603,59,612],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[60,607,194,611],"content":"is adjacent to Ot. For the neighbors of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[195,600,203,612],"content":"0\\bar{t}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,600,212,612],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[213,600,225,612],"content":"Q_{n}^{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[226,603,277,612],"content":"the following","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,613,189,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,613,189,620],"content":"two scenarios are considered further:","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,621,279,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,621,86,632],"content":"Case 2.1.1","type":"text"},{"bbox":[87,621,135,632],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[136,621,156,632],"content":". Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[157,621,166,632],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[167,621,227,632],"content":"be a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,621,276,632],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,633,279,643],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,633,127,643],"content":"(see Fig. 2a)． If ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[128,633,153,642],"content":"1v\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[154,633,175,643],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[176,633,205,642],"content":"1{\\overline{{v}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[206,633,278,642],"content":" then the result","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,643,279,653],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,644,159,653],"content":"holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[160,644,188,653],"content":"1v\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[189,643,211,653],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[212,643,239,653],"content":"1\\bar{v}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[240,643,277,653],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,654,279,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,654,117,663],"content":"d_{H}(0t,0{\\bar{t}})=n\\geq5,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,654,249,663],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}\\big(\\{0t,0u\\}\\big)\\cap N_{Q_{n}^{0}}\\big(\\{0v,0\\bar{t}\\}\\big)=\\emptyset,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[250,654,276,664],"content":"imply-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,664,279,674],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,664,76,674],"content":"ing |","type":"text"},{"bbox":[77,665,273,673],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,\\!0u,\\!0v,\\!0\\bar{t}\\})|=\\!|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,\\!0u\\})|\\!+\\!|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0v,\\!0\\bar{t}\\})|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,674,279,684],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,675,139,684],"content":"2(n{-}1){+}2(n{-}1){=}4n{-}4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[140,675,167,684],"content":"．Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[168,674,274,684],"content":"Y\\,=\\,\\{(0y,1y)|\\;0y\\in\\,N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,685,279,695],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,685,93,694],"content":"0u,0v,0{\\bar{t}}\\})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[94,685,130,695],"content":". Clearly,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[131,685,218,693],"content":"\\{1u,\\,1v,1\\bar{t}\\}\\cap V(Y)=\\emptyset","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[219,685,255,695],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[256,685,278,694],"content":"|Y|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,694,279,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,696,164,705],"content":"|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,0u,0v,0\\bar{t}\\})|=4n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[165,695,190,704],"content":"and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[191,694,199,706],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[200,696,279,704],"content":" contains at most","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,705,279,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,707,206,716],"content":"|F-\\{1u,\\,1v,1\\bar{t}\\}|\\leq(4n-2)-3=4n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[207,705,278,716],"content":"faulty vertices, an","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,717,248,727],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,717,70,727],"content":"edge","type":"text"},{"bbox":[71,717,114,726],"content":"(0y,1y)\\in Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[115,717,175,726],"content":"exists such that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[176,717,203,727],"content":"0y\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,717,221,727],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,717,248,726],"content":"1y\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,727,279,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[44,728,87,736],"content":"Case 2.1.2","type":"text"},{"bbox":[88,728,134,736],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})\\subseteq F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,727,168,736],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[169,728,275,736],"content":"d_{H}(0t,0{\\bar{t}})\\,{=}\\,d_{H}(1t,1{\\bar{t}})\\,{=}\\,n\\,{\\geq}\\,5,","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[359,47,473,176],"spans":[{"bbox":[359,47,473,176],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/3_359_47_473_176.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[478,188,484,195],"spans":[{"bbox":[478,188,484,195],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[330,196,377,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,196,377,205],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,235,542,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,235,333,245],"content":"n+1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[334,235,407,245],"content":".Therefore, because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,235,540,245],"content":"|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,0u\\})|=2(n-1)=2n-2","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,246,542,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,246,335,257],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[336,246,365,257],"content":"\\{0t,0u\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[366,246,456,257],"content":"contains at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,246,540,257],"content":"\\left|F_{0}-N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})\\right|=\\left|F\\right|-","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,258,542,267],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,258,508,266],"content":"\\begin{array}{r l}{|F_{1}|-|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})|\\le(4n-2)-(n+1)-n=}&{{}\\;2n-3}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[509,258,540,267],"content":" faulty","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,267,542,277],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,268,379,277],"content":"neighbors, either ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[380,267,388,277],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[389,267,404,277],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[405,267,414,277],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,269,517,277],"content":" has a fault-free neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[518,268,528,277],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[529,269,541,277],"content":"in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,278,542,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,278,343,287],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,278,436,287],"content":"(seeFig.2b).Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[437,278,539,286],"content":"Y=\\{(0y,1y)|0y\\in N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,288,542,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,288,345,297],"content":"0u,0v\\})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[346,288,394,297],"content":".Clearly,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[395,288,537,298],"content":"\\big(N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\overline{{t}})\\cup\\{1u,1v,1\\overline{{t}},1\\overline{{u}}\\}\\big)\\cap V(Y)=\\emptyset","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[538,288,540,297],"content":"：","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,298,542,308],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,298,343,308],"content":"Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[344,299,466,308],"content":"|Y|=|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,0u,0v\\})|\\ge3n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[467,299,541,308],"content":"(by using Lemma 5)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,309,542,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,309,329,320],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,309,338,320],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[339,309,407,320],"content":"contains at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,309,542,319],"content":"|F-(N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\overline{{t}})\\cup\\{1u,1v,1\\overline{{t}},1\\overline{{u}}\\})|\\leq","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,320,542,331],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,321,422,330],"content":"(4n\\mathrm{~-~}2)\\ -(n+4)=3n\\mathrm{~-~}6","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[423,320,512,330],"content":"faulty vertices, an edge","type":"text"},{"bbox":[513,320,539,331],"content":"(0y,1y)","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,331,458,341],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,331,328,341],"content":"\\in Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[329,331,387,340],"content":"exists such that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[388,331,414,341],"content":"0y\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,331,432,341],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,331,458,341],"content":"1y\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[302,340,542,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,342,341,352],"content":"Case 2.2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,342,369,352],"content":"(0t\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,341,386,352],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[387,342,414,352],"content":"0\\bar{t}\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,343,430,352],"content":")or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[431,342,458,352],"content":"(0t\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,340,475,352],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[476,340,502,352],"content":"0{\\bar{t}}\\notin F_{0}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,340,541,352],"content":"0. Without","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,353,542,363],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,353,428,363],"content":"loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[429,353,453,362],"content":"0t\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[454,353,471,363],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[472,353,499,362],"content":"0\\bar{t}\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[500,353,511,363],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[512,353,540,362],"content":"1{\\bar{t}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,364,542,374],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,364,476,374],"content":"then the result holds. Hence, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,364,504,374],"content":"1\\bar{t}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,364,540,374],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,375,542,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,375,355,384],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,375,434,384],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[435,375,459,384],"content":"K_{2},\\,0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,375,518,385],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[519,375,530,384],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[531,375,541,385],"content":"in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,385,542,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,385,342,395],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,385,393,396],"content":"(see Fig. 3). If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[394,385,420,395],"content":"1u\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[421,385,431,396],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[432,386,461,395],"content":"1{\\overline{{u}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[462,386,539,394],"content":"then the result holds.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,395,542,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,397,414,406],"content":"Therefore, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[415,397,444,406],"content":"1u\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[445,396,471,406],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[472,395,500,406],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[501,396,540,406],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,407,542,417],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,407,355,416],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,407,439,416],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,407,452,416],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,407,480,417],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[481,407,489,416],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,407,503,417],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[504,407,515,417],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[516,407,541,417],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,417,542,428],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,417,348,428],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,417,358,428],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,417,370,428],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[371,417,400,428],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[401,417,413,428],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,417,440,428],"content":"1v\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[441,418,453,428],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[454,418,483,428],"content":"1{\\overline{{v}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[484,418,541,428],"content":"then the result","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,429,542,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,429,422,438],"content":"holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[423,429,451,438],"content":"1v\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[452,429,474,438],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,429,502,438],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,429,541,438],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,439,542,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,439,516,450],"content":"d_{H}(0t,0\\Bar{t})=d_{H}(1t,1\\Bar{t})=n\\ge5,\\quad0\\Bar{t}\\notin N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,0u,0v\\})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[517,439,541,450],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,451,542,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,451,413,461],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{1}}({1}t)\\cap\\ \\{1\\overline{{t}},1\\overline{{u}},1\\overline{{v}}\\}=\\emptyset,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,451,454,461],"content":" implying","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,451,538,461],"content":"|F_{1}|\\geq|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(1t)|+|\\{1\\bar{t},","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,464,542,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,464,324,474],"content":"1u,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[325,464,376,475],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\}|=n+3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[377,464,401,474],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[402,464,541,474],"content":"\\left|F_{0}\\right|=\\left|F\\right|-\\left|F_{1}\\right|\\leq\\left(4n-2\\right)-\\left(n+3\\right)=","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,475,542,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,476,335,485],"content":"3n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[336,476,381,485],"content":" Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[382,475,492,485],"content":"\\begin{array}{r l}{|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}}&{{}(\\{0t,0u,0v\\})|\\ge3n-5}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,475,542,485],"content":"(by using","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,486,542,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,486,375,496],"content":"Lemma 5) and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[376,486,417,496],"content":"\\{0t,0u,0v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,486,490,496],"content":" contains at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,486,541,496],"content":"\\vert F_{0}-\\{0\\bar{t}\\}\\vert\\le","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,497,542,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,497,343,507],"content":"(3n-5)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,497,392,507],"content":"-1=3n-6","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[393,497,467,507],"content":"faulty neighbors in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[468,497,481,507],"content":"Q_{n}^{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[482,497,524,507],"content":"\\{0t,0u,0v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[525,497,541,507],"content":"has","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,508,542,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,508,356,519],"content":"a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[357,508,369,519],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,508,382,519],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[383,508,413,519],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,508,428,519],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[429,508,458,519],"content":"1w\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,508,472,519],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,508,504,519],"content":"1{\\overline{{w}}}\\notin F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,508,541,519],"content":"then the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,520,542,529],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,520,454,529],"content":"result holds. Therefore, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,520,485,529],"content":"1w\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,520,507,529],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[508,520,537,529],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,530,542,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,530,400,539],"content":"For convenience, let ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[401,530,479,539],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\begin{array}{r l}{\\{0t,0u,0v,0w\\}}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[480,530,505,541],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,530,538,541],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{1\\bar{t}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,540,542,551],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,540,394,551],"content":"1u,1\\overline{{u}},1v,\\ \\ 1\\overline{{v}},1w,1\\overline{{w}}\\big\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[395,542,542,550],"content":". The remaining proof is similar to","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,552,542,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,552,541,559],"content":" the method described in Paragraph 2 in the proof of Lemma 10.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,560,542,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[298,562,331,573],"content":"Case 3.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[332,560,362,574],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,561,542,572],"content":" contains two components, one of which is an","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,573,542,582],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,575,398,582],"content":"isolated edge; that is,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,573,425,582],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[426,573,483,582],"content":". Furthermore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[484,574,511,582],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[512,573,541,582],"content":"can be","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,583,542,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,583,365,593],"content":"connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[366,583,435,592],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,583,541,592],"content":" by using some vertices in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,593,542,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,594,343,606],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,595,382,606],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[383,593,433,606],"content":"|F_{1}|\\leq\\,2n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,594,454,606],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,593,541,606],"content":"|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(\\{1u,1v\\})\\cap F_{1}|\\,=","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,607,542,616],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,607,339,616],"content":"2n-2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,607,372,616],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[373,607,389,616],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,607,417,616],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,607,541,616],"content":".First consider the case that","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,617,542,628],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,617,340,627],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,617,357,628],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[358,617,384,628],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,617,420,628],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[421,617,463,627],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[464,617,540,627],"content":"contains no isolated","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,628,542,637],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,629,423,637],"content":"K_{2},\\ |\\{0u,0\\overline{{{u}}},0v,0\\overline{{{v}}}\\}\\cap F_{0}|\\neq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,628,459,637],"content":".Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[460,629,487,637],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[488,628,540,637],"content":"can be con-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,638,542,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,638,348,649],"content":"nected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,638,419,649],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[420,638,493,649],"content":"by using vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[494,638,523,649],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[524,638,540,649],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,650,542,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,650,492,659],"content":"the result holds. Next, consider the case that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[493,650,521,659],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,650,541,659],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,660,542,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,660,339,669],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[340,660,353,669],"content":"(or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[354,660,381,669],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[382,660,398,669],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,660,427,669],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[428,660,440,669],"content":"0. If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,660,466,669],"content":"0v\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[467,660,477,669],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[478,660,507,669],"content":"0\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[508,660,541,669],"content":"then the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,670,542,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,670,432,680],"content":"result holds. 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Hence,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,391,542,399],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,391,542,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,391,371,399],"content":"Condition 3 holds.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,391,541,399],"content":"口","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[286,403,542,415],"lines":[{"bbox":[286,403,542,415],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,403,362,414],"content":"Lemma 13. 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Then, every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[420,451,431,466],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[432,451,487,466],"content":"is connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,451,492,466],"content":"a","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,451,527,466],"content":"vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[528,451,539,466],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,463,365,470],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,463,365,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,463,322,470],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,465,365,470],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[286,475,542,487],"lines":[{"bbox":[286,475,542,487],"spans":[{"bbox":[286,475,332,486],"content":"Proof. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[333,475,342,487],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,475,402,487],"content":"be any vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[403,475,433,487],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,475,483,486],"content":"(see Fig. 5). 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Without loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[256,284,268,295],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[269,284,276,294],"content":"is","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,295,280,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,295,93,304],"content":"adjacent to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[94,295,104,304],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[105,295,132,304],"content":"Thus,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[133,295,144,304],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[145,295,218,304],"content":"is also adjacent to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,295,228,304],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[229,296,265,304],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[266,296,277,304],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,305,280,315],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,305,108,315],"content":"is adjacent to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[109,305,119,315],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,305,142,315],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[143,305,199,315],"content":"d_{H}(1\\overline{{u}},1u)\\geq5,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[203,305,276,315],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\notin N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(\\{1u,1v\\}),","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,316,280,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,316,108,326],"content":"which leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[109,316,137,325],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,316,172,326],"content":"because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[173,316,203,325],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\neq1\\overline{{u}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,316,249,326],"content":".Therefore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[250,316,277,325],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,327,280,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,327,171,336],"content":"can be connected to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[172,327,241,336],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[242,327,278,336],"content":"by using","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,337,89,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,337,59,349],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[60,337,77,348],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[78,337,89,348],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,348,280,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,350,78,359],"content":"Case 3.2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[79,349,108,359],"content":"(0u\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[109,348,126,359],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,348,156,359],"content":"0\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[157,348,172,359],"content":")or(","type":"text"},{"bbox":[173,348,202,358],"content":"(0u\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[203,348,220,358],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,348,249,358],"content":"0\\overline{{{u}}}\\notin F_{0}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[250,348,277,358],"content":"0.With-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,359,280,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,360,176,369],"content":"out loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[177,359,204,370],"content":"0u\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[205,359,221,370],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,359,250,369],"content":"0\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[251,359,278,369],"content":". Recall","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,370,280,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,370,66,379],"content":"that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[67,370,95,380],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[96,370,130,379],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[131,370,155,380],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[156,371,232,380],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[233,370,244,379],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[245,370,278,380],"content":" Ou has a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,380,280,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,381,85,390],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[86,381,97,390],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[98,380,109,390],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[110,381,140,390],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[141,381,278,390],"content":"(see Fig. 4b). The remainder of the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,391,200,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,391,200,399],"content":" proof is similar to that used in Case 3.1.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,400,280,411],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,400,69,411],"content":"Case 4.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[70,400,100,411],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[101,400,278,411],"content":" contains three components, two of which are","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,412,280,421],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,412,146,421],"content":"isolated vertices; that is,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[147,412,157,421],"content":"_{1u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[158,412,177,421],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[178,412,187,421],"content":"1v","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[188,412,278,421],"content":". Based on the method","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,422,280,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,422,237,432],"content":"similar to that used in Case 3, we can show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[238,422,248,432],"content":"_{1u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[249,422,267,432],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[268,422,277,432],"content":"1v","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,433,280,443],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,433,122,443],"content":"can be connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[123,433,192,443],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[193,433,279,443],"content":"by using some vertices","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,444,89,452],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,444,59,452],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[60,444,89,451],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,453,232,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[46,453,232,464],"content":" Combining the above cases completes the proof.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,465,280,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,465,278,475],"content":" Based on Lemma 9 and the proof of Theorem 1, the following","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,476,280,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,476,279,485],"content":"corollary extends the results to suggest an upper bound","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,486,56,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,487,47,496],"content":"of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[48,486,56,496],"content":"\\kappa_{g}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[83,495,210,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,495,210,507],"content":"\\kappa_{g}(F Q_{n+1})\\leq(g+1)n+2-\\binom{g}{2},","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,502,280,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,502,82,511],"content":"Corollary 1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[215,502,238,511],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[239,502,260,511],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[261,502,277,511],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,512,74,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,512,74,522],"content":"0\\leq g\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,528,158,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,528,158,540],"content":"4.23-Edge Extra Connectivity","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,549,280,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,549,91,558],"content":"Lemma 11. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[92,549,99,559],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[100,549,201,557],"content":"be a connected subgraph of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[202,549,213,560],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[214,549,233,561],"content":"with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[234,549,276,559],"content":"|V(A)|=4,","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,558,280,569],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,560,59,569],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[60,559,81,569],"content":"n\\geq3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[82,561,161,569],"content":"Then,each neighborof","type":"text"},{"bbox":[162,558,168,569],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[169,559,178,569],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[179,558,189,569],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[190,562,278,569],"content":"is adjacent to at most two","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,570,83,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,570,75,578],"content":"vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[76,570,82,578],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,583,280,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,583,94,593],"content":"Proof. Note that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[95,583,101,594],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[102,583,183,594],"content":"can be isomorphic to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[184,583,207,594],"content":"P_{4},\\,C_{4}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[208,583,219,594],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[220,583,235,595],"content":"K_{1,3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[236,583,253,594],"content":". Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,583,259,595],"content":"y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[260,583,277,595],"content":"be a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,594,280,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,595,82,606],"content":"neighbor of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[83,594,89,606],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[90,595,100,606],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[101,595,112,606],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[113,596,211,604],"content":"Suppose, conversely, that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[212,595,217,606],"content":"y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[218,596,279,605],"content":"is adjacent to at","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,607,280,614],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,607,278,614],"content":"least three vertices in A. Hence, either (1) a triangle is generated, or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,615,280,623],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,615,279,623],"content":"(2) two vertices having at least three common neighbors exist in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,628,280,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,628,51,633],"content":"Q_{n},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,628,170,633],"content":"which leads to a contradiction.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[268,628,279,633],"content":"口","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,645,280,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,645,91,658],"content":"Lemma 12. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[92,645,134,658],"content":"F\\subset E(Q_{n})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,645,154,658],"content":"with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[155,645,204,658],"content":"|F|\\leq2n-2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[205,645,230,658],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[231,645,251,658],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[252,645,277,658],"content":"Then,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,659,280,667],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,659,66,667],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[67,659,247,667],"content":"satisfies one of the following three scenarios: (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[248,659,277,667],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,668,280,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,669,99,678],"content":"is connected. 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Otherwise,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,716,280,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,716,91,726],"content":"assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[92,716,121,725],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[122,716,229,725],"content":" is disconnected. Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[230,716,277,725],"content":"\\vert F\\vert\\le2n-2","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,726,280,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,727,108,736],"content":"<3n-4=\\lambda_{2}(Q_{n})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[109,726,156,736],"content":"[25], where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[157,726,179,736],"content":"n\\geq4.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[183,726,212,736],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[213,726,278,736],"content":" contains at least","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,737,280,747],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,737,279,747],"content":"one isolated vertex or one isolated edge. In addition, because at ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,231,542,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,231,318,241],"content":"least","type":"text"},{"bbox":[319,231,343,241],"content":"2n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,231,540,241],"content":"edges must be removed to obtain two isolated vertices","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,242,542,252],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,242,311,252],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[312,243,323,252],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[324,242,343,252],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[344,242,393,252],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F|\\le2n-2,}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,242,541,252],"content":" at most one isolated vertex exists in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,253,542,263],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,253,328,262],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[329,253,450,263],"content":". Conversely, because at least ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[451,253,477,262],"content":"3n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[478,253,541,262],"content":"edges must be","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,263,542,273],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,264,475,273],"content":"removed to obtain an isolated vertex subset","type":"text"},{"bbox":[476,263,485,273],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,263,498,273],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[499,263,513,273],"content":"Q_{n},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[514,263,541,273],"content":"where","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,274,542,283],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,274,331,283],"content":"|V^{\\prime}|\\geq3,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,274,348,283],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,274,495,283],"content":"|F|\\leq2n-2<3n-4\\,\\mathrm{for}\\,n\\geq4,Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[496,274,540,283],"content":"satisfies one","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,284,542,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,284,540,294],"content":"of the following two scenarios: (i) There is exactly one isolated","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,295,542,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,295,407,304],"content":"vertex (hereafter, denoted by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,295,412,304],"content":"t_{,}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[413,295,423,304],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[424,295,452,304],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,295,541,304],"content":" (ii) There is exactly one","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,305,499,315],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,305,434,315],"content":"isolated edge, hereafter denoted by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[435,305,455,315],"content":"(u,v),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[456,305,467,315],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[468,305,495,315],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[496,305,499,315],"content":"，","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,316,542,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,316,386,325],"content":"If (i) holds, then","type":"text"},{"bbox":[387,316,437,326],"content":"Q_{n}-F-\\{t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,316,539,325],"content":"is connected as follows.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,326,542,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,326,338,336],"content":"Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[339,327,517,336],"content":"\\lambda(Q_{n}-\\{t\\})\\geq\\kappa(Q_{n}-\\{t\\})\\geq\\kappa(Q_{n})-1=n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[518,326,541,336],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,337,542,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,337,495,349],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|E(Q_{n}-\\{t\\})\\cap F|=|F|-|N E_{Q_{n}}(t)|\\le n-2,~~Q_{n}-}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[496,337,541,348],"content":"F-{t}is","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,349,542,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,350,521,358],"content":"connected. Hence, Condition 2 holds. If (i) holds, then ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[522,349,540,359],"content":"Q_{n}-","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,359,542,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,359,339,369],"content":"F-\\{u,v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[340,359,476,369],"content":"is connected as follows. Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,360,540,369],"content":"\\lambda(Q_{n}-\\{u,v\\})\\ge","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,370,542,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,370,401,379],"content":"\\kappa(Q_{n}-\\{u,v\\})\\ge n-2\\ge1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[402,370,416,380],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,370,438,379],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[439,370,457,380],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[458,371,541,379],"content":"\\left|E(Q_{n}\\!-\\!\\{u,v\\})\\cap F\\right|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,380,542,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,380,392,390],"content":"|F|-|N E_{Q_{n}}(\\{u,v\\})|\\,{=}\\,0,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[395,381,455,390],"content":"Q_{n}-F-\\ \\{u,v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[456,381,539,390],"content":"is connected. Hence,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,391,542,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,391,371,399],"content":"Condition 3 holds.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,391,541,399],"content":"口","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,403,542,415],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,403,362,414],"content":"Lemma 13. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[366,403,483,415],"content":"F Q_{n+1}=G(Q_{n}^{0},Q_{n}^{1},P M_{0},\\overline{{{P M}}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[484,403,513,414],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[514,403,540,414],"content":"F\\subset E","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,415,542,427],"spans":[{"bbox":[298,415,336,427],"content":"(FQn+1),","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,416,482,427],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap E(Q_{n}^{0}),\\ \\ \\ \\ F_{1}=F\\cap E(Q_{n}^{1}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[483,416,513,427],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[521,415,541,427],"content":"F_{c}=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,428,542,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,428,366,437],"content":"F\\cap(P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[367,428,396,438],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,428,417,438],"content":"n\\geq3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,428,473,438],"content":".Suppose that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[474,428,522,437],"content":"|F|\\leq\\,4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[523,428,541,437],"content":"and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,438,542,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,438,343,450],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,439,463,450],"content":"does not contain any isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[464,439,478,450],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[479,438,513,450],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[514,438,527,450],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[528,438,542,450],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,451,542,466],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,451,325,462],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[329,451,338,464],"content":"P_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[339,451,419,462],"content":". Then, every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[420,451,431,466],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[432,451,487,466],"content":"is connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,451,492,466],"content":"a","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,451,527,466],"content":"vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[528,451,539,466],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,463,365,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,463,322,470],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,465,365,470],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,475,542,487],"spans":[{"bbox":[286,475,332,486],"content":"Proof. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[333,475,342,487],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,475,402,487],"content":"be any vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[403,475,433,487],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,475,483,486],"content":"(see Fig. 5). If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[484,475,530,487],"content":"(0u,1u)\\notin{F_{c}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[531,475,542,487],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,488,542,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,488,349,495],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[350,488,541,495],"content":" then the result holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,496,542,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,496,348,507],"content":"(0u,1u)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,496,367,507],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[368,496,414,507],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,496,451,507],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,496,493,507],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,496,541,507],"content":" contains no","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,508,542,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,508,331,518],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[332,508,345,517],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[346,508,418,518],"content":" Ou has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[419,508,428,518],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[429,508,440,518],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,508,470,517],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[471,508,483,518],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[484,508,529,518],"content":"(0v,1v)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,508,541,518],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,519,542,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,519,348,528],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{{v}}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,519,541,528],"content":" then the result holds. Therefore, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,529,542,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,529,347,539],"content":"(0v,1v)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[348,529,366,540],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,529,413,539],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{v}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,529,450,540],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[451,529,493,539],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,529,541,539],"content":" contains no","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,540,542,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,540,332,549],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[333,540,347,550],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[348,541,374,549],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[375,540,384,550],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,540,398,550],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,540,408,550],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[409,541,472,550],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,540,484,550],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[485,540,497,550],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[498,540,527,549],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[528,540,542,550],"content":". If","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,550,542,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,551,350,561],"content":"(0w,1w)\\notin{\\cal F}_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[351,550,366,561],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,551,418,561],"content":"(0w,1\\overline{{w}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,551,540,561],"content":"then the result holds. Hence,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,562,542,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,562,363,570],"content":"assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[364,562,414,570],"content":"(0w,1w)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,562,447,570],"content":"　and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[448,562,497,569],"content":"(0w,1\\overline{{w}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[498,562,541,569],"content":"：Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,570,542,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,571,343,578],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,572,431,578],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[432,571,458,578],"content":"P_{3},\\ 0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,570,474,578],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,570,485,578],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,571,500,578],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[501,570,513,578],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[514,571,540,578],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,583,542,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,583,337,595],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,583,348,595],"content":"0x","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,583,362,595],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,583,393,594],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,583,408,595],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[409,583,455,595],"content":"(0x,1x)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[456,583,469,595],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[470,583,519,594],"content":"(0x,1\\overline{{x}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[520,583,541,594],"content":" then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,595,542,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,596,471,603],"content":"the result holds. Therefore, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[472,596,520,604],"content":"(0x,1x)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[521,595,541,605],"content":"and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,604,542,614],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,605,348,614],"content":"(0x,1\\overline{{x}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,604,438,614],"content":". For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[439,606,538,614],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{(0u,1u),(0u,1\\overline{{u}}),(0v,","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,615,542,623],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,615,480,623],"content":"1v),(0v,1\\overline{{v}}),(0w,1w),(0w,1\\overline{{w}}),(0x,1x),(0x,1\\overline{{x}})\\},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,615,509,623],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[521,615,540,623],"content":"V^{\\prime}=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,628,542,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,628,357,633],"content":"\\{0u,0v,0w,0x\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,628,540,633],"content":"口.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[286,645,542,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[286,645,391,658],"content":" Claim 1. There are in total","type":"text"},{"bbox":[392,645,434,658],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[435,645,541,658],"content":"pairwise edge-disjoint paths","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,659,542,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,659,389,669],"content":"in which each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,659,398,669],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,659,452,669],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[453,659,464,669],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[465,659,490,669],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,659,534,669],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[535,659,538,669],"content":"，","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[286,670,542,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,670,541,682],"content":" Proof of the claim. These paths are constructed by examining each","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,683,542,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,683,325,694],"content":"vertex","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,683,374,692],"content":"0y\\in N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[375,683,540,692],"content":". By using Lemma 11, one or two neighboring","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,693,542,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,695,331,703],"content":"edges of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[332,693,340,706],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,694,413,703],"content":"are incident to Oy. If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,693,417,705],"content":"e","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,693,541,703],"content":"is the unique neighboring edge of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,704,542,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,704,309,715],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[310,707,352,715],"content":"incident to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[353,704,363,715],"content":"0y,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[364,705,392,715],"content":"choose","type":"text"},{"bbox":[393,706,433,715],"content":"\\langle e,(0y,1y)\\rangle","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,705,490,715],"content":"as the path for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,704,494,715],"content":"e","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[495,704,540,715],"content":". Otherwise,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,716,542,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,716,311,726],"content":"let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[312,716,318,726],"content":"e^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[319,716,335,726],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[336,716,343,725],"content":"e^{\\prime\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,716,451,725],"content":"be two neighboring edges of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,716,460,726],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[461,716,540,725],"content":"incident to Oy. In this","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,726,542,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,727,362,736],"content":"case, we choose","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,726,406,736],"content":"\\langle e^{\\prime},(0y,1y)\\rangle","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[407,726,424,736],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[425,727,470,736],"content":"\\langle e^{\\prime\\prime},(0y,1\\overline{{y}})\\rangle","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[471,726,532,736],"content":"as the paths for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,726,539,736],"content":"e^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,737,542,747],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,737,316,747],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[317,737,325,747],"content":"e^{\\prime\\prime},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[326,737,448,747],"content":" respectively. By examining each","type":"text"},{"bbox":[449,737,459,747],"content":"0y,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,737,497,747],"content":"construct","type":"text"},{"bbox":[498,737,539,747],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|","type":"inline_equation"}]}]]},"page_5":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[35,48,263,173],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,48,263,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,48,263,173],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/5_41_48_263_173.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[112,188,158,197],"lines":[{"bbox":[112,188,158,197],"spans":[{"bbox":[112,188,158,197],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,226,279,237],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,226,279,237],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,226,218,237],"content":"pairwise edge-disjoint paths where each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,226,228,237],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[229,226,278,237],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,238,119,249],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,238,119,249],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,238,49,249],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[50,238,75,249],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[76,238,119,249],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,250,279,259],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,250,279,259],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,250,276,259],"content":"One can perform the rest of proof in this way. By using Claim 1,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,260,279,270],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,260,279,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,260,73,270],"content":"there are","type":"text"},{"bbox":[74,260,152,270],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|\\geq4n-8","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[153,260,277,270],"content":"(by using Lemmas 1-3) pairwise","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,271,279,282],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,271,279,282],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,271,200,282],"content":"edge-disjoint paths in which each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[201,271,210,282],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,271,265,282],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[266,271,277,282],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,283,279,294],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,283,279,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,283,65,294],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[66,283,109,293],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[110,283,278,293],"content":".However, these paths contain at most","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,294,279,304],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,294,279,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,295,160,304],"content":"\\left|F-F^{\\prime}\\right|\\leq\\left(4n-1\\right)-8=4n-9","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,294,239,304],"content":"faulty edges. 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Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[152,354,161,363],"content":"C_{4}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[162,354,249,363],"content":"be a cycle of length 4 in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[250,354,274,363],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,364,279,375],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,364,279,375],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,366,140,373],"content":"The edge-neighborhood of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,364,151,375],"content":"C_{4}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[152,365,171,375],"content":"(i.e.,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[172,364,222,375],"content":"N E_{F Q_{n+1}}(C_{4}))","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[223,365,279,374],"content":"is the desired","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,374,279,385],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,374,279,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,374,49,385],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,376,201,383],"content":"-cut as follows. 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For","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,450,279,461],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,450,279,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,451,201,460],"content":"the sake of contradiction, suppose that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[202,451,257,461],"content":"F\\subset E(F Q_{n+1})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[259,450,278,461],"content":"is a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,462,279,473],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,462,279,473],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,462,118,473],"content":"subset of edges in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[119,462,234,473],"content":"F Q_{n+1}=G(Q_{n}^{0},Q_{n}^{1},P M_{0},\\overline{{{P M}}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[235,463,279,473],"content":"With size","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,474,279,486],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,474,279,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,474,86,483],"content":"\\left|F\\right|=4n-1,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[87,474,105,483],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,474,148,485],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[149,474,229,483],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[230,474,244,486],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[245,474,278,485],"content":"isolated","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,484,279,495],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,484,279,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,484,51,495],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,485,94,495],"content":"or isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[95,485,104,495],"content":"P_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[105,486,160,495],"content":". 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In","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,573,279,584],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,573,279,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,573,132,583],"content":"addition, the vertices of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[133,573,158,584],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[159,573,258,584],"content":"can be labeled such that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[259,573,277,584],"content":"|F\\cap\\mathbf{\\theta}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,584,105,594],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,584,105,594],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,584,105,594],"content":"(P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}})|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,594,279,605],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,594,279,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,595,71,605],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[72,595,119,604],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap Q_{n}^{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,594,187,603],"content":"，Fi=FnQ, ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[188,594,252,603],"content":"E_{c}=P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[253,594,277,605],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,604,279,615],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,604,279,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,606,83,615],"content":"F_{c}=F\\cap E_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[84,606,143,614],"content":"Therefore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[144,604,174,615],"content":"|F_{c}|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[175,605,206,615],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[207,606,278,614],"content":"\\left|F_{0}\\right|+\\left|F_{1}\\right|=\\left|F\\right|\\,-","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,615,279,625],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,615,279,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,616,142,625],"content":"|F_{c}|\\leq(4n-1)-3=4n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[143,616,253,625],"content":". Without loss of generality,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,615,278,625],"content":"|F_{0}|\\ge","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,626,279,638],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,626,279,638],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,626,51,638],"content":"|F_{1}|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,626,151,637],"content":"is assumed. Thus, we have","type":"text"},{"bbox":[152,626,276,638],"content":"2\\vert F_{1}\\vert\\leq\\vert F_{0}\\vert+\\vert F_{1}\\vert\\leq\\vert F\\vert\\leq4n-4,","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,639,279,648],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,639,279,648],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,639,101,648],"content":"which leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[102,640,186,648],"content":"\\textstyle|F_{1}|\\leq\\left\\lfloor{\\frac{4n-4}{2}}\\right\\rfloor=\\ 2n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[187,639,277,648],"content":". By using Lemma 12,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,649,279,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,649,279,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,649,68,659],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[69,649,278,659],"content":" then satisfies one of the following three scenarios:","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,660,279,670],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,660,279,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,660,50,670],"content":"(1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[51,660,80,670],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[81,660,146,670],"content":"is connected; (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[147,660,176,670],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[177,660,278,670],"content":"has two components, one","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,671,279,682],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,671,279,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,671,182,681],"content":" of which is an isolated vertex; and (3)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[183,671,213,682],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[214,671,278,682],"content":"has two compo-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,683,185,692],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,683,185,692],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,683,185,692],"content":"nents, one of which is an isolated edge.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,693,279,704],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,693,279,704],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,693,68,704],"content":"Case 1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,693,98,704],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[99,693,238,704],"content":"is connected. 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It remains to show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[197,736,205,746],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[206,736,278,746],"content":"can be connected to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"lines":[{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/5_354_48_473_173.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,223,542,234],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,223,542,234],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,223,369,234],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,223,380,234],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[381,223,423,234],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,223,464,234],"content":"Note that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[465,223,541,234],"content":"|F_{1}|\\geq|N E_{Q_{n}^{1}}(1t)|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[319,235,542,245],"lines":[{"bbox":[319,235,542,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,235,352,244],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[353,235,395,245],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[396,235,472,244],"content":"contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,235,529,245],"content":"K_{1},(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,235,541,245],"content":"or","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,237,318,247],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,237,318,247],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,237,318,247],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,246,500,256],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,246,500,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,248,355,256],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,246,500,255],"content":". This leads to the following scenarios.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,255,542,266],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,255,542,266],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,257,345,266],"content":"Case  2.1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,258,389,266],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[390,256,416,266],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,257,459,266],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin\\breve{F_{c}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,256,481,266],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[482,256,525,266],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[526,255,541,266],"content":"or","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,267,542,276],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,267,542,276],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,267,357,276],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})\\not\\in{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,267,541,275],"content":" then the result holds. 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According to an argu-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,344,542,353],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,344,542,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,345,432,353],"content":"mentsimilar to Claim","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,344,439,353],"content":"^{1,}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,345,541,353],"content":"there are in total","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,354,542,365],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,354,542,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,354,449,365],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|=2(n-1)+\\;\\;n=3n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[450,354,541,365],"content":" pairwise edge-disjoint","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,366,542,378],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,366,542,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,366,427,377],"content":"paths where each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,366,437,378],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,366,454,378],"content":".to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,366,512,377],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,366,542,378],"content":"under","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,379,542,389],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,379,542,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,379,445,387],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-\\left(F^{\\prime}\\cup\\{(0t,1t),\\ >(0\\bar{t},1t)\\}\\right)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[446,379,541,389],"content":". However, these paths","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,389,542,398],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,389,542,398],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,389,396,398],"content":"contain at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,390,540,398],"content":"\\vert F\\vert-\\vert F_{1}\\vert-\\vert F^{\\prime}\\vert\\leq(4n-1)\\ -n-4=","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,399,542,409],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,399,542,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,399,337,409],"content":"3n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[338,400,419,409],"content":"faulty edges. Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[420,399,427,409],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[428,399,541,409],"content":"can be connected to a vertex","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,410,447,420],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,410,447,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,410,322,420],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[323,410,378,419],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[379,410,405,419],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,410,447,419],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,419,542,430],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,419,542,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,421,345,430],"content":"Case 2.2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,420,389,430],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[390,421,411,430],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,420,458,430],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\in F_{c})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,419,474,430],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,419,521,430],"content":"((0t,1t)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,419,540,430],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,431,542,442],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,431,542,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,431,357,442],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin{F_{c}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,431,541,442],"content":". Without loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,443,542,453],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,443,542,453],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,443,355,453],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,443,373,453],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[374,443,416,453],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,443,474,453],"content":"(see Fig. 6b). If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,443,521,453],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,443,541,453],"content":"then","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,454,542,465],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,454,542,465],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,454,459,464],"content":"the result holds. Hence, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[460,454,503,465],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[504,454,541,464],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,465,542,475],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,465,542,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,465,355,474],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,465,434,474],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[435,465,458,475],"content":"K_{2},\\,0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,466,519,475],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[520,465,529,475],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,465,541,474],"content":"in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,475,542,486],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,475,542,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,475,342,486],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,475,354,486],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[355,475,399,486],"content":"(0u,1u)\\not\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[400,475,411,486],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,476,458,486],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\not\\in{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,476,539,486],"content":"then the result holds.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,487,542,496],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,487,542,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,487,389,496],"content":"Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,487,437,496],"content":"(0u,1u)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,487,456,496],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,487,504,496],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,487,540,496],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,497,542,507],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,497,542,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,497,355,507],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,497,439,507],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[440,497,452,507],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,497,480,507],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[481,497,489,507],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,497,504,507],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[505,497,515,507],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[516,497,541,507],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,508,542,518],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,508,542,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,508,348,518],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,508,358,518],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,508,371,518],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[372,508,401,518],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[402,508,415,518],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[416,508,459,518],"content":"(0v,1v)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,508,472,518],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,508,520,518],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{{v}}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[521,508,541,518],"content":"then","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,519,542,528],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,519,542,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,519,474,528],"content":"the result holds. Therefore, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,519,521,528],"content":"(0v,1v)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,519,540,528],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,529,542,540],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,529,542,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,529,358,539],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{v}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,529,454,539],"content":".．For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,529,504,540],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{(0t,1\\bar{t})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[512,529,537,539],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,540,542,550],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,540,542,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,540,438,550],"content":"(0u,1u),(0u,1\\overline{{u}}),(0v,1v),(0v,1\\overline{{v}})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,541,458,550],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[459,541,521,550],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\{0t,\\,0u,0v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,540,540,549],"content":".Ac-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,551,542,561],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,551,542,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,551,542,561],"content":" cording to an argument similar to Claim 1, there are in total","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,562,542,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,562,542,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,562,504,572],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|=\\,(n-1)+(n-2)+\\,(n-1)=3n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,562,541,572],"content":" pairwise","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,573,542,584],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,573,542,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,573,491,583],"content":"edge-disjoint paths in which each connects ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[492,573,502,584],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,573,518,584],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[519,573,540,583],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}\\ -","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,584,542,595],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,584,542,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,584,348,594],"content":"F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,584,372,595],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[373,584,457,595],"content":"F Q_{n+1}\\,-(F^{\\prime}\\cup(0t,1t))","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[458,585,540,594],"content":".However, these paths","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,596,542,605],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,596,542,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,596,380,605],"content":"contain at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[381,596,539,603],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F|-|F_{1}|-|F^{\\prime}|\\leq(4n-~1)-n-6~=3n-7}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,604,542,615],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,604,542,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,606,397,614],"content":"faulty edges. Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[398,604,405,615],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[406,604,541,615],"content":" can be connected to a vertex in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,615,437,625],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,615,437,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,615,369,625],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,615,395,625],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,616,437,625],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,626,542,639],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,626,542,639],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,626,330,638],"content":"Case 3.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[331,626,361,639],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[362,626,542,637],"content":"has two components, one of which is an isolated","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,638,542,648],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,638,542,648],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,640,362,648],"content":"edge; that is,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,638,390,648],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[391,638,485,648],"content":". It remains to show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[486,639,512,648],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,638,541,648],"content":" can be","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,649,542,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,649,542,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,649,363,659],"content":"connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[364,649,434,659],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[435,649,462,659],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[463,649,504,659],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,649,541,659],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,660,542,670],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,660,542,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,660,428,670],"content":"\\left|F\\right|=4n-1,\\left|F_{c}\\right|\\geq3,\\left|F_{0}\\right|\\geq\\left|F_{1}\\right|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[429,660,444,670],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[445,660,541,670],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F_{1}|\\ge|N E_{Q_{n}^{1}}(\\{1u,1v\\})|=}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,671,542,682],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,671,542,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,671,338,682],"content":"2n-2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[339,671,376,682],"content":"it leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[377,671,450,682],"content":"\\left|F_{0}\\right|=\\left|F_{1}\\right|=2n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[451,671,466,681],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[467,671,496,682],"content":"|F_{c}|=3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[497,671,541,681],"content":".Consider a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,683,542,692],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,683,542,692],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,683,477,692],"content":"set of  pairwise  edge-disjoint  paths","type":"text"},{"bbox":[478,683,538,692],"content":"E D P=\\{\\langle1u,0u,","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,693,542,704],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,693,542,704],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,693,457,704],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\rangle,\\langle1u,0\\overline{{u}},1\\overline{{u}}\\rangle,\\langle1v,0v,1\\overline{{v}}\\rangle,\\langle1v,0\\overline{{v}},1\\overline{{v}}\\rangle\\},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[458,693,539,704],"content":"where each path con-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,705,542,715],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,705,542,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,705,332,714],"content":"nects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[333,705,360,715],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[361,705,368,714],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[369,705,439,714],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}\\,-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,705,541,714],"content":"(see Fig. 7). 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edge-disjoint paths where each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,226,228,237],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[229,226,278,237],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,238,119,249],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,238,49,249],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[50,238,75,249],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[76,238,119,249],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,250,279,259],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,250,276,259],"content":"One can perform the rest of proof in this way. By using Claim 1,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,260,279,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,260,73,270],"content":"there are","type":"text"},{"bbox":[74,260,152,270],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|\\geq4n-8","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[153,260,277,270],"content":"(by using Lemmas 1-3) pairwise","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,271,279,282],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,271,200,282],"content":"edge-disjoint paths in which each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[201,271,210,282],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,271,265,282],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[266,271,277,282],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,283,279,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,283,65,294],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[66,283,109,293],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[110,283,278,293],"content":".However, these paths contain at most","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,294,279,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,295,160,304],"content":"\\left|F-F^{\\prime}\\right|\\leq\\left(4n-1\\right)-8=4n-9","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,294,239,304],"content":"faulty edges. Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[240,294,250,304],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[251,294,278,304],"content":"can be","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,306,279,314],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,306,126,314],"content":"connected to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,306,137,314],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,306,162,314],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[163,306,205,314],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[206,306,209,314],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[270,306,278,314],"content":"口","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[25,325,174,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,325,78,336],"content":"Theorem 2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[79,325,140,336],"content":"\\lambda_{3}(F Q_{n+1})=4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[141,325,153,336],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[154,325,174,336],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[25,340,279,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,340,55,353],"content":"Proof.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[56,340,117,353],"content":"\\lambda_{3}(F Q_{n+1})\\leq4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[118,340,133,353],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[134,340,156,353],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[157,340,278,353],"content":"is demonstrated by finding an","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,354,279,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,354,49,364],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[50,354,89,365],"content":"-cut of size","type":"text"},{"bbox":[90,354,99,365],"content":"4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[100,354,109,365],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[110,354,134,363],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,354,151,363],"content":". Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[152,354,161,363],"content":"C_{4}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[162,354,249,363],"content":"be a cycle of length 4 in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[250,354,274,363],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,364,279,375],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,366,140,373],"content":"The edge-neighborhood of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,364,151,375],"content":"C_{4}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[152,365,171,375],"content":"(i.e.,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[172,364,222,375],"content":"N E_{F Q_{n+1}}(C_{4}))","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[223,365,279,374],"content":"is the desired","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,374,279,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,374,49,385],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,376,201,383],"content":"-cut as follows. According to Lemma 4,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[202,376,274,383],"content":"|N E_{F Q_{n+1}}(C_{4})|=4n","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,384,279,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,386,51,397],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[53,385,129,397],"content":"G=F Q_{n+1}-V(C_{4})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[130,386,166,397],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[167,385,210,397],"content":"|V(C_{4})|=4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,386,231,397],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[232,384,278,397],"content":"\\kappa(F Q_{n+1})=","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,398,279,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,398,125,409],"content":"(n+1)+1=n+2\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[126,398,140,409],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,398,162,409],"content":"n\\geq4,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[166,398,173,409],"content":"G","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[174,398,277,409],"content":"is connected. Furthermore,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,410,279,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,410,112,419],"content":"|V(G)|=2^{n}-4\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[113,410,125,420],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[126,410,148,420],"content":"n\\geq4.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[149,410,177,419],"content":"Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[178,410,226,419],"content":"N E_{F Q_{n+1}}(C_{4})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[227,410,278,420],"content":"is the desired","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,420,198,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,420,49,430],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[50,420,101,430],"content":"-cut implying","type":"text"},{"bbox":[102,421,162,430],"content":"\\lambda_{3}(F Q_{n+1})\\leq4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,420,176,430],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[177,420,198,430],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,431,279,441],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,431,135,440],"content":"Next, we show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[136,431,197,439],"content":"\\lambda_{3}(F Q_{n+1})\\geq4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[198,431,215,439],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[216,431,237,441],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,431,278,439],"content":". In other","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,440,279,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,442,137,449],"content":"words, the size of every","type":"text"},{"bbox":[138,440,149,450],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[150,441,177,450],"content":"-cut of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[178,440,203,450],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,442,247,450],"content":"is at least","type":"text"},{"bbox":[248,441,258,449],"content":"4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[259,440,278,449],"content":". For","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,450,279,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,451,201,460],"content":"the sake of contradiction, suppose that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[202,451,257,461],"content":"F\\subset E(F Q_{n+1})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[259,450,278,461],"content":"is a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,462,279,473],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,462,118,473],"content":"subset of edges in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[119,462,234,473],"content":"F Q_{n+1}=G(Q_{n}^{0},Q_{n}^{1},P M_{0},\\overline{{{P M}}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[235,463,279,473],"content":"With size","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,474,279,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,474,86,483],"content":"\\left|F\\right|=4n-1,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[87,474,105,483],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,474,148,485],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[149,474,229,483],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[230,474,244,486],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[245,474,278,485],"content":"isolated","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,484,279,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,484,51,495],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,485,94,495],"content":"or isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[95,485,104,495],"content":"P_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[105,486,160,495],"content":". Showing that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[161,485,202,495],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[203,487,277,495],"content":"is connected yields","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,496,100,504],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,496,100,504],"content":"a contradiction.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,504,279,515],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,505,66,515],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[67,506,85,515],"content":"P M_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[86,505,126,515],"content":"for each","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,504,178,515],"content":"i=1,2,\\dots,n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[179,504,278,515],"content":"be the set of edges in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,516,279,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,516,135,526],"content":"E(F Q_{n+1})-(P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[136,516,278,526],"content":" in which the two end-vertices differ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,527,279,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,527,160,537],"content":"in the ith-bit position. Note that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[161,527,215,537],"content":"P M_{0},P M_{1},.\\,.\\,.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[216,527,219,537],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[220,527,242,537],"content":"P M_{n},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[243,527,260,537],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[261,527,277,537],"content":"\\overline{{P M}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,539,279,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,539,104,549],"content":"form a partition of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[105,539,143,549],"content":"E(F Q_{n+1})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[144,539,153,550],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[154,539,206,549],"content":"|P M_{i}\\cap F|\\leq2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[207,539,241,550],"content":"for every","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,539,277,549],"content":"0\\leq i\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,550,279,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,550,58,561],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[59,551,112,561],"content":"|{\\overline{{P M}}}\\cap F|\\leq2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[113,550,140,561],"content":"then","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,551,231,561],"content":"2(n+2)<4n-1=|F|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[232,551,253,561],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,550,274,561],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,562,279,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,562,67,572],"content":"Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[68,562,119,572],"content":"|{\\overline{{P M}}}\\cap F|\\geq3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,562,133,572],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[134,562,187,572],"content":"|P M_{i}\\cap F|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[188,562,227,572],"content":"for some","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,562,263,572],"content":"0\\leq i\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[264,562,278,572],"content":". In","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,573,279,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,573,132,583],"content":"addition, the vertices of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[133,573,158,584],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[159,573,258,584],"content":"can be labeled such that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[259,573,277,584],"content":"|F\\cap\\mathbf{\\theta}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,584,105,594],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,584,105,594],"content":"(P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}})|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,594,279,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,595,71,605],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[72,595,119,604],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap Q_{n}^{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,594,187,603],"content":"，Fi=FnQ, ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[188,594,252,603],"content":"E_{c}=P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[253,594,277,605],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,604,279,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,606,83,615],"content":"F_{c}=F\\cap E_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[84,606,143,614],"content":"Therefore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[144,604,174,615],"content":"|F_{c}|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[175,605,206,615],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[207,606,278,614],"content":"\\left|F_{0}\\right|+\\left|F_{1}\\right|=\\left|F\\right|\\,-","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,615,279,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,616,142,625],"content":"|F_{c}|\\leq(4n-1)-3=4n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[143,616,253,625],"content":". Without loss of generality,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,615,278,625],"content":"|F_{0}|\\ge","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,626,279,638],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,626,51,638],"content":"|F_{1}|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,626,151,637],"content":"is assumed. Thus, we have","type":"text"},{"bbox":[152,626,276,638],"content":"2\\vert F_{1}\\vert\\leq\\vert F_{0}\\vert+\\vert F_{1}\\vert\\leq\\vert F\\vert\\leq4n-4,","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,639,279,648],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,639,101,648],"content":"which leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[102,640,186,648],"content":"\\textstyle|F_{1}|\\leq\\left\\lfloor{\\frac{4n-4}{2}}\\right\\rfloor=\\ 2n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[187,639,277,648],"content":". By using Lemma 12,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,649,279,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,649,68,659],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[69,649,278,659],"content":" then satisfies one of the following three scenarios:","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,660,279,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,660,50,670],"content":"(1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[51,660,80,670],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[81,660,146,670],"content":"is connected; (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[147,660,176,670],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[177,660,278,670],"content":"has two components, one","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,671,279,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,671,182,681],"content":" of which is an isolated vertex; and (3)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[183,671,213,682],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[214,671,278,682],"content":"has two compo-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,683,185,692],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,683,185,692],"content":"nents, one of which is an isolated edge.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,693,279,704],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,693,68,704],"content":"Case 1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,693,98,704],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[99,693,238,704],"content":"is connected. Because every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[239,693,268,704],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[269,693,277,704],"content":"is","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,705,279,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,705,152,714],"content":"connected to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[153,705,183,715],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,705,277,715],"content":"(by using Lemma 13),","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,715,143,724],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,715,91,723],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,715,143,724],"content":"is connected.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,725,279,735],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,725,68,735],"content":"Case 2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,725,98,735],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[99,725,279,735],"content":"has two components, one of which is an isolated","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,736,279,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,736,196,746],"content":"vertex; that is, 1t. It remains to show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[197,736,205,746],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[206,736,278,746],"content":"can be connected to","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/5_354_48_473_173.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,223,542,234],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,223,369,234],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,223,380,234],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[381,223,423,234],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,223,464,234],"content":"Note that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[465,223,541,234],"content":"|F_{1}|\\geq|N E_{Q_{n}^{1}}(1t)|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[319,235,542,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,235,352,244],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[353,235,395,245],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[396,235,472,244],"content":"contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,235,529,245],"content":"K_{1},(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,235,541,245],"content":"or","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,237,318,247],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,237,318,247],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,246,500,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,248,355,256],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,246,500,255],"content":". This leads to the following scenarios.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,255,542,266],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,257,345,266],"content":"Case  2.1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,258,389,266],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[390,256,416,266],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,257,459,266],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin\\breve{F_{c}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,256,481,266],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[482,256,525,266],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[526,255,541,266],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,267,542,276],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,267,357,276],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})\\not\\in{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,267,541,275],"content":" then the result holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,276,542,290],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,277,357,289],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,276,387,289],"content":"  and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[388,276,432,290],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[433,277,542,288],"content":"(see Fig. 6a). Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,289,542,299],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,290,355,299],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,291,440,299],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,289,453,299],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[454,289,481,299],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[482,289,490,299],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[491,289,505,299],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,290,514,299],"content":"0\\bar{t}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[515,289,541,299],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,300,542,311],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,300,347,311],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[348,300,358,311],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,300,369,311],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[370,300,400,310],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[401,300,412,311],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,300,459,311],"content":"(0u,1u)\\notin{F}_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,300,471,311],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[472,300,521,310],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,300,541,310],"content":"then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,311,542,321],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,312,473,321],"content":"the result holds. Therefore, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[474,311,521,321],"content":"(0u,1u)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,311,540,321],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,322,542,332],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,322,360,332],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[361,322,458,332],"content":"．For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[459,322,537,332],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{(0t,1\\bar{t}),(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,333,542,344],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,333,377,344],"content":"(0u,1u),(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[378,333,395,344],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,333,454,343],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\{0t,0u,0\\Bar{t}\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[455,333,540,344],"content":". According to an argu-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,344,542,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,345,432,353],"content":"mentsimilar to Claim","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,344,439,353],"content":"^{1,}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,345,541,353],"content":"there are in total","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,354,542,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,354,449,365],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|=2(n-1)+\\;\\;n=3n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[450,354,541,365],"content":" pairwise edge-disjoint","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,366,542,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,366,427,377],"content":"paths where each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,366,437,378],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,366,454,378],"content":".to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,366,512,377],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,366,542,378],"content":"under","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,379,542,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,379,445,387],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-\\left(F^{\\prime}\\cup\\{(0t,1t),\\ >(0\\bar{t},1t)\\}\\right)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[446,379,541,389],"content":". However, these paths","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,389,542,398],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,389,396,398],"content":"contain at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,390,540,398],"content":"\\vert F\\vert-\\vert F_{1}\\vert-\\vert F^{\\prime}\\vert\\leq(4n-1)\\ -n-4=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,399,542,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,399,337,409],"content":"3n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[338,400,419,409],"content":"faulty edges. Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[420,399,427,409],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[428,399,541,409],"content":"can be connected to a vertex","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,410,447,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,410,322,420],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[323,410,378,419],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[379,410,405,419],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,410,447,419],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,419,542,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,421,345,430],"content":"Case 2.2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,420,389,430],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[390,421,411,430],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,420,458,430],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\in F_{c})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,419,474,430],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,419,521,430],"content":"((0t,1t)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,419,540,430],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,431,542,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,431,357,442],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin{F_{c}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,431,541,442],"content":". Without loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,443,542,453],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,443,355,453],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,443,373,453],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[374,443,416,453],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,443,474,453],"content":"(see Fig. 6b). If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,443,521,453],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,443,541,453],"content":"then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,454,542,465],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,454,459,464],"content":"the result holds. Hence, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[460,454,503,465],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[504,454,541,464],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,465,542,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,465,355,474],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,465,434,474],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[435,465,458,475],"content":"K_{2},\\,0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,466,519,475],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[520,465,529,475],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,465,541,474],"content":"in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,475,542,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,475,342,486],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,475,354,486],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[355,475,399,486],"content":"(0u,1u)\\not\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[400,475,411,486],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,476,458,486],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\not\\in{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,476,539,486],"content":"then the result holds.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,487,542,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,487,389,496],"content":"Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,487,437,496],"content":"(0u,1u)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,487,456,496],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,487,504,496],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,487,540,496],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,497,542,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,497,355,507],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,497,439,507],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[440,497,452,507],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,497,480,507],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[481,497,489,507],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,497,504,507],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[505,497,515,507],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[516,497,541,507],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,508,542,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,508,348,518],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,508,358,518],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,508,371,518],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[372,508,401,518],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[402,508,415,518],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[416,508,459,518],"content":"(0v,1v)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,508,472,518],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,508,520,518],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{{v}}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[521,508,541,518],"content":"then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,519,542,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,519,474,528],"content":"the result holds. Therefore, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,519,521,528],"content":"(0v,1v)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,519,540,528],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,529,542,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,529,358,539],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{v}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,529,454,539],"content":".．For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,529,504,540],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{(0t,1\\bar{t})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[512,529,537,539],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,540,542,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,540,438,550],"content":"(0u,1u),(0u,1\\overline{{u}}),(0v,1v),(0v,1\\overline{{v}})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,541,458,550],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[459,541,521,550],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\{0t,\\,0u,0v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,540,540,549],"content":".Ac-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,551,542,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,551,542,561],"content":" cording to an argument similar to Claim 1, there are in total","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,562,542,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,562,504,572],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|=\\,(n-1)+(n-2)+\\,(n-1)=3n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,562,541,572],"content":" pairwise","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,573,542,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,573,491,583],"content":"edge-disjoint paths in which each connects ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[492,573,502,584],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,573,518,584],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[519,573,540,583],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}\\ -","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,584,542,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,584,348,594],"content":"F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,584,372,595],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[373,584,457,595],"content":"F Q_{n+1}\\,-(F^{\\prime}\\cup(0t,1t))","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[458,585,540,594],"content":".However, these paths","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,596,542,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,596,380,605],"content":"contain at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[381,596,539,603],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F|-|F_{1}|-|F^{\\prime}|\\leq(4n-~1)-n-6~=3n-7}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,604,542,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,606,397,614],"content":"faulty edges. Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[398,604,405,615],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[406,604,541,615],"content":" can be connected to a vertex in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,615,437,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,615,369,625],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,615,395,625],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,616,437,625],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,626,542,639],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,626,330,638],"content":"Case 3.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[331,626,361,639],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[362,626,542,637],"content":"has two components, one of which is an isolated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,638,542,648],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,640,362,648],"content":"edge; that is,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,638,390,648],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[391,638,485,648],"content":". It remains to show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[486,639,512,648],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,638,541,648],"content":" can be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,649,542,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,649,363,659],"content":"connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[364,649,434,659],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[435,649,462,659],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[463,649,504,659],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,649,541,659],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,660,542,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,660,428,670],"content":"\\left|F\\right|=4n-1,\\left|F_{c}\\right|\\geq3,\\left|F_{0}\\right|\\geq\\left|F_{1}\\right|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[429,660,444,670],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[445,660,541,670],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F_{1}|\\ge|N E_{Q_{n}^{1}}(\\{1u,1v\\})|=}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,671,542,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,671,338,682],"content":"2n-2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[339,671,376,682],"content":"it leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[377,671,450,682],"content":"\\left|F_{0}\\right|=\\left|F_{1}\\right|=2n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[451,671,466,681],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[467,671,496,682],"content":"|F_{c}|=3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[497,671,541,681],"content":".Consider a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,683,542,692],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,683,477,692],"content":"set of  pairwise  edge-disjoint  paths","type":"text"},{"bbox":[478,683,538,692],"content":"E D P=\\{\\langle1u,0u,","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,693,542,704],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,693,457,704],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\rangle,\\langle1u,0\\overline{{u}},1\\overline{{u}}\\rangle,\\langle1v,0v,1\\overline{{v}}\\rangle,\\langle1v,0\\overline{{v}},1\\overline{{v}}\\rangle\\},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[458,693,539,704],"content":"where each path con-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,705,542,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,705,332,714],"content":"nects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[333,705,360,715],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[361,705,368,714],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[369,705,439,714],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}\\,-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,705,541,714],"content":"(see Fig. 7). Because (1) each","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,715,542,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,716,341,725],"content":"edge in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,716,362,724],"content":"E D P","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,715,404,724],"content":"belongs to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[405,715,416,725],"content":"E_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,715,429,723],"content":"(2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[430,715,471,725],"content":"|E D P|=4,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[472,715,501,724],"content":"and (3)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[502,715,532,724],"content":"|F_{c}|=3,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[533,715,541,725],"content":"a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,726,542,735],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,726,397,735],"content":"fault-free path exists in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[398,726,418,735],"content":"E D P","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,726,448,735],"content":"Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[449,726,475,735],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[476,726,541,735],"content":"can be connected","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,736,461,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,736,322,746],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[323,736,392,746],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[393,736,418,746],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[419,736,461,746],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]]},"page_6":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[23,50,104,57],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,50,104,57],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,50,35,57],"content":"5","type":"text"},{"bbox":[38,50,101,57],"content":" CONCLUSION","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,63,279,71],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,63,279,71],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,63,277,71],"content":" This study considers two novel measurements for network reliability","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,72,279,87],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,72,279,87],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,73,183,84],"content":" and fault tolerance: 3-extra connectivity","type":"text"},{"bbox":[184,72,206,87],"content":"\\kappa_{3}(G)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[207,72,278,84],"content":" and 3-extra edge","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,85,279,96],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,85,279,96],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,85,74,96],"content":"connectivity","type":"text"},{"bbox":[75,86,96,96],"content":"\\lambda_{3}(G)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[97,88,219,96],"content":". The results show that at least","type":"text"},{"bbox":[220,85,245,96],"content":"4n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[246,86,278,96],"content":"vertices","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,97,279,107],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,97,279,107],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,97,49,107],"content":"(resp.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[50,97,74,105],"content":"4n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[75,97,241,107],"content":"edges) must be removed to disconnect the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,97,247,106],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[248,97,276,107],"content":"-dimen-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,108,279,117],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,108,279,117],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,108,278,117],"content":" sional folded hypercube, provided that the removal of these vertices","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,118,279,128],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,118,279,128],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,118,278,128],"content":"(resp. edges) does not isolate either a vertex, an edge, or a path of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,129,78,137],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,129,78,137],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,129,78,137],"content":"three vertices.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,156,104,167],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,156,104,167],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,156,104,167],"content":"ACKNOWLEDGMENT","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,170,279,183],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,170,279,183],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,170,278,183],"content":" This work was supported in part by the National Science Council","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,184,192,192],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,184,192,192],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,184,189,192],"content":"under Grant NSC 100-2221-E-006-116-MY3.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,212,85,226],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,212,85,226],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,212,85,226],"content":"REFERENCES","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,229,279,239],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,229,279,239],"spans":[{"bbox":[27,229,276,239],"content":"[1]  A. El-Amawy and S. Latifi, \"Properties and Performance of Folded Hyper-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,240,279,247],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,240,279,247],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,240,277,247],"content":"cubes,\" IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 31-42,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,248,78,254],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,248,78,254],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,248,74,254],"content":"Jan. 1991.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,255,279,262],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,255,279,262],"spans":[{"bbox":[26,255,277,262],"content":"[2] A.H. Esfahanian,\"Generalized Measures of Fault Tolerance with Application","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,263,279,273],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,263,279,273],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,264,50,271],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[51,263,55,273],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[56,263,278,272],"content":"Cube Networks,” IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1586-1591,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,274,78,278],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,274,78,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,274,76,278],"content":"Nov. 1989.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,279,279,287],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,279,279,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[26,279,277,287],"content":" [3] A.H. Esfahanian and S.L. Hakimi, \"On Computing a Conditional Edge-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,288,279,295],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,288,279,295],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,288,278,295],"content":"Connectivity of a Graph,”\" Information Processing Letters, vol. 27, no. 4,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,296,104,302],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,296,104,302],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,296,100,302],"content":"pp. 195-199, 1988.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,303,279,311],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,303,279,311],"spans":[{"bbox":[28,303,278,311],"content":"[4] T. Esmaeili, G. Lak, and A.N. 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Xu, J.W. Wang, and W.W. Wang, \"On Super and Restricted Connectivity","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,583,279,590],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,583,279,590],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,583,277,590],"content":"of Some Interconnection Networks,\" Ars Combinatoria, vol. 94, pp. 1-8, 2010.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,591,279,598],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,591,279,598],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,591,278,598],"content":"[20] J.M. Xu, Q. Zhu, X.M. Hou, and T. Zhou, \"On Restricted Connectivity and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,599,279,606],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,599,279,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,599,279,606],"content":"Extra Connectivity of Hypercubes and Folded Hypercubes,\" J. Shanghai","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,607,217,613],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,607,217,613],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,607,217,613],"content":"Jiaotong Unio. (Science), vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 203-207, 2005.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,614,279,621],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,614,279,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,614,278,621],"content":"[21]  J.M. Xu, Q. 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The results show that at least","type":"text"},{"bbox":[220,85,245,96],"content":"4n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[246,86,278,96],"content":"vertices","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,97,279,107],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,97,49,107],"content":"(resp.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[50,97,74,105],"content":"4n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[75,97,241,107],"content":"edges) must be removed to disconnect the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,97,247,106],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[248,97,276,107],"content":"-dimen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,108,279,117],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,108,278,117],"content":" sional folded hypercube, provided that the removal of these vertices","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,118,279,128],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,118,278,128],"content":"(resp. edges) does not isolate either a vertex, an edge, or a path of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,129,78,137],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,129,78,137],"content":"three vertices.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,156,104,167],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,156,104,167],"content":"ACKNOWLEDGMENT","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,170,279,183],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,170,278,183],"content":" This work was supported in part by the National Science Council","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,184,192,192],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,184,189,192],"content":"under Grant NSC 100-2221-E-006-116-MY3.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,212,85,226],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,212,85,226],"content":"REFERENCES","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,229,279,239],"spans":[{"bbox":[27,229,276,239],"content":"[1]  A. 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{"id":"BlZVcxY1RSBAZjAmQOJ6","mid_json":{"page_0":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[133,122,478,141],"lines":[{"bbox":[133,122,478,141],"spans":[{"bbox":[133,122,478,141],"content":"Accelerometry-Based Prediction of Energy","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[190,142,422,160],"lines":[{"bbox":[190,142,422,160],"spans":[{"bbox":[190,142,422,160],"content":"Expenditure in Preschoolers","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[263,178,348,190],"lines":[{"bbox":[263,178,348,190],"spans":[{"bbox":[263,178,348,190],"content":"Berit Steenbock","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[96,192,514,206],"lines":[{"bbox":[96,192,514,206],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,192,514,206],"content":"Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS and University of Bremen","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[167,217,445,229],"lines":[{"bbox":[167,217,445,229],"spans":[{"bbox":[167,217,445,229],"content":"Marvin N. Wright, Norman Wirsik, and Mirko Brandes","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[156,232,455,244],"lines":[{"bbox":[156,232,455,244],"spans":[{"bbox":[156,232,455,244],"content":"Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BlPS","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,254,560,267],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,254,560,267],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,254,560,267],"content":"Purpose: Study purposes were to develop energy expenditure (EE) prediction models from raw accelerometer data and to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,268,560,276],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,268,560,276],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,268,558,276],"content":"investigate the performance of three different accelerometers on five different wear positions in preschoolers. Methods: Fourty-one","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,277,560,290],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,277,560,290],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,277,90,290],"content":"children (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[91,277,109,289],"content":"54\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[110,277,559,290],"content":"boys; 3-6.3 years) wore two Actigraph GT3X (left and right hip), three GENEActiv (right hip, left and right wrist),","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,291,560,300],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,291,560,300],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,291,560,300],"content":"and one activPAL (right thigh) while completing a semi-structured protocol of 10 age-appropriate activities. Participants wore a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,301,560,310],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,301,560,310],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,301,558,310],"content":"portable indirect calorimeter to estimate EE. Utilized models to estimate EE included a linear model (LM), a mixed linear model","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,311,560,321],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,311,560,321],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,311,558,321],"content":"(MLM), a random forest model (RF), and an artificial neural network model (ANN). For each accelerometer, model, and wear","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,322,560,331],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,322,560,331],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,322,558,331],"content":"position, we assessed prediction accuracy via leave-one-out cross-validation and calculated the root-mean-squared-error (RMSE).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,332,560,344],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,332,560,344],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,332,190,343],"content":"Results: Mean RMSE ranged from","type":"text"},{"bbox":[191,332,259,343],"content":"2.56{-}2.76\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[260,332,303,344],"content":"for the RF,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[304,332,370,342],"content":"2.72\\mathrm{-}3.08\\,\\mathrm{kJ\/min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[371,332,426,343],"content":"I for the ANN,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[427,332,495,342],"content":"2.83\\mathrm{-}2.94\\,\\mathrm{kJ\/min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[496,332,558,343],"content":"for the LM, and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,344,560,354],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,344,560,354],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,344,122,353],"content":"2.81{-}2.92\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[123,345,345,354],"content":"for the MLM. The GENEActive obtained mean RMSE of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,345,393,354],"content":"2.56\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,344,487,353],"content":"(left and right wrist) and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,345,535,353],"content":"2.73\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[536,344,559,354],"content":"(right","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,354,560,366],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,354,560,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,355,412,365],"content":"hip). Predicting EE using the GT3X on the left and right hip obtained mean RMSE of 2.60 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,354,459,365],"content":"2.74\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,355,559,366],"content":" The activPAL obtained a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,366,560,376],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,366,560,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,366,114,376],"content":"mean RMSE of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[115,366,160,375],"content":"2.76\\,\\mathrm{kJ}\/\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,367,559,376],"content":". Conclusion: These results demonstrate good prediction accuracy for recent accelerometers on different","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,377,560,386],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,377,560,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,377,559,386],"content":" wear positions in preschoolers. The RF and ANN were equally accurate in EE prediction compared with (mixed) linear models. The","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,387,560,401],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,387,560,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,387,558,401],"content":" RF seems to be a viable alternative to linear and ANN models for EE prediction in young children in a semi-structured setting.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,407,474,419],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,407,474,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,407,474,419],"content":"Keywords: accelerometer, children, linear mixed model, machine learning, physical activity, validation","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[53,435,299,446],"lines":[{"bbox":[53,435,299,446],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,435,299,446],"content":"It is generally agreed that regular physical activity (PA) is","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,447,299,456],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,447,299,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,447,299,456],"content":"related to important health outcomes in children (e.g., cardiometa-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[33,457,300,468],"lines":[{"bbox":[33,457,300,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,457,300,468],"content":" bolic and psychosocial health; Knaeps et al., 2018; Reddon, Meyre,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,469,299,479],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,469,299,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,469,299,479],"content":"& Cairney, 2017; Shoup, Gattshall, Dandamudi, & Estabrooks,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,480,299,491],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,480,299,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,480,299,491],"content":"2008; Skrede et al., 2017; Wafa et al., 2016). PA is defined as any","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,492,300,502],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,492,300,502],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,492,300,502],"content":"bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,503,299,513],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,503,299,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,503,299,513],"content":"energy expenditure (EE) (Caspersen, Powell, & Christenson,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,514,299,524],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,514,299,524],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,514,299,524],"content":"1985). In order to monitor children's PA, analyze associations","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,525,301,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,525,301,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,525,301,536],"content":"between PA and health outcomes, and evaluate the effectiveness of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,537,302,548],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,537,302,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,537,302,548],"content":"interventions promoting PA among children, valid measures of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,549,300,559],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,549,300,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,549,300,559],"content":"children's PA and EE are needed (Lamonte & Ainsworth, 2001). In","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,560,299,570],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,560,299,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,560,299,570],"content":"recent years, accelerometers have gained considerable popularity","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,571,300,581],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,571,300,581],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,571,300,581],"content":"as an objective measure of sedentary behaviors, PA and other","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,582,300,592],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,582,300,592],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,582,300,592],"content":"outcomes, such as EE. They detect accelerations of the body and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,593,300,602],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,593,300,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,593,300,602],"content":"enable an estimation of intensity, frequency, duration, and type","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,603,300,615],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,603,300,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,603,300,615],"content":"of movement (Hills, Mokhtar, & Byrne, 2014; Skotte, Korshoj,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,616,300,627],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,616,300,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,616,300,627],"content":"Kristiansen, Hanisch, & Holtermann, 2014). Accelerometers have","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,628,299,637],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,628,299,637],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,628,299,637],"content":"several advantages over traditional questionnaire-based measures","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,638,299,649],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,638,299,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,638,299,649],"content":"of PA, including superior reliability and validity, and are increas-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,650,298,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,650,298,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,650,298,659],"content":"ingly being used in studies with very young children (Hills et al.,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,660,301,672],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,660,301,672],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,660,301,672],"content":"2014). However, traditional linear model equations developed for","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,673,300,683],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,673,300,683],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,673,300,683],"content":"activity count-based data do not provide accurate estimates of EE in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,684,257,693],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,684,257,693],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,684,257,693],"content":"preschoolers (Janssen et al., 2013; Reilly et al., 2006).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[329,435,577,446],"lines":[{"bbox":[329,435,577,446],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,435,577,446],"content":"Because the relationships between accelerometer output and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,447,577,456],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,447,577,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,447,577,456],"content":"EE differ in preschoolers compared with older children, prediction","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,457,577,468],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,457,577,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,457,577,468],"content":"equations require development and validation in this specific age","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,469,577,479],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,469,577,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,469,577,479],"content":" group (Butte et al., 2014). Considerable progress has been made","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,480,577,491],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,480,577,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,480,576,491],"content":"in predicting EE for adults and older children (Jimmy, Seiler, &","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,492,577,501],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,492,577,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,492,577,501],"content":"Maeder, 2013; Montoye, Begum, Henning, & Pfeiffer, 2017;","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,502,577,511],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,502,577,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,502,576,511],"content":"Montoye, Mudd, Biswas， & Pfeiffer, 20i5） whereas several","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,513,577,524],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,513,577,524],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,513,577,524],"content":" methodological questions concerning the use of accelerometry","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,525,577,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,525,577,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,525,576,536],"content":"in young children remain open. 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Besides this, most of the research on EE prediction","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,644,577,654],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,644,577,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,644,577,654],"content":"that has been done in preschoolers is limited by the use of direct","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,655,577,664],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,655,577,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,655,577,664],"content":"observation as the criterion measurement and the assignment of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,665,577,675],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,665,577,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,665,576,675],"content":"fixed metabolic equivalents (METs) to activities and accelerometer","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,676,577,686],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,676,577,686],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,676,575,686],"content":" output (Davies et al., 2012; De Decker et al., 2013; Hagenbuchner,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[311,687,577,697],"lines":[{"bbox":[311,687,577,697],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,687,577,697],"content":"Cliff, Trost, Van Tuc, & Peoples, 2015). 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2014","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[151,749,413,759],"content":"See htp:\/\/www.ieee.org\/publications_standards\/publications\/rights\/index.html for more information.","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[137,741,167,752],"content":"0018-9340","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[174,741,427,752],"content":"2013 IEEE.Personal use is permitted,but republication\/redistribution requires IEEE permission.","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[37,603,277,614],"content":"1. A path is fault-free if it does not contain any faulty vertices or faulty","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[24,613,49,624],"content":"edges.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[36,639,277,650],"content":"The authors are with theDepartment of Computer Science and Information","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,649,276,660],"content":"Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,658,277,669],"content":"E-mail: changnw@gmail.com; x85220606@hotmail.com; hsiehsy@mail.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[38,667,78,676],"content":"ncku.edu.tw.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[24,680,277,690],"content":"Manuscript received 04 May 2012; revised 30 Dec.,2012;accepted 07Jan.2013.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[25,690,256,700],"content":"Date of publication 10 Jan.2013; date of current version 09 June 2014.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[25,699,188,709],"content":"Recommended for acceptance by H. 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Illustration of the proof of Lemma 10. Here, the white nodes represent fault-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[287,198,539,205],"lines":[{"bbox":[287,198,539,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,198,475,204],"content":"freenodes and theblacknodesrepresent faultynodes.Vertex","type":"text"},{"bbox":[476,198,484,205],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[485,198,539,205],"content":"can be connected","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[287,205,435,215],"lines":[{"bbox":[287,205,435,215],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,205,329,215],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,205,355,215],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,205,435,215],"content":"by using the bold edges.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,223,541,236],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,223,541,236],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,223,462,235],"content":" By using Lemmas 6 and 7 (by letting","type":"text"},{"bbox":[463,223,482,236],"content":"g=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[483,223,540,236],"content":"in Lemma 7),","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,236,541,249],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,236,541,249],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,236,325,249],"content":"both","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,237,383,249],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-N_{Q_{n}^{0}}[K_{1,g}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[384,236,412,249],"content":"  and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,237,471,249],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(K_{1,g})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[472,238,541,249],"content":"are connected.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,253,541,265],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,253,541,265],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,253,336,265],"content":"Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[337,253,540,265],"content":"|V(Q_{n}^{0}-N_{Q_{n}^{0}}[K_{1,g}])|\\!=\\!2^{n}-\\!\\left[(g\\!+\\!1)n\\!-\\!2g\\!-\\!\\!\\left(\\!g\\!\\right)\\!\\right]\\!-\\!(g\\!+\\!1)>","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,270,541,283],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,270,541,283],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,270,327,282],"content":"2(g\\!+\\!1)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[328,270,342,283],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[343,270,364,283],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[365,270,382,282],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[383,270,481,282],"content":"0\\leq g\\leq n,\\,Q_{n}^{0}-N_{Q_{n}^{0}}\\,\\left[K_{1,g}\\right]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[482,270,541,281],"content":"is connected to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,283,542,295],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,283,542,295],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,284,360,295],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(K_{1,g}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[361,284,418,295],"content":"which leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[419,283,498,295],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,g}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[499,283,542,295],"content":"being con-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[411,296,541,306],"lines":[{"bbox":[411,296,541,306],"spans":[{"bbox":[411,296,540,306],"content":"|V(F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,g}])|=2^{n+1}-","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,307,541,328],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,307,541,328],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,307,541,328],"content":"\\left[(g+1)n+2-\\left(\\frac{g}{2}\\right)\\right]-\\;\\;(g+1)>g\\;\\;\\;\\mathrm{for}\\;\\;\\;n\\geq5\\;\\;\\;\\mathrm{and}\\;\\;\\;0\\leq\\;\\;g\\leq n,","type":"interline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,329,442,340],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,329,442,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,329,380,340],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,g}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[381,329,431,340],"content":"has property","type":"text"},{"bbox":[432,329,442,340],"content":"\\mathcal{P}_{g}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[286,360,373,372],"lines":[{"bbox":[286,360,373,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[286,360,373,372],"content":"4MAIN RESULTS","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[287,376,396,388],"lines":[{"bbox":[287,376,396,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,376,396,388],"content":"4.1 3-Extra Connectivity","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[287,394,538,406],"lines":[{"bbox":[287,394,538,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,394,364,406],"content":"Lemma 10. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[365,394,435,406],"content":"F Q_{n+1}=Q_{n}^{0}\\otimes Q_{n}^{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,394,480,406],"content":"and let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[481,394,538,406],"content":"F\\subset V(F Q_{n+1}),","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,407,541,416],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,407,541,416],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,407,362,415],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap V(Q_{n}^{0}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,407,385,416],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[386,407,447,416],"content":"F_{1}=F\\cap V(Q_{n}^{1}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[448,407,478,416],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[479,407,500,415],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[501,407,518,416],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[519,407,541,415],"content":"|F|\\leq","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,416,541,426],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,416,541,426],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,416,325,426],"content":"4n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[326,417,341,426],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,417,384,426],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,418,472,426],"content":"does not contain isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,417,486,426],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,418,516,426],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[517,417,529,426],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,417,540,426],"content":"or","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,427,541,437],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,427,541,437],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,427,328,436],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[329,427,340,437],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,427,414,436],"content":"then every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[415,427,445,437],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[446,427,541,437],"content":"is connected to a vertex in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,437,397,450],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,437,397,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,438,331,450],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,438,355,450],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[356,437,397,450],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[287,450,542,464],"lines":[{"bbox":[287,450,542,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,451,333,463],"content":"Proof. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[334,451,344,464],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,451,411,464],"content":"be any vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,450,442,464],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,450,500,463],"content":"(see Fig. 1). If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[501,450,528,464],"content":"1u\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[529,450,542,463],"content":"or","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,464,541,475],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,464,541,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,464,329,474],"content":"1{\\overline{{u}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[330,465,493,474],"content":"then the result holds. 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Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[351,600,459,610],"content":"Y=\\{(0y,1y)\\,|\\,0y\\in N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,600,476,611],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,600,487,610],"content":"_{0y}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[488,600,541,611],"content":"be any vertex","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,611,541,621],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,611,541,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,611,311,621],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[312,612,342,620],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,612,374,620],"content":" and let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[375,611,385,621],"content":"A^{\\prime\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[386,612,540,620],"content":" be the connected subgraph induced 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In other words,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[258,571,276,580],"content":"，any","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[29,581,279,594],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,581,129,593],"content":"two distinct vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[130,581,137,594],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,582,263,592],"content":"have no common neighbors in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[264,581,274,593],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[29,593,279,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,595,174,606],"content":"Furthermore, because each vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[175,593,181,606],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[182,594,263,606],"content":"has two neighbors 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Q_{n+1}}(K_{1,g})|=(g+1)n\\,+\\quad2-\\binom{g}{2}.","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[29,663,236,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,663,49,678],"content":"(2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[50,663,130,678],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-N_{F Q_{n+1}}[K_{1,g}]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[131,663,224,678],"content":"is connected with property","type":"text"},{"bbox":[225,663,236,678],"content":"\\mathcal{P}_{g}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[29,695,279,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,695,277,736],"content":"\\begin{array}{l}{{|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(K_{1,g})|=|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(K_{1,g})|+2|V(K_{1,g})|\\ =\\left[(g+1)n-2g-\\left(\\frac{g}{2}\\right)\\right]}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{}+\\ 2(g+1)=(g+1)n+2\\ -\\left(\\frac{g}{2}\\right)}}\\end{array}","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,737,143,747],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,737,143,747],"content":"Thus, Condition 1 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Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[494,465,522,475],"content":"1u\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[523,465,540,474],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,475,541,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,475,329,485],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[330,476,366,483],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,475,409,484],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[410,475,490,483],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,476,516,486],"content":"K_{1},\\;0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[517,476,541,485],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,484,541,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,486,334,495],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[335,484,344,495],"content":"0v","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,484,354,495],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[355,486,384,494],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,485,395,495],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,485,421,495],"content":"1v\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[422,484,432,494],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,484,461,495],"content":"1{\\bar{v}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[462,487,540,494],"content":"then the result holds.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,495,541,505],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,496,379,504],"content":"Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[380,496,408,505],"content":"1v\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[409,496,429,504],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[430,496,458,504],"content":"1\\bar{v}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,496,497,505],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[498,495,540,504],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[299,505,541,515],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,505,379,515],"content":"contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[380,506,393,515],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,506,420,515],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[421,505,431,515],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[432,505,444,515],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[445,505,454,515],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[455,506,517,515],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[518,505,529,515],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,505,541,515],"content":"in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,516,541,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,516,331,525],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,516,345,526],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,516,375,525],"content":"1w\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[376,516,391,526],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[392,516,423,525],"content":"1{\\overline{{w}}}\\notin F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,516,540,525],"content":"then the result holds. Hence,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,526,541,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,527,347,536],"content":"assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[348,527,378,537],"content":"1w\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[379,527,397,537],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[398,526,427,537],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[428,526,463,536],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[464,526,506,536],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[507,526,540,536],"content":" contains","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,537,541,547],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,537,340,547],"content":"no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[341,538,397,547],"content":"P_{3},\\{0u,0v,0w\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[398,538,451,547],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,537,462,547],"content":"0x","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[463,537,465,547],"content":"1","type":"text"},{"bbox":[466,537,502,547],"content":"\\mathtt{n}\\,Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,537,511,547],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[512,537,539,547],"content":"1x\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[299,549,541,558],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,549,310,558],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[311,549,340,557],"content":"1{\\overline{{x}}}\\notin F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,549,510,557],"content":" then the result holds. Therefore, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[511,549,539,558],"content":"1x\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[299,558,541,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,559,316,567],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[317,559,345,567],"content":"1\\overline{{x}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[346,558,425,567],"content":". For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[426,559,503,567],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\{0u,0v,0w,0x\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[504,559,521,567],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[522,559,541,567],"content":"F^{\\prime}=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[299,568,409,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,568,409,578],"content":"\\{1u,1\\overline{{{u}}},1v,1\\overline{{{v}}},1w,1\\overline{{{w}}},1x,1\\overline{{{x}}}\\}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,580,541,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,580,325,591],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,580,335,591],"content":"A^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[336,580,476,589],"content":"be the connected subgraph induced by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,580,506,591],"content":"V^{\\prime}\\,\\mathrm{in}\\,Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[507,580,540,593],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,590,541,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,592,322,599],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[323,592,344,599],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[345,590,398,599],"content":"d i a m(A^{\\prime})\\leq3,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,591,460,599],"content":"all vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[461,592,470,599],"content":"F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[471,594,540,599],"content":"are distinct (i.e.,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,600,541,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,600,331,610],"content":"\\vert F^{\\prime}\\vert=8)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,600,350,610],"content":". Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[351,600,459,610],"content":"Y=\\{(0y,1y)\\,|\\,0y\\in N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,600,476,611],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,600,487,610],"content":"_{0y}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[488,600,541,611],"content":"be any vertex","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,611,541,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,611,311,621],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[312,612,342,620],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,612,374,620],"content":" and let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[375,611,385,621],"content":"A^{\\prime\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[386,612,540,620],"content":" be the connected subgraph induced by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,621,541,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,622,336,632],"content":"V^{\\prime}\\cup\\{\\boldsymbol{0}y\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[337,622,353,632],"content":"(in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[354,621,366,632],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[367,622,408,632],"content":"0.Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[409,621,430,632],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[431,621,452,632],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[453,621,538,632],"content":"d i a m(A^{\\prime\\prime})\\leq4,~1y\\notin F^{\\prime},","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[299,652,541,662],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,652,308,662],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[309,652,316,662],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[317,652,350,662],"content":"Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[351,652,442,656],"content":"|Y|=|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|\\ge4n-9","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,652,532,654],"content":"(by using Lemma 5) and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,652,540,662],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[299,655,541,662],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,657,365,662],"content":"contains at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[366,661,492,662],"content":"\\left|F-F^{\\prime}\\right|\\leq(4n-2)-8=4n-10","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,655,540,662],"content":"faulty verti-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,663,541,674],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,663,352,672],"content":"ces, an edge","type":"text"},{"bbox":[353,663,397,674],"content":"(0y,1y)\\in Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[398,663,476,671],"content":"exists such that (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,663,520,674],"content":"0y\\notin F-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[521,663,540,674],"content":"(i.e.)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,673,541,684],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,673,331,684],"content":"0y\\not\\in F_{0}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,677,366,683],"content":"and (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,675,410,684],"content":"1y\\notin F-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[411,675,432,683],"content":"(i.e.,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,675,481,684],"content":"1y\\notin F_{1}-F^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[482,677,541,684],"content":", implying that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,685,541,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,685,327,694],"content":"1y\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[328,685,358,694],"content":"because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[359,685,385,694],"content":"1y\\notin F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[386,686,427,694],"content":".Therefore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,685,437,694],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,686,541,694],"content":"can be connected to a vertex","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,695,541,703],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,695,309,703],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[310,695,340,703],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[533,695,541,703],"content":"口","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,737,541,747],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,737,361,747],"content":"constructing an","type":"text"},{"bbox":[362,737,373,747],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[374,737,417,747],"content":"-cut of size","type":"text"},{"bbox":[418,737,442,747],"content":"4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,737,455,747],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[456,737,481,747],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[482,737,541,747],"content":" as follows. Let","type":"text"}]}]],"layout_bboxes":[{"layout_bbox":[28,42,279,767],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]},{"layout_bbox":[289,42,541,767],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"page_idx":2,"page_size":[567.3259887695,773.9719848633],"_layout_tree":[{"layout_bbox":[0,42,567.3259887695,767],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[{"layout_bbox":[28,42,279,767],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]},{"layout_bbox":[289,42,541,767],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}]}],"images":[{"bbox":[358,132,469,173],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/2_358_46_469_174.jpg"}],"tables":[{"bbox":[36,132,269,421],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/tables\/2_34_89_269_421.jpg"}],"interline_equations":[{"bbox":[36,695,277,736],"content":"\\begin{array}{l}{{|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(K_{1,g})|=|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(K_{1,g})|+2|V(K_{1,g})|\\ =\\left[(g+1)n-2g-\\left(\\frac{g}{2}\\right)\\right]}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{}+\\ 2(g+1)=(g+1)n+2\\ -\\left(\\frac{g}{2}\\right)}}\\end{array}","type":"interline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,307,541,328],"content":"\\left[(g+1)n+2-\\left(\\frac{g}{2}\\right)\\right]-\\;\\;(g+1)>g\\;\\;\\;\\mathrm{for}\\;\\;\\;n\\geq5\\;\\;\\;\\mathrm{and}\\;\\;\\;0\\leq\\;\\;g\\leq n,","type":"interline_equation"}],"inline_equations":[{"bbox":[32,132,35,138],"content":"p","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[126,422,151,432],"content":"F 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Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,538,397,547],"content":"P_{3},\\{0u,0v,0w\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[452,537,462,547],"content":"0x","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[466,537,502,547],"content":"\\mathtt{n}\\,Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[512,537,539,547],"content":"1x\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[311,549,340,557],"content":"1{\\overline{{x}}}\\notin F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[511,549,539,558],"content":"1x\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[317,559,345,567],"content":"1\\overline{{x}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[426,559,503,567],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\{0u,0v,0w,0x\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,559,541,567],"content":"F^{\\prime}=","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,568,409,578],"content":"\\{1u,1\\overline{{{u}}},1v,1\\overline{{{v}}},1w,1\\overline{{{w}}},1x,1\\overline{{{x}}}\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[326,580,335,591],"content":"A^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[477,580,506,591],"content":"V^{\\prime}\\,\\mathrm{in}\\,Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,592,322,599],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,590,398,599],"content":"d i a m(A^{\\prime})\\leq3,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[461,592,470,599],"content":"F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,600,331,610],"content":"\\vert F^{\\prime}\\vert=8)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[351,600,459,610],"content":"Y=\\{(0y,1y)\\,|\\,0y\\in N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[477,600,487,610],"content":"_{0y}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[312,612,342,620],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[375,611,385,621],"content":"A^{\\prime\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,622,336,632],"content":"V^{\\prime}\\cup\\{\\boldsymbol{0}y\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,621,366,632],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[409,621,430,632],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,621,538,632],"content":"d i a m(A^{\\prime\\prime})\\leq4,~1y\\notin F^{\\prime},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[416,633,441,641],"content":"F-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[309,652,316,662],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[351,652,442,656],"content":"|Y|=|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|\\ge4n-9","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[533,652,540,662],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[366,661,492,662],"content":"\\left|F-F^{\\prime}\\right|\\leq(4n-2)-8=4n-10","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[353,663,397,674],"content":"(0y,1y)\\in Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[477,663,520,674],"content":"0y\\notin F-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,673,331,684],"content":"0y\\not\\in F_{0}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[367,675,410,684],"content":"1y\\notin F-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[433,675,481,684],"content":"1y\\notin F_{1}-F^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,685,327,694],"content":"1y\\notin 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The remaining proof is similar to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,552,542,559],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,552,542,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,552,541,559],"content":" the method described in Paragraph 2 in the proof of Lemma 10.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,560,542,574],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,560,542,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[298,562,331,573],"content":"Case 3.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[332,560,362,574],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,561,542,572],"content":" contains two components, one of which is an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,573,542,582],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,573,542,582],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,575,398,582],"content":"isolated edge; that is,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,573,425,582],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[426,573,483,582],"content":". Furthermore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[484,574,511,582],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[512,573,541,582],"content":"can be","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,583,542,593],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,583,542,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,583,365,593],"content":"connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[366,583,435,592],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,583,541,592],"content":" by using some vertices in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,593,542,606],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,593,542,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,594,343,606],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,595,382,606],"content":". 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Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[421,617,463,627],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[464,617,540,627],"content":"contains no isolated","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,628,542,637],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,628,542,637],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,629,423,637],"content":"K_{2},\\ |\\{0u,0\\overline{{{u}}},0v,0\\overline{{{v}}}\\}\\cap F_{0}|\\neq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,628,459,637],"content":".Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[460,629,487,637],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[488,628,540,637],"content":"can be con-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,638,542,649],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,638,542,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,638,348,649],"content":"nected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,638,419,649],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[420,638,493,649],"content":"by using vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[494,638,523,649],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[524,638,540,649],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,650,542,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,650,542,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,650,492,659],"content":"the result holds. 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(4)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[74,439,103,450],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[104,439,278,450],"content":" contains three components, two of which are","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,451,99,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,451,99,461],"content":"isolated vertices.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,464,278,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,464,68,475],"content":"Case 1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,464,98,474],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[99,464,238,474],"content":"is connected. Because every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[239,464,268,474],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[269,464,277,475],"content":"is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,475,278,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,476,152,485],"content":"connected to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[153,475,183,485],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,476,276,485],"content":"(by using Lemma 10),","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,486,142,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,486,91,496],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,486,142,496],"content":"is connected.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,508,278,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,508,241,519],"content":"isolated vertex; that is, 1t. It remains to show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,508,250,519],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[251,508,278,519],"content":"can be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,530,278,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,530,80,539],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[81,530,124,538],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,530,167,539],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[168,530,262,539],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[263,530,277,540],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[36,540,278,552],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,540,75,552],"content":"0t\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[76,541,90,551],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[91,540,116,549],"content":"0\\bar{t}\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[117,541,131,550],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[132,540,160,552],"content":"1{\\bar{t}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,542,278,550],"content":"then the result holds. Hence,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,551,269,560],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,553,96,560],"content":" assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[97,551,123,560],"content":"1\\bar{t}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[125,553,269,559],"content":". Consider the following two subcases.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,560,278,573],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,561,78,571],"content":"Case 2.1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[81,563,105,569],"content":"0t\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[106,561,122,573],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,560,150,568],"content":"0\\bar{t}\\notin{F_{0}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[151,562,187,571],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[188,560,230,569],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[231,561,278,568],"content":" contains no","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,580,278,590],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,580,77,590],"content":"1u\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[78,580,89,590],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[90,580,119,590],"content":"1{\\overline{{u}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,580,278,590],"content":" then the result holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,592,278,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,592,78,602],"content":"1u\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[79,592,96,603],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[97,592,125,605],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[126,592,278,599],"content":". Without loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,600,278,612],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,603,59,612],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[60,607,194,611],"content":"is adjacent to Ot. For the neighbors of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[195,600,203,612],"content":"0\\bar{t}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,600,212,612],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[213,600,225,612],"content":"Q_{n}^{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[226,603,277,612],"content":"the following","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,613,189,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,613,189,620],"content":"two scenarios are considered further:","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,621,278,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,621,86,632],"content":"Case 2.1.1","type":"text"},{"bbox":[87,621,135,632],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[136,621,156,632],"content":". Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[157,621,166,632],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[167,621,227,632],"content":"be a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,621,276,632],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[36,633,278,643],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,633,127,643],"content":"(see Fig. 2a)． If ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[128,633,153,642],"content":"1v\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[154,633,175,643],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[176,633,205,642],"content":"1{\\overline{{v}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[206,633,278,642],"content":" then the result","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,643,278,653],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,644,159,653],"content":"holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[160,644,188,653],"content":"1v\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[189,643,211,653],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[212,643,239,653],"content":"1\\bar{v}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[240,643,277,653],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,654,278,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,654,117,663],"content":"d_{H}(0t,0{\\bar{t}})=n\\geq5,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,654,249,663],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}\\big(\\{0t,0u\\}\\big)\\cap N_{Q_{n}^{0}}\\big(\\{0v,0\\bar{t}\\}\\big)=\\emptyset,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[250,654,276,664],"content":"imply-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,664,278,674],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,664,76,674],"content":"ing |","type":"text"},{"bbox":[77,665,273,673],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,\\!0u,\\!0v,\\!0\\bar{t}\\})|=\\!|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,\\!0u\\})|\\!+\\!|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0v,\\!0\\bar{t}\\})|=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[36,674,278,684],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,675,139,684],"content":"2(n{-}1){+}2(n{-}1){=}4n{-}4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[140,675,167,684],"content":"．Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[168,674,274,684],"content":"Y\\,=\\,\\{(0y,1y)|\\;0y\\in\\,N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[36,685,278,695],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,685,93,694],"content":"0u,0v,0{\\bar{t}}\\})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[94,685,130,695],"content":". Clearly,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[131,685,218,693],"content":"\\{1u,\\,1v,1\\bar{t}\\}\\cap V(Y)=\\emptyset","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[219,685,255,695],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[256,685,278,694],"content":"|Y|=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[36,705,278,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,707,206,716],"content":"|F-\\{1u,\\,1v,1\\bar{t}\\}|\\leq(4n-2)-3=4n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[207,705,278,716],"content":"faulty vertices, an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,717,248,727],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,717,70,727],"content":"edge","type":"text"},{"bbox":[71,717,114,726],"content":"(0y,1y)\\in Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[115,717,175,726],"content":"exists such that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[176,717,203,727],"content":"0y\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,717,221,727],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,717,248,726],"content":"1y\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,727,278,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[44,728,87,736],"content":"Case 2.1.2","type":"text"},{"bbox":[88,728,134,736],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})\\subseteq F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,727,168,736],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[169,728,275,736],"content":"d_{H}(0t,0{\\bar{t}})\\,{=}\\,d_{H}(1t,1{\\bar{t}})\\,{=}\\,n\\,{\\geq}\\,5,","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[359,47,473,176],"spans":[{"bbox":[359,47,473,176],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/3_359_47_473_176.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[478,188,484,195],"spans":[{"bbox":[478,188,484,195],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[330,196,377,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,196,377,205],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,235,542,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,235,333,245],"content":"n+1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[334,235,407,245],"content":".Therefore, because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,235,540,245],"content":"|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,0u\\})|=2(n-1)=2n-2","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,246,542,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,246,335,257],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[336,246,365,257],"content":"\\{0t,0u\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[366,246,456,257],"content":"contains at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,246,540,257],"content":"\\left|F_{0}-N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})\\right|=\\left|F\\right|-","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,258,542,267],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,258,508,266],"content":"\\begin{array}{r l}{|F_{1}|-|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\bar{t})|\\le(4n-2)-(n+1)-n=}&{{}\\;2n-3}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[509,258,540,267],"content":" faulty","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,267,542,277],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,268,379,277],"content":"neighbors, either ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[380,267,388,277],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[389,267,404,277],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[405,267,414,277],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,269,517,277],"content":" has a fault-free neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[518,268,528,277],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[529,269,541,277],"content":"in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,278,542,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,278,343,287],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,278,436,287],"content":"(seeFig.2b).Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[437,278,539,286],"content":"Y=\\{(0y,1y)|0y\\in N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,288,542,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,288,345,297],"content":"0u,0v\\})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[346,288,394,297],"content":".Clearly,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[395,288,537,298],"content":"\\big(N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\overline{{t}})\\cup\\{1u,1v,1\\overline{{t}},1\\overline{{u}}\\}\\big)\\cap V(Y)=\\emptyset","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[538,288,540,297],"content":"：","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,298,542,308],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,298,343,308],"content":"Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[344,299,466,308],"content":"|Y|=|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,0u,0v\\})|\\ge3n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[467,299,541,308],"content":"(by using Lemma 5)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,309,542,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,309,329,320],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,309,338,320],"content":"Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[339,309,407,320],"content":"contains at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,309,542,319],"content":"|F-(N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(0\\overline{{t}})\\cup\\{1u,1v,1\\overline{{t}},1\\overline{{u}}\\})|\\leq","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,320,542,331],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,321,422,330],"content":"(4n\\mathrm{~-~}2)\\ -(n+4)=3n\\mathrm{~-~}6","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[423,320,512,330],"content":"faulty vertices, an edge","type":"text"},{"bbox":[513,320,539,331],"content":"(0y,1y)","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,331,458,341],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,331,328,341],"content":"\\in Y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[329,331,387,340],"content":"exists such that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[388,331,414,341],"content":"0y\\notin F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,331,432,341],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,331,458,341],"content":"1y\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[302,340,542,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,342,341,352],"content":"Case 2.2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,342,369,352],"content":"(0t\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,341,386,352],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[387,342,414,352],"content":"0\\bar{t}\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,343,430,352],"content":")or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[431,342,458,352],"content":"(0t\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,340,475,352],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[476,340,502,352],"content":"0{\\bar{t}}\\notin F_{0}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,340,541,352],"content":"0. Without","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,353,542,363],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,353,428,363],"content":"loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[429,353,453,362],"content":"0t\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[454,353,471,363],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[472,353,499,362],"content":"0\\bar{t}\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[500,353,511,363],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[512,353,540,362],"content":"1{\\bar{t}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,364,542,374],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,364,476,374],"content":"then the result holds. Hence, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,364,504,374],"content":"1\\bar{t}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,364,540,374],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,375,542,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,375,355,384],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,375,434,384],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[435,375,459,384],"content":"K_{2},\\,0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,375,518,385],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[519,375,530,384],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[531,375,541,385],"content":"in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,385,542,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,385,342,395],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,385,393,396],"content":"(see Fig. 3). If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[394,385,420,395],"content":"1u\\not\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[421,385,431,396],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[432,386,461,395],"content":"1{\\overline{{u}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[462,386,539,394],"content":"then the result holds.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,395,542,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,397,414,406],"content":"Therefore, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[415,397,444,406],"content":"1u\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[445,396,471,406],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[472,395,500,406],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[501,396,540,406],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,407,542,417],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,407,355,416],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,407,439,416],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,407,452,416],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,407,480,417],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[481,407,489,416],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,407,503,417],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[504,407,515,417],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[516,407,541,417],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,417,542,428],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,417,348,428],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,417,358,428],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,417,370,428],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[371,417,400,428],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[401,417,413,428],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,417,440,428],"content":"1v\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[441,418,453,428],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[454,418,483,428],"content":"1{\\overline{{v}}}\\not\\in F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[484,418,541,428],"content":"then the result","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,429,542,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,429,422,438],"content":"holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[423,429,451,438],"content":"1v\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[452,429,474,438],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,429,502,438],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,429,541,438],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,439,542,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,439,516,450],"content":"d_{H}(0t,0\\Bar{t})=d_{H}(1t,1\\Bar{t})=n\\ge5,\\quad0\\Bar{t}\\notin N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(\\{0t,0u,0v\\})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[517,439,541,450],"content":"and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,451,542,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,451,413,461],"content":"N_{Q_{n}^{1}}({1}t)\\cap\\ \\{1\\overline{{t}},1\\overline{{u}},1\\overline{{v}}\\}=\\emptyset,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,451,454,461],"content":" implying","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,451,538,461],"content":"|F_{1}|\\geq|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(1t)|+|\\{1\\bar{t},","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,464,542,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,464,324,474],"content":"1u,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[325,464,376,475],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\}|=n+3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[377,464,401,474],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[402,464,541,474],"content":"\\left|F_{0}\\right|=\\left|F\\right|-\\left|F_{1}\\right|\\leq\\left(4n-2\\right)-\\left(n+3\\right)=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,475,542,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,476,335,485],"content":"3n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[336,476,381,485],"content":" Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[382,475,492,485],"content":"\\begin{array}{r l}{|N_{Q_{n}^{0}}}&{{}(\\{0t,0u,0v\\})|\\ge3n-5}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,475,542,485],"content":"(by using","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,486,542,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,486,375,496],"content":"Lemma 5) and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[376,486,417,496],"content":"\\{0t,0u,0v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,486,490,496],"content":" contains at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,486,541,496],"content":"\\vert F_{0}-\\{0\\bar{t}\\}\\vert\\le","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,497,542,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,497,343,507],"content":"(3n-5)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,497,392,507],"content":"-1=3n-6","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[393,497,467,507],"content":"faulty neighbors in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[468,497,481,507],"content":"Q_{n}^{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[482,497,524,507],"content":"\\{0t,0u,0v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[525,497,541,507],"content":"has","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,508,542,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,508,356,519],"content":"a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[357,508,369,519],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,508,382,519],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[383,508,413,519],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,508,428,519],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[429,508,458,519],"content":"1w\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,508,472,519],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,508,504,519],"content":"1{\\overline{{w}}}\\notin F_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,508,541,519],"content":"then the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,520,542,529],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,520,454,529],"content":"result holds. Therefore, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,520,485,529],"content":"1w\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,520,507,529],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[508,520,537,529],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,530,542,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,530,400,539],"content":"For convenience, let ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[401,530,479,539],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\begin{array}{r l}{\\{0t,0u,0v,0w\\}}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[480,530,505,541],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,530,538,541],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{1\\bar{t}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,540,542,551],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,540,394,551],"content":"1u,1\\overline{{u}},1v,\\ \\ 1\\overline{{v}},1w,1\\overline{{w}}\\big\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[395,542,542,550],"content":". The remaining proof is similar to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,552,542,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,552,541,559],"content":" the method described in Paragraph 2 in the proof of Lemma 10.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,560,542,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[298,562,331,573],"content":"Case 3.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[332,560,362,574],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,561,542,572],"content":" contains two components, one of which is an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,573,542,582],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,575,398,582],"content":"isolated edge; that is,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,573,425,582],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[426,573,483,582],"content":". Furthermore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[484,574,511,582],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[512,573,541,582],"content":"can be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,583,542,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,583,365,593],"content":"connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[366,583,435,592],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,583,541,592],"content":" by using some vertices in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,593,542,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,594,343,606],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,595,382,606],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[383,593,433,606],"content":"|F_{1}|\\leq\\,2n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,594,454,606],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,593,541,606],"content":"|N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(\\{1u,1v\\})\\cap F_{1}|\\,=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,607,542,616],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,607,339,616],"content":"2n-2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,607,372,616],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[373,607,389,616],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,607,417,616],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,607,541,616],"content":".First consider the case that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,617,542,628],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,617,340,627],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,617,357,628],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[358,617,384,628],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,617,420,628],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[421,617,463,627],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[464,617,540,627],"content":"contains no isolated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,628,542,637],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,629,423,637],"content":"K_{2},\\ |\\{0u,0\\overline{{{u}}},0v,0\\overline{{{v}}}\\}\\cap F_{0}|\\neq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,628,459,637],"content":".Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[460,629,487,637],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[488,628,540,637],"content":"can be con-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,638,542,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,638,348,649],"content":"nected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,638,419,649],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[420,638,493,649],"content":"by using vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[494,638,523,649],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[524,638,540,649],"content":"and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,650,542,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,650,492,659],"content":"the result holds. Next, consider the case that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[493,650,521,659],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,650,541,659],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,660,542,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,660,339,669],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[340,660,353,669],"content":"(or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[354,660,381,669],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[382,660,398,669],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,660,427,669],"content":"1\\overline{{v}}\\in F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[428,660,440,669],"content":"0. If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,660,466,669],"content":"0v\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[467,660,477,669],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[478,660,507,669],"content":"0\\overline{{v}}\\notin F_{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[508,660,541,669],"content":"then the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,670,542,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,670,432,680],"content":"result holds. 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Furthermore, because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[493,717,539,726],"content":"\\vert F\\vert\\le4n-2","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,727,542,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,727,328,736],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[329,728,499,736],"content":"|F_{0}|\\geq|F_{1}|=2n-1,|F_{0}|=|F|-|F_{1}|=2n-1.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[500,727,540,736],"content":" This 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Based on the method","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[46,422,277,432],"lines":[{"bbox":[46,422,277,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,422,237,432],"content":"similar to that used in Case 3, we can show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[238,422,248,432],"content":"_{1u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[249,422,267,432],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[268,422,277,432],"content":"1v","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[49,433,279,443],"lines":[{"bbox":[49,433,279,443],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,433,122,443],"content":"can be connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[123,433,192,443],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[193,433,279,443],"content":"by using some vertices","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[46,444,89,452],"lines":[{"bbox":[46,444,89,452],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,444,59,452],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[60,444,89,451],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[46,453,232,464],"lines":[{"bbox":[46,453,232,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[46,453,232,464],"content":" Combining the above cases completes the proof.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,465,278,475],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,465,278,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,465,278,475],"content":" Based on Lemma 9 and the proof of Theorem 1, the following","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,476,279,485],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,476,279,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,476,279,485],"content":"corollary extends the results to suggest an upper bound","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,486,56,496],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,486,56,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,487,47,496],"content":"of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[48,486,56,496],"content":"\\kappa_{g}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[83,495,210,507],"lines":[{"bbox":[83,495,210,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,495,210,507],"content":"\\kappa_{g}(F Q_{n+1})\\leq(g+1)n+2-\\binom{g}{2},","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,502,277,511],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,502,277,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,502,82,511],"content":"Corollary 1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[215,502,238,511],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[239,502,260,511],"content":"n\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[261,502,277,511],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,512,74,522],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,512,74,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,512,74,522],"content":"0\\leq g\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[24,528,158,540],"lines":[{"bbox":[24,528,158,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,528,158,540],"content":"4.23-Edge Extra Connectivity","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[24,549,276,561],"lines":[{"bbox":[24,549,276,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,549,91,558],"content":"Lemma 11. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[92,549,99,559],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[100,549,201,557],"content":"be a connected subgraph of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[202,549,213,560],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[214,549,233,561],"content":"with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[234,549,276,559],"content":"|V(A)|=4,","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,558,278,569],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,558,278,569],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,560,59,569],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[60,559,81,569],"content":"n\\geq3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[82,561,161,569],"content":"Then,each neighborof","type":"text"},{"bbox":[162,558,168,569],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[169,559,178,569],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[179,558,189,569],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[190,562,278,569],"content":"is adjacent to at most two","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,570,83,578],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,570,83,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,570,75,578],"content":"vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[76,570,82,578],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[24,583,277,595],"lines":[{"bbox":[24,583,277,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,583,94,593],"content":"Proof. 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Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,583,259,595],"content":"y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[260,583,277,595],"content":"be a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,594,279,606],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,594,279,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,595,82,606],"content":"neighbor of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[83,594,89,606],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[90,595,100,606],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[101,595,112,606],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[113,596,211,604],"content":"Suppose, conversely, that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[212,595,217,606],"content":"y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[218,596,279,605],"content":"is adjacent to at","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,607,278,614],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,607,278,614],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,607,278,614],"content":"least three vertices in A. Hence, either (1) a triangle is generated, or","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,615,279,623],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,615,279,623],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,615,279,623],"content":"(2) two vertices having at least three common neighbors exist in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,628,279,633],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,628,279,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,628,51,633],"content":"Q_{n},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,628,170,633],"content":"which leads to a contradiction.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[268,628,279,633],"content":"口","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[24,645,277,658],"lines":[{"bbox":[24,645,277,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,645,91,658],"content":"Lemma 12. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[92,645,134,658],"content":"F\\subset E(Q_{n})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,645,154,658],"content":"with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[155,645,204,658],"content":"|F|\\leq2n-2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[205,645,230,658],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[231,645,251,658],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[252,645,277,658],"content":"Then,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,659,277,667],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,659,277,667],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,659,66,667],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[67,659,247,667],"content":"satisfies one of the following three scenarios: (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[248,659,277,667],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,668,280,678],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,668,280,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,669,99,678],"content":"is connected. (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[100,668,128,678],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[129,669,280,677],"content":"has tuo components, one of which is an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,679,278,690],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,679,278,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,680,105,688],"content":"isolated vertex. (3)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,679,134,690],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,679,278,690],"content":"has two components, one of wohich is an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,689,83,700],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,689,83,700],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,689,83,700],"content":"isolated edge.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[24,703,277,715],"lines":[{"bbox":[24,703,277,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,703,64,715],"content":"Proof. If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[65,703,92,715],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[93,703,277,715],"content":"is connected, then Condition 1 holds. Otherwise,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,716,277,726],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,716,277,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,716,91,726],"content":"assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[92,716,121,725],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[122,716,229,725],"content":" is disconnected. Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[230,716,277,725],"content":"\\vert F\\vert\\le2n-2","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,726,278,736],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,726,278,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,727,108,736],"content":"<3n-4=\\lambda_{2}(Q_{n})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[109,726,156,736],"content":"[25], where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[157,726,179,736],"content":"n\\geq4.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[183,726,212,736],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[213,726,278,736],"content":" contains at least","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,737,279,747],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,737,279,747],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,737,279,747],"content":"one isolated vertex or one isolated edge. In addition, because at ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,231,541,241],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,231,541,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,231,318,241],"content":"least","type":"text"},{"bbox":[319,231,343,241],"content":"2n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,231,540,241],"content":"edges must be removed to obtain two isolated vertices","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,242,541,252],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,242,541,252],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,242,311,252],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[312,243,323,252],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[324,242,343,252],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[344,242,393,252],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F|\\le2n-2,}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,242,541,252],"content":" at most one isolated vertex exists in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,253,541,263],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,253,541,263],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,253,328,262],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[329,253,450,263],"content":". Conversely, because at least ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[451,253,477,262],"content":"3n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[478,253,541,262],"content":"edges must be","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,263,541,273],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,263,541,273],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,264,475,273],"content":"removed to obtain an isolated vertex subset","type":"text"},{"bbox":[476,263,485,273],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,263,498,273],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[499,263,513,273],"content":"Q_{n},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[514,263,541,273],"content":"where","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,274,541,283],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,274,541,283],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,274,331,283],"content":"|V^{\\prime}|\\geq3,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,274,348,283],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,274,495,283],"content":"|F|\\leq2n-2<3n-4\\,\\mathrm{for}\\,n\\geq4,Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[496,274,540,283],"content":"satisfies one","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,284,541,294],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,284,541,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,284,540,294],"content":"of the following two scenarios: (i) There is exactly one isolated","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,295,541,304],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,295,541,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,295,407,304],"content":"vertex (hereafter, denoted by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,295,412,304],"content":"t_{,}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[413,295,423,304],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[424,295,452,304],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,295,541,304],"content":" (ii) There is exactly one","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,305,499,315],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,305,499,315],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,305,434,315],"content":"isolated edge, hereafter denoted by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[435,305,455,315],"content":"(u,v),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[456,305,467,315],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[468,305,495,315],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[496,305,499,315],"content":"，","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,316,541,326],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,316,541,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,316,386,325],"content":"If (i) holds, then","type":"text"},{"bbox":[387,316,437,326],"content":"Q_{n}-F-\\{t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,316,539,325],"content":"is connected as follows.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,326,541,336],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,326,541,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,326,338,336],"content":"Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[339,327,517,336],"content":"\\lambda(Q_{n}-\\{t\\})\\geq\\kappa(Q_{n}-\\{t\\})\\geq\\kappa(Q_{n})-1=n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[518,326,541,336],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,337,541,349],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,337,541,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,337,495,349],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|E(Q_{n}-\\{t\\})\\cap F|=|F|-|N E_{Q_{n}}(t)|\\le n-2,~~Q_{n}-}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[496,337,541,348],"content":"F-{t}is","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,349,541,359],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,349,541,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,350,521,358],"content":"connected. Hence, Condition 2 holds. If (i) holds, then ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[522,349,540,359],"content":"Q_{n}-","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,359,541,369],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,359,541,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,359,339,369],"content":"F-\\{u,v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[340,359,476,369],"content":"is connected as follows. Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,360,540,369],"content":"\\lambda(Q_{n}-\\{u,v\\})\\ge","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,370,541,380],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,370,541,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,370,401,379],"content":"\\kappa(Q_{n}-\\{u,v\\})\\ge n-2\\ge1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[402,370,416,380],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,370,438,379],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[439,370,457,380],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[458,371,541,379],"content":"\\left|E(Q_{n}\\!-\\!\\{u,v\\})\\cap F\\right|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,380,541,390],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,380,541,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,380,392,390],"content":"|F|-|N E_{Q_{n}}(\\{u,v\\})|\\,{=}\\,0,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[395,381,455,390],"content":"Q_{n}-F-\\ \\{u,v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[456,381,539,390],"content":"is connected. Hence,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,391,541,399],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,391,541,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,391,371,399],"content":"Condition 3 holds.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,391,541,399],"content":"口","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[287,403,540,415],"lines":[{"bbox":[287,403,540,415],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,403,362,414],"content":"Lemma 13. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[366,403,483,415],"content":"F Q_{n+1}=G(Q_{n}^{0},Q_{n}^{1},P M_{0},\\overline{{{P M}}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[484,403,513,414],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[514,403,540,414],"content":"F\\subset E","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,415,541,427],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,415,541,427],"spans":[{"bbox":[298,415,336,427],"content":"(FQn+1),","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,416,482,427],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap E(Q_{n}^{0}),\\ \\ \\ \\ F_{1}=F\\cap E(Q_{n}^{1}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[483,416,513,427],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[521,415,541,427],"content":"F_{c}=","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,428,541,438],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,428,541,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,428,366,437],"content":"F\\cap(P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[367,428,396,438],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,428,417,438],"content":"n\\geq3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,428,473,438],"content":".Suppose that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[474,428,522,437],"content":"|F|\\leq\\,4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[523,428,541,437],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,438,542,450],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,438,542,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,438,343,450],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,439,463,450],"content":"does not contain any isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[464,439,478,450],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[479,438,513,450],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[514,438,527,450],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[528,438,542,450],"content":"or","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,451,541,466],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,451,541,466],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,451,325,462],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[329,451,338,464],"content":"P_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[339,451,419,462],"content":". Then, every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[420,451,431,466],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[432,451,487,466],"content":"is connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,451,492,466],"content":"a","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,451,527,466],"content":"vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[528,451,539,466],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,463,365,470],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,463,365,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,463,322,470],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,465,365,470],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[286,475,542,487],"lines":[{"bbox":[286,475,542,487],"spans":[{"bbox":[286,475,332,486],"content":"Proof. Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[333,475,342,487],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,475,402,487],"content":"be any vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[403,475,433,487],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,475,483,486],"content":"(see Fig. 5). 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For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[439,606,538,614],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{(0u,1u),(0u,1\\overline{{u}}),(0v,","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,615,541,623],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,615,541,623],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,615,480,623],"content":"1v),(0v,1\\overline{{v}}),(0w,1w),(0w,1\\overline{{w}}),(0x,1x),(0x,1\\overline{{x}})\\},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,615,509,623],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[521,615,540,623],"content":"V^{\\prime}=","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,628,541,633],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,628,541,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,628,357,633],"content":"\\{0u,0v,0w,0x\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,628,540,633],"content":"口.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[286,645,541,658],"lines":[{"bbox":[286,645,541,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[286,645,391,658],"content":" Claim 1. There are in total","type":"text"},{"bbox":[392,645,434,658],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[435,645,541,658],"content":"pairwise edge-disjoint paths","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,659,541,669],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,659,541,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,659,389,669],"content":"in which each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,659,398,669],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,659,452,669],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[453,659,464,669],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[465,659,490,669],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,659,534,669],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[535,659,538,669],"content":"，","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[287,670,541,682],"lines":[{"bbox":[287,670,541,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[287,670,541,682],"content":" Proof of the claim. These paths are constructed by examining each","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,683,541,694],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,683,541,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,683,325,694],"content":"vertex","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,683,374,692],"content":"0y\\in N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[375,683,540,692],"content":". By using Lemma 11, one or two neighboring","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,693,541,706],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,693,541,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,695,331,703],"content":"edges of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[332,693,340,706],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,694,413,703],"content":"are incident to Oy. If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,693,417,705],"content":"e","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,693,541,703],"content":"is the unique neighboring edge of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,704,541,715],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,704,541,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,704,309,715],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[310,707,352,715],"content":"incident to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[353,704,363,715],"content":"0y,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[364,705,392,715],"content":"choose","type":"text"},{"bbox":[393,706,433,715],"content":"\\langle e,(0y,1y)\\rangle","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,705,490,715],"content":"as the path for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,704,494,715],"content":"e","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[495,704,540,715],"content":". Otherwise,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,716,541,726],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,716,541,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,716,311,726],"content":"let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[312,716,318,726],"content":"e^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[319,716,335,726],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[336,716,343,725],"content":"e^{\\prime\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,716,451,725],"content":"be two neighboring edges of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,716,460,726],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[461,716,540,725],"content":"incident to Oy. In this","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,726,541,736],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,726,541,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,727,362,736],"content":"case, we choose","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,726,406,736],"content":"\\langle e^{\\prime},(0y,1y)\\rangle","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[407,726,424,736],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[425,727,470,736],"content":"\\langle e^{\\prime\\prime},(0y,1\\overline{{y}})\\rangle","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[471,726,532,736],"content":"as the paths for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,726,539,736],"content":"e^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,737,541,747],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,737,541,747],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,737,316,747],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[317,737,325,747],"content":"e^{\\prime\\prime},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[326,737,448,747],"content":" respectively. By examining each","type":"text"},{"bbox":[449,737,459,747],"content":"0y,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,737,497,747],"content":"construct","type":"text"},{"bbox":[498,737,539,747],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|","type":"inline_equation"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[46,274,277,283],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,274,85,283],"content":"2n>|F_{0}|,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[86,274,113,283],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[114,274,125,283],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[126,274,140,283],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,274,151,283],"content":"0\\overline{{u}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[152,274,218,283],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,274,231,283],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[232,274,245,283],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[246,274,276,283],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[46,284,277,295],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,284,255,294],"content":"(see Fig. 4a). Without loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[256,284,268,295],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[269,284,276,294],"content":"is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[46,295,277,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,295,93,304],"content":"adjacent to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[94,295,104,304],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[105,295,132,304],"content":"Thus,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[133,295,144,304],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[145,295,218,304],"content":"is also adjacent to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,295,228,304],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[229,296,265,304],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[266,296,277,304],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[46,305,277,315],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,305,108,315],"content":"is adjacent to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[109,305,119,315],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,305,142,315],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[143,305,199,315],"content":"d_{H}(1\\overline{{u}},1u)\\geq5,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[203,305,276,315],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\notin N_{Q_{n}^{1}}(\\{1u,1v\\}),","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[46,316,277,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,316,108,326],"content":"which leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[109,316,137,325],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\notin F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,316,172,326],"content":"because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[173,316,203,325],"content":"1\\overline{{w}}\\neq1\\overline{{u}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,316,249,326],"content":".Therefore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[250,316,277,325],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,337,89,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,337,59,349],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[60,337,77,348],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[78,337,89,348],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,348,277,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,350,78,359],"content":"Case 3.2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[79,349,108,359],"content":"(0u\\not\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[109,348,126,359],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,348,156,359],"content":"0\\overline{{u}}\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[157,348,172,359],"content":")or(","type":"text"},{"bbox":[173,348,202,358],"content":"(0u\\in F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[203,348,220,358],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,348,249,358],"content":"0\\overline{{{u}}}\\notin F_{0}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[250,348,277,358],"content":"0.With-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[46,391,200,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,391,200,399],"content":" proof is similar to that used in Case 3.1.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,422,277,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,422,237,432],"content":"similar to that used in Case 3, we can show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[238,422,248,432],"content":"_{1u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[249,422,267,432],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[268,422,277,432],"content":"1v","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[46,444,89,452],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,444,59,452],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[60,444,89,451],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,453,232,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[46,453,232,464],"content":" Combining the above cases completes the proof.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,486,56,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,487,47,496],"content":"of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[48,486,56,496],"content":"\\kappa_{g}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[83,495,210,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,495,210,507],"content":"\\kappa_{g}(F Q_{n+1})\\leq(g+1)n+2-\\binom{g}{2},","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,512,74,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,512,74,522],"content":"0\\leq g\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,570,83,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,570,75,578],"content":"vertices in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[76,570,82,578],"content":"A","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,659,277,667],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,659,66,667],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[67,659,247,667],"content":"satisfies one of the following three scenarios: (1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[248,659,277,667],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[36,689,83,700],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,689,83,700],"content":"isolated edge.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[36,716,277,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,716,91,726],"content":"assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[92,716,121,725],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[122,716,229,725],"content":" is disconnected. Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[230,716,277,725],"content":"\\vert F\\vert\\le2n-2","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,231,541,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,231,318,241],"content":"least","type":"text"},{"bbox":[319,231,343,241],"content":"2n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,231,540,241],"content":"edges must be removed to obtain two isolated vertices","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,242,541,252],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,242,311,252],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[312,243,323,252],"content":"Q_{n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[324,242,343,252],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[344,242,393,252],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F|\\le2n-2,}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,242,541,252],"content":" at most one isolated vertex exists in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,253,541,263],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,253,328,262],"content":"Q_{n}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[329,253,450,263],"content":". 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Hence, Condition 2 holds. If (i) holds, then ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[522,349,540,359],"content":"Q_{n}-","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,359,541,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,359,339,369],"content":"F-\\{u,v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[340,359,476,369],"content":"is connected as follows. Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,360,540,369],"content":"\\lambda(Q_{n}-\\{u,v\\})\\ge","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,370,541,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,370,401,379],"content":"\\kappa(Q_{n}-\\{u,v\\})\\ge n-2\\ge1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[402,370,416,380],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,370,438,379],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[439,370,457,380],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[458,371,541,379],"content":"\\left|E(Q_{n}\\!-\\!\\{u,v\\})\\cap F\\right|=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,380,541,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,380,392,390],"content":"|F|-|N E_{Q_{n}}(\\{u,v\\})|\\,{=}\\,0,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[395,381,455,390],"content":"Q_{n}-F-\\ \\{u,v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[456,381,539,390],"content":"is connected. Hence,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,391,541,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,391,371,399],"content":"Condition 3 holds.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,391,541,399],"content":"口","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,415,541,427],"spans":[{"bbox":[298,415,336,427],"content":"(FQn+1),","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,416,482,427],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap E(Q_{n}^{0}),\\ \\ \\ \\ F_{1}=F\\cap E(Q_{n}^{1}),","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[483,416,513,427],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[521,415,541,427],"content":"F_{c}=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,428,541,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,428,366,437],"content":"F\\cap(P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[367,428,396,438],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,428,417,438],"content":"n\\geq3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,428,473,438],"content":".Suppose that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[474,428,522,437],"content":"|F|\\leq\\,4n-1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[523,428,541,437],"content":"and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,451,541,466],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,451,325,462],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[329,451,338,464],"content":"P_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[339,451,419,462],"content":". Then, every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[420,451,431,466],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[432,451,487,466],"content":"is connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,451,492,466],"content":"a","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[493,451,527,466],"content":"vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[528,451,539,466],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,463,365,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,463,322,470],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,465,365,470],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,488,541,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,488,349,495],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[350,488,541,495],"content":" then the result holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,496,541,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,496,348,507],"content":"(0u,1u)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,496,367,507],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[368,496,414,507],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,496,451,507],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,496,493,507],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,496,541,507],"content":" contains no","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,508,541,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,508,331,518],"content":"isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[332,508,345,517],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[346,508,418,518],"content":" Ou has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[419,508,428,518],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[429,508,440,518],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,508,470,517],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[471,508,483,518],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[484,508,529,518],"content":"(0v,1v)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,508,541,518],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,519,541,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,519,348,528],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{{v}}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,519,541,528],"content":" then the result holds. Therefore, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,529,541,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,529,347,539],"content":"(0v,1v)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[348,529,366,540],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,529,413,539],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{v}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,529,450,540],"content":". Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[451,529,493,539],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,529,541,539],"content":" contains no","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,550,541,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,551,350,561],"content":"(0w,1w)\\notin{\\cal F}_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[351,550,366,561],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,551,418,561],"content":"(0w,1\\overline{{w}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,551,540,561],"content":"then the result holds. Hence,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,562,541,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,562,363,570],"content":"assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[364,562,414,570],"content":"(0w,1w)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,562,447,570],"content":"　and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[448,562,497,569],"content":"(0w,1\\overline{{w}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[498,562,541,569],"content":"：Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,570,541,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,571,343,578],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,572,431,578],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[432,571,458,578],"content":"P_{3},\\ 0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,570,474,578],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,570,485,578],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,571,500,578],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[501,570,513,578],"content":"0w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[514,571,540,578],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,583,541,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,583,337,595],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,583,348,595],"content":"0x","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,583,362,595],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,583,393,594],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[394,583,408,595],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[409,583,455,595],"content":"(0x,1x)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[456,583,469,595],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[470,583,519,594],"content":"(0x,1\\overline{{x}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[520,583,541,594],"content":" then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,595,541,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,596,471,603],"content":"the result holds. 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For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[439,606,538,614],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{(0u,1u),(0u,1\\overline{{u}}),(0v,","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,615,541,623],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,615,480,623],"content":"1v),(0v,1\\overline{{v}}),(0w,1w),(0w,1\\overline{{w}}),(0x,1x),(0x,1\\overline{{x}})\\},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,615,509,623],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[521,615,540,623],"content":"V^{\\prime}=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,628,541,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,628,357,633],"content":"\\{0u,0v,0w,0x\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,628,540,633],"content":"口.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[298,659,541,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,659,389,669],"content":"in which each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,659,398,669],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,659,452,669],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[453,659,464,669],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[465,659,490,669],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,659,534,669],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[535,659,538,669],"content":"，","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,683,541,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,683,325,694],"content":"vertex","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,683,374,692],"content":"0y\\in N_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[375,683,540,692],"content":". By using Lemma 11, one or two neighboring","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,693,541,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,695,331,703],"content":"edges of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[332,693,340,706],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[341,694,413,703],"content":"are incident to Oy. If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,693,417,705],"content":"e","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,693,541,703],"content":"is the unique neighboring edge of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,704,541,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,704,309,715],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[310,707,352,715],"content":"incident to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[353,704,363,715],"content":"0y,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[364,705,392,715],"content":"choose","type":"text"},{"bbox":[393,706,433,715],"content":"\\langle e,(0y,1y)\\rangle","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,705,490,715],"content":"as the path for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[491,704,494,715],"content":"e","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[495,704,540,715],"content":". Otherwise,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,716,541,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,716,311,726],"content":"let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[312,716,318,726],"content":"e^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[319,716,335,726],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[336,716,343,725],"content":"e^{\\prime\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,716,451,725],"content":"be two neighboring edges of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,716,460,726],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[461,716,540,725],"content":"incident to Oy. In this","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,726,541,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,727,362,736],"content":"case, we choose","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,726,406,736],"content":"\\langle e^{\\prime},(0y,1y)\\rangle","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[407,726,424,736],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[425,727,470,736],"content":"\\langle e^{\\prime\\prime},(0y,1\\overline{{y}})\\rangle","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[471,726,532,736],"content":"as the paths for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,726,539,736],"content":"e^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[298,737,541,747],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,737,316,747],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[317,737,325,747],"content":"e^{\\prime\\prime},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[326,737,448,747],"content":" respectively. 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Note that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[161,527,215,537],"content":"P M_{0},P M_{1},.\\,.\\,.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[216,527,219,537],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[220,527,242,537],"content":"P M_{n},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[243,527,260,537],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[261,527,277,537],"content":"\\overline{{P M}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,539,278,550],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,539,278,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,539,104,549],"content":"form a partition of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[105,539,143,549],"content":"E(F Q_{n+1})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[144,539,153,550],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[154,539,206,549],"content":"|P M_{i}\\cap F|\\leq2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[207,539,241,550],"content":"for every","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,539,277,549],"content":"0\\leq i\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,550,278,561],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,550,278,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,550,58,561],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[59,551,112,561],"content":"|{\\overline{{P M}}}\\cap F|\\leq2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[113,550,140,561],"content":"then","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,551,231,561],"content":"2(n+2)<4n-1=|F|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[232,551,253,561],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,550,274,561],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,562,278,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,562,278,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,562,67,572],"content":"Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[68,562,119,572],"content":"|{\\overline{{P M}}}\\cap F|\\geq3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,562,133,572],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[134,562,187,572],"content":"|P M_{i}\\cap F|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[188,562,227,572],"content":"for some","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,562,263,572],"content":"0\\leq i\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[264,562,278,572],"content":". In","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,573,278,584],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,573,278,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,573,132,583],"content":"addition, the vertices of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[133,573,158,584],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[159,573,258,584],"content":"can be labeled such that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[259,573,277,584],"content":"|F\\cap\\mathbf{\\theta}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,584,105,594],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,584,105,594],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,584,105,594],"content":"(P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}})|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,594,278,605],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,594,278,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,595,71,605],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[72,595,119,604],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap Q_{n}^{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,594,187,603],"content":"，Fi=FnQ, ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[188,594,252,603],"content":"E_{c}=P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[253,594,277,605],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,604,278,615],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,604,278,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,606,83,615],"content":"F_{c}=F\\cap E_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[84,606,143,614],"content":"Therefore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[144,604,174,615],"content":"|F_{c}|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[175,605,206,615],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[207,606,278,614],"content":"\\left|F_{0}\\right|+\\left|F_{1}\\right|=\\left|F\\right|\\,-","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,615,278,625],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,615,278,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,616,142,625],"content":"|F_{c}|\\leq(4n-1)-3=4n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[143,616,253,625],"content":". Without loss of generality,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,615,278,625],"content":"|F_{0}|\\ge","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,626,278,638],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,626,278,638],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,626,51,638],"content":"|F_{1}|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,626,151,637],"content":"is assumed. Thus, we have","type":"text"},{"bbox":[152,626,276,638],"content":"2\\vert F_{1}\\vert\\leq\\vert F_{0}\\vert+\\vert F_{1}\\vert\\leq\\vert F\\vert\\leq4n-4,","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,639,278,648],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,639,278,648],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,639,101,648],"content":"which leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[102,640,186,648],"content":"\\textstyle|F_{1}|\\leq\\left\\lfloor{\\frac{4n-4}{2}}\\right\\rfloor=\\ 2n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[187,639,277,648],"content":". By using Lemma 12,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,649,278,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,649,278,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,649,68,659],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[69,649,278,659],"content":" then satisfies one of the following three scenarios:","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,660,278,670],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,660,278,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,660,50,670],"content":"(1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[51,660,80,670],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[81,660,146,670],"content":"is connected; (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[147,660,176,670],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[177,660,278,670],"content":"has two components, one","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,671,278,682],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,671,278,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,671,182,681],"content":" of which is an isolated vertex; and (3)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[183,671,213,682],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[214,671,278,682],"content":"has two compo-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,683,185,692],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,683,185,692],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,683,185,692],"content":"nents, one of which is an isolated edge.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,693,278,704],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,693,278,704],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,693,68,704],"content":"Case 1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,693,98,704],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[99,693,238,704],"content":"is connected. Because every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[239,693,268,704],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[269,693,277,704],"content":"is","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,705,278,715],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,705,278,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,705,152,714],"content":"connected to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[153,705,183,715],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,705,277,715],"content":"(by using Lemma 13),","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,715,143,724],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,715,143,724],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,715,91,723],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,715,143,724],"content":"is connected.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,725,279,735],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,725,279,735],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,725,68,735],"content":"Case 2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,725,98,735],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[99,725,279,735],"content":"has two components, one of which is an isolated","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,736,278,746],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,736,278,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,736,196,746],"content":"vertex; that is, 1t. It remains to show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[197,736,205,746],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[206,736,278,746],"content":"can be connected to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"lines":[{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/5_354_48_473_173.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,223,542,234],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,223,542,234],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,223,369,234],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,223,380,234],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[381,223,423,234],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,223,464,234],"content":"Note that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[465,223,541,234],"content":"|F_{1}|\\geq|N E_{Q_{n}^{1}}(1t)|=","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[319,235,542,245],"lines":[{"bbox":[319,235,542,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,235,352,244],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[353,235,395,245],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[396,235,472,244],"content":"contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,235,529,245],"content":"K_{1},(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,235,541,245],"content":"or","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,237,318,247],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,237,318,247],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,237,318,247],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,246,500,256],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,246,500,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,248,355,256],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,246,500,255],"content":". This leads to the following scenarios.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,255,542,266],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,255,542,266],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,257,345,266],"content":"Case  2.1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,258,389,266],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[390,256,416,266],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,257,459,266],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin\\breve{F_{c}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,256,481,266],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[482,256,525,266],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[526,255,541,266],"content":"or","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,267,542,276],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,267,542,276],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,267,357,276],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})\\not\\in{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,267,541,275],"content":" then the result holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,276,542,290],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,276,542,290],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,277,357,289],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,276,387,289],"content":"  and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[388,276,432,290],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[433,277,542,288],"content":"(see Fig. 6a). Because","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,289,542,299],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,289,542,299],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,290,355,299],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,291,440,299],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,289,453,299],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[454,289,481,299],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[482,289,490,299],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[491,289,505,299],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,290,514,299],"content":"0\\bar{t}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[515,289,541,299],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,300,542,311],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,300,542,311],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,300,347,311],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[348,300,358,311],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,300,369,311],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[370,300,400,310],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[401,300,412,311],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,300,459,311],"content":"(0u,1u)\\notin{F}_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,300,471,311],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[472,300,521,310],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,300,541,310],"content":"then","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,311,542,321],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,311,542,321],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,312,473,321],"content":"the result holds. Therefore, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[474,311,521,321],"content":"(0u,1u)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,311,540,321],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,322,542,332],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,322,542,332],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,322,360,332],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[361,322,458,332],"content":"．For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[459,322,537,332],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{(0t,1\\bar{t}),(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,333,542,344],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,333,542,344],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,333,377,344],"content":"(0u,1u),(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[378,333,395,344],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,333,454,343],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\{0t,0u,0\\Bar{t}\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[455,333,540,344],"content":". According to an argu-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,344,542,353],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,344,542,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,345,432,353],"content":"mentsimilar to Claim","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,344,439,353],"content":"^{1,}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,345,541,353],"content":"there are in total","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,354,542,365],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,354,542,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,354,449,365],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|=2(n-1)+\\;\\;n=3n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[450,354,541,365],"content":" pairwise edge-disjoint","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,366,542,378],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,366,542,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,366,427,377],"content":"paths where each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,366,437,378],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,366,454,378],"content":".to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,366,512,377],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,366,542,378],"content":"under","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,379,542,389],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,379,542,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,379,445,387],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-\\left(F^{\\prime}\\cup\\{(0t,1t),\\ >(0\\bar{t},1t)\\}\\right)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[446,379,541,389],"content":". However, these paths","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,389,542,398],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,389,542,398],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,389,396,398],"content":"contain at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,390,540,398],"content":"\\vert F\\vert-\\vert F_{1}\\vert-\\vert F^{\\prime}\\vert\\leq(4n-1)\\ -n-4=","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,399,542,409],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,399,542,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,399,337,409],"content":"3n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[338,400,419,409],"content":"faulty edges. Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[420,399,427,409],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[428,399,541,409],"content":"can be connected to a vertex","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,410,447,420],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,410,447,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,410,322,420],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[323,410,378,419],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[379,410,405,419],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,410,447,419],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,419,542,430],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,419,542,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,421,345,430],"content":"Case 2.2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,420,389,430],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[390,421,411,430],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,420,458,430],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\in F_{c})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,419,474,430],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,419,521,430],"content":"((0t,1t)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,419,540,430],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,431,542,442],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,431,542,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,431,357,442],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin{F_{c}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,431,541,442],"content":". Without loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,443,542,453],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,443,542,453],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,443,355,453],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,443,373,453],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[374,443,416,453],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,443,474,453],"content":"(see Fig. 6b). If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,443,521,453],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,443,541,453],"content":"then","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,454,542,465],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,454,542,465],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,454,459,464],"content":"the result holds. Hence, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[460,454,503,465],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[504,454,541,464],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,465,542,475],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,465,542,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,465,355,474],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,465,434,474],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[435,465,458,475],"content":"K_{2},\\,0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,466,519,475],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[520,465,529,475],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,465,541,474],"content":"in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,475,542,486],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,475,542,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,475,342,486],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,475,354,486],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[355,475,399,486],"content":"(0u,1u)\\not\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[400,475,411,486],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,476,458,486],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\not\\in{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,476,539,486],"content":"then the result holds.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,487,542,496],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,487,542,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,487,389,496],"content":"Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,487,437,496],"content":"(0u,1u)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,487,456,496],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,487,504,496],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,487,540,496],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,497,542,507],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,497,542,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,497,355,507],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,497,439,507],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[440,497,452,507],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,497,480,507],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[481,497,489,507],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,497,504,507],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[505,497,515,507],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[516,497,541,507],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,508,542,518],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,508,542,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,508,348,518],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,508,358,518],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,508,371,518],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[372,508,401,518],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[402,508,415,518],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[416,508,459,518],"content":"(0v,1v)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,508,472,518],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,508,520,518],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{{v}}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[521,508,541,518],"content":"then","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,519,542,528],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,519,542,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,519,474,528],"content":"the result holds. Therefore, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,519,521,528],"content":"(0v,1v)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,519,540,528],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,529,542,540],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,529,542,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,529,358,539],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{v}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,529,454,539],"content":".．For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,529,504,540],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{(0t,1\\bar{t})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[512,529,537,539],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,540,542,550],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,540,542,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,540,438,550],"content":"(0u,1u),(0u,1\\overline{{u}}),(0v,1v),(0v,1\\overline{{v}})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,541,458,550],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[459,541,521,550],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\{0t,\\,0u,0v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,540,540,549],"content":".Ac-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,551,542,561],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,551,542,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,551,542,561],"content":" cording to an argument similar to Claim 1, there are in total","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,562,542,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,562,542,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,562,504,572],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|=\\,(n-1)+(n-2)+\\,(n-1)=3n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,562,541,572],"content":" pairwise","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,573,542,584],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,573,542,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,573,491,583],"content":"edge-disjoint paths in which each connects ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[492,573,502,584],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,573,518,584],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[519,573,540,583],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}\\ -","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,584,542,595],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,584,542,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,584,348,594],"content":"F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,584,372,595],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[373,584,457,595],"content":"F Q_{n+1}\\,-(F^{\\prime}\\cup(0t,1t))","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[458,585,540,594],"content":".However, these paths","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,596,542,605],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,596,542,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,596,380,605],"content":"contain at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[381,596,539,603],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F|-|F_{1}|-|F^{\\prime}|\\leq(4n-~1)-n-6~=3n-7}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,604,542,615],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,604,542,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,606,397,614],"content":"faulty edges. Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[398,604,405,615],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[406,604,541,615],"content":" can be connected to a vertex in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,615,437,625],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,615,437,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,615,369,625],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,615,395,625],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,616,437,625],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,626,542,639],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,626,542,639],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,626,330,638],"content":"Case 3.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[331,626,361,639],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[362,626,542,637],"content":"has two components, one of which is an isolated","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,638,542,648],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,638,542,648],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,640,362,648],"content":"edge; that is,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,638,390,648],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[391,638,485,648],"content":". It remains to show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[486,639,512,648],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,638,541,648],"content":" can be","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,649,542,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,649,542,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,649,363,659],"content":"connected to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[364,649,434,659],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[435,649,462,659],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[463,649,504,659],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,649,541,659],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,660,542,670],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,660,542,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,660,428,670],"content":"\\left|F\\right|=4n-1,\\left|F_{c}\\right|\\geq3,\\left|F_{0}\\right|\\geq\\left|F_{1}\\right|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[429,660,444,670],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[445,660,541,670],"content":"\\begin{array}{r}{|F_{1}|\\ge|N E_{Q_{n}^{1}}(\\{1u,1v\\})|=}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,671,542,682],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,671,542,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,671,338,682],"content":"2n-2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[339,671,376,682],"content":"it leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[377,671,450,682],"content":"\\left|F_{0}\\right|=\\left|F_{1}\\right|=2n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[451,671,466,681],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[467,671,496,682],"content":"|F_{c}|=3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[497,671,541,681],"content":".Consider a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,683,542,692],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,683,542,692],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,683,477,692],"content":"set of  pairwise  edge-disjoint  paths","type":"text"},{"bbox":[478,683,538,692],"content":"E D P=\\{\\langle1u,0u,","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,693,542,704],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,693,542,704],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,693,457,704],"content":"1\\overline{{u}}\\rangle,\\langle1u,0\\overline{{u}},1\\overline{{u}}\\rangle,\\langle1v,0v,1\\overline{{v}}\\rangle,\\langle1v,0\\overline{{v}},1\\overline{{v}}\\rangle\\},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[458,693,539,704],"content":"where each path con-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,705,542,715],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,705,542,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,705,332,714],"content":"nects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[333,705,360,715],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[361,705,368,714],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[369,705,439,714],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}\\,-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,705,541,714],"content":"(see Fig. 7). Because (1) each","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,715,542,725],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,715,542,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,716,341,725],"content":"edge in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,716,362,724],"content":"E D P","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,715,404,724],"content":"belongs to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[405,715,416,725],"content":"E_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,715,429,723],"content":"(2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[430,715,471,725],"content":"|E D P|=4,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[472,715,501,724],"content":"and (3)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[502,715,532,724],"content":"|F_{c}|=3,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[533,715,541,725],"content":"a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,726,542,735],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,726,542,735],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,726,397,735],"content":"fault-free path exists in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[398,726,418,735],"content":"E D P","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,726,448,735],"content":"Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[449,726,475,735],"content":"(1u,1v)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[476,726,541,735],"content":"can be connected","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,736,461,746],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,736,461,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,736,322,746],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[323,736,392,746],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1u,1v\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[393,736,418,746],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[419,736,461,746],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[35,48,263,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,48,263,173],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/5_41_48_263_173.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[112,188,158,197],"spans":[{"bbox":[112,188,158,197],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,226,278,237],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,226,218,237],"content":"pairwise edge-disjoint paths where each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,226,228,237],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[229,226,278,237],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,238,119,249],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,238,49,249],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[50,238,75,249],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[76,238,119,249],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,250,278,259],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,250,276,259],"content":"One can perform the rest of proof in this way. By using Claim 1,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,260,278,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,260,73,270],"content":"there are","type":"text"},{"bbox":[74,260,152,270],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|\\geq4n-8","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[153,260,277,270],"content":"(by using Lemmas 1-3) pairwise","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,271,278,282],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,271,200,282],"content":"edge-disjoint paths in which each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[201,271,210,282],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,271,265,282],"content":"to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[266,271,277,282],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,283,278,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,283,65,294],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[66,283,109,293],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[110,283,278,293],"content":".However, these paths contain at most","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,294,278,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,295,160,304],"content":"\\left|F-F^{\\prime}\\right|\\leq\\left(4n-1\\right)-8=4n-9","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,294,239,304],"content":"faulty edges. Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[240,294,250,304],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[251,294,278,304],"content":"can be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,306,278,314],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,306,126,314],"content":"connected to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,306,137,314],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,306,162,314],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[163,306,205,314],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[206,306,209,314],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[270,306,278,314],"content":"口","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,354,278,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,354,49,364],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[50,354,89,365],"content":"-cut of size","type":"text"},{"bbox":[90,354,99,365],"content":"4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[100,354,109,365],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[110,354,134,363],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,354,151,363],"content":". Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[152,354,161,363],"content":"C_{4}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[162,354,249,363],"content":"be a cycle of length 4 in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[250,354,274,363],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,374,278,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,374,49,385],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,376,201,383],"content":"-cut as follows. According to Lemma 4,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[202,376,274,383],"content":"|N E_{F Q_{n+1}}(C_{4})|=4n","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,384,278,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,386,51,397],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[53,385,129,397],"content":"G=F Q_{n+1}-V(C_{4})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[130,386,166,397],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[167,385,210,397],"content":"|V(C_{4})|=4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,386,231,397],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[232,384,278,397],"content":"\\kappa(F Q_{n+1})=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,398,278,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,398,125,409],"content":"(n+1)+1=n+2\\geq5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[126,398,140,409],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,398,162,409],"content":"n\\geq4,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[166,398,173,409],"content":"G","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[174,398,277,409],"content":"is connected. Furthermore,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,410,278,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,410,112,419],"content":"|V(G)|=2^{n}-4\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[113,410,125,420],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[126,410,148,420],"content":"n\\geq4.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[149,410,177,419],"content":"Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[178,410,226,419],"content":"N E_{F Q_{n+1}}(C_{4})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[227,410,278,420],"content":"is the desired","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,420,198,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,420,49,430],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[50,420,101,430],"content":"-cut implying","type":"text"},{"bbox":[102,421,162,430],"content":"\\lambda_{3}(F Q_{n+1})\\leq4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,420,176,430],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[177,420,198,430],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,431,278,441],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,431,135,440],"content":"Next, we show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[136,431,197,439],"content":"\\lambda_{3}(F Q_{n+1})\\geq4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[198,431,215,439],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[216,431,237,441],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,431,278,439],"content":". In other","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,440,278,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,442,137,449],"content":"words, the size of every","type":"text"},{"bbox":[138,440,149,450],"content":"\\mathcal{R}_{3}^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[150,441,177,450],"content":"-cut of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[178,440,203,450],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,442,247,450],"content":"is at least","type":"text"},{"bbox":[248,441,258,449],"content":"4n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[259,440,278,449],"content":". For","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,450,278,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,451,201,460],"content":"the sake of contradiction, suppose that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[202,451,257,461],"content":"F\\subset E(F Q_{n+1})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[259,450,278,461],"content":"is a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,474,278,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,474,86,483],"content":"\\left|F\\right|=4n-1,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[87,474,105,483],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,474,148,485],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[149,474,229,483],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[230,474,244,486],"content":"K_{1},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[245,474,278,485],"content":"isolated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,484,278,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,484,51,495],"content":"K_{2},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,485,94,495],"content":"or isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[95,485,104,495],"content":"P_{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[105,486,160,495],"content":". Showing that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[161,485,202,495],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[203,487,277,495],"content":"is connected yields","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,496,100,504],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,496,100,504],"content":"a contradiction.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,504,278,515],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,505,66,515],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[67,506,85,515],"content":"P M_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[86,505,126,515],"content":"for each","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,504,178,515],"content":"i=1,2,\\dots,n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[179,504,278,515],"content":"be the set of edges in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,516,278,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,516,135,526],"content":"E(F Q_{n+1})-(P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[136,516,278,526],"content":" in which the two end-vertices differ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,527,278,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,527,160,537],"content":"in the ith-bit position. Note that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[161,527,215,537],"content":"P M_{0},P M_{1},.\\,.\\,.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[216,527,219,537],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[220,527,242,537],"content":"P M_{n},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[243,527,260,537],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[261,527,277,537],"content":"\\overline{{P M}}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,539,278,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,539,104,549],"content":"form a partition of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[105,539,143,549],"content":"E(F Q_{n+1})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[144,539,153,550],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[154,539,206,549],"content":"|P M_{i}\\cap F|\\leq2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[207,539,241,550],"content":"for every","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,539,277,549],"content":"0\\leq i\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,550,278,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,550,58,561],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[59,551,112,561],"content":"|{\\overline{{P M}}}\\cap F|\\leq2,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[113,550,140,561],"content":"then","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,551,231,561],"content":"2(n+2)<4n-1=|F|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[232,551,253,561],"content":"for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,550,274,561],"content":"n\\geq4","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,562,278,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,562,67,572],"content":"Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[68,562,119,572],"content":"|{\\overline{{P M}}}\\cap F|\\geq3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,562,133,572],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[134,562,187,572],"content":"|P M_{i}\\cap F|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[188,562,227,572],"content":"for some","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,562,263,572],"content":"0\\leq i\\leq n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[264,562,278,572],"content":". In","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,573,278,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,573,132,583],"content":"addition, the vertices of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[133,573,158,584],"content":"F Q_{n+1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[159,573,258,584],"content":"can be labeled such that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[259,573,277,584],"content":"|F\\cap\\mathbf{\\theta}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,584,105,594],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,584,105,594],"content":"(P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}})|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,594,278,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,595,71,605],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[72,595,119,604],"content":"F_{0}=F\\cap Q_{n}^{0},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[120,594,187,603],"content":"，Fi=FnQ, ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[188,594,252,603],"content":"E_{c}=P M_{0}\\cup\\overline{{P M}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[253,594,277,605],"content":"and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,604,278,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,606,83,615],"content":"F_{c}=F\\cap E_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[84,606,143,614],"content":"Therefore,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[144,604,174,615],"content":"|F_{c}|\\ge3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[175,605,206,615],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[207,606,278,614],"content":"\\left|F_{0}\\right|+\\left|F_{1}\\right|=\\left|F\\right|\\,-","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,615,278,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,616,142,625],"content":"|F_{c}|\\leq(4n-1)-3=4n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[143,616,253,625],"content":". Without loss of generality,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[254,615,278,625],"content":"|F_{0}|\\ge","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,626,278,638],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,626,51,638],"content":"|F_{1}|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[52,626,151,637],"content":"is assumed. Thus, we have","type":"text"},{"bbox":[152,626,276,638],"content":"2\\vert F_{1}\\vert\\leq\\vert F_{0}\\vert+\\vert F_{1}\\vert\\leq\\vert F\\vert\\leq4n-4,","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,639,278,648],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,639,101,648],"content":"which leads to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[102,640,186,648],"content":"\\textstyle|F_{1}|\\leq\\left\\lfloor{\\frac{4n-4}{2}}\\right\\rfloor=\\ 2n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[187,639,277,648],"content":". By using Lemma 12,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,649,278,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,649,68,659],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[69,649,278,659],"content":" then satisfies one of the following three scenarios:","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,660,278,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,660,50,670],"content":"(1)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[51,660,80,670],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[81,660,146,670],"content":"is connected; (2)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[147,660,176,670],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[177,660,278,670],"content":"has two components, one","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,671,278,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,671,182,681],"content":" of which is an isolated vertex; and (3)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[183,671,213,682],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[214,671,278,682],"content":"has two compo-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,683,185,692],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,683,185,692],"content":"nents, one of which is an isolated edge.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[35,693,278,704],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,693,68,704],"content":"Case 1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,693,98,704],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[99,693,238,704],"content":"is connected. Because every vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[239,693,268,704],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[269,693,277,704],"content":"is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,705,278,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,705,152,714],"content":"connected to a vertex in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[153,705,183,715],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,705,277,715],"content":"(by using Lemma 13),","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,715,143,724],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,715,91,723],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,715,143,724],"content":"is connected.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,736,278,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,736,196,746],"content":"vertex; that is, 1t. It remains to show that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[197,736,205,746],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[206,736,278,746],"content":"can be connected to","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[354,48,473,173],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_31800000\/libgen.scimag31882000-31882999.zip_10.1109\/tc.2013.10\/images\/5_354_48_473_173.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,223,542,234],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,223,369,234],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,223,380,234],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[381,223,423,234],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,223,464,234],"content":"Note that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[465,223,541,234],"content":"|F_{1}|\\geq|N E_{Q_{n}^{1}}(1t)|=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[319,235,542,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,235,352,244],"content":".Because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[353,235,395,245],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[396,235,472,244],"content":"contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,235,529,245],"content":"K_{1},(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,235,541,245],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,237,318,247],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,237,318,247],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,246,500,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,248,355,256],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,246,500,255],"content":". This leads to the following scenarios.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,255,542,266],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,257,345,266],"content":"Case  2.1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,258,389,266],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[390,256,416,266],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,257,459,266],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin\\breve{F_{c}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,256,481,266],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[482,256,525,266],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[526,255,541,266],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,267,542,276],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,267,357,276],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})\\not\\in{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,267,541,275],"content":" then the result holds. Hence, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,276,542,290],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,277,357,289],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,276,387,289],"content":"  and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[388,276,432,290],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[433,277,542,288],"content":"(see Fig. 6a). Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,289,542,299],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,290,355,299],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,291,440,299],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,289,453,299],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[454,289,481,299],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[482,289,490,299],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[491,289,505,299],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,290,514,299],"content":"0\\bar{t}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[515,289,541,299],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,300,542,311],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,300,347,311],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[348,300,358,311],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,300,369,311],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[370,300,400,310],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[401,300,412,311],"content":"If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,300,459,311],"content":"(0u,1u)\\notin{F}_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,300,471,311],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[472,300,521,310],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,300,541,310],"content":"then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,311,542,321],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,312,473,321],"content":"the result holds. Therefore, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[474,311,521,321],"content":"(0u,1u)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,311,540,321],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,322,542,332],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,322,360,332],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[361,322,458,332],"content":"．For convenience, let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[459,322,537,332],"content":"F^{\\prime}=\\{(0t,1\\bar{t}),(0\\bar{t},1\\bar{t})","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,333,542,344],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,333,377,344],"content":"(0u,1u),(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[378,333,395,344],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,333,454,343],"content":"V^{\\prime}=\\{0t,0u,0\\Bar{t}\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[455,333,540,344],"content":". According to an argu-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,344,542,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,345,432,353],"content":"mentsimilar to Claim","type":"text"},{"bbox":[433,344,439,353],"content":"^{1,}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[440,345,541,353],"content":"there are in total","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,354,542,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,354,449,365],"content":"|N E_{Q_{n}^{0}}(V^{\\prime})|=2(n-1)+\\;\\;n=3n-2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[450,354,541,365],"content":" pairwise edge-disjoint","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,366,542,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,366,427,377],"content":"paths where each connects","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,366,437,378],"content":"V^{\\prime}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,366,454,378],"content":".to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[455,366,512,377],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,366,542,378],"content":"under","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,379,542,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,379,445,387],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-\\left(F^{\\prime}\\cup\\{(0t,1t),\\ >(0\\bar{t},1t)\\}\\right)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[446,379,541,389],"content":". However, these paths","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,389,542,398],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,389,396,398],"content":"contain at most","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,390,540,398],"content":"\\vert F\\vert-\\vert F_{1}\\vert-\\vert F^{\\prime}\\vert\\leq(4n-1)\\ -n-4=","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,399,542,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,399,337,409],"content":"3n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[338,400,419,409],"content":"faulty edges. Hence,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[420,399,427,409],"content":"1t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[428,399,541,409],"content":"can be connected to a vertex","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,410,447,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,410,322,420],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[323,410,378,419],"content":"Q_{n}^{1}-F_{1}-\\{1t\\}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[379,410,405,419],"content":"under","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,410,447,419],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,419,542,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,421,345,430],"content":"Case 2.2.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,420,389,430],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[390,421,411,430],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,420,458,430],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\in F_{c})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,419,474,430],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,419,521,430],"content":"((0t,1t)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,419,540,430],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,431,542,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,431,357,442],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\notin{F_{c}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,431,541,442],"content":". Without loss of generality, assume that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,443,542,453],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,443,355,453],"content":"(0t,1t)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,443,373,453],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[374,443,416,453],"content":"(0\\bar{t},1t)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,443,474,453],"content":"(see Fig. 6b). If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,443,521,453],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[522,443,541,453],"content":"then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,454,542,465],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,454,459,464],"content":"the result holds. Hence, assume that ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[460,454,503,465],"content":"(0t,1\\bar{t})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[504,454,541,464],"content":". Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,465,542,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,465,355,474],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,465,434,474],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[435,465,458,475],"content":"K_{2},\\,0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,466,519,475],"content":"has a neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[520,465,529,475],"content":"_{0u}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[530,465,541,474],"content":"in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,475,542,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,475,342,486],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,475,354,486],"content":".If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[355,475,399,486],"content":"(0u,1u)\\not\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[400,475,411,486],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,476,458,486],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\not\\in{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[459,476,539,486],"content":"then the result holds.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,487,542,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,487,389,496],"content":"Hence, assume that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,487,437,496],"content":"(0u,1u)\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[438,487,456,496],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,487,504,496],"content":"(0u,1\\overline{{u}})\\in F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,487,540,496],"content":".Because","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,497,542,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,497,355,507],"content":"F Q_{n+1}-F","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,497,439,507],"content":" contains no isolated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[440,497,452,507],"content":"P_{3},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,497,480,507],"content":"either","type":"text"},{"bbox":[481,497,489,507],"content":"0t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,497,504,507],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[505,497,515,507],"content":"0u","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[516,497,541,507],"content":"has a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,508,542,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,508,348,518],"content":"neighbor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,508,358,518],"content":"_{0v}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,508,371,518],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[372,508,401,518],"content":"Q_{n}^{0}-F_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[402,508,415,518],"content":". If","type":"text"},{"bbox":[416,508,459,518],"content":"(0v,1v)\\notin F_{c}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,508,472,518],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,508,520,518],"content":"(0v,1\\overline{{{v}}})\\notin{\\cal F}_{c},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[521,508,541,518],"content":"then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,519,542,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,519,474,528],"content":"the result holds. 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Xu, J.W. Wang, and W.W. Wang, \"On Super and Restricted Connectivity","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,583,279,590],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,583,279,590],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,583,277,590],"content":"of Some Interconnection Networks,\" Ars Combinatoria, vol. 94, pp. 1-8, 2010.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,591,279,598],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,591,279,598],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,591,278,598],"content":"[20] J.M. Xu, Q. Zhu, X.M. Hou, and T. Zhou, \"On Restricted Connectivity and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,599,279,606],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,599,279,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,599,279,606],"content":"Extra Connectivity of Hypercubes and Folded Hypercubes,\" J. Shanghai","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,607,217,613],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,607,217,613],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,607,217,613],"content":"Jiaotong Unio. (Science), vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 203-207, 2005.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,614,279,621],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,614,279,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,614,278,621],"content":"[21]  J.M. Xu, Q. 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Zhang, \"Extra Edge Connectivity and Isoperimetric Edge Connectivity,\"","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,655,205,661],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,655,205,661],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,655,203,661],"content":"Discrete Math., vol. 308, no. 20, pp. 4560-4569, 2008.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,662,279,669],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,662,279,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,662,278,669],"content":"[24] Q. Zhu, \"On Conditional Diagnosability and Reliability of the BC Networks,\"","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,670,205,677],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,670,205,677],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,670,200,677],"content":"J. Supercomputing, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 173-184, 2008.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,678,279,685],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,678,279,685],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,678,278,685],"content":"[25] Q. Zhu and J.M. Xu, \"On Restricted Edge Connectivity and Extra Edge","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,686,279,693],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,686,279,693],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,686,278,693],"content":"Connectivity of Hypercubes and Folded Hypercubes,” J. Unio. of Science and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,694,205,701],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,694,205,701],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,694,205,701],"content":"Technology of China, vol. 36, no.3, pp. 246-253,2006.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,702,279,709],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,702,279,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,702,279,709],"content":"[26] Q. Zhu, J.M. Xu, X.M. Hou, and M. Xu, \"On Reliability of the Folded","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,710,259,720],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,710,259,720],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,710,259,720],"content":"Hypercubes,\" Information Sciences, vol. 177, no. 8, pp. 1782-1788, 2007.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,724,279,735],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,724,279,735],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,724,277,735],"content":" For more information on this or any other computing topic,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[23,736,279,745],"lines":[{"bbox":[23,736,279,745],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,736,276,745],"content":"please visit our Digital Library at www.computer.org\/publications\/dlib.","type":"text"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[23,50,104,57],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,50,35,57],"content":"5","type":"text"},{"bbox":[38,50,101,57],"content":" CONCLUSION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,63,279,71],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,63,277,71],"content":" This study considers two novel measurements for network reliability","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,72,279,87],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,73,183,84],"content":" and fault tolerance: 3-extra connectivity","type":"text"},{"bbox":[184,72,206,87],"content":"\\kappa_{3}(G)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[207,72,278,84],"content":" and 3-extra edge","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,85,279,96],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,85,74,96],"content":"connectivity","type":"text"},{"bbox":[75,86,96,96],"content":"\\lambda_{3}(G)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[97,88,219,96],"content":". The results show that at least","type":"text"},{"bbox":[220,85,245,96],"content":"4n-5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[246,86,278,96],"content":"vertices","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,97,279,107],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,97,49,107],"content":"(resp.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[50,97,74,105],"content":"4n-4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[75,97,241,107],"content":"edges) must be removed to disconnect the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,97,247,106],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[248,97,276,107],"content":"-dimen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,108,279,117],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,108,278,117],"content":" sional folded hypercube, provided that the removal of these vertices","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,118,279,128],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,118,278,128],"content":"(resp. edges) does not isolate either a vertex, an edge, or a path of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,129,78,137],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,129,78,137],"content":"three vertices.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,156,104,167],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,156,104,167],"content":"ACKNOWLEDGMENT","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,170,279,183],"spans":[{"bbox":[23,170,278,183],"content":" This work was supported in part by the National Science Council","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[23,184,192,192],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,184,189,192],"content":"under Grant NSC 100-2221-E-006-116-MY3.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,212,85,226],"spans":[{"bbox":[25,212,85,226],"content":"REFERENCES","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,229,279,239],"spans":[{"bbox":[27,229,276,239],"content":"[1]  A. 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(Natural","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[39,512,170,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,512,170,518],"content":"Science), vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 245-251, 2010.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,519,279,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,519,279,526],"content":"[16]  M. Wan and Z. Zhang, \"A Kind of Conditional Vertex Connectivity of Star","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[39,527,238,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,527,238,534],"content":"Graphs,\" Applied Math. Letters, vol. 22, no. 2, Pp. 264-267, 2009.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,535,279,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,535,278,542],"content":"[17] M. Wang and Q. 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Wang, \"On Super and Restricted Connectivity","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[39,583,279,590],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,583,277,590],"content":"of Some Interconnection Networks,\" Ars Combinatoria, vol. 94, pp. 1-8, 2010.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,591,279,598],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,591,278,598],"content":"[20] J.M. Xu, Q. Zhu, X.M. Hou, and T. Zhou, \"On Restricted Connectivity and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[39,599,279,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,599,279,606],"content":"Extra Connectivity of Hypercubes and Folded Hypercubes,\" J. Shanghai","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[39,607,217,613],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,607,217,613],"content":"Jiaotong Unio. (Science), vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 203-207, 2005.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,614,279,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,614,278,621],"content":"[21]  J.M. Xu, Q. Zhu, and M. Xu, \"Fault-Tolerant Analysis of a Class of Networks,\"","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[39,622,238,629],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,622,237,629],"content":"Information Processing Letters, vol. 103, no. 6, pp. 222-226, 2007.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,630,279,638],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,630,277,638],"content":"[22] W.H. Yang and J.X. Meng,\"Extraconnectivity of Hypercubes,\" Applied Math.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[39,639,166,646],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,639,166,646],"content":"Letters, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 887-891, 2009.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,647,279,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,647,277,654],"content":"[23] Z. Zhang, \"Extra Edge Connectivity and Isoperimetric Edge Connectivity,\"","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[39,655,205,661],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,655,203,661],"content":"Discrete Math., vol. 308, no. 20, pp. 4560-4569, 2008.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[23,662,279,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[24,662,278,669],"content":"[24] Q. 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Detection of Ehrlichia ristici, the agent of Potomac horse fever, in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,398,565,405],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,398,565,405],"content":"freshwater stream snails (Pleuroceridae: Juga spp.) from northern California.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,406,501,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,406,501,414],"content":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, 2888-2893.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,415,565,422],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,415,564,422],"content":"Bertin, F.R., Reising, A., Slovis, N.M., Constable, P.D., Taylor, S.D., 2011. Factors","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,423,565,429],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,423,564,429],"content":"associated with survival in 50 horses with Potomac horse fever. 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Ile481Gly forms primarily monocycles, and the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,360,295,371],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,360,295,371],"content":"ratio of achilleol A to camelliol C formation increases relative","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,372,191,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,372,191,385],"content":"to that of the Ile481Ala products.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[63,386,295,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,386,295,396],"content":"S. cerevisiae lanosterol synthase (ScERG7) mutants were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,397,295,407],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,397,295,407],"content":"recently described in which Val454 (which corresponds to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,408,295,418],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,408,295,418],"content":"AtCAS1 Leu481) was mutated to Phe, Leu, Ile, Ala, and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,419,295,431],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,419,295,431],"content":"Gly.14 Like AtCAS1, ScERG7 lost activity upon mutating","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,432,295,443],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,432,295,443],"content":"the target residue to Phe. The ScERG7 Val454 Leu and Ile","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,444,295,454],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,444,295,454],"content":" mutants remained accurate lanosterol synthases. The Ala and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,456,295,467],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,456,295,467],"content":"Gly mutants were lanosterol synthases that also produced","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,468,295,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,468,105,479],"content":"achilleol A (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,468,120,479],"content":"5\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[121,468,140,479],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,468,160,479],"content":"12\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,468,295,479],"content":", respectively). Decreasing steric","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,480,295,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,480,294,491],"content":"bulk at ScERG7 position 454 compromised ring B formation,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,492,295,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,492,294,503],"content":"although to a lesser extent than at the analogous AtCAS1","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,504,295,515],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,504,295,515],"content":" position 481. Moreover, ScERG7Val454 mutants did not","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,516,295,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,516,295,528],"content":"form measurable amounts of the alternative deprotonation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,191,554,203],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,191,519,203],"content":"products cycloartenol, parkeol, and camelliol C","type":"text"},{"bbox":[520,191,554,203],"content":"(\\mathopen<\\mathclose\\bgroup\\mathopen<0.5\\%)","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[314,204,559,215],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,204,558,215],"content":"Lanosterol synthase is evidently less sensitive than cy-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,216,559,228],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,216,558,228],"content":"cloartenol synthase to steric alterations at this position.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,229,559,240],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,229,558,240],"content":"Perhaps less precise positioning of active site electron density","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,241,559,253],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,241,558,253],"content":"and steric bulk is required to form the energetically favorable","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,254,559,266],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,254,558,266],"content":"tetrasubstituted olefin than to close the strained cyclopropane","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,267,337,279],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,267,337,279],"content":"ring.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[325,286,559,297],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,286,558,297],"content":" These experiments establish that cycloartenol synthase can","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,298,559,309],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,298,558,309],"content":"be mutated to make different tetracyclic or monocyclic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,310,559,321],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,310,558,321],"content":"compounds in high yield. The mutants described herein may","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,323,559,334],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,323,558,334],"content":"mimic naturally occurring enzymes. Achilleol A and camel-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,335,559,345],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,335,558,345],"content":"liol C have been isolated from plants, but the enzymes that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,348,559,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,348,558,359],"content":"catalyze their formation remain undiscovered. Several organ-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,360,559,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,360,343,371],"content":"\\mathrm{isms^{20}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,360,558,372],"content":" produce achilleol A without camelliol C, as do the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,373,559,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[314,373,559,385],"content":" ScERG7 Val454 Ala and Gly mutants. Sasanqua oil21","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,386,559,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,386,559,397],"content":"contains camelliol C and achilleol A, as in the products of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,398,559,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,398,558,410],"content":"AtCAS1 le481 Ala and Gly mutants. None of these mutants","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,411,559,422],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,411,558,422],"content":"produced camelliol C without achilleol A, and similarly,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,424,559,435],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,424,558,435],"content":"camelliol C has never been isolated from a natural source","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,437,559,448],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,437,558,448],"content":"unaccompanied by achilleol A. It is tempting to speculate","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,449,559,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,449,558,461],"content":"that camelliol C may be produced in nature by a cycloartenol","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,462,559,473],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,462,558,473],"content":"synthase Ile481 Ala or Gly mutant, and achilleol A from a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,474,529,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,474,529,485],"content":"similar mutant of a different oxidosqualene cyclase.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[325,504,559,515],"spans":[{"bbox":[326,504,558,515],"content":"Acknowledgment. E.A.H. and J.B.R.H were Robert A.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,516,559,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,516,558,528],"content":"Welch Scholars, and M.M.M was an American Society of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,530,559,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,530,558,542],"content":"Pharmacognosy Undergraduate Fellow. The National Insti-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,543,559,553],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,543,558,553],"content":"tutes of Health (AI41598) and the Robert A. Welch Founda-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,556,559,565],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,556,558,565],"content":"tion (C-1323) funded this research. J.B.R.H. was funded by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,566,559,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[315,566,559,580],"content":"NIH training grant T32 GM08362, and J.P. was supported","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[314,581,416,592],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,581,416,592],"content":"by NIH grant HL49122.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[314,599,363,607],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,599,363,607],"content":"OL006018W","type":"text"}]}]]}}}
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Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[153,730,297,741],"content":"I.Y. (email itaru.yanagi.yr@hitachi.com)","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[155,709,497,720],"content":"Hitachi Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation - Healthcare,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[522,709,555,720],"content":"Higashi-","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[498,709,522,719],"content":"^{1-280,}","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[550.5973397823,758.5087396504,554.5610640871,764.9917203312]],"header":[[389.8863361548,14.7667893284,551.3180169287,25.2115915363],[429.8839177751,49.7028518859,556.723095526,100.486200552]],"footer":[[38.5562273277,757.0680772769,346.2853688029,766.7925482981]],"footnote":[[157.8282950423,711.3270469181,554.5610640871,738.6996320147]]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[451,105,535,119],"spans":[{"bbox":[451,105,535,119],"content":"natureresearch","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[94,151,461,174],"spans":[{"bbox":[94,151,141,174],"content":"OPEN","type":"text"},{"bbox":[155,151,461,174],"content":"Stable fabrication of a large","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,187,522,201],"spans":[{"bbox":[157,187,264,201],"content":"nanopore","type":"text"},{"bbox":[273,187,522,201],"content":"oy controlled dielectric","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,215,516,232],"spans":[{"bbox":[157,215,322,232],"content":"breakdown in a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[323,215,516,232],"content":"a high-pH solution","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[7,243,522,262],"spans":[{"bbox":[7,243,91,258],"content":"Received: 13 June 2019","type":"text"},{"bbox":[156,243,521,262],"content":"for the detection of various-sized","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[7,259,100,265],"spans":[{"bbox":[7,259,100,265],"content":"Accepted: 28 August 2019","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[7,269,138,280],"spans":[{"bbox":[7,269,138,280],"content":"Published online: 11 September 2019","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,274,268,291],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,274,268,291],"content":"molecules","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,305,347,316],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,305,347,316],"content":"Itaru Yanagi, Rena Akahori & Ken-ichi Takeda","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,325,557,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,325,547,336],"content":"For nanopore sensing of various-sized molecules with high sensitivity, the size of the nanopore should","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,337,530,347],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,337,530,347],"content":"be adjusted according to the size of each target molecule. For solid-state nanopores, a simple and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,348,557,358],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,348,550,358],"content":"inexpensive nanopore fabrication method utilizing dielectric breakdown of a membrane is widely used.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,359,557,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,359,554,369],"content":"This method is suitable for fabricating a small nanopore. However, it suffers two serious problems when","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,370,557,379],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,370,544,379],"content":"attempting to fabricate a large nanopore: the generation of multiple nanopores and the non-opening","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,380,540,391],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,380,540,391],"content":"failure of a nanopore. 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In addition, the detection of proteins, antigen-antibody complexes and probe-labelled","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,519,557,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,519,557,528],"content":"DNA is possblel5-2byusing a solid-state nanopore with adiameter of several to tens of nanometresMoreover,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,529,557,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,529,557,537],"content":"the detection of various viruses is also possible22-27 by using a solid-state nanopore with a diameter of several tens","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,538,557,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,538,557,548],"content":"to hundreds nanometers. 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This method is called controlled breakdown (CBD)35,36,39, which also enables the fabrication of a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,659,307,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,659,243,668],"content":"small nanopore down to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[244,659,262,668],"content":"1\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[263,659,307,668],"content":"in diameter.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,669,557,676],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,669,555,676],"content":"CBD, however, suffers two problems for the fabrication of a single large nanopore with a diameter of larger","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,677,557,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,678,229,690],"content":"than approximately","type":"text"},{"bbox":[230,677,249,690],"content":"5\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[250,677,557,690],"content":". One is the generation of multiple nanopores, which has been reported in several","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,57,557,68],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,57,554,68],"content":"also shown in Supplementary Fig. i. This behaviour is caused by the second and the subsequent dielectric break-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,69,557,78],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,69,557,78],"content":"downs of the membrane occurring until the current reaches the cut-off current after the first dielectric breakdown ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,79,557,89],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,79,557,89],"content":"(i.e., multiple nanopores generate while widening a nanopore generated at the first dielectric breakdown). When","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,90,557,98],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,90,557,98],"content":"trying to fabricate a large nanopore, it is necessary to set a high cut-off current value. As a result, the time spent on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,99,527,109],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,99,527,109],"content":" the nanopore widening process increases, leading to a high risk of the generation of multiple nanopores.","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[153,57,557,68],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,57,557,68],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,57,554,68],"content":"also shown in Supplementary Fig. i. This behaviour is caused by the second and the subsequent dielectric break-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,69,557,78],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,69,557,78],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,69,557,78],"content":"downs of the membrane occurring until the current reaches the cut-off current after the first dielectric breakdown ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,79,557,89],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,79,557,89],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,79,557,89],"content":"(i.e., multiple nanopores generate while widening a nanopore generated at the first dielectric breakdown). 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In this context, a thicker membrane is expected to be","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,129,557,138],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,129,557,138],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,129,555,138],"content":"suitable for the fabrication of a single large nanopore. A higher voltage is required to break down a thicker mem-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"content":"brane. Consequently, a higher Joule energy is released after the first dielectric breakdown, which contributes to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,151,557,158],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,151,557,158],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,151,556,158],"content":"faster nanopore enlargement. However, the second problem appears here. As we reported previously56, when","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,159,557,169],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,159,557,169],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,159,557,169],"content":"CBD was applied to a thick (20-nm-thick) SiN membrane, a nanopore could not be fabricated, and only a local","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,170,557,179],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,170,557,179],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,170,556,179],"content":"conductive-film portion was created. With an increase in the cut-off current value, the area of the conductive-film","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,180,557,189],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,180,557,189],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,180,556,189],"content":"portion expanded, and the membrane was eventually destroyed. Therefore, the fabrication of a single large nan-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,190,290,199],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,190,290,199],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,190,290,199],"content":"opore by CBD has been very difficult.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[165,200,557,208],"lines":[{"bbox":[165,200,557,208],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,200,556,208],"content":"Recently, it has been reported that the laser-assisted CBD can form a large nanopore with a diameter of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,209,557,219],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,209,557,219],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,210,197,218],"content":"20{-}50\\,\\mathrm{nm}^{57}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[198,209,556,219],"content":". While this technique is revolutionary, it requires a laser optical system for nanopore fabrication. In","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,220,557,227],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,220,557,227],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,220,557,227],"content":"this study, we report a method that enables the fabrication of a single large nanopore in a thick membrane by CBD","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,228,557,241],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,228,557,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,230,478,240],"content":"without the need for optics. The application of CBD to a SiN membrane with a thickness of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[479,228,502,241],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,229,512,241],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[513,228,535,241],"content":"14\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[536,228,557,241],"content":"in an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,242,557,248],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,242,557,248],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,242,556,248],"content":"aqueous solution with a pH higher than 11.3 enabled the fabrication of a nanopore instead of a conductive-film","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,249,557,260],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,249,557,260],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,249,503,260],"content":"portion. The diameter of the fabricated nanopore could be roughly controlled within a range from","type":"text"},{"bbox":[504,249,522,260],"content":"5\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[523,249,531,260],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[532,250,555,259],"content":"40\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,261,557,268],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,261,557,268],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,261,556,268],"content":"by changing the cut-off current value. In addition, the occurrences of streptavidin (SA)-labelled and non-labelled","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,269,557,278],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,269,557,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,269,556,278],"content":" DNA passing through a nanopore were clearly discriminated by monitoring the difference in ionic-current block-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,279,557,290],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,279,557,290],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,280,460,288],"content":"ades derived from those molecules. Even if the SA-labelled DNA was present in only","type":"text"},{"bbox":[461,279,472,290],"content":"1\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[473,279,556,290],"content":"of the total DNA in an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,289,329,301],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,289,329,301],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,289,329,301],"content":" aqueous solution, its presence could be detected.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,310,190,319],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,310,190,319],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,310,190,319],"content":"Results","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,320,557,330],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,320,557,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,320,554,330],"content":"The schematic setup for the dielectric breakdown experiments is presented in Fig. 1(a). The area of the SiN mem-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,331,557,342],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,331,557,342],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,331,248,341],"content":"brane with a thickness of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[249,332,273,341],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[274,331,284,342],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[285,331,308,342],"content":"14\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[309,331,555,341],"content":"was restricted within approximately a small square area of approx-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,342,557,352],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,342,557,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,342,183,352],"content":"imately","type":"text"},{"bbox":[184,342,239,351],"content":"600\\times600\\ \\mathrm{nm}^{2}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[240,343,450,351],"content":"so that fabricated nanopores could be easily found. Two","type":"text"},{"bbox":[451,342,485,351],"content":"\\mathrm{Ag\/AgCl}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,342,557,352],"content":"electrodes (cis and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,352,557,363],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,352,557,363],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,353,421,362],"content":"trans electrodes) were immersed in 1 M KCl aqueous solution at various","type":"text"},{"bbox":[422,352,435,363],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,353,557,361],"content":"values for applying voltages and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,362,557,372],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,362,557,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,364,486,371],"content":"measuring curents through the membrane. 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The dielectric breakdown point was clearly confirmed in each time trace. Figure 1(c)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,420,557,431],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,420,557,431],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,422,384,430],"content":"presents the plots of the time to breakdown (TBD) under each","type":"text"},{"bbox":[385,420,398,431],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,421,555,431],"content":"condition. The TBD became shorter as the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"content":"aqueous solution became more acidic or alkaline. In particular, faster breakdowns were prominently observed","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,443,557,451],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,443,557,451],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,443,555,451],"content":"under alkaline conditions than under neutral or acidic conditions. 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Two","type":"text"},{"bbox":[451,342,485,351],"content":"\\mathrm{Ag\/AgCl}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,342,557,352],"content":"electrodes (cis and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,352,557,363],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,353,421,362],"content":"trans electrodes) were immersed in 1 M KCl aqueous solution at various","type":"text"},{"bbox":[422,352,435,363],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,353,557,361],"content":"values for applying voltages and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,362,557,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,364,486,371],"content":"measuring curents through the membrane. In this study, SiN membranes with thicknesses of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[487,363,510,370],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[511,362,556,372],"content":"were mainly","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,373,557,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,373,557,381],"content":"used for the dielectric breakdown experiments. 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The dielectric breakdown point was clearly confirmed in each time trace. Figure 1(c)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,420,557,431],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,422,384,430],"content":"presents the plots of the time to breakdown (TBD) under each","type":"text"},{"bbox":[385,420,398,431],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,421,555,431],"content":"condition. The TBD became shorter as the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"content":"aqueous solution became more acidic or alkaline. In particular, faster breakdowns were prominently observed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,443,557,451],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,443,555,451],"content":"under alkaline conditions than under neutral or acidic conditions. Therefore, Si-N bond breakage in the mem-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,452,557,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,452,555,460],"content":"brane was thought to be strongly promoted by electrochemical reactions induced particularly by hydroxide ions.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,461,557,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,461,362,469],"content":"Notably, this trend is opposite to that reported by Kwok et","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,462,377,470],"content":"a l.^{35}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[378,461,554,469],"content":". According to their report, the TBD of SiN mem-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,470,557,483],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,471,194,481],"content":"branes at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[195,470,208,483],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[209,472,407,479],"content":"of 2 was approximately i00 times shorter than that at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,470,421,483],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[422,471,557,482],"content":"of 13.5. In addition, the longest TBD","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,480,557,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,484,218,491],"content":"was observed at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,480,231,493],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[232,484,557,492],"content":"of approximately 10 in their report, while it was observed at a pH of approximately 5 in our","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,494,557,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,494,556,501],"content":"result. These differences are thought to be due to the difference in deposition conditions of the SiN membrane","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,502,557,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,502,556,511],"content":"layers, which affects their basic material properties. Details of the formation process of our SiN membranes are","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,512,557,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,512,556,520],"content":"described in the Methods section. Incidentally, the reason for shorter TBD under acidic condition is thought to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,521,557,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,521,188,530],"content":"be due to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[189,521,201,531],"content":"\\mathrm{H^{+}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[202,521,555,531],"content":"or hole injection into the membrane which strongly promoted impact ionization-induced avalanche","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,532,257,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,532,257,541],"content":" and Si-N bond breaking35,39","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[165,540,557,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,542,467,550],"content":" Figure 2 presents transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of ten different","type":"text"},{"bbox":[468,540,493,550],"content":"20\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,540,555,549],"content":"-thick SiN mem-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,550,557,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,552,479,561],"content":"branes after CBD under ten different pH conditions. During CBD, the applied voltage and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[480,551,498,563],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[499,551,537,562],"content":"were set at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[538,550,555,563],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[153,562,557,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[157,562,197,572],"content":",V_{\\mathrm{trans}}\\!=\\!0\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[198,562,213,572],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[214,563,251,571],"content":"V_{\\mathrm{vis}}\\,{=}\\,20\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[252,562,269,572],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[270,562,288,572],"content":"1\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}_{z}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[289,564,556,572],"content":" respectively. An image of the entire membrane and a magnified view of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,573,557,581],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,573,556,581],"content":"area around the created defect are shown in each image set. From the entire images of the membranes, the num-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,582,557,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,582,557,591],"content":"ber of created defects (indicated by yellow arrows) was confrmed to be one per membrane. The magnified views","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,592,557,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,592,557,602],"content":"of the defects confrmed that there were two kinds of cases: instead ofa nanopore, a local conductive-film portion","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,603,557,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,603,555,611],"content":"was created (i.e., amorphous material was confirmed in the defect area), or a nanopore was created (i.e., no amor-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,612,557,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,612,556,620],"content":"phous material was confirmed in the defect area). The conductive-film portion is thought to be a low-density film","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,621,557,631],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,621,555,631],"content":"that allows ion conduction. We previously reported that only a conductive-film portion, not a nanopore, was cre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,632,557,642],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,632,269,642],"content":"ated when CBD was applied to a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[270,632,295,642],"content":"{20}\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[296,632,407,642],"content":"-thick SiN membrane at a pH of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,632,425,641],"content":"7.5^{56}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[426,632,556,642],"content":" In the present experiment, the same","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,643,557,651],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,643,556,651],"content":"result was obtained even when CBD was performed in a pH range from 1 to 11. On the other hand, interestingly, a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,652,557,660],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,652,555,660],"content":"nanopore was created when CBD was performed in the solution with a pH higher than 11.3. In addition, the size","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,661,557,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,661,556,671],"content":"of the nanopore created increased as the pH of the solution increased. We subjected at least three membranes to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,672,557,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,672,556,681],"content":"CBD at each pH and confirmed the same trend described above. This result suggests that the membrane could be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,682,557,691],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,682,556,691],"content":"etched by hydroxide ions in the process of dielectric breakdown. Generally, it is known that SiN is hardly etched","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,692,557,701],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,692,555,701],"content":"and Si is easily etched in an alkaline aqueous solution62.63. Therefore, the membrane was assumed to be etched by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,702,557,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,702,556,711],"content":"the following two steps: (i) Si-N bonds were destabilized by a high electric field during CBD, and the number of Si","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,712,510,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,712,510,721],"content":" dangling bonds and Si-Si bonds increased. (ii) Si was etched by the following chemical reaction62.63.","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_2":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[153,47,548,413],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,47,548,413],"spans":[{"bbox":[158,47,548,413],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_77100000\/libgen.scimag77134000-77134999.zip_10.1038\/s41598-019-49622-y\/images\/2_158_47_548_413.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[518,415,543,424],"lines":[{"bbox":[518,415,543,424],"spans":[{"bbox":[518,415,543,424],"content":"{20}\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[303,426,491,436],"lines":[{"bbox":[303,426,491,436],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,426,316,436],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,426,371,436],"content":"V_{\\mathrm{cis}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[387,426,406,436],"content":"V_{\\mathrm{trans}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[445,426,462,436],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[478,426,491,436],"content":"0\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[240,436,532,446],"lines":[{"bbox":[240,436,532,446],"spans":[{"bbox":[240,436,265,446],"content":"20\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[429,436,442,446],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[485,437,497,446],"content":"V_{\\mathrm{cis}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,436,532,446],"content":"V_{\\mathrm{trans}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[175,446,428,455],"lines":[{"bbox":[175,446,428,455],"spans":[{"bbox":[175,446,192,455],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[208,446,221,455],"content":"0\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,446,428,455],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[289,487,557,498],"lines":[{"bbox":[289,487,557,498],"spans":[{"bbox":[289,487,406,498],"content":"\\mathrm{Si+4OH^{-}\\rightarrow S i(O H)_{4}+4e^{-}},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[543,487,557,498],"content":"(1)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[294,512,557,522],"lines":[{"bbox":[294,512,557,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[294,512,402,522],"content":"2\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}+2\\mathrm{e}^{-}\\rightarrow2\\mathrm{OH}+\\mathrm{H}_{2}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[543,512,556,522],"content":"(2)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[166,527,557,539],"lines":[{"bbox":[166,527,557,539],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,527,305,538],"content":"Figure 3(a) presents the corresponding","type":"text"},{"bbox":[306,527,320,539],"content":"I{\\mathrm{-}}V","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[321,527,556,538],"content":"characteristics for each membrane after CBD. Figure 3(b) presents","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,539,557,549],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,539,557,549],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,539,237,549],"content":"the pH dependence of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[238,540,330,547],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{rec}}\\,{=}\\,|I(0.4\\,\\mathrm{V})\/I(-0.4\\,\\mathrm{V})|,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[331,539,556,548],"content":" which represents the degree and direction of each I- V curve's","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,548,557,560],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,548,557,560],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,550,250,558],"content":"rectification. In the case of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[251,548,288,560],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}\\,{\\geq}\\,11.3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[289,549,557,558],"content":"where a nanopore was created, each I-V curve showed almost ohmic char-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,559,557,570],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,559,557,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,559,210,569],"content":"acteristics, and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[211,560,221,568],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{rec}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[222,561,419,566],"content":"was approximately 1. 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Generally, a rectification of an I- V curve appears when there is an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,620,557,627],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,620,557,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,620,556,627],"content":"asymmetric carrier distribution in the direction of current flow. Semiconductor PN junction devices are the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,628,557,638],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,628,557,638],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,628,557,638],"content":"most well-known examples. Recently,it has been pointed out that such a rectification also occurs in a current","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,639,557,650],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,639,557,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,640,539,649],"content":"through a conical nanopore64.65 or nanofluidic channel6.67 due to the asymmetric carrier distribution. Figure","type":"text"},{"bbox":[540,639,555,650],"content":"3(\\mathsf{c})","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,651,557,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,651,557,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,651,554,659],"content":"presents the assumed conduction-ion distributions in the conductive-film portions. The density of negative con-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,660,557,669],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,660,557,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,660,464,668],"content":"duction ions was thought to be high on the trans side of the conductive-film portion at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[465,660,484,669],"content":"\\mathsf{p H\\,1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[485,660,514,669],"content":"because","type":"text"},{"bbox":[515,660,539,668],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{rec}}\\!<\\!1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[540,660,556,669],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,669,557,680],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,669,557,680],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,669,194,679],"content":"V_{\\mathrm{trans}}\\!<\\!V_{\\mathrm{cis}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[195,669,366,680],"content":"was a forward-biased state. In the case of pH 3,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,669,379,680],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{rec}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[380,670,556,680],"content":"was approximately 1, which suggested that there","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,681,557,688],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,681,557,688],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,681,556,688],"content":"was almost no asymmetry in the distribution of conduction ions. On the other hand, the density of positive","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,689,557,699],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,689,557,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,689,484,698],"content":"conduction ions was thought to be high on the trans side of the conductive-film portion at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[485,690,504,698],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}\\,5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[505,689,556,699],"content":"to 11 because","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,699,557,709],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,699,557,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,699,179,709],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{rec}}\\!>\\!1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[180,699,195,709],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[196,699,234,708],"content":"V_{\\mathrm{trans}}\\!<\\!V_{\\mathrm{cis}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[235,700,555,709],"content":"was a reverse-biased state. 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Each waveform consists of two current-blockade","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,439,557,448],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,439,557,448],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,439,556,448],"content":"levels, which were not observed when SA-labelled 80-bp dsDNA passed through the nanopore (Fig. 7(f). Each","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,449,557,460],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,449,557,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,449,557,460],"content":"of the two levels is believed to be atributable to the partial entry of dsDNA or SA into the nanopore. Figure 8(c)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,461,557,468],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,461,557,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,461,556,468],"content":"presents the frequency ratio of the current-blockade events derived from SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,469,557,479],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,469,557,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,469,557,479],"content":" each of the nine experiments. 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REPORTSI","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[137,755,341,769],"content":"(2019) 9:13143 |https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-49622-y","type":"text","tag":"footer"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[154,629,173,639],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[193,629,218,639],"content":"0.3\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[356,419,368,427],"content":"=\\!1","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[545.5525997582,758.5087396504,555.2817412334,765.3518859246]],"header":[[39.6372430472,14.7667893284,199.9879081016,24.851425943]],"footer":[[38.9165659008,757.4282428703,343.4026602177,766.7925482981]],"footnote":[]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[166,47,557,57],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,47,556,57],"content":"To identify the current-blockade signals derived from SA-labelled dsDNA, free unbound SA should not pass","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,58,557,70],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,59,533,69],"content":"through the nanopore. Therefore, we first examined whether free SA can pass through the nanopore. Figure","type":"text"},{"bbox":[534,58,554,70],"content":"^{7(\\mathrm{b},\\mathrm{c})}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[153,71,557,78],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,71,556,78],"content":"present respectively the time traces of ionic currents through the nanopores fabricated in the 20-nm- and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,79,557,89],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,79,470,89],"content":"14-nm-thick SiN membranes when the aqueous solution in the cis chamber contained","type":"text"},{"bbox":[471,79,500,88],"content":"100\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[501,79,556,89],"content":"SA. Almost no","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,90,557,97],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,90,556,97],"content":"ionic-current blockades derived from SA translocation through the nanopores were confirmed (approximately","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,98,557,111],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,99,218,109],"content":"less than 5 events","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,98,237,111],"content":"\/\\mathrm{min}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,98,557,109],"content":"0. In the following experiments,the concentration of free SA in aqueous solution did not","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,110,557,120],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,110,182,119],"content":"exceed","type":"text"},{"bbox":[183,111,211,118],"content":"100\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[212,112,506,118],"content":". Figure 7(d) presents the ionic current through the nanopore fabricated in the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[507,111,533,118],"content":"20\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[534,110,557,120],"content":"-thick","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,119,557,131],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,121,427,129],"content":"SiN membrane when the aqueous solution in the cis chamber contained","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,119,468,131],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{nm}\\;400","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[469,121,557,130],"content":"-bp dsDNA. Numerous","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,132,557,138],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,132,555,138],"content":"ionic-current blockades caused by dsDNA translocations through the nanopore were observed. After the meas-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,139,488,149],"content":"urement, the solution in the cis chamber was partly displaced by the solution of 1 M KCl with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,140,512,148],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,139,556,150],"content":"SA-labelled","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,151,557,159],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,151,556,159],"content":" 80-bp dsDNA so that SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA could be mixed in the cis chamber. Figure 7(e) pre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,160,557,168],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,160,556,168],"content":"sents the ionic current through the nanopore after SA-labelled and non-labelled DNA were mixed in the cis","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,169,557,179],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,169,556,179],"content":"chamber. Larger current blockades than those derived from dsDNA were frequently observed, which indicated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,180,360,189],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,180,360,189],"content":"the passage of SA-labelled dsDNA through the nanopore.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,190,557,199],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,190,556,199],"content":"Magnified views of the typical current blockades when SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA passed through","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,200,557,209],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,200,556,209],"content":"the nanopore are presented in Fig. 7(f). The dwell times of the current blockades derived from SA-labelled 80-bp","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,210,557,218],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,210,556,218],"content":"dsDNA were typically shorter than those derived from 40o-bp dsDNA, reflecting the difference in the dsDNA","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,219,557,229],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,219,329,229],"content":"lengths. The scatter plots of the dwell time and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,219,352,228],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[353,219,491,227],"content":"and the corresponding histograms of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[492,220,514,228],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[515,219,556,229],"content":"before and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,228,557,240],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,231,438,240],"content":"after the mixture of SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA are presented in Fig.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[439,228,461,240],"content":"7(\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{-}\\mathrm{j})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[464,229,486,240],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,231,556,239],"content":"was determined as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,241,557,249],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,241,556,249],"content":"the maximum current-blockade value observed in each current-blockade event. The figures confirmed that the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,250,557,258],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,250,556,258],"content":"occurrences of SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA passing through the nanopore could be clearly distinguished","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,259,253,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,259,231,269],"content":"based on the value of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[232,260,253,268],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,270,557,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,270,556,278],"content":"Next, we examined the event discrimination of SA-labelled and non-labelled 400-bp dsDNA passing through","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,279,557,290],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,279,241,288],"content":"nanopores fabricated in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,279,266,290],"content":"14\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[267,279,555,287],"content":"-thick SiN membranes (Fig. 8). Nine different aqueous solutions for the cis cham-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,288,557,301],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,291,341,297],"content":"ber were prepared; that is, a solution of 1 M KCl with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,288,365,301],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[366,289,557,300],"content":"SA-labelled 400-bp dsDNA and a solution of 1 M KCl","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,298,557,310],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,300,172,309],"content":"with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[173,298,212,310],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{nm}\\,400","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[213,302,555,309],"content":"-bp dsDNA were mixed at ratios of 1:0, 9:1, 7:3. 5:5, 3:7, 1:9, 5:95, 1:99 and 0:1. Figure 8(a) pre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,310,557,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,311,451,319],"content":"sents five results from the nine experiments. Compared to the results shown in Fig.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,310,471,319],"content":"\\mathrm{{7(h,j)}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[472,310,556,320],"content":", these scatter plots and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,320,557,329],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,320,176,328],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[177,321,556,329],"content":"histograms exhibit less clear boundaries between the two events derived from SA-labelled and non-labelled","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,330,557,337],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,330,556,337],"content":"dsDNA. We cannot currently provide a clear explanation for this difference. Possible causes include difference in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,338,557,350],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,339,295,349],"content":"the thicknesses of the SiN membranes (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[296,338,319,350],"content":".20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[320,338,329,349],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,338,353,350],"content":"14\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,338,440,350],"content":") and lengths of dsDNA ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,338,462,350],"content":"(80\\,\\mathrm{bg}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[463,338,472,350],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,338,497,350],"content":"400{\\,\\mathrm{bp}}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[498,338,556,349],"content":"0. We provision-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,350,557,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,350,292,358],"content":"ally determined the boundary value of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[293,351,314,358],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[315,351,505,358],"content":"derived from SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA as","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,350,530,358],"content":"c+4w,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[531,350,556,359],"content":"where","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,359,557,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,359,159,370],"content":"c","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[160,360,412,369],"content":"is the central value of a Gaussian curve fitted to each spectrum around","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,359,466,367],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}\\,{=}\\,0.5\\,\\mathrm{nA}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[467,360,556,369],"content":", which was attributed to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,368,557,379],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,371,436,378],"content":"the events mostly caused by dsDNA translocation through the nanopore, and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[437,368,443,379],"content":"w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[444,370,557,379],"content":"is the value of the full width at","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,379,327,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,379,327,388],"content":"half maximum (FWHM) of the Gaussian curve.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,389,557,398],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,389,556,398],"content":" Small current blockades derived from dsDNA translocation through the nanopore were observed even in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,399,557,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,399,283,408],"content":"case of SA-labelled dsDNA: dsDNA","type":"text"},{"bbox":[284,399,306,410],"content":"=1;0","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[307,399,556,409],"content":"due to the remaining dsDNA unreacted with SA. On the other hand,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,411,557,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,411,557,419],"content":"large current blockades derived from SA-labelled dsDNA translocation through the nanopore could be clearly","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,420,557,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,420,356,430],"content":"observed even in the case of SA-labelled dsDNA: dsDNA","type":"text"},{"bbox":[357,421,382,429],"content":"=1;99","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[383,420,555,430],"content":" Figure 8(b) presents magnified views of the typ-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,431,557,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,431,556,438],"content":"ical current blockades derived from SA-labelled 40o-bp dsDNA. Each waveform consists of two current-blockade","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,439,557,448],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,439,556,448],"content":"levels, which were not observed when SA-labelled 80-bp dsDNA passed through the nanopore (Fig. 7(f). Each","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,449,557,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,449,557,460],"content":"of the two levels is believed to be atributable to the partial entry of dsDNA or SA into the nanopore. Figure 8(c)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,461,557,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,461,556,468],"content":"presents the frequency ratio of the current-blockade events derived from SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,469,557,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,469,557,479],"content":" each of the nine experiments. The figure confirms that the event frequency ratio changed, reflecting the mixing","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,480,403,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,480,403,490],"content":"ratio of the two solutions containing SA-labelled dsDNA and dsDNA.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,499,206,508],"spans":[{"bbox":[156,499,206,508],"content":"Discussion","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,509,557,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,509,556,519],"content":"Stable fabrication of a single large nanopore in a SiN membrane by CBD was examined. First, we applied CBD to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,520,557,529],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,520,180,529],"content":"20\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[181,520,556,529],"content":"-thick SiN membranes under various pH conditions. Instead of a nanopore, a local conductive-film por-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,530,557,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,530,326,539],"content":"tion was created in the membrane in the case of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[327,530,363,539],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}\\!<\\!11.3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[364,530,557,540],"content":". On the other hand, a single nanopore was fabricated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,540,557,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,540,176,550],"content":"when","type":"text"},{"bbox":[177,540,214,549],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}\\,{\\geq}\\,11.3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[215,541,556,550],"content":". This result suggests that the membrane could be etched to form a nanopore by hydroxide ions","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,551,557,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,551,557,559],"content":"under a high electric field. The conduction-ion distribution in the conductive-film portion, incidentally, could","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,560,547,569],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,560,547,569],"content":"be extrapolated from the shape of the I- V curve, which changed depending on the pH of the aqueous solution.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,570,557,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,570,453,578],"content":"The size of the nanopore could be controlled by changing the applied voltage or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[454,570,472,579],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[473,570,532,579],"content":"during CBD at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,570,546,578],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[547,570,557,580],"content":"of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,579,557,592],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,580,338,588],"content":"12.7. For example, nanopores with diameters of 5 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[339,579,361,592],"content":"40\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[362,581,518,591],"content":"could be fabricated by changing the value of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[519,580,536,592],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[537,581,557,590],"content":"from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,589,557,601],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,589,179,601],"content":"0.1\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[180,590,188,599],"content":"10","type":"text"},{"bbox":[189,589,214,600],"content":"6.5\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[215,589,297,599],"content":"at an applied voltage of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[298,591,315,599],"content":"18\\,\\mathrm{V}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[316,593,557,598],"content":"The effective thickness of the fabricated nanopores was found to be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,599,557,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,602,207,609],"content":"approximately","type":"text"},{"bbox":[208,601,237,610],"content":"12.5\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,601,487,610],"content":" which was estimated from the relationship between the conductance","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,600,500,609],"content":"(G)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[501,599,557,610],"content":"and equivalent","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,610,557,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,610,190,619],"content":"diameter","type":"text"},{"bbox":[191,611,213,618],"content":"(d_{\\mathrm{TEM}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[214,611,555,617],"content":" of the nanopores. In addition, this high-pH CBD method was also effective in nanopore fabri-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,618,557,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,621,416,629],"content":"cation in 14-nm-thick SiN membranes. Nanopores with diameters of 7 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,618,440,632],"content":"12\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[441,619,557,631],"content":"could be fabricated by changing","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,630,557,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,630,218,640],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}\\,\\mathrm{from}\\;0.3\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[219,630,228,641],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[229,631,247,640],"content":"1\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[248,633,556,641],"content":"at an applied voltage of 11 V, and the effective thickness of their nanopores was found","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,642,253,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,642,227,649],"content":"to be approximately","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,642,250,650],"content":"11\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,651,557,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,651,556,659],"content":"The occurrences of SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA passing through the fabricated nanopores could","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,660,557,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,660,556,668],"content":"be distinguished by the difference in ionic-current blockades caused by those two molecules. The ionic-current","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,669,557,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,669,557,678],"content":"blockades derived from SA-labelled dsDNA translocation through the nanopore could be clearly detected even","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,679,557,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,680,354,689],"content":"when the concentration of SA-labelled dsDNA was only","type":"text"},{"bbox":[355,679,367,690],"content":"1\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[368,679,556,690],"content":"of the total concentration of dsDNA. 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Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[153,730,297,741],"content":"I.Y. (email itaru.yanagi.yr@hitachi.com)","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[155,709,497,720],"content":"Hitachi Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation - Healthcare,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[522,709,555,720],"content":"Higashi-","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[498,709,522,719],"content":"^{1-280,}","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[550.5973397823,758.5087396504,554.5610640871,764.9917203312]],"header":[[389.8863361548,14.7667893284,551.3180169287,25.2115915363],[429.8839177751,49.7028518859,556.723095526,100.486200552]],"footer":[[38.5562273277,757.0680772769,346.2853688029,766.7925482981]],"footnote":[[157.8282950423,711.3270469181,554.5610640871,738.6996320147]]}},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[153,57,557,68],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,57,557,68],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,57,554,68],"content":"also shown in Supplementary Fig. i. 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A higher voltage is required to break down a thicker mem-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"content":"brane. Consequently, a higher Joule energy is released after the first dielectric breakdown, which contributes to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,151,557,158],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,151,557,158],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,151,556,158],"content":"faster nanopore enlargement. However, the second problem appears here. As we reported previously56, when","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,159,557,169],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,159,557,169],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,159,557,169],"content":"CBD was applied to a thick (20-nm-thick) SiN membrane, a nanopore could not be fabricated, and only a local","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,170,557,179],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,170,557,179],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,170,556,179],"content":"conductive-film portion was created. With an increase in the cut-off current value, the area of the conductive-film","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,180,557,189],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,180,557,189],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,180,556,189],"content":"portion expanded, and the membrane was eventually destroyed. Therefore, the fabrication of a single large nan-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,190,290,199],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,190,290,199],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,190,290,199],"content":"opore by CBD has been very difficult.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[165,200,557,208],"lines":[{"bbox":[165,200,557,208],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,200,556,208],"content":"Recently, it has been reported that the laser-assisted CBD can form a large nanopore with a diameter of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,209,557,219],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,209,557,219],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,210,197,218],"content":"20{-}50\\,\\mathrm{nm}^{57}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[198,209,556,219],"content":". While this technique is revolutionary, it requires a laser optical system for nanopore fabrication. In","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,220,557,227],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,220,557,227],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,220,557,227],"content":"this study, we report a method that enables the fabrication of a single large nanopore in a thick membrane by CBD","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,228,557,241],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,228,557,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,230,478,240],"content":"without the need for optics. 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The dielectric breakdown point was clearly confirmed in each time trace. Figure 1(c)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,420,557,431],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,420,557,431],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,422,384,430],"content":"presents the plots of the time to breakdown (TBD) under each","type":"text"},{"bbox":[385,420,398,431],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,421,555,431],"content":"condition. The TBD became shorter as the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"content":"aqueous solution became more acidic or alkaline. In particular, faster breakdowns were prominently observed","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,443,557,451],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,443,557,451],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,443,555,451],"content":"under alkaline conditions than under neutral or acidic conditions. Therefore, Si-N bond breakage in the mem-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,452,557,460],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,452,557,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,452,555,460],"content":"brane was thought to be strongly promoted by electrochemical reactions induced particularly by hydroxide ions.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,461,557,470],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,461,557,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,461,362,469],"content":"Notably, this trend is opposite to that reported by Kwok et","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,462,377,470],"content":"a l.^{35}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[378,461,554,469],"content":". According to their report, the TBD of SiN mem-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,470,557,483],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,470,557,483],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,471,194,481],"content":"branes at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[195,470,208,483],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[209,472,407,479],"content":"of 2 was approximately i00 times shorter than that at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,470,421,483],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[422,471,557,482],"content":"of 13.5. In addition, the longest TBD","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,480,557,493],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,480,557,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,484,218,491],"content":"was observed at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,480,231,493],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[232,484,557,492],"content":"of approximately 10 in their report, while it was observed at a pH of approximately 5 in our","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,494,557,501],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,494,557,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,494,556,501],"content":"result. These differences are thought to be due to the difference in deposition conditions of the SiN membrane","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,502,557,511],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,502,557,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,502,556,511],"content":"layers, which affects their basic material properties. Details of the formation process of our SiN membranes are","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,512,557,520],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,512,557,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,512,556,520],"content":"described in the Methods section. Incidentally, the reason for shorter TBD under acidic condition is thought to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,521,557,531],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,521,557,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,521,188,530],"content":"be due to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[189,521,201,531],"content":"\\mathrm{H^{+}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[202,521,555,531],"content":"or hole injection into the membrane which strongly promoted impact ionization-induced avalanche","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,532,257,541],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,532,257,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,532,257,541],"content":" and Si-N bond breaking35,39","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[165,540,557,550],"lines":[{"bbox":[165,540,557,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,542,467,550],"content":" Figure 2 presents transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of ten different","type":"text"},{"bbox":[468,540,493,550],"content":"20\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,540,555,549],"content":"-thick SiN mem-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,550,557,563],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,550,557,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,552,479,561],"content":"branes after CBD under ten different pH conditions. During CBD, the applied voltage and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[480,551,498,563],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[499,551,537,562],"content":"were set at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[538,550,555,563],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,562,557,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,562,557,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[157,562,197,572],"content":",V_{\\mathrm{trans}}\\!=\\!0\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[198,562,213,572],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[214,563,251,571],"content":"V_{\\mathrm{vis}}\\,{=}\\,20\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[252,562,269,572],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[270,562,288,572],"content":"1\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}_{z}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[289,564,556,572],"content":" respectively. An image of the entire membrane and a magnified view of the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,573,557,581],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,573,557,581],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,573,556,581],"content":"area around the created defect are shown in each image set. From the entire images of the membranes, the num-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,582,557,591],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,582,557,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,582,557,591],"content":"ber of created defects (indicated by yellow arrows) was confrmed to be one per membrane. The magnified views","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,592,557,602],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,592,557,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,592,557,602],"content":"of the defects confrmed that there were two kinds of cases: instead ofa nanopore, a local conductive-film portion","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,603,557,611],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,603,557,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,603,555,611],"content":"was created (i.e., amorphous material was confirmed in the defect area), or a nanopore was created (i.e., no amor-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,612,557,620],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,612,557,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,612,556,620],"content":"phous material was confirmed in the defect area). The conductive-film portion is thought to be a low-density film","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,621,557,631],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,621,557,631],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,621,555,631],"content":"that allows ion conduction. We previously reported that only a conductive-film portion, not a nanopore, was cre-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,632,557,642],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,632,557,642],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,632,269,642],"content":"ated when CBD was applied to a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[270,632,295,642],"content":"{20}\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[296,632,407,642],"content":"-thick SiN membrane at a pH of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,632,425,641],"content":"7.5^{56}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[426,632,556,642],"content":" In the present experiment, the same","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,643,557,651],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,643,557,651],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,643,556,651],"content":"result was obtained even when CBD was performed in a pH range from 1 to 11. On the other hand, interestingly, a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,652,557,660],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,652,557,660],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,652,555,660],"content":"nanopore was created when CBD was performed in the solution with a pH higher than 11.3. In addition, the size","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,661,557,671],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,661,557,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,661,556,671],"content":"of the nanopore created increased as the pH of the solution increased. We subjected at least three membranes to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,672,557,681],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,672,557,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,672,556,681],"content":"CBD at each pH and confirmed the same trend described above. This result suggests that the membrane could be","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,682,557,691],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,682,557,691],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,682,556,691],"content":"etched by hydroxide ions in the process of dielectric breakdown. Generally, it is known that SiN is hardly etched","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,692,557,701],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,692,557,701],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,692,555,701],"content":"and Si is easily etched in an alkaline aqueous solution62.63. Therefore, the membrane was assumed to be etched by","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,702,557,711],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,702,557,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,702,556,711],"content":"the following two steps: (i) Si-N bonds were destabilized by a high electric field during CBD, and the number of Si","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,712,510,721],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,712,510,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,712,510,721],"content":" dangling bonds and Si-Si bonds increased. (ii) Si was etched by the following chemical reaction62.63.","type":"text"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[153,57,557,68],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,57,554,68],"content":"also shown in Supplementary Fig. i. This behaviour is caused by the second and the subsequent dielectric break-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,69,557,78],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,69,557,78],"content":"downs of the membrane occurring until the current reaches the cut-off current after the first dielectric breakdown ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,79,557,89],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,79,557,89],"content":"(i.e., multiple nanopores generate while widening a nanopore generated at the first dielectric breakdown). When","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,90,557,98],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,90,557,98],"content":"trying to fabricate a large nanopore, it is necessary to set a high cut-off current value. As a result, the time spent on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,99,527,109],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,99,527,109],"content":" the nanopore widening process increases, leading to a high risk of the generation of multiple nanopores.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[165,110,557,119],"spans":[{"bbox":[165,110,557,119],"content":"This problem seems to be solved if the time of the nanopore widening process, compared to the time to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,120,557,128],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,120,557,128],"content":"first dielectric breakdown, can be sufficiently shortened. In this context, a thicker membrane is expected to be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,129,557,138],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,129,555,138],"content":"suitable for the fabrication of a single large nanopore. A higher voltage is required to break down a thicker mem-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"content":"brane. Consequently, a higher Joule energy is released after the first dielectric breakdown, which contributes to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,151,557,158],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,151,556,158],"content":"faster nanopore enlargement. However, the second problem appears here. As we reported previously56, when","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,159,557,169],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,159,557,169],"content":"CBD was applied to a thick (20-nm-thick) SiN membrane, a nanopore could not be fabricated, and only a local","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,170,557,179],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,170,556,179],"content":"conductive-film portion was created. With an increase in the cut-off current value, the area of the conductive-film","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,180,557,189],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,180,556,189],"content":"portion expanded, and the membrane was eventually destroyed. Therefore, the fabrication of a single large nan-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,190,290,199],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,190,290,199],"content":"opore by CBD has been very difficult.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[165,200,557,208],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,200,556,208],"content":"Recently, it has been reported that the laser-assisted CBD can form a large nanopore with a diameter of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,209,557,219],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,210,197,218],"content":"20{-}50\\,\\mathrm{nm}^{57}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[198,209,556,219],"content":". While this technique is revolutionary, it requires a laser optical system for nanopore fabrication. In","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,220,557,227],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,220,557,227],"content":"this study, we report a method that enables the fabrication of a single large nanopore in a thick membrane by CBD","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,228,557,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,230,478,240],"content":"without the need for optics. The application of CBD to a SiN membrane with a thickness of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[479,228,502,241],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[503,229,512,241],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[513,228,535,241],"content":"14\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[536,228,557,241],"content":"in an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,242,557,248],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,242,556,248],"content":"aqueous solution with a pH higher than 11.3 enabled the fabrication of a nanopore instead of a conductive-film","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,249,557,260],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,249,503,260],"content":"portion. The diameter of the fabricated nanopore could be roughly controlled within a range from","type":"text"},{"bbox":[504,249,522,260],"content":"5\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[523,249,531,260],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[532,250,555,259],"content":"40\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[153,261,557,268],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,261,556,268],"content":"by changing the cut-off current value. In addition, the occurrences of streptavidin (SA)-labelled and non-labelled","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,269,557,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,269,556,278],"content":" DNA passing through a nanopore were clearly discriminated by monitoring the difference in ionic-current block-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,279,557,290],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,280,460,288],"content":"ades derived from those molecules. Even if the SA-labelled DNA was present in only","type":"text"},{"bbox":[461,279,472,290],"content":"1\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[473,279,556,290],"content":"of the total DNA in an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,289,329,301],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,289,329,301],"content":" aqueous solution, its presence could be detected.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,310,190,319],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,310,190,319],"content":"Results","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,320,557,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,320,554,330],"content":"The schematic setup for the dielectric breakdown experiments is presented in Fig. 1(a). The area of the SiN mem-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,331,557,342],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,331,248,341],"content":"brane with a thickness of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[249,332,273,341],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[274,331,284,342],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[285,331,308,342],"content":"14\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[309,331,555,341],"content":"was restricted within approximately a small square area of approx-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,342,557,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,342,183,352],"content":"imately","type":"text"},{"bbox":[184,342,239,351],"content":"600\\times600\\ \\mathrm{nm}^{2}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[240,343,450,351],"content":"so that fabricated nanopores could be easily found. Two","type":"text"},{"bbox":[451,342,485,351],"content":"\\mathrm{Ag\/AgCl}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[486,342,557,352],"content":"electrodes (cis and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,352,557,363],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,353,421,362],"content":"trans electrodes) were immersed in 1 M KCl aqueous solution at various","type":"text"},{"bbox":[422,352,435,363],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,353,557,361],"content":"values for applying voltages and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,362,557,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,364,486,371],"content":"measuring curents through the membrane. In this study, SiN membranes with thicknesses of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[487,363,510,370],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[511,362,556,372],"content":"were mainly","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,373,557,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,373,557,381],"content":"used for the dielectric breakdown experiments. Figure 1(b) presents examples of current-time traces when CBD","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,382,557,391],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,382,209,391],"content":"was applied to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[210,382,235,390],"content":"20\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[236,382,390,390],"content":"-thick SiN membranes under ten different","type":"text"},{"bbox":[391,382,404,391],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[405,382,537,390],"content":"conditions. The voltage applied was","type":"text"},{"bbox":[538,383,555,391],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[153,391,557,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[157,392,198,401],"content":",V_{\\mathrm{trans}}\\!=\\!0\\,\\mathrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[199,392,214,401],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[215,393,254,401],"content":"V_{\\mathrm{vis}}\\,{=}\\,20\\,\\mathrm{V})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[255,392,345,401],"content":"), and the cut-off current (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[346,391,367,401],"content":"(I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[368,392,404,401],"content":"was set at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[405,391,423,401],"content":"1\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[425,392,444,401],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[445,393,555,401],"content":"was set as a limit of the output","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,402,557,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,402,555,410],"content":"current of the measuring instrument, and the voltage automatically dropped when the current between the elec-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,411,557,421],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,411,208,421],"content":"trodes reached","type":"text"},{"bbox":[209,412,252,420],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}\\,{\\pm}\\,0.1\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[253,411,555,419],"content":". The dielectric breakdown point was clearly confirmed in each time trace. Figure 1(c)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,420,557,431],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,422,384,430],"content":"presents the plots of the time to breakdown (TBD) under each","type":"text"},{"bbox":[385,420,398,431],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,421,555,431],"content":"condition. The TBD became shorter as the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,432,557,442],"content":"aqueous solution became more acidic or alkaline. In particular, faster breakdowns were prominently observed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,443,557,451],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,443,555,451],"content":"under alkaline conditions than under neutral or acidic conditions. Therefore, Si-N bond breakage in the mem-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,452,557,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,452,555,460],"content":"brane was thought to be strongly promoted by electrochemical reactions induced particularly by hydroxide ions.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,461,557,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,461,362,469],"content":"Notably, this trend is opposite to that reported by Kwok et","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,462,377,470],"content":"a l.^{35}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[378,461,554,469],"content":". According to their report, the TBD of SiN mem-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,470,557,483],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,471,194,481],"content":"branes at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[195,470,208,483],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[209,472,407,479],"content":"of 2 was approximately i00 times shorter than that at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,470,421,483],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[422,471,557,482],"content":"of 13.5. In addition, the longest TBD","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,480,557,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,484,218,491],"content":"was observed at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,480,231,493],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[232,484,557,492],"content":"of approximately 10 in their report, while it was observed at a pH of approximately 5 in our","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,494,557,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,494,556,501],"content":"result. These differences are thought to be due to the difference in deposition conditions of the SiN membrane","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,502,557,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,502,556,511],"content":"layers, which affects their basic material properties. Details of the formation process of our SiN membranes are","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,512,557,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,512,556,520],"content":"described in the Methods section. Incidentally, the reason for shorter TBD under acidic condition is thought to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,521,557,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,521,188,530],"content":"be due to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[189,521,201,531],"content":"\\mathrm{H^{+}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[202,521,555,531],"content":"or hole injection into the membrane which strongly promoted impact ionization-induced avalanche","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,532,257,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,532,257,541],"content":" and Si-N bond breaking35,39","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[165,540,557,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,542,467,550],"content":" Figure 2 presents transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of ten different","type":"text"},{"bbox":[468,540,493,550],"content":"20\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,540,555,549],"content":"-thick SiN mem-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,550,557,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,552,479,561],"content":"branes after CBD under ten different pH conditions. 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We previously reported that only a conductive-film portion, not a nanopore, was cre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,632,557,642],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,632,269,642],"content":"ated when CBD was applied to a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[270,632,295,642],"content":"{20}\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[296,632,407,642],"content":"-thick SiN membrane at a pH of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,632,425,641],"content":"7.5^{56}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[426,632,556,642],"content":" In the present experiment, the same","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,643,557,651],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,643,556,651],"content":"result was obtained even when CBD was performed in a pH range from 1 to 11. On the other hand, interestingly, a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,652,557,660],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,652,555,660],"content":"nanopore was created when CBD was performed in the solution with a pH higher than 11.3. In addition, the size","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,661,557,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,661,556,671],"content":"of the nanopore created increased as the pH of the solution increased. We subjected at least three membranes to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,672,557,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,672,556,681],"content":"CBD at each pH and confirmed the same trend described above. This result suggests that the membrane could be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,682,557,691],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,682,556,691],"content":"etched by hydroxide ions in the process of dielectric breakdown. Generally, it is known that SiN is hardly etched","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,692,557,701],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,692,555,701],"content":"and Si is easily etched in an alkaline aqueous solution62.63. Therefore, the membrane was assumed to be etched by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,702,557,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,702,556,711],"content":"the following two steps: (i) Si-N bonds were destabilized by a high electric field during CBD, and the number of Si","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,712,510,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,712,510,721],"content":" dangling bonds and Si-Si bonds increased. (ii) Si was etched by the following chemical reaction62.63.","type":"text"}]}]],"layout_bboxes":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,595.2760009766,782.3619995117],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"page_idx":1,"page_size":[595.2760009766,782.3619995117],"_layout_tree":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,595.2760009766,782.3619995117],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"images":[],"tables":[],"interline_equations":[],"inline_equations":[{"bbox":[154,210,197,218],"content":"20{-}50\\,\\mathrm{nm}^{57}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[479,228,502,241],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,228,535,241],"content":"14\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[504,249,522,260],"content":"5\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[532,250,555,259],"content":"40\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[461,279,472,290],"content":"1\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[249,332,273,341],"content":"20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[285,331,308,342],"content":"14\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,342,239,351],"content":"600\\times600\\ 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For example, nanopores with diameters of 5 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[339,579,361,592],"content":"40\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[362,581,518,591],"content":"could be fabricated by changing the value of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[519,580,536,592],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[537,581,557,590],"content":"from","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,589,557,601],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,589,557,601],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,589,179,601],"content":"0.1\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[180,590,188,599],"content":"10","type":"text"},{"bbox":[189,589,214,600],"content":"6.5\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[215,589,297,599],"content":"at an applied voltage of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[298,591,315,599],"content":"18\\,\\mathrm{V}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[316,593,557,598],"content":"The effective thickness of the fabricated nanopores was found to be","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,599,557,610],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,599,557,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,602,207,609],"content":"approximately","type":"text"},{"bbox":[208,601,237,610],"content":"12.5\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,601,487,610],"content":" which was estimated from the relationship between the conductance","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,600,500,609],"content":"(G)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[501,599,557,610],"content":"and equivalent","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,610,557,619],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,610,557,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,610,190,619],"content":"diameter","type":"text"},{"bbox":[191,611,213,618],"content":"(d_{\\mathrm{TEM}})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[214,611,555,617],"content":" of the nanopores. In addition, this high-pH CBD method was also effective in nanopore fabri-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,618,557,632],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,618,557,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,621,416,629],"content":"cation in 14-nm-thick SiN membranes. Nanopores with diameters of 7 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,618,440,632],"content":"12\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[441,619,557,631],"content":"could be fabricated by changing","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,630,557,641],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,630,557,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,630,218,640],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}\\,\\mathrm{from}\\;0.3\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[219,630,228,641],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[229,631,247,640],"content":"1\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{A}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[248,633,556,641],"content":"at an applied voltage of 11 V, and the effective thickness of their nanopores was found","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,642,253,650],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,642,253,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,642,227,649],"content":"to be approximately","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,642,250,650],"content":"11\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[166,651,557,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[166,651,557,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,651,556,659],"content":"The occurrences of SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA passing through the fabricated nanopores could","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,660,557,668],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,660,557,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,660,556,668],"content":"be distinguished by the difference in ionic-current blockades caused by those two molecules. The ionic-current","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,669,557,678],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,669,557,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,669,557,678],"content":"blockades derived from SA-labelled dsDNA translocation through the nanopore could be clearly detected even","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,679,557,690],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,679,557,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,680,354,689],"content":"when the concentration of SA-labelled dsDNA was only","type":"text"},{"bbox":[355,679,367,690],"content":"1\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[368,679,556,690],"content":"of the total concentration of dsDNA. In addition, the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,691,557,699],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,691,557,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,691,555,699],"content":"frequency ratio of the current-blockade events caused by SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA changed, reflect-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,700,354,709],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,700,354,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,700,354,709],"content":"ing the mixing ratio of SA-labelled dsDNA and dsDNA.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[166,709,557,721],"lines":[{"bbox":[166,709,557,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,710,283,721],"content":"The method of CBD under high-","type":"text"},{"bbox":[284,710,296,720],"content":"\\cdot\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[297,710,530,721],"content":"conditions examined in this study is a simple and rapid (less than","type":"text"},{"bbox":[531,709,552,721],"content":"1{\\mathrm{min}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,722,557,729],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,722,557,729],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,722,556,729],"content":"nanopore fabrication method that enables the stable fabrication of various-sized solid-state nanopores without","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[153,730,557,741],"lines":[{"bbox":[153,730,557,741],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,730,557,741],"content":"the need for expensive equipment such as EB lithography, TEM or helium-ion microscopy (HIM). In addition,","type":"text"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[166,47,557,57],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,47,556,57],"content":"To identify the current-blockade signals derived from SA-labelled dsDNA, free unbound SA should not pass","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,58,557,70],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,59,533,69],"content":"through the nanopore. Therefore, we first examined whether free SA can pass through the nanopore. Figure","type":"text"},{"bbox":[534,58,554,70],"content":"^{7(\\mathrm{b},\\mathrm{c})}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[153,71,557,78],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,71,556,78],"content":"present respectively the time traces of ionic currents through the nanopores fabricated in the 20-nm- and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,79,557,89],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,79,470,89],"content":"14-nm-thick SiN membranes when the aqueous solution in the cis chamber contained","type":"text"},{"bbox":[471,79,500,88],"content":"100\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[501,79,556,89],"content":"SA. Almost no","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,90,557,97],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,90,556,97],"content":"ionic-current blockades derived from SA translocation through the nanopores were confirmed (approximately","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,98,557,111],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,99,218,109],"content":"less than 5 events","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,98,237,111],"content":"\/\\mathrm{min}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,98,557,109],"content":"0. In the following experiments,the concentration of free SA in aqueous solution did not","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,110,557,120],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,110,182,119],"content":"exceed","type":"text"},{"bbox":[183,111,211,118],"content":"100\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[212,112,506,118],"content":". Figure 7(d) presents the ionic current through the nanopore fabricated in the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[507,111,533,118],"content":"20\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[534,110,557,120],"content":"-thick","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,119,557,131],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,121,427,129],"content":"SiN membrane when the aqueous solution in the cis chamber contained","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,119,468,131],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{nm}\\;400","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[469,121,557,130],"content":"-bp dsDNA. Numerous","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,132,557,138],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,132,555,138],"content":"ionic-current blockades caused by dsDNA translocations through the nanopore were observed. After the meas-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,139,557,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,139,488,149],"content":"urement, the solution in the cis chamber was partly displaced by the solution of 1 M KCl with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,140,512,148],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[513,139,556,150],"content":"SA-labelled","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,151,557,159],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,151,556,159],"content":" 80-bp dsDNA so that SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA could be mixed in the cis chamber. Figure 7(e) pre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,160,557,168],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,160,556,168],"content":"sents the ionic current through the nanopore after SA-labelled and non-labelled DNA were mixed in the cis","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,169,557,179],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,169,556,179],"content":"chamber. Larger current blockades than those derived from dsDNA were frequently observed, which indicated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,180,360,189],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,180,360,189],"content":"the passage of SA-labelled dsDNA through the nanopore.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,190,557,199],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,190,556,199],"content":"Magnified views of the typical current blockades when SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA passed through","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,200,557,209],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,200,556,209],"content":"the nanopore are presented in Fig. 7(f). The dwell times of the current blockades derived from SA-labelled 80-bp","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,210,557,218],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,210,556,218],"content":"dsDNA were typically shorter than those derived from 40o-bp dsDNA, reflecting the difference in the dsDNA","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,219,557,229],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,219,329,229],"content":"lengths. The scatter plots of the dwell time and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,219,352,228],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[353,219,491,227],"content":"and the corresponding histograms of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[492,220,514,228],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[515,219,556,229],"content":"before and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,228,557,240],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,231,438,240],"content":"after the mixture of SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA are presented in Fig.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[439,228,461,240],"content":"7(\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{-}\\mathrm{j})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[464,229,486,240],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,231,556,239],"content":"was determined as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,241,557,249],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,241,556,249],"content":"the maximum current-blockade value observed in each current-blockade event. The figures confirmed that the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,250,557,258],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,250,556,258],"content":"occurrences of SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA passing through the nanopore could be clearly distinguished","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,259,253,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,259,231,269],"content":"based on the value of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[232,260,253,268],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,270,557,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,270,556,278],"content":"Next, we examined the event discrimination of SA-labelled and non-labelled 400-bp dsDNA passing through","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,279,557,290],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,279,241,288],"content":"nanopores fabricated in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,279,266,290],"content":"14\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[267,279,555,287],"content":"-thick SiN membranes (Fig. 8). Nine different aqueous solutions for the cis cham-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,288,557,301],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,291,341,297],"content":"ber were prepared; that is, a solution of 1 M KCl with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,288,365,301],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[366,289,557,300],"content":"SA-labelled 400-bp dsDNA and a solution of 1 M KCl","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,298,557,310],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,300,172,309],"content":"with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[173,298,212,310],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{nm}\\,400","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[213,302,555,309],"content":"-bp dsDNA were mixed at ratios of 1:0, 9:1, 7:3. 5:5, 3:7, 1:9, 5:95, 1:99 and 0:1. Figure 8(a) pre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,310,557,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,311,451,319],"content":"sents five results from the nine experiments. Compared to the results shown in Fig.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,310,471,319],"content":"\\mathrm{{7(h,j)}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[472,310,556,320],"content":", these scatter plots and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,320,557,329],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,320,176,328],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[177,321,556,329],"content":"histograms exhibit less clear boundaries between the two events derived from SA-labelled and non-labelled","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,330,557,337],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,330,556,337],"content":"dsDNA. We cannot currently provide a clear explanation for this difference. Possible causes include difference in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,338,557,350],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,339,295,349],"content":"the thicknesses of the SiN membranes (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[296,338,319,350],"content":".20\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[320,338,329,349],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,338,353,350],"content":"14\\,\\mathrm{nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,338,440,350],"content":") and lengths of dsDNA ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,338,462,350],"content":"(80\\,\\mathrm{bg}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[463,338,472,350],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,338,497,350],"content":"400{\\,\\mathrm{bp}}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[498,338,556,349],"content":"0. We provision-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,350,557,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,350,292,358],"content":"ally determined the boundary value of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[293,351,314,358],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[315,351,505,358],"content":"derived from SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA as","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,350,530,358],"content":"c+4w,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[531,350,556,359],"content":"where","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,359,557,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,359,159,370],"content":"c","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[160,360,412,369],"content":"is the central value of a Gaussian curve fitted to each spectrum around","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,359,466,367],"content":"\\Delta I_{\\mathrm{max}}\\,{=}\\,0.5\\,\\mathrm{nA}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[467,360,556,369],"content":", which was attributed to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,368,557,379],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,371,436,378],"content":"the events mostly caused by dsDNA translocation through the nanopore, and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[437,368,443,379],"content":"w","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[444,370,557,379],"content":"is the value of the full width at","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,379,327,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,379,327,388],"content":"half maximum (FWHM) of the Gaussian curve.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,389,557,398],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,389,556,398],"content":" Small current blockades derived from dsDNA translocation through the nanopore were observed even in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,399,557,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,399,283,408],"content":"case of SA-labelled dsDNA: dsDNA","type":"text"},{"bbox":[284,399,306,410],"content":"=1;0","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[307,399,556,409],"content":"due to the remaining dsDNA unreacted with SA. On the other hand,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,411,557,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,411,557,419],"content":"large current blockades derived from SA-labelled dsDNA translocation through the nanopore could be clearly","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,420,557,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,420,356,430],"content":"observed even in the case of SA-labelled dsDNA: dsDNA","type":"text"},{"bbox":[357,421,382,429],"content":"=1;99","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[383,420,555,430],"content":" Figure 8(b) presents magnified views of the typ-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,431,557,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,431,556,438],"content":"ical current blockades derived from SA-labelled 40o-bp dsDNA. Each waveform consists of two current-blockade","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,439,557,448],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,439,556,448],"content":"levels, which were not observed when SA-labelled 80-bp dsDNA passed through the nanopore (Fig. 7(f). Each","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,449,557,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,449,557,460],"content":"of the two levels is believed to be atributable to the partial entry of dsDNA or SA into the nanopore. Figure 8(c)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,461,557,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,461,556,468],"content":"presents the frequency ratio of the current-blockade events derived from SA-labelled and non-labelled dsDNA in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,469,557,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[153,469,557,479],"content":" each of the nine experiments. The figure confirms that the event frequency ratio changed, reflecting the mixing","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,480,403,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,480,403,490],"content":"ratio of the two solutions containing SA-labelled dsDNA and dsDNA.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,499,206,508],"spans":[{"bbox":[156,499,206,508],"content":"Discussion","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[153,509,557,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,509,556,519],"content":"Stable fabrication of a single large nanopore in a SiN membrane by CBD was examined. First, we applied CBD to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,520,557,529],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,520,180,529],"content":"20\\mathrm{-nm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[181,520,556,529],"content":"-thick SiN membranes under various pH conditions. Instead of a nanopore, a local conductive-film por-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,530,557,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,530,326,539],"content":"tion was created in the membrane in the case of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[327,530,363,539],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}\\!<\\!11.3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[364,530,557,540],"content":". On the other hand, a single nanopore was fabricated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,540,557,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,540,176,550],"content":"when","type":"text"},{"bbox":[177,540,214,549],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}\\,{\\geq}\\,11.3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[215,541,556,550],"content":". This result suggests that the membrane could be etched to form a nanopore by hydroxide ions","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,551,557,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,551,557,559],"content":"under a high electric field. The conduction-ion distribution in the conductive-film portion, incidentally, could","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,560,547,569],"spans":[{"bbox":[155,560,547,569],"content":"be extrapolated from the shape of the I- V curve, which changed depending on the pH of the aqueous solution.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[166,570,557,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[166,570,453,578],"content":"The size of the nanopore could be controlled by changing the applied voltage or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[454,570,472,579],"content":"I_{\\mathrm{cutoff}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[473,570,532,579],"content":"during CBD at a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[533,570,546,578],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[547,570,557,580],"content":"of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[153,579,557,592],"spans":[{"bbox":[154,580,338,588],"content":"12.7. 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It requires frequent blood transfusion plus other treatment modalities. These treatment modalities may be ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,354,267,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,354,267,365],"content":"associated with certain immunologic modulations.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[99,373,506,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[100,373,326,384],"content":"Objective: To assess the immunity status in children with ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[327,373,332,385],"content":"\\upbeta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[333,373,505,385],"content":"-thalassaemia major under different treatment","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,385,205,394],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,385,205,394],"content":"regimens within El Minia, Egypt.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[99,404,506,415],"spans":[{"bbox":[100,404,505,415],"content":"Subjects and Methods: One hundred forty-four children were enrolled and classified into four groups. 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Levels of C3 were","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,493,506,504],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,494,319,504],"content":"significantly decreased in all patients compared with controls ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[320,493,353,504],"content":"(\\mathsf{p}\\!\\!=\\!\\!0.001)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[355,495,505,504],"content":" with a highly significant decrease in C3","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,505,506,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,505,321,514],"content":"levels in splenectomized patients than non splenectomized ones ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[322,505,354,513],"content":"(\\mathsf{p}\\!<\\!0.001)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,505,505,512],"content":"but no statistical difference between their","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,513,506,524],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,515,354,524],"content":"C4 levels. Significant statistical differences were revealed regarding ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[355,513,376,524],"content":"\\mathsf{C D3+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[377,513,381,524],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[382,514,405,523],"content":"\\mathsf{C D4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[406,513,426,524],"content":" and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[427,513,449,524],"content":"\\mathsf{C D8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[450,513,505,524],"content":" T lymphocyte","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,525,506,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,525,505,531],"content":"percentages within thalassaemia groups when compared to each other's and to controls. Splenectomized patients","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,532,506,543],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,532,279,542],"content":"had higher significant levels regarding serum ferrtin","type":"text"},{"bbox":[280,533,310,542],"content":"(\\mathsf{p}\\!\\!=\\!\\!0.02)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[311,532,351,543],"content":" along with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[352,532,374,542],"content":"\\mathsf{C D3+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[377,532,405,543],"content":"(\\mathsf{p}\\!\\!=\\!\\!0.05)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[406,532,409,543],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[410,532,432,543],"content":"\\mathsf{C D4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,532,464,543],"content":"\\left(\\mathsf{p}\\!\\!=\\!\\!0.05\\right)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[465,532,482,543],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[483,532,504,542],"content":"\\mathsf{C D8+}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,543,506,552],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,543,126,551],"content":"(\\mathsf{p}\\!\\!=\\!\\!0.037)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[127,544,358,551],"content":" lymphocyte percentages compared to non-splenectomized. ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[359,544,386,551],"content":"\\mathsf{C D}19+","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[387,544,505,552],"content":"lymphocyte percentages were","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,552,506,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,552,183,561],"content":"significantly higher while","type":"text"},{"bbox":[184,552,211,562],"content":"{\\mathsf{C D56+}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[212,553,506,563],"content":" lymphocyte percentages were significantly lower in all patients compared with","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,562,188,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,562,122,572],"content":"controls ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[123,563,149,572],"content":"(\\mathsf{p}\\!\\!=\\!\\!0.02","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[150,563,188,572],"content":"and 0.05).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[99,580,506,592],"spans":[{"bbox":[99,580,505,592],"content":" Conclusion: Immune modulation occurs in thalassaemia patients with regional specific variations and is related","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,593,219,603],"spans":[{"bbox":[90,593,219,603],"content":"to variations in treatment modalities.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[33,618,295,629],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,618,295,629],"content":"Keywords: Thalassaemia Immunity; Treatment modalities; Egyptian","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,630,127,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,630,127,641],"content":"children; El Minia region","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[33,653,295,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,653,293,665],"content":"Abbreviations: CBC-Complete Blood Count; IgA-Immunoglobulin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,666,41,672],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,666,41,672],"content":"A","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[33,689,96,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,689,96,699],"content":"Introduction","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[43,705,295,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,705,294,715],"content":" Thalassaemia is defined as a group of inherited disorders that arise","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,716,288,727],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,716,282,727],"content":"as a result of certain mutations in hemoglobin (Hb) genes.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[283,716,288,727],"content":"\\upbeta","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[33,728,295,739],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,728,108,738],"content":"thalassaemia major","type":"text"},{"bbox":[109,728,132,737],"content":"(\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[133,728,293,739],"content":"has a high prevalence in the Mediterranean","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,740,295,750],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,740,293,750],"content":"region, including Egypt, Middle East, Indian subcontinent, and South","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[33,751,295,761],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,751,293,761],"content":"East Asia [1]. Though, it is a growing global health problem due to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,618,562,629],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,618,448,628],"content":" extensive population migrations. About","type":"text"},{"bbox":[449,618,468,628],"content":"1.5\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[469,618,560,629],"content":" of the world populations","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,629,562,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,629,360,641],"content":"are carriers of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[361,630,367,639],"content":"\\upbeta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[368,629,456,641],"content":"-thalassaemia gene [2].","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,631,477,640],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[478,630,560,641],"content":" patients present with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,642,562,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,642,561,650],"content":"many problems rather than severe anemia, including increased","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,651,562,662],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,651,561,662],"content":"susceptibility to infections which constitutes the second most common","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,666,562,672],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,666,504,672],"content":"cause of mortality and a major cause of morbidity in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[505,666,510,671],"content":"\\upbeta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[511,666,560,672],"content":"-thalassaemia","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,673,562,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,673,560,682],"content":"after heart failure [3]. The underlying causes of their increased liability","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,683,562,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,683,561,694],"content":"to infections may be attributed to anemia per-se, reticuloendothelial","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,695,562,705],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,695,561,705],"content":"system dysfunction as well as therapeutic regimens-related infections","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,706,317,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,706,317,715],"content":"[4].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,719,562,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,719,562,732],"content":"These therapeutic approaches  incorporate repeated blood","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,733,562,742],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,733,560,742],"content":"transfusion alone or in combination with iron chelators. Splenectomy","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,743,562,753],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,743,561,753],"content":"is added when indicated. Recently, gene therapy and bone marrow","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,754,562,765],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,754,559,765],"content":"transplant or stem cell therapy are promising hopes [5]. Volumetric","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,107,295,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,107,295,118],"content":"and multiple transfusions lead to alloimmunization, accumulation of ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,119,295,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,119,293,129],"content":"iron in different tissues and are associated with increased risk of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,130,295,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,130,293,140],"content":"infections. These infections are caused by lots of bacterial and viral","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,141,295,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,141,294,150],"content":"infections such as cytomegalo virus, Ebstein-Barr virus and hepatitis C","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,151,295,161],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,151,294,161],"content":"virus [6]. Likewise, Yersinia enterocolitica is usually associated with the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,162,295,172],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,162,294,172],"content":"use of deferoxamine (DFO) as an iron chelator [7]. As well, the risk of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,173,295,184],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,173,216,183],"content":"sepsis in splenectomized patients is as high as","type":"text"},{"bbox":[217,173,230,183],"content":"7\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[231,173,293,184],"content":"over a 10-years","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,184,295,195],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,184,106,195],"content":"period and almost","type":"text"},{"bbox":[107,184,123,194],"content":"25\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[124,185,294,195],"content":" of splenectomized patients are at the risk of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,196,295,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,196,294,205],"content":"severe infections [8]. Hence, it is crucial to identify the impact of these","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,206,254,216],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,206,254,216],"content":"treatment modalities on the immune status of these patients.","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[32,107,295,118],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,107,295,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,107,295,118],"content":"and multiple transfusions lead to alloimmunization, accumulation of ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,119,295,129],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,119,295,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,119,293,129],"content":"iron in different tissues and are associated with increased risk of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,130,295,140],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,130,295,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,130,293,140],"content":"infections. 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Our aim was to compare the immune competence between","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,422,295,432],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,422,295,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,422,56,432],"content":"those","type":"text"},{"bbox":[57,423,77,431],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[78,422,294,432],"content":" children who receiving multiple blood transfusions alone","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,433,295,443],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,433,295,443],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,433,295,443],"content":"or with iron chelating agents plus or minus splenectomy. 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Patients were selected from Pediatric Hematology Outpatient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,550,295,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,550,294,563],"content":" Clinic at Minia University Hospital and from Pediatric Hematology","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,564,295,575],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,564,292,575],"content":"Outpatient Clinic, National Blood Bank, Minia Ministry of Health","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,576,295,582],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,576,293,582],"content":"while controls were selected from apparently healthy children from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,583,295,594],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,583,293,594],"content":" Pediatric Growth Clinic, Minia University Hospital. This study was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,595,295,604],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,595,293,604],"content":"carried out between May and December, 2015. One hundred and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,605,295,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,605,294,615],"content":"forty-four children were included in this study, which involved a group","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,616,295,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,616,294,626],"content":"of 108 thalassaemia patients and 36 apparently healthy children with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,627,295,637],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,627,294,637],"content":"matching age and sex as a control group IV. Control children were 18","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,638,295,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,638,58,649],"content":"males","type":"text"},{"bbox":[59,638,81,648],"content":"(50\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[82,638,140,649],"content":"and 18 females","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,638,162,649],"content":"(50\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,638,294,649],"content":". There ages were ranged from 2-16","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,650,295,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,650,293,659],"content":"years old. The thalassaemia patients group was further subdivided into","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,660,295,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,660,293,670],"content":"three subgroups according to the difference in their treatment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,671,295,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,671,292,681],"content":"regimens. These subgroups comprised patient groups from I-II1.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,682,295,691],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,682,293,691],"content":"Group I patients (No. 36) were receiving blood transfusion only. These","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,692,295,703],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,692,122,703],"content":"patients were 18 males","type":"text"},{"bbox":[123,692,144,701],"content":"(50\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[145,692,205,703],"content":"and 18 females","type":"text"},{"bbox":[206,692,227,702],"content":"(50\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[228,692,294,703],"content":". There ages were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,704,295,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,704,295,714],"content":"ranged from 2-8 years old. Patients in group I (No. 36) were receiving ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,715,295,724],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,715,294,724],"content":"blood transfusion and iron chelation while patients in group III (No.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,725,295,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,725,293,734],"content":"36) were receiving blood transfusion plus iron chelation and also","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,735,295,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,735,247,745],"content":"subjected to splenectomy. Group II patients were 12 males","type":"text"},{"bbox":[248,735,276,745],"content":"(33.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[277,735,294,746],"content":"and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,746,295,757],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,746,75,757],"content":"24 females","type":"text"},{"bbox":[76,746,103,757],"content":"(66.7\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[104,747,293,757],"content":". There ages were ranged from 5-12 years old. Group","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,107,562,119],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,107,400,118],"content":" III patients were 21 males","type":"text"},{"bbox":[401,107,429,119],"content":"(58.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[430,107,488,119],"content":"and 15 females","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,107,516,119],"content":"(41.7\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[517,107,561,119],"content":". There ages","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,120,428,130],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,120,428,130],"content":"were ranged from 10-16 years old.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,134,562,145],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,134,560,145],"content":"All included patients and controls were subjected to complete","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,146,562,156],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,146,561,156],"content":"history taking (name, age, sex, residence, family history, consanguinity,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,157,562,167],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,157,562,167],"content":"age of 1st blood transfusion, amount of transfusion per year, duration","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,168,562,178],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,168,562,178],"content":"of splenectomy in splenectomized patients in addition to history of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,179,562,188],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,179,561,188],"content":"exposure to infections). Moreover, the involved children were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,189,562,199],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,189,561,199],"content":"examined carefully (general examination, anthropometric measures","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,200,562,210],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,200,561,210],"content":"which were plotted on percentile growth charts, vital data as well as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,211,562,221],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,211,561,221],"content":"examination of chest, heart and abdomen). The exclusion criteria were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,222,562,231],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,222,561,231],"content":"patients who had a bone marrow transplant. Finally, the laboratory","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,232,562,242],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,232,559,242],"content":" investigations were performed to all subjects. These investigations were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,243,562,254],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,243,561,254],"content":"comprised Complete Blood Count (CBC), blood smears, Hemoglobin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,255,562,263],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,255,562,263],"content":"(Hb) electrophoresis for controls, serum ferritin, serum level of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,264,562,275],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,264,562,275],"content":"immunoglobulin A (IgA), complements C3 and C4 plus percentages","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,276,517,286],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,276,517,286],"content":" and absolute counts of CD3, 4, 8, 19 and 56 T lymphocytes.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,298,373,310],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,298,373,310],"content":"Blood Sampling","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,314,562,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,314,561,326],"content":"Venous blood samples were collected from both patients and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,327,562,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,327,488,342],"content":" controls under complete aseptic conditions. About","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,327,508,341],"content":"2\\;\\mathrm{{ml}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[509,327,561,343],"content":"of blood were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,344,562,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,344,561,349],"content":"withdrawn in K3-EDTA anticoagulant tubes for complete blood","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,350,562,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,350,561,359],"content":"counts, peripheral blood smears as well as flow cytometric analysis","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,361,562,371],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,361,561,371],"content":"(immunophenotyping). About 3ml of blood were withdrawn in a plain","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,372,562,379],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,372,561,379],"content":"tube without any anticoagulant. Their serum was then separated and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,380,562,392],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,380,346,391],"content":"stored at -","type":"text"},{"bbox":[347,380,366,392],"content":"70^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[367,380,562,392],"content":"till used for serum ferritin, IgA and complements","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,392,330,403],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,392,330,403],"content":"assays.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,407,562,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,407,561,420],"content":" Blood samples were withdrawn from thalassaemia patients just","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,421,562,427],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,421,561,427],"content":" prior to a scheduled transfusion. The blood samples from the control","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,428,562,439],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,428,562,439],"content":" group were taken while coming for follow-up of their growth. All","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,440,562,451],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,440,561,451],"content":"controls had normal Hb levels for their age and sex with normal red","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,453,562,463],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,453,561,463],"content":"blood cell indices. At the time of sampling all patients and controls","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,464,539,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,464,539,475],"content":"were apparently free from infections (normal C-reactive protein).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,487,411,498],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,487,411,498],"content":"Laboratory methodology","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,500,562,512],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,500,561,512],"content":"Complete blood count was performed using an automated blood","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,513,562,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,513,561,522],"content":" counter (Sysmex KX-21N). Additionally, peripheral blood smears were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,523,562,533],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,523,561,533],"content":"stained by Leishman stain. Reticulocyte counts were detected as well.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,534,562,543],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,534,561,543],"content":" The absolute lymphocytes and neutrophils counts were calculated.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,544,562,555],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,544,561,555],"content":" Serum ferritin levels were measured using human in vitro Enzyme-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,556,562,565],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,556,560,565],"content":"Linked Immunosorbent Assay (EIA) kit from Abcam Inc, Cambridge,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,566,562,577],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,566,562,577],"content":"USA. The assay was performed according to the manufacturer's","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,578,562,587],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,578,561,587],"content":" instructions. Ferritin values were expressed as nanogram per mililiter","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,588,362,597],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,589,331,597],"content":"\\mathrm{(ng\/ml)}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,588,362,597],"content":": [13,14]","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,603,562,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,603,560,615],"content":"Levels of IgA were determined using human in vitro EIA kit from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,616,562,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,616,561,626],"content":"Abcam Inc, Cambridge, USA according to the manufacturer's","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,627,562,637],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,627,561,637],"content":"instructions. Final IgA values were expressed in milligram per deciliter","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,638,562,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,638,331,649],"content":"\\mathrm{(mg\/dl)}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,638,561,648],"content":". As well, Complements C3 and C4 serum levels were detected","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,650,562,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,650,559,659],"content":"with human in vitro EIA kit from Abcam Inc, Cambridge, USA.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,660,562,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,660,560,669],"content":" Complements C3 and C4 values were expressed in milligram per","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,670,362,682],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,670,334,682],"content":" deciliter","type":"text"},{"bbox":[335,671,362,682],"content":"\\mathrm{(mg\/dl)}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,691,492,703],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,691,492,703],"content":"Flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,708,562,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,708,561,721],"content":" T- Lymphocyte subsets in whole blood samples were enumerated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,722,562,729],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,722,326,729],"content":"using","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,722,418,729],"content":"fluoroisothiocyanate（","type":"text"},{"bbox":[419,722,447,729],"content":"(FITC)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[451,722,495,729],"content":" conjugated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[496,722,561,729],"content":"1CD4(Becton","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,734,562,743],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,734,561,743],"content":"Dickinson, Bioscience, USA), phycoerythrin (PE) conjugated CD8","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,744,562,751],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,744,559,751],"content":"(Becton Dickinson, Bioscience, USA) and peridinium-chlorophyll-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,752,562,764],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,752,562,764],"content":" protein (Per-CP) conjugated CD3 (Becton Dickinson, Bioscience,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,107,562,119],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,107,293,119],"content":"USA). 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This was similar to what was detected by Ali N. Salman, et","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,627,296,636],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,627,296,636],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,627,294,636],"content":"al., Jeddoa et al. and Ghaffari et al. [16,18,19]. On the other hand, Ezer","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,637,296,646],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,637,296,646],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,637,295,646],"content":"et al. showed that serum levels of IgA were normal within all","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,647,296,658],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,647,296,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,647,85,658],"content":"subgroups of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[86,648,105,658],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[106,647,225,658],"content":". In Ezer study, all patients with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[226,649,246,658],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[247,647,294,658],"content":"appeared to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,659,296,670],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,659,296,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,659,294,670],"content":"have an intact humoral immune system whatever their criteria. In","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,671,296,679],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,671,296,679],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,671,294,679],"content":"addition, our data showed that splenectomized patients had higher","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,680,296,691],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,680,296,691],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,680,293,691],"content":"significant increase in serum IgA levels than non splenectomized ones","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,692,296,703],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,692,296,703],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,692,70,702],"content":"(\\mathtt{p}{<}0.001)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[71,692,294,703],"content":" [20]. Many previous studies had supported our data, but","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,704,296,712],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,704,296,712],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,704,294,712],"content":"Ahluwalia et al. didn't detect any impacts of splenectomy on","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,713,132,723],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,713,132,723],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,713,132,723],"content":"immunoglobulins [21-24].","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[40,727,296,738],"lines":[{"bbox":[40,727,296,738],"spans":[{"bbox":[44,727,294,738],"content":"The mechanisms of such increase in serum IgA levels can be","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,739,296,749],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,739,296,749],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,739,294,749],"content":"attributed to iron overload in the skin of thalassaemia patients which","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,750,296,761],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,750,296,761],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,750,294,761],"content":"leads to stimulation of the mucocutaneous IgA production [25]. As","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,107,563,119],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,107,563,119],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,107,561,119],"content":"well, it has been suggested that iron overload causes an increased","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,120,563,129],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,120,563,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,120,561,129],"content":"migration of T helper cells to the gut and lymph nodes which increases","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,130,563,140],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,130,563,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,130,561,140],"content":"serum immunoglobulins levels especially IgA as the main","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,141,563,150],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,141,563,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,141,561,150],"content":"immunoglobulin isotype in most mucosal surfaces [18]. Also, iron and ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,151,563,162],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,151,563,162],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,151,560,162],"content":"its binding proteins have immune regulatory properties. Therefore,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,163,563,171],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,163,563,171],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,163,561,171],"content":"iron excess may tip the immune balance unfavorably to allow increased","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,172,563,184],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,172,563,184],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,172,562,184],"content":"growth rates of infectious organisms followed by increased","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,185,563,195],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,185,563,195],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,185,561,195],"content":"immunoglobulin levels [8]. Moreover, repetitive transfusions lead to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,196,563,205],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,196,563,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,196,348,205],"content":"continuous","type":"text"},{"bbox":[354,196,408,203],"content":" alloantigenic","type":"text"},{"bbox":[409,196,461,204],"content":"stimulation","type":"text"},{"bbox":[471,196,503,205],"content":"[26,27].","type":"text"},{"bbox":[512,196,559,205],"content":"Additionally,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,206,563,216],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,206,563,216],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,206,562,216],"content":"thalassaemia patients are prone to many bacterial and viral infections","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,217,563,226],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,217,563,226],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,217,561,226],"content":"[3]. Therefore, the immune system is activated and immunoglobulin","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,227,563,237],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,227,563,237],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,227,560,237],"content":"levels are elevated [8]. Finally, increased serum levels of IgA mostly","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,238,563,248],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,238,563,248],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,238,561,248],"content":"after splenectomy could be due to the pressure that occurs on other","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,249,563,258],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,249,563,258],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,249,561,258],"content":"secondary lymphoid organs to synthesis major immunoglobulin","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,259,463,271],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,259,463,271],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,259,463,271],"content":" classes for compensation of spleen loss [28].","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,273,563,286],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,273,563,286],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,273,561,286],"content":" In the current study, the mean levels of complements C3 and C4","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,287,563,299],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,287,563,299],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,287,561,299],"content":"were significantly decreased in all patient groups compared with","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,300,563,311],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,300,563,311],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,300,337,310],"content":"controls","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,300,370,308],"content":"(\\mathrm{p{=}0.001}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[371,300,561,311],"content":", 0.002 respectively). This is in accordance with","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,312,563,318],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,312,563,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,312,560,318],"content":"Jeddoa et al., El Yazji and Amin et al. studies. [16,23,29] Ezer et al.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,319,563,329],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,319,563,329],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,319,561,329],"content":"results are unlike ours as their study showed no significant difference","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,330,563,340],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,330,563,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,330,561,340],"content":"in C3 levels between patients and controls [20]. This may be explained","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,341,563,350],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,341,563,350],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,341,560,350],"content":" on the basis that repeated blood transfusion could result in continuous","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,351,563,362],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,351,563,362],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,351,561,362],"content":"exposure to various antigens which lead to continuous immune system","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,363,563,372],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,363,563,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,363,561,372],"content":"stimulation and hence complement consumption [8]. The addition of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,373,563,383],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,373,563,383],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,373,561,383],"content":"iron chelators in our study led to significant elevation of complement","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,384,563,393],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,384,563,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,384,559,393],"content":"C3 and C4 along with increased serum IgA levels in Group II than","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,394,563,406],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,394,563,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,394,337,405],"content":"Group I","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,394,364,406],"content":"\\mathrm{(p{=}0.01}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[365,394,561,404],"content":", 0.03 and 0.04 respectively). Aleem A et al. showed","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,405,563,416],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,405,563,416],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,407,446,416],"content":"significant immune abnormalities in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[447,406,467,415],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[468,405,560,416],"content":" patients with oral iron","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,417,563,426],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,417,563,426],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,417,561,426],"content":"chelators including low C4 level [30]. As well, we found a highly","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,427,563,436],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,427,563,436],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,427,561,436],"content":" significant decrease in serum C3 levels in splenectomized patients than","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,437,563,448],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,437,563,448],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,437,398,448],"content":"non splenectomized ones","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,437,432,448],"content":"(\\mathtt{p}{<}0.001)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[433,437,560,448],"content":". This was the same as Darzi AA et","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,449,563,458],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,449,563,458],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,449,561,458],"content":"al. results [21] and unlike Kiani-Amin et al. outcomes [31]. The spleen","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,459,563,470],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,459,563,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,459,561,470],"content":"plays a role in releasing starter proteins of complement activation","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,471,563,481],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,471,563,481],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,471,421,480],"content":"pathways. So, splenectomy(","type":"text"},{"bbox":[422,471,561,481],"content":"causes reduction in complement","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,482,563,491],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,482,563,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,482,561,491],"content":"components [21]. Also, splenectomized patients have the most","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,492,563,501],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,492,563,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,492,561,501],"content":"increased risk of overwhelming infections which stimulate the immune","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,502,495,514],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,502,495,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,502,495,514],"content":" system, leading to complement consumption [23,32].","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,517,563,528],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,517,563,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,517,561,528],"content":"Lymphocytes are crucial in cell mediated immunity. Lymphocyte","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,529,563,538],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,529,563,538],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,529,561,538],"content":" subpopulations include T cells, B cells and NK cells. T lymphocytes","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,539,563,551],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,539,563,551],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,540,332,550],"content":" contain","type":"text"},{"bbox":[333,539,357,551],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,539,562,551],"content":" T cells, which become activated upon foreign antigen","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,552,563,561],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,552,563,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,552,560,561],"content":"exposure, such as intracellular pathogens, fungi and protozoa in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,562,563,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,562,563,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,562,347,572],"content":"addition to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[348,562,371,570],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[372,562,536,571],"content":" T-cells which destroy virally infected cells.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[537,562,560,571],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,572,563,586],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,572,563,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,573,363,583],"content":"cells along with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[364,572,388,586],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[389,573,562,585],"content":"cells represent the majority of T lymphocytes","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,587,563,593],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,587,563,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,587,563,593],"content":"[33]. We estimated the absolute counts along with percentages of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,594,563,605],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,594,563,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,595,326,605],"content":"\\mathrm{CD}3+","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[327,594,561,604],"content":"lymphocytes as representative of total T Lymphocytes (pan-T","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,605,563,615],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,605,563,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,606,377,615],"content":"cell marker) besides","type":"text"},{"bbox":[378,606,401,614],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[402,605,417,615],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[418,605,442,615],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,605,561,615],"content":"T subsets. Since absolute counts","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,616,563,626],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,616,563,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,616,562,626],"content":" can vary from day to day and according to child age, it is more useful","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,627,563,636],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,627,563,636],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,627,560,636],"content":"to look at the percentages of these lymphocyte subpopulations [34,35].","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,637,563,646],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,637,563,646],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,637,563,646],"content":"We found significant statistical differences regarding percentages of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,647,563,658],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,647,563,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,647,326,658],"content":"\\mathrm{CD}\\boldsymbol{3}+;","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,647,356,658],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[357,648,378,658],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[379,647,403,658],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[404,649,562,658],"content":" cells within thalassaemia groups when","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,659,563,669],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,659,563,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,659,562,669],"content":"compared to each other's and to healthy controls. Patients of group I","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,670,563,681],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,670,563,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,670,409,681],"content":"had  significantly  elevated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[410,670,433,680],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,670,458,681],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[459,671,482,679],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[483,670,561,681],"content":" percentages, when","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,682,563,691],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,682,563,691],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,682,562,691],"content":" compared to controls and to Group II patients. 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(2017) Comparison of the Immunity Status in-Between","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[78,56,213,68],"content":"127. doi:10.4172\/1745-7580.1000127","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[78,46,128,58],"content":"Children with","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[135,46,561,58],"content":"-Thalassaemia Major Receiving Different Treatment Modalities: A Single Egyptian District Study. Immunome Res 13:","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[34,794,180,807],"content":"Immunome Res, an open access journal","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[446,794,561,806],"content":"Volume 13· Issue 1·10000127","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[36,806,94,815],"content":"ISSN:1745-7580","type":"text","tag":"footer"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[128,46,134,56],"content":"\\upbeta","type":"inline_equation","tag":"header"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[],"header":[[35.6735187424,35.9982898675,562.8488512696,67.3168020522]],"footer":[[36.7545344619,795.9221889696,177.6469165659,812.4814023087],[446.8198307134,795.9221889696,559.9661426844,803.8418127405]],"footnote":[]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[40,105,288,275],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,105,284,275],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_73500000\/libgen.scimag73543000-73543999.zip_10.4172\/1745-7580.10000127\/images\/5_42_105_284_275.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,277,288,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,277,288,287],"content":"Figure 3: Splenectomized versus non splenectomized patients as","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,288,288,299],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,289,276,299],"content":"regards serum ferritin; Results are presented as Mean values;","type":"text"},{"bbox":[277,288,287,299],"content":"\\nsucc","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,300,116,311],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,300,82,311],"content":"Significant","type":"text"},{"bbox":[83,300,116,311],"content":"\\left({\\mathrm{p}}\\leq0.05\\right)","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[32,339,87,351],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,339,87,351],"content":"Discussion","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,355,296,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,355,226,366],"content":" It had been shown that the immune-capability of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[227,355,246,365],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[247,355,295,366],"content":"patients has","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,367,296,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,367,293,376],"content":"been altered [9, 10]. The presence of abnormal erythrocytes leads to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,377,296,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,377,293,386],"content":"continuous activation of monocytes and immune clearance [15].","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,387,296,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,388,189,397],"content":"Furthermore, it has been shown that","type":"text"},{"bbox":[190,387,210,399],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,387,294,398],"content":"-related immunologic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,400,296,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,400,295,410],"content":" changes difer according to the variety and duration of therapeutic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,411,296,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,411,293,420],"content":"procedures and in a population dependence manner [8]. Data relevant","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,421,296,431],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,421,293,431],"content":"to the impact of different treatment modalities on the immune system","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,432,296,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,432,294,442],"content":"in thalassaemia patients are yet limited as these data should be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,443,296,453],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,443,294,453],"content":"adjusted for geographical differences. The aim of this work was to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,454,296,462],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,454,294,462],"content":"evaluate the immune status of Egyptian children within El Minia","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,463,296,476],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,463,143,475],"content":"region who suffering from","type":"text"},{"bbox":[144,464,163,476],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[164,463,295,476],"content":" and receiving various treatment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,476,76,484],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,476,76,484],"content":"modalities.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,491,296,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[44,491,294,501],"content":" Immunoglobulins and complement proteins play a pivotal role in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,502,296,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,502,294,513],"content":"humoral immunity. Therefore, we assessed the deviations of these","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,514,296,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,514,294,522],"content":" parameters among thalassaemia patients according to their treatment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,523,296,533],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,523,294,533],"content":" regimens [16]. This study has been concerned with assessment of IgA,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,534,296,544],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,534,294,544],"content":"serum complement C3 and C4 levels. IgA is an important mediator of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,545,296,555],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,545,294,555],"content":"mucosal immunity along with its involvement in complement","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,556,296,566],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,556,293,566],"content":"activation via alternative and  lectin pathways. Additionally,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,567,296,577],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,567,294,577],"content":"complement C3 and C4 are among the most commonly measured","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,578,147,587],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,578,147,587],"content":" complement components [17].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,593,296,604],"spans":[{"bbox":[44,593,294,604],"content":"The present study demonstrated that serum IgA levels were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,605,296,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,605,163,614],"content":" significantly higher in all groups of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[164,606,184,614],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[185,605,296,615],"content":"compared to healthy controls","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,615,296,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,615,70,626],"content":"(\\mathtt{p}{<}0.001)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[71,616,294,626],"content":". This was similar to what was detected by Ali N. Salman, et","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,627,296,636],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,627,294,636],"content":"al., Jeddoa et al. and Ghaffari et al. [16,18,19]. On the other hand, Ezer","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,637,296,646],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,637,295,646],"content":"et al. showed that serum levels of IgA were normal within all","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,647,296,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,647,85,658],"content":"subgroups of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[86,648,105,658],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[106,647,225,658],"content":". In Ezer study, all patients with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[226,649,246,658],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[247,647,294,658],"content":"appeared to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,659,296,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,659,294,670],"content":"have an intact humoral immune system whatever their criteria. In","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,671,296,679],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,671,294,679],"content":"addition, our data showed that splenectomized patients had higher","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,680,296,691],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,680,293,691],"content":"significant increase in serum IgA levels than non splenectomized ones","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,692,296,703],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,692,70,702],"content":"(\\mathtt{p}{<}0.001)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[71,692,294,703],"content":" [20]. Many previous studies had supported our data, but","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,704,296,712],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,704,294,712],"content":"Ahluwalia et al. didn't detect any impacts of splenectomy on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,713,132,723],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,713,132,723],"content":"immunoglobulins [21-24].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,727,296,738],"spans":[{"bbox":[44,727,294,738],"content":"The mechanisms of such increase in serum IgA levels can be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,739,296,749],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,739,294,749],"content":"attributed to iron overload in the skin of thalassaemia patients which","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,750,296,761],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,750,294,761],"content":"leads to stimulation of the mucocutaneous IgA production [25]. As","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,107,563,119],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,107,561,119],"content":"well, it has been suggested that iron overload causes an increased","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,120,563,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,120,561,129],"content":"migration of T helper cells to the gut and lymph nodes which increases","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,130,563,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,130,561,140],"content":"serum immunoglobulins levels especially IgA as the main","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,141,563,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,141,561,150],"content":"immunoglobulin isotype in most mucosal surfaces [18]. Also, iron and ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,151,563,162],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,151,560,162],"content":"its binding proteins have immune regulatory properties. Therefore,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,163,563,171],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,163,561,171],"content":"iron excess may tip the immune balance unfavorably to allow increased","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,172,563,184],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,172,562,184],"content":"growth rates of infectious organisms followed by increased","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,185,563,195],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,185,561,195],"content":"immunoglobulin levels [8]. Moreover, repetitive transfusions lead to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,196,563,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,196,348,205],"content":"continuous","type":"text"},{"bbox":[354,196,408,203],"content":" alloantigenic","type":"text"},{"bbox":[409,196,461,204],"content":"stimulation","type":"text"},{"bbox":[471,196,503,205],"content":"[26,27].","type":"text"},{"bbox":[512,196,559,205],"content":"Additionally,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,206,563,216],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,206,562,216],"content":"thalassaemia patients are prone to many bacterial and viral infections","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,217,563,226],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,217,561,226],"content":"[3]. Therefore, the immune system is activated and immunoglobulin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,227,563,237],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,227,560,237],"content":"levels are elevated [8]. Finally, increased serum levels of IgA mostly","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,238,563,248],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,238,561,248],"content":"after splenectomy could be due to the pressure that occurs on other","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,249,563,258],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,249,561,258],"content":"secondary lymphoid organs to synthesis major immunoglobulin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,259,463,271],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,259,463,271],"content":" classes for compensation of spleen loss [28].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,273,563,286],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,273,561,286],"content":" In the current study, the mean levels of complements C3 and C4","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,287,563,299],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,287,561,299],"content":"were significantly decreased in all patient groups compared with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,300,563,311],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,300,337,310],"content":"controls","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,300,370,308],"content":"(\\mathrm{p{=}0.001}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[371,300,561,311],"content":", 0.002 respectively). This is in accordance with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,312,563,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,312,560,318],"content":"Jeddoa et al., El Yazji and Amin et al. studies. [16,23,29] Ezer et al.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,319,563,329],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,319,561,329],"content":"results are unlike ours as their study showed no significant difference","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,330,563,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,330,561,340],"content":"in C3 levels between patients and controls [20]. This may be explained","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,341,563,350],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,341,560,350],"content":" on the basis that repeated blood transfusion could result in continuous","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,351,563,362],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,351,561,362],"content":"exposure to various antigens which lead to continuous immune system","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,363,563,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,363,561,372],"content":"stimulation and hence complement consumption [8]. The addition of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,373,563,383],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,373,561,383],"content":"iron chelators in our study led to significant elevation of complement","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,384,563,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,384,559,393],"content":"C3 and C4 along with increased serum IgA levels in Group II than","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,394,563,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,394,337,405],"content":"Group I","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,394,364,406],"content":"\\mathrm{(p{=}0.01}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[365,394,561,404],"content":", 0.03 and 0.04 respectively). Aleem A et al. showed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,405,563,416],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,407,446,416],"content":"significant immune abnormalities in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[447,406,467,415],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[468,405,560,416],"content":" patients with oral iron","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,417,563,426],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,417,561,426],"content":"chelators including low C4 level [30]. As well, we found a highly","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,427,563,436],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,427,561,436],"content":" significant decrease in serum C3 levels in splenectomized patients than","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,437,563,448],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,437,398,448],"content":"non splenectomized ones","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,437,432,448],"content":"(\\mathtt{p}{<}0.001)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[433,437,560,448],"content":". This was the same as Darzi AA et","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,449,563,458],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,449,561,458],"content":"al. results [21] and unlike Kiani-Amin et al. outcomes [31]. The spleen","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,459,563,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,459,561,470],"content":"plays a role in releasing starter proteins of complement activation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,471,563,481],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,471,421,480],"content":"pathways. So, splenectomy(","type":"text"},{"bbox":[422,471,561,481],"content":"causes reduction in complement","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,482,563,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,482,561,491],"content":"components [21]. Also, splenectomized patients have the most","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,492,563,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,492,561,501],"content":"increased risk of overwhelming infections which stimulate the immune","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,502,495,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,502,495,514],"content":" system, leading to complement consumption [23,32].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,517,563,528],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,517,561,528],"content":"Lymphocytes are crucial in cell mediated immunity. Lymphocyte","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,529,563,538],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,529,561,538],"content":" subpopulations include T cells, B cells and NK cells. T lymphocytes","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,539,563,551],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,540,332,550],"content":" contain","type":"text"},{"bbox":[333,539,357,551],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[358,539,562,551],"content":" T cells, which become activated upon foreign antigen","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,552,563,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,552,560,561],"content":"exposure, such as intracellular pathogens, fungi and protozoa in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,562,563,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,562,347,572],"content":"addition to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[348,562,371,570],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[372,562,536,571],"content":" T-cells which destroy virally infected cells.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[537,562,560,571],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[299,572,563,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,573,363,583],"content":"cells along with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[364,572,388,586],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[389,573,562,585],"content":"cells represent the majority of T lymphocytes","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,587,563,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,587,563,593],"content":"[33]. We estimated the absolute counts along with percentages of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,594,563,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,595,326,605],"content":"\\mathrm{CD}3+","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[327,594,561,604],"content":"lymphocytes as representative of total T Lymphocytes (pan-T","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,605,563,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,606,377,615],"content":"cell marker) besides","type":"text"},{"bbox":[378,606,401,614],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[402,605,417,615],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[418,605,442,615],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,605,561,615],"content":"T subsets. Since absolute counts","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,616,563,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,616,562,626],"content":" can vary from day to day and according to child age, it is more useful","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,627,563,636],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,627,560,636],"content":"to look at the percentages of these lymphocyte subpopulations [34,35].","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,637,563,646],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,637,563,646],"content":"We found significant statistical differences regarding percentages of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,647,563,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,647,326,658],"content":"\\mathrm{CD}\\boldsymbol{3}+;","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[332,647,356,658],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[357,648,378,658],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[379,647,403,658],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[404,649,562,658],"content":" cells within thalassaemia groups when","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,659,563,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,659,562,669],"content":"compared to each other's and to healthy controls. 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These findings were in agreement with Kadam et","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,735,563,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,735,562,744],"content":" al., Gharagozloo et al. and Vento et al. [3,25,36]. In contrast, Noulsri, et ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,745,563,754],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,745,561,754],"content":"al. and Del Vecchio et al. had reported an insignificant difference in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,755,563,767],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,755,326,767],"content":"\\mathrm{CD}3+","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[327,755,384,767],"content":"cells and in its","type":"text"},{"bbox":[385,755,408,767],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[409,756,426,767],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[427,755,450,767],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[451,755,561,767],"content":" subsets between patients and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,107,295,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,107,293,118],"content":"controls [37,38]. Blood transfusion causes chronic infections and thus","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,119,295,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,119,294,129],"content":"constant stimulation of the immune system which might induce T","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,130,295,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,130,294,140],"content":"cells. Besides, the majority of patients in this study were found to have","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,141,295,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,141,72,151],"content":"increased","type":"text"},{"bbox":[73,141,96,151],"content":"\\mathrm{CD4+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[97,141,114,151],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[115,141,138,151],"content":"\\mathrm{CD8+}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[139,141,294,150],"content":"cell percentages except those in group II","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,152,295,161],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,152,294,161],"content":"when compared to controls and other patient groups. This may be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,162,295,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,162,293,173],"content":"related to DFO induced reduction in iron overload or its direct effect","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[32,174,103,184],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,174,103,184],"content":"on immunity [30].","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_6":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[32,107,295,118],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,107,295,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,107,293,118],"content":"controls [37,38]. Blood transfusion causes chronic infections and thus","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,119,295,129],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,119,295,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,119,294,129],"content":"constant stimulation of the immune system which might induce T","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,130,295,140],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,130,295,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,130,294,140],"content":"cells. 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This condition was due to iron absorption in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,300,295,306],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,300,295,306],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,300,293,306],"content":"response to ineffective erythropoiesis [40]. Therefore, iron overload,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,307,295,319],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,307,295,319],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,307,294,319],"content":"both from increased iron absorption or chronic blood transfusions,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,320,295,329],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,320,295,329],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,320,294,329],"content":" may affect the regulation and redistribution of lymphocyte subsets","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,330,295,341],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,330,295,341],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,330,293,341],"content":"from the spleen and lymph nodes to the circulating pool and vice versa","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,342,54,353],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,342,54,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,342,54,353],"content":"[41].","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[43,356,295,366],"lines":[{"bbox":[43,356,295,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[44,356,292,366],"content":"T-cells are required for the normal function of B-cells. Accordingly,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,367,295,377],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,367,295,377],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,367,294,377],"content":"most T-cells deregulation affects B lymphocytes. Thus, we measured","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,378,295,389],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,378,295,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,378,63,389],"content":"{\\mathrm{CD19+}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[64,378,191,389],"content":" B cells. As well, we measured","type":"text"},{"bbox":[192,379,219,388],"content":"\\mathrm{CD}56+","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[220,378,293,388],"content":"cell counts as an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,389,295,400],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,389,295,400],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,390,230,400],"content":"indicator of NK cells. We revealed that percentage of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[231,389,258,399],"content":"{\\mathrm{CD19+}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[259,389,294,400],"content":"cells was","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,401,295,409],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,401,295,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,401,294,409],"content":"significantly higher in all patients groups compared with controls","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,410,295,421],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,410,295,421],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,410,66,421],"content":"\\left(\\mathtt{p}\\!\\!=\\!\\!0.01\\right)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[67,411,293,421],"content":"． This was in accord with AI- Consolini et al. and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,422,295,433],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,422,295,433],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,422,294,433],"content":"Pattanapanyassat et al. [40,42] but Ahmadiafshar et al. and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,438,295,441],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,438,295,441],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,438,295,441],"content":" Gharagozloo et al. found insignificant statistical differences regarding","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,442,295,456],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,442,295,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,443,63,455],"content":"{\\mathrm{CD19+}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[64,444,264,454],"content":"cells [25,43]. Also, we found that the percentages of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[265,442,292,456],"content":"\\mathrm{CD}56+","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,457,295,464],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,457,295,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,457,293,464],"content":"cells was significantly lower in group II compared with group I, I and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,465,295,474],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,465,295,474],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,465,293,474],"content":"controls. This matched the findings in Hagag et al. and Ahmadiafshar","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,475,295,486],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,475,295,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,475,241,486],"content":"et al. [43,44]. The depressed natural killer cell activity in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[242,476,261,486],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[262,475,294,486],"content":"patients","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,488,295,500],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,488,295,500],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,488,294,500],"content":"may follow repeated blood transfusions and iron overload.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,502,295,509],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,502,295,509],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,502,294,509],"content":"Accordingly, this raises the concern of reduced resistance to viral","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,510,295,520],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,510,295,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,510,293,520],"content":"infections and to the development of malignancy [45]. This makes","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,521,295,529],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,521,295,529],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,521,293,529],"content":"thalassaemia patients susceptible to an increased risk of serious","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,530,295,539],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,530,295,539],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,530,292,539],"content":"systemic infections [46]. 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Li et al. had reported that the number","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,621,295,629],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,621,295,629],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,621,293,629],"content":"of NK cells is inversely proportional to transfusion numbers. 3) Body","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,633,295,641],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,633,295,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,633,295,641],"content":"iron status and iron chelating therapy or 4) Duration since","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,642,103,654],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,642,103,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,642,101,654],"content":"splenectomy [45].","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[43,659,295,670],"lines":[{"bbox":[43,659,295,670],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,659,294,670],"content":" The small size of the enrolled children is one of the limitations of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,671,295,681],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,671,295,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,671,292,681],"content":"this research which is related to the nature of this study as a region-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,683,295,691],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,683,295,691],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,683,295,691],"content":" specific one. This could be both limitation and advantage at the same","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,692,295,702],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,692,295,702],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,692,294,702],"content":"time as this minimized the heterogeneity between individuals resulting","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,703,295,712],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,703,295,712],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,703,293,712],"content":"in a more or less homogenous study groups. Thus, all patients had","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[32,713,295,723],"lines":[{"bbox":[32,713,295,723],"spans":[{"bbox":[33,713,294,723],"content":"quite comparable predisposing risk factors for infections. 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This will help in defining the role of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,107,562,119],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,107,562,119],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,107,351,119],"content":"location in ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[352,107,371,118],"content":"\\upbeta\\mathrm{TM}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[372,107,561,119],"content":"-induced complications or related responses to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,120,562,129],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,120,562,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,120,561,129],"content":" different therapies. Furthermore, covering the remaining immunologic","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,130,562,140],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,130,562,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,130,560,140],"content":" parameters which are lacking in our study because of financial issues","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,141,562,150],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,141,562,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,141,561,150],"content":"should be performed. 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This can increase our knowledge of their immune","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,174,562,183],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,174,562,183],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,174,560,183],"content":" system behavior aiming to improve their quality of life and to prolong","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,184,374,194],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,184,374,194],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,184,374,194],"content":"their survival rates.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,210,358,222],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,210,358,222],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,210,358,222],"content":"Conclusion","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,223,562,236],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,223,562,236],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,223,561,236],"content":" Our results support that thalassaemia patients are immunologically","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,237,562,246],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,237,562,246],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,237,560,246],"content":" different from normal children and that the difference in treatment","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,247,562,257],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,247,562,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,247,536,257],"content":" approaches are crucial players in this immune alteration. 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It requires frequent blood transfusion plus other treatment modalities. 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It requires frequent blood transfusion plus other treatment modalities. These treatment modalities may be ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,354,267,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,354,267,365],"content":"associated with certain immunologic modulations.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[99,373,506,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[100,373,326,384],"content":"Objective: To assess the immunity status in children with ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[327,373,332,385],"content":"\\upbeta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[333,373,505,385],"content":"-thalassaemia major under different treatment","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,385,205,394],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,385,205,394],"content":"regimens within El Minia, Egypt.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[99,404,506,415],"spans":[{"bbox":[100,404,505,415],"content":"Subjects and Methods: One hundred forty-four children were enrolled and classified into four groups. Thirty-six","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,414,506,426],"spans":[{"bbox":[90,414,96,425],"content":"\\upbeta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[97,416,505,426],"content":"-thalassaemia patients treated only with blood transfusion (group I). Thirty-six patients treated with transfusion and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,427,506,434],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,427,505,434],"content":"iron chelation (group Il). Thirty-six patients treated with transfusion, iron chelation and subjected to splenectomy","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,435,506,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[90,435,506,442],"content":"(group Il). Group IV involved thirty-six apparently healthy age and sex matched children. 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Levels of C3 were","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,493,506,504],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,494,319,504],"content":"significantly decreased in all patients compared with controls ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[320,493,353,504],"content":"(\\mathsf{p}\\!\\!=\\!\\!0.001)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[355,495,505,504],"content":" with a highly significant decrease in C3","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,505,506,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,505,321,514],"content":"levels in splenectomized patients than non splenectomized ones ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[322,505,354,513],"content":"(\\mathsf{p}\\!<\\!0.001)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,505,505,512],"content":"but no statistical difference between their","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[89,513,506,524],"spans":[{"bbox":[91,515,354,524],"content":"C4 levels. 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As a result, there is a wide variation in ves-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,676,294,685],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,676,292,685],"content":"sel involvement in SLE, including arteriostenosis and deep","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,687,294,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,687,291,699],"content":"venous thrombosis, while glomerulonephritis and defused","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,700,294,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,700,291,710],"content":"alveolar hemorrhage can also occur to a certain extent.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,711,294,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,711,294,721],"content":"Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,722,294,733],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,722,294,733],"content":"disorder in SLE that is a manifestation of overlapping neu-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,734,294,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,734,294,744],"content":"ropsychiatric lupus (NPLE) [1] and vessel disease. CVST has","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,589,549,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,589,549,600],"content":"been rarely reported and is potentially fatal to the patient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,601,549,612],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,601,548,612],"content":"due to the acute neurological deterioration that can occur.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,613,549,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,613,549,625],"content":" As such, practitioners should be familiar with this condition,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,626,549,636],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,626,548,636],"content":"so the correct diagnosis can be made as soon as possible to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,637,416,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,637,416,649],"content":" improve patient prognosis.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,653,549,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,653,549,665],"content":"The etiology ofCVST is complicated [2]. In SLE, the main","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,666,549,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,666,548,675],"content":" culprits are vascular injuries caused by vasculitis. Antiphos-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,676,549,685],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,676,549,685],"content":"pholipid antibodies (APLs) and prothrombotic tendencies","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,687,465,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,687,465,699],"content":" might also be responsible for CVST [3].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,700,549,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,700,548,710],"content":"By investigating the clinical features of CVST in SLE","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,711,549,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,711,549,721],"content":" and analyzing the differences between SLE patients with and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,722,549,733],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,722,549,733],"content":"without CVST, this study seeks to explore the characteristics","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[304,734,474,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,734,474,744],"content":" and risk factors for CVST in SLE patients.","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[134,76,463,243],"lines":[{"bbox":[134,76,463,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[134,76,463,243],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_70500000\/libgen.scimag70591000-70591999.zip_10.1155\/2015\/540738\/images\/1_134_76_463_243.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[203,251,391,258],"lines":[{"bbox":[203,251,391,258],"spans":[{"bbox":[203,251,214,258],"content":"(a)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[379,251,391,258],"content":"(b)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[49,265,550,278],"lines":[{"bbox":[49,265,550,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,265,550,278],"content":"FIGURE 1: MRV of a SLE patient with CVST (Case number 5). (a) Onset of CVST (June 2012). Occlusion of superior sagittal sinus (SSS),bilateral","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[49,279,550,288],"lines":[{"bbox":[49,279,550,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,279,548,288],"content":"transverse sinus (TS), and bilateral sigmoid sinus (SS). (b) Follow-up after treatment (November 2013). Recanalization of bilateral transverse","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[49,289,224,300],"lines":[{"bbox":[49,289,224,300],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,289,224,300],"content":"sinus (TS) and right sigmoid sinus (SS) (arrows).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,330,173,340],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,330,173,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,330,173,340],"content":"2. Patients and Methods","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,349,293,361],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,349,293,361],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,349,292,361],"content":"2.1. Patients. 4747 SLE patients admitted to the Peking Union","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,362,293,371],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,362,293,371],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,362,291,371],"content":"Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to December","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,372,293,386],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,372,293,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,372,292,386],"content":" 2013 were reviewed. All patients were diagnosed as having","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,389,293,400],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,389,293,400],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,389,292,400],"content":"SLE according to 1997 American College of Rheumatology","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,401,293,410],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,401,293,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,401,290,410],"content":"(ACR) revised classification criteria [4]. In the SLE cohort,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,411,293,419],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,411,293,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,411,291,419],"content":"after exclusion of patients with infectious and traumatic","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,423,293,434],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,423,293,434],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,423,258,434],"content":"CVST or incomplete data, we identified 17 cases ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[259,423,290,434],"content":"(0.36\\%)","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,435,293,445],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,435,293,445],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,435,291,445],"content":"complicated with CVST as indicated by clinical features,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,446,293,456],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,446,293,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,446,292,456],"content":"lumbar puncture, imaging materials (magnetic resonance","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,457,293,468],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,457,293,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,457,290,468],"content":"venography (MRV)), and at least one neurologist's confir-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,469,293,480],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,469,293,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,469,152,480],"content":"mation. For each case","type":"text"},{"bbox":[153,469,197,480],"content":"\\begin{array}{r l r}{(n}&{{}=}&{17)}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[198,469,290,480],"content":", three age- and sex-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,481,293,490],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,481,293,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,481,126,490],"content":"matched controls （","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,481,163,490],"content":"\\mathit{(n~=~51)}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[164,481,291,490],"content":") were randomly selected from","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,491,293,503],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,491,293,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,491,290,503],"content":"the contemporaneously admitted SLE patients without CVST.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,504,293,514],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,504,293,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,504,290,514],"content":"The local institutional review board approved the study.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,515,293,525],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,515,293,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,515,291,525],"content":"Because the study was based on a review of medical records","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,526,293,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,526,293,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,526,292,536],"content":" that had been obtained for clinical purposes, the requirement ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,537,216,548],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,537,216,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,537,216,548],"content":"for written informed consent was waived.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,565,293,575],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,565,293,575],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,565,289,575],"content":"2.2. Statistical Analyses. SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chic-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,576,293,586],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,576,293,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,576,290,586],"content":"ago, USA) was used to statistically analyze the data. Numer-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,587,293,601],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,587,293,601],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,588,268,601],"content":"ical data and categorical data were expressed as mean","type":"text"},{"bbox":[269,587,291,601],"content":"\\pm\\nobreakspace\\mathrm{SD}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,604,293,611],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,604,293,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,604,293,611],"content":"(range) and percentage, respectively. 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The mode of onset was acute","type":"text"},{"bbox":[261,721,290,732],"content":"(<\\!48\\,\\mathrm{h})","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,733,293,744],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,733,293,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,733,105,744],"content":"in 12 patients","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,733,137,744],"content":"(70.6\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,733,291,744],"content":"and progressive (subacute or chronic)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,330,550,340],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,330,550,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,330,549,340],"content":"for the other 5 patients. In one case, CVsT occurred as an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,341,540,352],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,341,540,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,341,540,352],"content":"initial manifestation. All patients came from North China.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,365,550,377],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,365,550,377],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,365,548,377],"content":"3.2. Neurological Features of CVST in Lupus. 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Seven","type":"text"},{"bbox":[437,401,466,411],"content":"(41.2\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[467,401,549,411],"content":" cases had conscious","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,412,550,423],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,412,550,423],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,412,367,423],"content":"disturbance, 6","type":"text"},{"bbox":[368,412,398,423],"content":"(35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,412,549,423],"content":"had edema of eyelids or conjunctiva,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,424,550,434],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,424,550,434],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,424,334,434],"content":"and 6","type":"text"},{"bbox":[335,424,364,434],"content":"(35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[365,424,549,434],"content":" had blurred vision or diplopia. 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As complications, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,457,550,468],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,457,550,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,457,353,468],"content":"4\/17,23.5\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,457,414,468],"content":", sinusitis (3\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[415,457,438,468],"content":"17.6\\%.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[439,457,549,468],"content":"), and cerebral ischemia and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,469,550,480],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,469,550,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,469,372,480],"content":"infarction (2\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[373,469,395,480],"content":"11.8\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[396,469,549,480],"content":") were also found in SLE patients with","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,481,370,490],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,481,370,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,481,370,490],"content":"CVST (Table 1).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[322,491,550,502],"lines":[{"bbox":[322,491,550,502],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,491,550,502],"content":"All patients underwent lumbar puncture, which showed","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,503,550,514],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,503,550,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,503,515,514],"content":"that the intracranial pressure (ICP) was higher than","type":"text"},{"bbox":[516,504,549,514],"content":"330\\,\\mathrm{mm}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,515,550,525],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,515,550,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,515,328,525],"content":"\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[329,515,383,525],"content":"in 7 patients","type":"text"},{"bbox":[384,515,413,525],"content":"(41.2\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,515,549,525],"content":" and 6 patients' ICP ranged from","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,526,550,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,526,550,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,526,337,536],"content":"180 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,526,397,536],"content":"320\\,\\mathrm{mm}\\,\\mathrm{\\H}_{2}\\mathrm{O},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[398,526,549,536],"content":" while the remaining 4 were lower","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,537,550,548],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,537,550,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,537,329,547],"content":"than","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,537,386,546],"content":"180\\,\\mathrm{mm}\\,\\mathrm{\\H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[387,537,549,548],"content":" Biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,549,550,559],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,549,550,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,549,550,559],"content":"fluid (CSF) indicated that the protein level was higher than","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,560,550,570],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,560,550,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,560,391,570],"content":"normal in 9 patients","type":"text"},{"bbox":[392,560,422,570],"content":"(52.9\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[423,560,549,570],"content":"and glucose and chloride levels","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,571,550,581],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,571,550,581],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,571,549,581],"content":"were normal. Myelin basic protein (MBP) was elevated in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,582,550,593],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,582,550,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,582,550,593],"content":" 5 patients. From examination of MRV images, we found","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,594,550,604],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,594,550,604],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,594,550,604],"content":"that thrombosis in the transverse sinus (TS) was the most","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,605,550,616],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,605,550,616],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,605,363,615],"content":"common site","type":"text"},{"bbox":[364,605,416,615],"content":"(14\/17,\\,82.4\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,605,548,616],"content":"0, followed by sigmoid sinus (SS,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,616,550,627],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,616,550,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,616,327,627],"content":"9\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[328,616,353,627],"content":"52.9\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,617,548,627],"content":"0. Thrombosis in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,628,550,639],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,628,550,639],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,628,354,639],"content":"6\/17,\\,35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[355,628,506,639],"content":" and inferior sagittal sinus (ISS, 1\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[507,628,528,639],"content":"5.9\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[529,628,549,639],"content":"was","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,640,550,649],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,640,550,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,640,549,649],"content":"also seen. 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1: MRV of a SLE patient with CVST (Case number 5). (a) Onset of CVST (June 2012). Occlusion of superior sagittal sinus (SSS),bilateral","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[49,279,550,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,279,548,288],"content":"transverse sinus (TS), and bilateral sigmoid sinus (SS). (b) Follow-up after treatment (November 2013). Recanalization of bilateral transverse","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[49,289,224,300],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,289,224,300],"content":"sinus (TS) and right sigmoid sinus (SS) (arrows).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,330,173,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,330,173,340],"content":"2. Patients and Methods","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,349,293,361],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,349,292,361],"content":"2.1. Patients. 4747 SLE patients admitted to the Peking Union","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,362,293,371],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,362,291,371],"content":"Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to December","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,372,293,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,372,292,386],"content":" 2013 were reviewed. All patients were diagnosed as having","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,389,293,400],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,389,292,400],"content":"SLE according to 1997 American College of Rheumatology","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,401,293,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,401,290,410],"content":"(ACR) revised classification criteria [4]. In the SLE cohort,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,411,293,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,411,291,419],"content":"after exclusion of patients with infectious and traumatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,423,293,434],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,423,258,434],"content":"CVST or incomplete data, we identified 17 cases ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[259,423,290,434],"content":"(0.36\\%)","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[47,435,293,445],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,435,291,445],"content":"complicated with CVST as indicated by clinical features,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,446,293,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,446,292,456],"content":"lumbar puncture, imaging materials (magnetic resonance","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,457,293,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,457,290,468],"content":"venography (MRV)), and at least one neurologist's confir-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,469,293,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,469,152,480],"content":"mation. For each case","type":"text"},{"bbox":[153,469,197,480],"content":"\\begin{array}{r l r}{(n}&{{}=}&{17)}\\end{array}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[198,469,290,480],"content":", three age- and sex-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,481,293,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,481,126,490],"content":"matched controls （","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,481,163,490],"content":"\\mathit{(n~=~51)}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[164,481,291,490],"content":") were randomly selected from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,491,293,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,491,290,503],"content":"the contemporaneously admitted SLE patients without CVST.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,504,293,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,504,290,514],"content":"The local institutional review board approved the study.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,515,293,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,515,291,525],"content":"Because the study was based on a review of medical records","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,526,293,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,526,292,536],"content":" that had been obtained for clinical purposes, the requirement ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,537,216,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,537,216,548],"content":"for written informed consent was waived.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,565,293,575],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,565,289,575],"content":"2.2. Statistical Analyses. SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chic-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,576,293,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,576,290,586],"content":"ago, USA) was used to statistically analyze the data. Numer-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,587,293,601],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,588,268,601],"content":"ical data and categorical data were expressed as mean","type":"text"},{"bbox":[269,587,291,601],"content":"\\pm\\nobreakspace\\mathrm{SD}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[47,604,293,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,604,293,611],"content":"(range) and percentage, respectively. The significance was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,612,293,623],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,614,139,623],"content":"estimated by Student's","type":"text"},{"bbox":[140,612,144,623],"content":"t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[145,613,290,623],"content":"-test, Pearson's chi-square, or Fisher's","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,624,293,635],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,624,227,635],"content":"exact test (when expected frequencies were","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,624,239,635],"content":"{<}5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[246,624,254,635],"content":"P","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[255,624,283,635],"content":"values","type":"text"},{"bbox":[284,624,291,635],"content":"<","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[47,636,247,647],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,636,247,647],"content":"0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,665,100,677],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,665,100,677],"content":"3. Results","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,686,293,695],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,686,292,695],"content":"3.1. Demographic Characteristics. Among 17 SLE patients","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,696,293,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,697,108,709],"content":"with CVST, 12","type":"text"},{"bbox":[109,696,140,710],"content":"(70.6\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[141,696,292,710],"content":"were women. The median age was 30","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,711,293,720],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,711,292,720],"content":"years old (range 12-52) and the SLE disease duration was 12","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,721,293,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,721,260,732],"content":"months (range 2-120). The mode of onset was acute","type":"text"},{"bbox":[261,721,290,732],"content":"(<\\!48\\,\\mathrm{h})","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[47,733,293,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,733,105,744],"content":"in 12 patients","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,733,137,744],"content":"(70.6\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,733,291,744],"content":"and progressive (subacute or chronic)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[305,330,550,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,330,549,340],"content":"for the other 5 patients. In one case, CVsT occurred as an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,341,540,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,341,540,352],"content":"initial manifestation. All patients came from North China.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,365,550,377],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,365,548,377],"content":"3.2. Neurological Features of CVST in Lupus. Headache","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,378,550,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,378,549,389],"content":"was the most common neurological manifestation (15\/17,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,390,550,400],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,390,334,400],"content":"88.2\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[335,390,549,400],"content":", and among these cases, 8 patients suffered from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,401,550,411],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,401,376,411],"content":"nausea\/vomiting","type":"text"},{"bbox":[377,401,405,411],"content":"(47.1\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[406,401,436,411],"content":". Seven","type":"text"},{"bbox":[437,401,466,411],"content":"(41.2\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[467,401,549,411],"content":" cases had conscious","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,412,550,423],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,412,367,423],"content":"disturbance, 6","type":"text"},{"bbox":[368,412,398,423],"content":"(35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,412,549,423],"content":"had edema of eyelids or conjunctiva,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,424,550,434],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,424,334,434],"content":"and 6","type":"text"},{"bbox":[335,424,364,434],"content":"(35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[365,424,549,434],"content":" had blurred vision or diplopia. Hearing loss","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,435,550,445],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,435,398,445],"content":"occurred in 2 cases","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,435,427,445],"content":"(11.8\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[428,435,549,445],"content":" while 6 cases had seizures","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,446,550,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,446,338,456],"content":"(35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[339,446,549,456],"content":". As complications, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,457,550,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,457,353,468],"content":"4\/17,23.5\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,457,414,468],"content":", sinusitis (3\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[415,457,438,468],"content":"17.6\\%.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[439,457,549,468],"content":"), and cerebral ischemia and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,469,550,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,469,372,480],"content":"infarction (2\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[373,469,395,480],"content":"11.8\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[396,469,549,480],"content":") were also found in SLE patients with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,481,370,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,481,370,490],"content":"CVST (Table 1).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[322,491,550,502],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,491,550,502],"content":"All patients underwent lumbar puncture, which showed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,503,550,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,503,515,514],"content":"that the intracranial pressure (ICP) was higher than","type":"text"},{"bbox":[516,504,549,514],"content":"330\\,\\mathrm{mm}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[305,515,550,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,515,328,525],"content":"\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[329,515,383,525],"content":"in 7 patients","type":"text"},{"bbox":[384,515,413,525],"content":"(41.2\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,515,549,525],"content":" and 6 patients' ICP ranged from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,526,550,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,526,337,536],"content":"180 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,526,397,536],"content":"320\\,\\mathrm{mm}\\,\\mathrm{\\H}_{2}\\mathrm{O},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[398,526,549,536],"content":" while the remaining 4 were lower","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,537,550,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,537,329,547],"content":"than","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,537,386,546],"content":"180\\,\\mathrm{mm}\\,\\mathrm{\\H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[387,537,549,548],"content":" Biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,549,550,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,549,550,559],"content":"fluid (CSF) indicated that the protein level was higher than","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,560,550,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,560,391,570],"content":"normal in 9 patients","type":"text"},{"bbox":[392,560,422,570],"content":"(52.9\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[423,560,549,570],"content":"and glucose and chloride levels","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,571,550,581],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,571,549,581],"content":"were normal. Myelin basic protein (MBP) was elevated in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,582,550,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,582,550,593],"content":" 5 patients. From examination of MRV images, we found","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,594,550,604],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,594,550,604],"content":"that thrombosis in the transverse sinus (TS) was the most","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,605,550,616],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,605,363,615],"content":"common site","type":"text"},{"bbox":[364,605,416,615],"content":"(14\/17,\\,82.4\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,605,548,616],"content":"0, followed by sigmoid sinus (SS,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,616,550,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,616,327,627],"content":"9\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[328,616,353,627],"content":"52.9\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,617,548,627],"content":"0. 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All patients received gluco-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,721,295,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,721,290,732],"content":"corticoid (GC) combined with immunosuppressant treat-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,733,295,743],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,733,291,743],"content":"ment. Thirteen patients were treated by pulse therapy with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,71,551,83],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,71,411,83],"content":"GC (methylprednisolone","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,71,477,83],"content":"0.5{\\sim}1\\,\\mathrm{g}\/\\mathrm{d}\\,\\times\\,3{\\sim}5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[478,71,547,83],"content":"day). Cyclophos-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,84,551,94],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,84,548,94],"content":"phamide (CTX) was selected as the preferred immuno-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,95,551,107],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,95,550,107],"content":"suppressant for 17 patients, and FK506 or mycophenolate","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,108,551,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,108,550,118],"content":"mofetil was added for 2 cases. Moreover, 1 patient had","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,119,370,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,119,370,129],"content":"plasmapheresis.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[322,131,551,141],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,131,548,141],"content":"Anticoagulation was utilized in ll patients, with heparin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,142,551,154],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,142,550,154],"content":" or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) being used with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,155,551,165],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,155,549,165],"content":"preference. Some patients did not receive anticoagulation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,166,551,176],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,166,549,176],"content":"because of severe SAH or thrombocytopenia. Seven patients","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,177,551,188],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,177,548,188],"content":"had been intrathecally injected about 3 to 5 times with dexam-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,189,551,200],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,189,346,200],"content":"ethasone","type":"text"},{"bbox":[347,189,376,200],"content":"(10\\,\\mathrm{mg})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[377,189,549,200],"content":", after which their CSF pressure decreased","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,201,488,210],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,201,349,210],"content":"from over","type":"text"},{"bbox":[350,201,404,210],"content":"330\\,\\mathrm{mm\\,H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[405,201,414,210],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[415,201,488,210],"content":"115{\\sim}250\\;\\mathrm{mm}\\;\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}.","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[322,213,551,223],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,213,549,223],"content":"Thirteen patients clinically improved, and one patient was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,224,551,236],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,224,549,236],"content":" lost to follow-up. Three patients died during hospitalization.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,237,551,246],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,237,549,246],"content":"Specifically, one patient died of cerebral hernia, the other one","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,247,551,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,247,550,257],"content":"died of pneumonia, and the third one committed suicide.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,258,551,271],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,259,460,270],"content":"During the follow-up period (mean","type":"text"},{"bbox":[461,258,508,271],"content":"36.8\\:\\pm\\:21.7","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[509,258,549,271],"content":"months),","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,272,551,279],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,272,549,279],"content":"repeat of cerebral MRV was performed in 8 patients and 5","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,280,551,293],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,280,550,293],"content":"of them had partial or total recanalization of CVST (Figure","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,294,501,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,294,501,304],"content":"1(b)). No patient experienced a relapse of CVST.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[305,321,376,332],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,321,376,332],"content":"4. Discussion","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[305,341,551,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,341,548,353],"content":"NPLE is one of the most important manifestations of SLE,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,354,551,364],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,354,379,364],"content":"which occurs in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[380,354,420,364],"content":"14\\%{\\sim}80\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[421,354,495,364],"content":" of adult [5] and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[496,354,537,364],"content":"22\\%{\\sim}95\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[538,354,550,364],"content":"of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,365,551,375],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,365,549,375],"content":"pediatric [6, 7] SLE patients. In 1999, ACR named NPLE","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,382,551,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,382,549,388],"content":"into 19 categories [8]. CVST is one of the rare and severe","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,389,551,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,389,548,399],"content":"cerebrovascular diseases, and its clinical features lack speci-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,400,551,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,400,549,409],"content":"ficity. Thus, rheumatologists should be aware of this rare but","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,410,456,421],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,410,456,421],"content":" potentially fatal complication of SLE.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[322,423,551,434],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,423,528,434],"content":"As an uncommon disorder that accounts for about","type":"text"},{"bbox":[529,423,549,433],"content":"0.5\\%","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[305,435,551,445],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,435,549,445],"content":"of all strokes [9], CVST presents as a variety of neurologic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,446,551,457],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,446,549,457],"content":"symptoms and can lead to severe morbidity and mortality","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,458,551,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,458,549,468],"content":"[10]. The causes of CVST include infection, dehydration, local","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,469,551,478],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,469,549,478],"content":"trauma, rheumatologic diseases such as SLE and Behcet's","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,479,551,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,479,550,491],"content":" disease (BD) [11] as well as thrombophilia including nephritic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,492,551,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,492,550,503],"content":" syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, pregnancy, cancer,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,504,551,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,504,549,514],"content":"and use of oral contraceptives [2]. The current study showed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,515,551,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,515,463,525],"content":"that the incidence of CVST was about","type":"text"},{"bbox":[464,515,489,523],"content":"0.36\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[490,515,549,524],"content":"in SLE, which","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,525,551,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,526,472,534],"content":" is much lower than that of CVST in BD","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,525,494,534],"content":"(7.8\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[495,525,551,534],"content":"[11]), making","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,536,551,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,536,548,548],"content":"this condition quite rare. It is not clear when and why CVST","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,549,551,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,549,549,559],"content":"could happen and whether this condition is due to high SLE","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,560,340,571],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,560,340,571],"content":"activity.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[322,573,551,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,573,549,584],"content":"Several mechanisms might contribute to the formation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,585,551,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,585,548,595],"content":"of CVST in SLE patients. Endothelial cell injury caused by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,598,551,609],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,598,549,609],"content":"immune complex-induced vasculitis was thought to play","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,610,551,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,610,549,621],"content":"an important role in NPLE, which includes CVST. The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,622,551,631],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,622,548,631],"content":"existence of APLs may be another cause of CVST in SLE [12].","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,632,551,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,632,549,641],"content":"Thrombophilia is related to some SLE complications, such","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,644,551,655],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,644,550,655],"content":" as nephritic syndrome [13] and hyperfbrinogenemia caused","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,656,551,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,656,549,665],"content":"by chronic inflammatory status and could represent another","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,666,551,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,666,549,675],"content":"etiologic factor. Infections of the middle ear, facial skin, or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,677,551,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,677,548,687],"content":"intracalvarium, which were known as the most common","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,688,551,698],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,688,550,698],"content":"causes of CVST [14], were secondary consequences of GC","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,699,551,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,699,548,709],"content":"and immunosuppressant treatment and are sometimes minor","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,710,551,720],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,710,548,720],"content":"factors associated with CVST in SLE. Based on our data, no","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,721,551,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,721,549,732],"content":" related craniofacial infections were found in the SLE patients","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,733,551,743],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,733,549,743],"content":"complicated with CVST. Renal involvement was documented","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_3":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[48,92,549,353],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,92,549,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,92,549,353],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_70500000\/libgen.scimag70591000-70591999.zip_10.1155\/2015\/540738\/tables\/3_48_92_549_353.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,359,312,369],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,359,312,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,359,312,369],"content":"gastrointestinal involvement, and CAPS: catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,370,522,379],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,370,522,379],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,370,522,379],"content":"Site of CVST Oclusion. B: bilateral, L: left, R: right, SSS: superior sagittal sinus, ISS: inferior sagittal sinus, SS: sigmoid sinus, and TS: transverse sinus.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,380,344,390],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,380,344,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,380,344,390],"content":"Treatment. 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Cavernous sinus syndrome, manifesting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,448,550,458],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,448,550,458],"content":"as oculomotor nerve palsies, facial pain, sensory loss in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,459,550,471],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,459,550,471],"content":"the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, or proptosis and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,472,550,481],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,472,548,481],"content":"chemosis, is often caused by infections and is very rare in SLE.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[320,482,550,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,482,548,492],"content":"Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid through lumbar punc-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,493,550,505],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,493,549,505],"content":"ture is almost always nonspecific but is necessary to differ-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,506,550,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,506,548,514],"content":"entiate infections. In this study, slightly elevated CSF protein","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,515,550,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,516,493,526],"content":"was found in more than half of patients (9\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[494,515,519,526],"content":"52.9\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[520,515,548,526],"content":"0.MRV","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,527,550,539],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,527,548,539],"content":"is now the most sensitive tool for detecting CVST [19],","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,540,550,549],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,540,549,549],"content":"but its specificity is based on meticulous knowledge of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,550,550,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,550,549,561],"content":"anatomy and common variations of the cerebral sinus such","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,562,550,573],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,562,549,573],"content":"as left transverse sinus hypoplasia or atresia could be seen","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,574,550,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,574,548,584],"content":"in some patients [20]. 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When thrombophilia exists,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,641,550,652],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,641,550,652],"content":"the SSS is frequently affected. Previously, there were no data","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,653,550,663],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,653,549,663],"content":"concerning CVST associated with SLE. 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Patients had also been treated with dehy-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,524,550,535],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,524,550,535],"content":" dration drugs and intrathecal injections of dexamethasone","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,536,432,547],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,536,337,546],"content":"(10\\,\\mathrm{mg})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[338,536,432,547],"content":"to normalize their ICP.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[320,548,550,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,548,550,556],"content":" In the past, the mortality rate of CVST in SLE reached","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,557,550,571],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,557,349,571],"content":"30\\%{\\sim}50\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[350,558,549,570],"content":"[25]. In part due to modern neuroimaging and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,572,550,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,572,549,580],"content":"LMWH administration, the mortality rate was reduced to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,581,550,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,581,342,593],"content":"8\\%{\\sim}14\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,581,550,593],"content":"and the outcomes continued to improve [26, 27]. In ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,594,550,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,594,449,605],"content":"the current study, the mortality was","type":"text"},{"bbox":[450,594,472,605],"content":"11.8\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[473,594,549,605],"content":"(2\/17, 1 case died as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,606,550,617],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,606,549,617],"content":"the result of suicide rather than CVST). Complete or partial","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,618,550,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,618,549,626],"content":"recovery was observed in most patients who survived (13\/17,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,627,550,639],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,627,334,639],"content":"76.5\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[335,629,549,639],"content":", while no patient experienced a relapse of CVST or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,640,550,653],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,640,548,653],"content":"had a poor outcome with permanent neurological deficits","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,654,445,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,654,445,664],"content":" during the mean 3-year follow-up.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[305,677,384,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,677,384,689],"content":"5. Conclusions","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[305,698,550,708],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,698,548,708],"content":"As one of the rare and severe complications of SLE, CVST","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,709,550,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,709,549,721],"content":"usually occurs in active SLE patients and is accompanied by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,722,550,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,722,548,732],"content":"systemic involvement (especially thrombocytopenia). CVST","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[305,733,550,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,733,547,744],"content":"in SLE may be caused by a variety of pathogenic factors","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,73,293,84],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,73,291,84],"content":"such as vasculitis and APLs. The clinical picture of CVST","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,85,293,95],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,85,291,95],"content":"is nonspecific and may vary significantly due to different","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,96,293,107],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,96,292,107],"content":"venous sinus involvements, which can make the diagnosis","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,108,293,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,108,292,118],"content":"quite difficult. Lumbar puncture and MRV are necessary for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,119,293,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,119,291,129],"content":"establishing a diagnosis of CVST. Treatment should include","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,130,293,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,130,292,140],"content":"controlling SLE activity, anticoagulation administration, and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,141,293,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,141,291,151],"content":"ICH management. Early diagnosis and prompt management","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,152,293,164],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,152,291,164],"content":"of CVST and the underlying disease could significantly","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,165,222,175],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,165,222,175],"content":"improve the prognosis of lupus with CVST.","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_5":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[48,73,293,84],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,73,293,84],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,73,291,84],"content":"such as vasculitis and APLs. 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All authors read and approved the final","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,367,76,379],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,367,76,379],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,367,76,379],"content":"paper.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,395,145,409],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,395,145,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,395,145,409],"content":"Acknowledgments","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,419,293,430],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,419,293,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,419,290,430],"content":"The authors thank Lijuan Gou, Hang Yu, Mengchun Gong,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,431,293,439],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,431,293,439],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,431,292,439],"content":"Jiaxin Zhou, and all the residents and attendings, who were in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,440,293,450],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,440,293,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,440,292,450],"content":"charge of the cases we studied, for their contributions to save","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[48,451,293,461],"lines":[{"bbox":[48,451,293,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,451,291,461],"content":"the patients' lives and improve their life quality. 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Lowe proposed an image","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,141,296,151],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,141,296,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,141,293,151],"content":"feature generation method SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Trans-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,152,296,162],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,152,296,162],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,152,295,162],"content":"form), which transforms an image into local feature vectors","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,163,296,173],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,163,296,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,163,294,173],"content":"that are invariant to image translation, scaling, and rotation,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,174,296,184],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,174,296,184],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,174,295,184],"content":" and partially invariant to affine or three-dimensional projection ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,185,296,195],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,185,296,195],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,185,294,195],"content":"[26], [27]. Instead of all locations in an image, some charac-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,196,296,206],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,196,296,206],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,196,294,206],"content":"teristic key points are selected, and are transformed into local","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,207,296,217],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,207,296,217],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,207,294,217],"content":"feature vectors, respectively. Bay et al. approximated SIFT, and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,218,296,227],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,218,296,227],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,218,295,227],"content":"proposed a faster method SURF (Speeded Up Robust Features)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,228,296,237],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,228,296,237],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,228,295,237],"content":"[28]. In this paper, we transform distance matrices between","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,238,296,251],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,238,296,251],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,238,52,251],"content":"\\mathbf{C}_{\\alpha}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[53,239,296,250],"content":" atoms into images, propose similarity based on SIFT and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,252,296,261],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,252,296,261],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,252,296,261],"content":"SURF, and apply it to classification of several proteins. The ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,262,296,272],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,262,296,272],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,262,295,272],"content":" results suggest that the similarity based on SURF outperforms","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,273,296,282],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,273,296,282],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,273,293,282],"content":"several existing similarity measures including the compression-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,283,296,294],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,283,296,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,283,295,294],"content":"based similarity measures in our previous study, and that SIFT","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,295,296,304],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,295,296,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,295,293,304],"content":"and SURF are useful for recognizing protein structures as well","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,305,126,317],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,305,126,317],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,305,126,317],"content":"as objects in images.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[132,330,200,343],"lines":[{"bbox":[132,330,200,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[132,330,200,343],"content":"II.METHODS","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,349,296,360],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,349,296,360],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,349,294,360],"content":"We briefly review the image local feature descriptors SIFT","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,361,296,371],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,361,296,371],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,361,295,371],"content":"[26], [27] and SURF [28], and propose the similarity between ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,372,223,382],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,372,223,382],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,372,223,382],"content":" protein structures based on SIFT and SURF.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,398,227,409],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,398,227,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,398,227,409],"content":"A. SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,418,296,428],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,418,296,428],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,418,293,428],"content":"SIFT generates several feature vectors from an image,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,429,296,438],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,429,296,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,429,294,438],"content":"and consists of two parts, selection of stable key points, and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,439,296,449],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,439,296,449],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,439,293,449],"content":"construction of feature vectors. In the selection of key points,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,450,296,460],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,450,296,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,450,295,460],"content":"candidates of key points are identified as maxima or minima in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,461,296,470],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,461,296,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,461,293,470],"content":"a difference-of-Gaussian function convolved with the image.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,471,296,481],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,471,296,481],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,471,294,481],"content":" Each candidate is fit to a three-dimensional quadratic function,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,482,296,492],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,482,296,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,482,295,492],"content":"the interpolated point of the extrema is determined, and all","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,493,296,503],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,493,296,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,493,295,503],"content":"extrema with the absolute value of the quadratic function less ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,504,296,514],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,504,296,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,504,294,514],"content":"than 0.03 are eliminated, that is, key points having low contrast","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,515,296,526],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,515,296,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,515,295,526],"content":"are eliminated. In addition, candidates of key points on edges","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,527,296,537],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,527,296,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,527,295,537],"content":"of image objects are eliminated using the principal curvature","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,538,200,548],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,538,200,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,538,199,548],"content":" of the difference-of-Gaussian function.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,553,296,566],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,553,296,566],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,553,294,566],"content":" In the construction of a feature vector for each key point,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,567,296,578],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,567,296,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,567,295,578],"content":"first a local orientation is assigned to the key point. 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The region","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,632,296,643],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,632,296,643],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,632,183,643],"content":"around the key point is divided into","type":"text"},{"bbox":[184,632,203,642],"content":"4\\!\\times\\!4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,632,294,643],"content":"blocks. In each block,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,644,296,653],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,644,296,653],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,644,294,653],"content":" gradient magnitudes and an orientation histogram with 8 bins","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,654,296,663],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,654,296,663],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,654,295,663],"content":" are calculated. 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Three of these studies depend on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,161,295,171],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,161,295,171],"content":"manually collected data, two studies use data from AFC systems,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,172,295,182],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,172,295,182],"content":"and one study analyzes the issue purely theoretically. 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For a given passenger jour-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,305,560,315],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,305,558,315],"content":"ney, the method depends on the concepts of attractive departure,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,316,518,325],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,316,518,325],"content":"scheduled waiting time (SWT), and incidence headway.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,326,560,337],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,326,558,337],"content":" An attractive departure is a departure scheduled from the passen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,338,560,348],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,338,558,348],"content":"ger's station of incidence that the passenger is or would have been","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,349,560,358],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,349,559,358],"content":"willing to board, regardless of how willing is defined. The use of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,359,560,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,359,560,370],"content":"\"attractive” is in the tradition of Spiess and Florian and Nguyen and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,371,560,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,371,558,381],"content":"Pallottino in their work on hyperpaths and optimal strategies (9, 10).","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,382,560,392],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,382,559,392],"content":"They defined the atractive set of lines as the set that a passenger","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,393,560,402],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,393,559,402],"content":"is willing to board at a given location. This concept makes explicit","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,403,560,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,403,559,414],"content":"the possibility that some scheduled departures may not be viable","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,415,560,424],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,415,558,424],"content":"alternatives for a given passenger as a function of that passenger's","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,425,560,435],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,425,558,435],"content":"destination and of the subsequent itinerary of those departures. For","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,436,560,446],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,436,558,446],"content":"example, on a line with a trunk and branches, passengers bound for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,447,560,457],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,447,559,457],"content":"one of the branches may experience longer headways than those","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,458,415,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,458,415,468],"content":" traveling only on the trunk.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,469,560,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,469,559,479],"content":"SWT is the time the passenger should have to wait according","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,480,560,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,480,558,490],"content":"to the schedule, given his or her time of incidence and attractive","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,491,560,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,491,559,501],"content":" departures. SWT is defined as the length of time between passenger","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,502,472,512],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,502,472,512],"content":" incidence and the next attractive departure.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,513,560,523],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,513,559,523],"content":"Incidence headway is the (scheduled) headway applicable to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,524,560,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,524,558,534],"content":"the passenger given his or her time of incidence and set of attrac-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,535,560,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,535,559,545],"content":"tive departures. Incidence headway is defined as the length of time","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,546,560,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,546,559,556],"content":"between the last attractive departure before the time of incidence","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,557,518,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,557,515,567],"content":"and the next such departure after the time of incidence.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,568,560,579],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,568,558,579],"content":"The above six studies of passenger incidence all selected places","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,580,560,589],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,580,559,589],"content":" and times of observation so as to avoid ambiguity with respect to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,590,560,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,590,558,599],"content":"each passenger's attractive departures. They minimized the mea-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,600,560,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,600,559,611],"content":"surement of SwT and incidence headways by selecting stations","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,612,560,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,612,560,622],"content":"served by only a single service pattern and, in some cases, with a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,623,560,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,623,558,632],"content":"constant headway. While this may be sufficient for modeling the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,633,560,644],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,633,560,644],"content":"behavior of certain group of passengers, it is clearly inadequate","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,645,560,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,645,558,654],"content":"for understanding behavior across an entire network. In many real-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,655,560,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,655,558,666],"content":" world public transport networks, the largest numbers of passengers","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,667,560,677],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,667,559,677],"content":"are incident at large stations or terminals that provide access to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,678,403,688],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,678,403,688],"content":"heterogeneous services.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,689,560,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,689,558,699],"content":"In the case of the London Overground, this incidence is most","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,700,560,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,700,558,710],"content":"problematic on the North London Line (NLL). Consider, for exam-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,711,560,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,711,558,721],"content":"ple, passengers incident to the NLL at Stratford, one of the Over-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,722,560,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[315,722,559,732],"content":" ground's busiest stations. In 2008 peak-period timetables, the NLL","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,62,297,74],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,62,295,74],"content":"was running a mostly (but not perfectly) regular 15-min (i.e., four","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,75,297,84],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,75,295,84],"content":"trains per hour) service all day from Stratford to the end of the NLL","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,85,297,96],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,85,295,96],"content":"at Richmond. This service was augmented with occasional irregular","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,97,297,106],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,97,295,106],"content":"services, including a shuttle that ran only as far as Camden Road,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,107,297,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,107,295,118],"content":"and one special that ran on the NLL to Willesden Junction but then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,119,297,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,119,293,129],"content":"on the West London Line to Clapham Junction. It is not immediately","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,130,297,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,130,295,140],"content":" obvious which of these services would be attractive to a given pas-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,141,297,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,141,295,151],"content":"senger at Stratford, and thus not clear what incidence headway each","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,152,297,163],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,152,295,163],"content":" passenger would experience. Earlier literature avoided this issue by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,164,218,174],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,164,217,174],"content":"avoiding stations such as Stratford altogether.","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_3":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[51,62,297,74],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,62,297,74],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,62,295,74],"content":"was running a mostly (but not perfectly) regular 15-min (i.e., four","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,75,297,84],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,75,297,84],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,75,295,84],"content":"trains per hour) service all day from Stratford to the end of the NLL","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,85,297,96],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,85,297,96],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,85,295,96],"content":"at Richmond. 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In","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,282,297,292],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,282,297,292],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,282,295,292],"content":"such a model, each individual scheduled or actual run (or trip) of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,293,297,302],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,293,297,302],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,293,295,302],"content":"the public transport service is represented individually by its own","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,303,297,314],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,303,297,314],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,303,295,314],"content":"subgraph. In the subgraph for a given run, the nodes represent the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,315,297,325],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,315,297,325],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,315,295,325],"content":"arrival, departure, or transit of that run at a specific location at a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,326,297,336],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,326,297,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,326,295,336],"content":"specific time. 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Nodes in this subgraph represent centroids of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,382,297,392],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,382,297,392],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,382,295,392],"content":"demand in time (according to user departure and arrival times)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,393,297,402],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,393,297,402],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,393,295,402],"content":"and space (according to the physical network). The access-egress","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,403,297,414],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,403,297,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,403,295,414],"content":"subgraph joins the service and demand subgraphs with boarding","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,415,297,425],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,415,297,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,415,295,425],"content":"and alighting links. The union of these three subgraphs is referred","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,426,297,435],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,426,297,435],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,426,295,435],"content":"to as the diachronic graph representation. 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The method does so by estimat-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,218,297,226],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,218,295,226],"content":"ing SWT and incidence headway automatically from the integration","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,227,297,237],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,227,295,237],"content":"of published timetables with disaggregate AFC passenger journey","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,238,184,248],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,238,184,248],"content":"data via schedule-based assignment.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[61,249,297,259],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,249,295,259],"content":"Schedule-based assignment depends on a run-based model","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,260,297,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,260,295,270],"content":"of public transport supply, which is very similar to the line-based","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,271,297,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,271,265,281],"content":"model of supply, but unfolded in the temporal dimension","type":"text"},{"bbox":[266,271,281,281],"content":"(l l)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[282,271,295,281],"content":". 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The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,142,295,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,142,295,151],"content":"travel time weightings are such as to enforce the assumption that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,152,295,162],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,152,295,162],"content":" passengers minimize the number of boardings (without affecting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,163,295,172],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,163,295,172],"content":"total travel time). A robust implementation of Path( ) function using","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,174,295,185],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,174,295,185],"content":"a modified Dijkstra's algorithm is available in the free open-source","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,186,295,197],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,186,295,197],"content":"software library Graphserver (13). Graphserver reads timetables in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,198,295,208],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,198,293,208],"content":"the widely used general transit feed specification (14). This speci-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,209,295,219],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,209,294,219],"content":"fication was defined by Google to facilitate the transfer of public","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,220,295,230],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,220,293,230],"content":"transport schedules from operators to Google to power its own web-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,231,295,240],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,231,295,240],"content":"based journey planning software. The specification has become a de","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,241,295,252],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,241,293,252],"content":"facto standard for public distribution of public transport timetables.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,253,295,263],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,253,293,263],"content":"Unfortunately, London Overground timetables do not come in gen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,264,295,273],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,264,295,273],"content":"eral transit feed specification format, so another 302-line Perl script","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,275,295,286],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,275,295,286],"content":"was written to do the transformation (15). This algorithm improves","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,287,295,297],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,287,218,297],"content":"on the previous approaches to finding SWT and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[219,287,228,297],"content":"H_{I}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[229,287,294,297],"content":"by considering the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,298,295,308],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,298,293,308],"content":"timetable in the context of each individual journey. The origin, des-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,309,295,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,309,295,320],"content":"tination, and incidence time of each individual journey determine","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,321,181,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,321,181,330],"content":"which departures will be attractive.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,62,435,73],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,62,435,73],"content":"APPLICATION TOLONDON","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,74,435,85],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,74,435,85],"content":"OVERGROUND NETWORK","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,96,559,106],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,96,558,106],"content":"This section applies the proposed methodology to examine pas-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,107,559,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,107,558,118],"content":" senger incidence behavior on the London Overground network by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,119,559,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,119,559,129],"content":"using a large sample of passenger journey data from the Oyster","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,130,417,141],"spans":[{"bbox":[315,130,417,141],"content":" smartcard ticketing system.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[325,142,559,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,142,558,151],"content":"Figure 1 shows a schematic map of the rail services for Trans-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,152,559,162],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,152,558,162],"content":"port for London (TfL) as of spring 2010, including London Under-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,163,559,172],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,163,559,172],"content":"ground, Dockland Light Rail, and Overground. The Overground","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,174,559,185],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,174,559,185],"content":"network is for the most part circumferential, primarily orbiting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,186,559,197],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,186,558,197],"content":"London to the north and west, with the majority of stations in Zones","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,198,559,208],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,198,558,208],"content":"2 and 3. The Overground is very much part of the integrated net-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,209,559,219],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,209,558,219],"content":"work of TfL services, with 19 of its stations offering interchanges","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,220,559,230],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,220,558,230],"content":"to London Underground or Dockland Light Rail services. In 2010,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,231,559,240],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,231,558,240],"content":"the Overground ran 407 scheduled weekday train trips with 27 units","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,241,559,252],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,241,558,252],"content":"of rolling stock (A. Brimbacombe, personal communication, 2010).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[325,253,559,263],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,253,558,263],"content":"Services on the Overground are divided into four service patterns","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,264,559,273],"spans":[{"bbox":[318,264,533,273],"content":"(Table 1). The core of this network is the NLL, which runs","type":"text"},{"bbox":[534,264,558,273],"content":"28~\\mathrm{km}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[315,275,559,286],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,275,558,286],"content":"between Stratford in the northeast of London and Richmond in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,287,559,297],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,287,558,297],"content":"southwest, connecting to every other Overground service and to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,298,559,308],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,298,558,308],"content":"numerous other TfL and National Rail services along the way. The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,309,559,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,309,558,320],"content":"NLL is by far the busiest Overground line, with the most frequent ser-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,321,559,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,321,394,330],"content":"vice and an estimated","type":"text"},{"bbox":[395,321,412,330],"content":"58\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[413,321,558,330],"content":" of all Overground boardings (C. Smales,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,188,295,198],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,188,295,198],"content":"personal communication, 2010). The NLL runs four (end-to-end)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,200,295,211],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,200,295,211],"content":"trains per hour over most of the day, with some segments receiving","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,212,295,221],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,212,295,221],"content":"six trains per hour during peak periods. The other Overground lines","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,222,295,233],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,222,295,233],"content":"run at lower frequencies (three trains per hour during the peak periods","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,234,241,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,234,241,245],"content":"and two to three trains per hour during other periods).","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_5":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[137,82,472,158],"lines":[{"bbox":[137,82,472,158],"spans":[{"bbox":[137,82,472,158],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_20700000\/libgen.scimag20754000-20754999.zip_10.3141\/2274-05\/tables\/5_137_82_472_158.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,188,295,198],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,188,295,198],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,188,295,198],"content":"personal communication, 2010). 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The centralized","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,367,295,378],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,367,295,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,367,294,378],"content":"computer system archives these Oyster entry and exit transactions,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,379,295,388],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,379,295,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,379,294,388],"content":"including their location, time stamp, and Oyster ID, in an easily","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,389,295,399],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,389,295,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,389,295,399],"content":"accessible database. As a result, disaggregate Oyster journey data","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,400,295,410],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,400,295,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,400,295,410],"content":"are cheap to gather in large volumes and provide a prime source of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,411,192,419],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,411,192,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,411,192,419],"content":" data on individual passenger journeys.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[61,420,295,432],"lines":[{"bbox":[61,420,295,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,422,165,432],"content":"The data analyzed here are a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[166,420,187,432],"content":"100\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[188,421,295,432],"content":"sample of all Oyster journeys","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,433,295,444],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,433,295,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,433,295,444],"content":"between all pairs of London Overground stations for the 52 business","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,445,295,454],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,445,295,454],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,445,294,454],"content":"days from March 31, 2008, through June 10, 2008, inclusive. Pub-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,455,295,464],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,455,295,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,455,295,464],"content":"lic timetables were obtained for the Overground network. The data","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,466,295,476],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,466,295,476],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,466,295,476],"content":"set was filtered to include only those journeys for which it can be","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,477,295,488],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,477,295,488],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,477,295,488],"content":"assumed with relative certainty that the passenger in question used","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,489,295,498],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,489,295,498],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,489,293,498],"content":"only Overground services; that is, this data set does not include jour-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,499,295,509],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,499,295,509],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,499,294,509],"content":"neys that interchanged to the Overground but with initial Oyster val-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,511,295,520],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,511,295,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,511,295,520],"content":"idations elsewhere in the railway system. The data set also excludes","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,521,295,532],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,521,295,532],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,521,295,532],"content":"journeys initially incident to the Overground but interchanging to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,533,295,542],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,533,295,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,533,295,542],"content":"other railway services. Journeys with interchanges to or from buses","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,543,295,553],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,543,295,553],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,543,295,553],"content":"will be included here, since the Oyster system effectively separates","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,554,295,565],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,554,295,565],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,554,295,565],"content":"the recording of bus and rail journeys. Passengers transferring from","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,566,295,575],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,566,295,575],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,566,295,575],"content":"buses to London Overground may exhibit a different incidence","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,576,295,586],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,576,295,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,576,295,586],"content":"behavior because they do not have control over the time when the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,587,295,599],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,587,295,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,587,294,599],"content":"bus arrives at the transfer stops. Their incidences at London Over-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,600,295,609],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,600,295,609],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,600,295,609],"content":" ground stations are only a function of the timetable coordination","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,610,295,621],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,610,295,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,610,293,621],"content":"between bus and Overground services, if there is any such coordina-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,622,295,631],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,622,295,631],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,622,295,631],"content":"tion. In general these journeys may demonstrate random incidence","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,632,295,643],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,632,295,643],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,632,295,643],"content":"behavior. The resulting data set contains nearly 1,670,000 journeys","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,644,295,654],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,644,295,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,644,295,654],"content":"from 54 stations on 1,442 origin-destination pairs made by more","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,655,295,665],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,655,295,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,655,295,665],"content":"than 290,000 passengers. The data set constitutes approximately","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,666,295,677],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,666,295,677],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,666,295,677],"content":"53,000 station-hours of observation of passenger incidence to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,678,130,687],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,678,130,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,678,130,687],"content":" Overground services.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[61,688,295,699],"lines":[{"bbox":[61,688,295,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,688,295,699],"content":"The methodology described in the previous section was applied","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,700,295,710],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,700,295,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,700,295,710],"content":"to each Oyster journey in the data set: the transaction time of the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,711,295,721],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,711,295,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,711,295,721],"content":"Oyster entry was taken as the time of incidence, and the origin and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,722,295,732],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,722,295,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,722,295,732],"content":"destination of the journey were used along with the timetable to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,188,559,198],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,188,559,198],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,188,558,198],"content":"estimate which services the journey was incident to. This processing","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,200,559,211],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,200,559,211],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,200,558,211],"content":"took some number of hours for the entire data set, but it was fully","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,212,559,221],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,212,559,221],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,212,558,221],"content":"automated. A large set of observations was obtained for which the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,222,475,233],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,222,475,233],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,222,475,233],"content":"following data were measured or estimated:","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[324,244,434,252],"lines":[{"bbox":[324,244,434,252],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,244,434,252],"content":"· Date and time of incidence,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[324,253,408,266],"lines":[{"bbox":[324,253,408,266],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,253,408,266],"content":"· Incidence headway,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[324,267,357,277],"lines":[{"bbox":[324,267,357,277],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,267,357,277],"content":"· SWT,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[324,278,559,288],"lines":[{"bbox":[324,278,559,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,278,558,288],"content":"● Location (i.e., station) of incidence (i.e., the journey's origin),","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[324,289,430,298],"lines":[{"bbox":[324,289,430,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,289,430,298],"content":"· Journey's destination, and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[324,299,528,312],"lines":[{"bbox":[324,299,528,312],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,299,528,312],"content":"● Overground line to which the passenger was incident.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[324,321,559,332],"lines":[{"bbox":[324,321,559,332],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,321,559,332],"content":"For journeys that required an interchange within the Overground","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,333,559,343],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,333,559,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,333,559,343],"content":"system (of which there are relatively few), the above data were","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,344,518,355],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,344,518,355],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,344,518,355],"content":" measured or estimated for only the first incidence event.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[324,356,559,366],"lines":[{"bbox":[324,356,559,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,356,558,366],"content":"As a point of validation, Figure 2 plots distributions of incidence","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,367,559,378],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,367,559,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,367,559,378],"content":"headway for passengers on the Gospel Oak to Barking (GOB) and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,379,559,387],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,379,559,387],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,379,558,387],"content":"North London Lines. The findings are consistent with expectations.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,388,559,399],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,388,559,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,389,499,399],"content":" On the NLL, the mode of all the distributions is ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[500,388,527,399],"content":"15~\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[528,388,558,399],"content":", reflect-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,400,559,410],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,400,559,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,400,558,410],"content":"ing the core service. The distribution is more concentrated during","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,411,559,422],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,411,559,422],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,411,558,422],"content":"the interpeak period, when there are no scheduled shuttles or spe-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,423,559,433],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,423,559,433],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,423,559,433],"content":"cials. 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A large set of observations was obtained for which the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,222,475,233],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,222,475,233],"content":"following data were measured or estimated:","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,244,434,252],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,244,434,252],"content":"· Date and time of incidence,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,253,408,266],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,253,408,266],"content":"· Incidence headway,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,267,357,277],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,267,357,277],"content":"· SWT,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,278,559,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,278,558,288],"content":"● Location (i.e., station) of incidence (i.e., the journey's origin),","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,289,430,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,289,430,298],"content":"· Journey's destination, and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,299,528,312],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,299,528,312],"content":"● Overground line to which the passenger was incident.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,321,559,332],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,321,559,332],"content":"For journeys that required an interchange within the Overground","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,333,559,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,333,559,343],"content":"system (of which there are relatively few), the above data were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,344,518,355],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,344,518,355],"content":" measured or estimated for only the first incidence event.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,356,559,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,356,558,366],"content":"As a point of validation, Figure 2 plots distributions of incidence","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,367,559,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,367,559,378],"content":"headway for passengers on the Gospel Oak to Barking (GOB) and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,379,559,387],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,379,558,387],"content":"North London Lines. 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First, it can be used to study passenger incidence","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[315,523,560,533],"lines":[{"bbox":[315,523,560,533],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,523,559,533],"content":"behavior using large samples of disaggregate journey data from","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[315,534,560,545],"lines":[{"bbox":[315,534,560,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,534,558,545],"content":"AFC systems such as the Oyster smartcard system. Second, the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[315,546,560,556],"lines":[{"bbox":[315,546,560,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,546,559,556],"content":"methodology can for each passenger journey estimate SWT and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[315,557,560,567],"lines":[{"bbox":[315,557,560,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,557,558,567],"content":" incidence headway under heterogeneous conditions. 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In the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,568,295,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,568,273,578],"content":"morning peak, timetable dependence decreases waiting time by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[274,568,294,578],"content":"7.2\\%","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[52,579,295,590],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,579,97,590],"content":"from 6.82 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[98,579,130,589],"content":"6.33\\,\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[131,579,295,588],"content":"(about 30 s). In the interpeak and evening peak","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,589,295,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,591,164,600],"content":"periods, the reductions are only","type":"text"},{"bbox":[165,590,185,599],"content":"0.2\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[186,589,199,600],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[200,589,219,600],"content":"2.2\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[220,589,295,600],"content":", respectively. On the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,601,295,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,601,293,611],"content":"GOB, however, the implications of timetable dependence are substan-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,612,295,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,612,243,622],"content":"tial. In the morning peak, the waiting time decreases by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[244,612,260,622],"content":"29\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[264,612,293,622],"content":"3.1\\,\\mathrm{min})","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[52,623,295,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,623,98,633],"content":"from 10.5 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[99,623,127,633],"content":"7.4\\,\\mathrm{{min}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[128,623,295,633],"content":". In the interpeak and evening peak periods, the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,634,220,644],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,634,105,644],"content":"reductions are","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,634,130,644],"content":"20.4\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[131,634,146,644],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[147,634,170,644],"content":"17.5\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[171,634,220,644],"content":", respectively.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[61,645,295,655],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,645,294,655],"content":"Transit assignment models often make an assumption that no ser-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,656,295,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,656,295,666],"content":"vice would be assigned a mean passenger waiting time over a certain","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,667,295,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,667,107,678],"content":"threshold, say,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[108,667,134,677],"content":"10\\;\\mathrm{{min}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,667,295,678],"content":"in the London Overground case. The results","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,679,295,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,679,293,687],"content":"of this section lend support to this assumption. Regular weekday","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,688,295,700],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,689,239,699],"content":"headways on the Overground network go as high as","type":"text"},{"bbox":[240,688,265,700],"content":"30\\,\\mathrm{{min}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[266,689,294,699],"content":",but the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,700,295,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,700,160,710],"content":"observed mean SWT is above","type":"text"},{"bbox":[161,700,186,710],"content":"11\\,\\mathrm{{min}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[187,701,295,710],"content":"in only two cases (on the West","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,711,295,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,711,295,721],"content":"London Line during the interpeak and evening time periods) and is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,722,131,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,722,98,732],"content":"never above","type":"text"},{"bbox":[99,722,131,732],"content":"12.1\\,\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,434,469,445],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,434,469,445],"content":"DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,457,560,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,457,558,468],"content":"This paper developed a methodology to relate disaggregate AFC","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,469,560,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,469,559,479],"content":"journey data to published timetables for the purpose of studying","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,480,560,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,480,559,490],"content":"passenger incidence behavior and applied this methodology to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,491,411,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,491,411,501],"content":"London Overground (16).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[323,502,560,512],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,502,558,512],"content":" The following conclusions are drawn about the methodology","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,513,560,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,513,558,522],"content":"developed here. First, it can be used to study passenger incidence","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,523,560,533],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,523,559,533],"content":"behavior using large samples of disaggregate journey data from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,534,560,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,534,558,545],"content":"AFC systems such as the Oyster smartcard system. Second, the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,546,560,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,546,559,556],"content":"methodology can for each passenger journey estimate SWT and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,557,560,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,557,558,567],"content":" incidence headway under heterogeneous conditions. Finally, this","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,568,560,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,568,559,578],"content":"methodology is able to efficiently process millions of data records","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,579,560,589],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,579,560,589],"content":"and can be implemented using open standard timetable formats and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,590,386,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,590,386,599],"content":"free software tools.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[323,600,560,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,600,558,611],"content":"As a limitation the proposed method hinges on the schedule-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,612,560,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,612,559,622],"content":"based assignment, for which there are unsolved methodological","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[315,623,560,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,623,559,633],"content":"issues such as station congestion or train crowding. 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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[84,422,506,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[85,422,506,432],"content":"permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[84,440,550,451],"spans":[{"bbox":[87,440,549,451],"content":"Clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients complicated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[84,452,550,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[86,452,522,460],"content":"between 2000 and 2013 were analyzed through this retrospective, single-centre study. Of 4747 hospitalized SLE patients, 17 ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[523,452,547,461],"content":"(0.36\\%","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[84,461,550,474],"spans":[{"bbox":[85,462,267,472],"content":"12 females, average age 30) had CVST. Headache","type":"text"},{"bbox":[268,461,295,474],"content":"(88.2\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[296,462,550,472],"content":"was the most common neurological symptom followed by nausea or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[84,473,550,483],"spans":[{"bbox":[87,473,121,483],"content":"vomiting","type":"text"},{"bbox":[122,473,146,482],"content":"(47.1\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[147,473,235,483],"content":", conscious disturbance","type":"text"},{"bbox":[236,474,262,482],"content":"(41.2\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[263,475,388,483],"content":", edema of eyelids or conjunctiva","type":"text"},{"bbox":[389,473,415,482],"content":"(35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[416,473,519,483],"content":", blurred vision or diplopia","type":"text"},{"bbox":[520,474,546,482],"content":"(35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[547,473,549,483],"content":"，","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[84,484,550,494],"spans":[{"bbox":[87,484,129,494],"content":"and seizure","type":"text"},{"bbox":[130,484,156,493],"content":"(35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[157,484,371,493],"content":". Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) occurred in 13 cases ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[372,484,398,493],"content":"(76.5\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,484,549,493],"content":". Magnetic resonance venography (MRV)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[84,494,550,504],"spans":[{"bbox":[86,495,221,504],"content":"detected thrombosis in the transverse","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,494,250,504],"content":"(82.4\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[251,494,284,504],"content":", sigmoid","type":"text"},{"bbox":[285,494,312,504],"content":"(52.9\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[313,494,358,504],"content":", and sagittal","type":"text"},{"bbox":[359,494,386,504],"content":"(35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[387,494,467,504],"content":" sinuses, with frequent","type":"text"},{"bbox":[468,494,496,503],"content":"(70.6\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[497,494,549,504],"content":"multiple sinus","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[84,505,550,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[87,505,549,513],"content":"occlusions. Compared to SLE patients without CVST, SLE patients with CVST had a higher prevalence of thrombocytopenia and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[84,514,550,524],"spans":[{"bbox":[85,514,550,524],"content":"positive antiphospholipid antibodies and a higher SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score. 13 patients achieved improvement","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[84,525,550,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[86,525,549,536],"content":"following glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants treatment, as well as anticoagulants, while 3 patients died at the hospital. CVST","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[84,537,550,544],"spans":[{"bbox":[86,537,549,544],"content":"is relatively rare in SLE and tends to occur in active lupus patients. Intracranial hypertension is common but nonspecific clinical","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[84,545,550,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[85,545,549,556],"content":"feature, so MRV evaluation is necesary to establish a diagnosis. Aggressive treatment for the rapid control of SLE activity combined","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[84,557,255,569],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,557,255,569],"content":"with anticoagulants can improve the prognosis.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[49,589,128,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,589,128,600],"content":"1. Introduction","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[49,607,291,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,607,291,619],"content":"Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous, mul-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[49,654,291,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,654,291,665],"content":"blood vessels might be an important target of autoimmunity","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[49,666,291,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,666,291,675],"content":"overactivity. As a result, there is a wide variation in ves-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[49,687,291,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,687,291,699],"content":"venous thrombosis, while glomerulonephritis and defused","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[49,700,291,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,700,291,710],"content":"alveolar hemorrhage can also occur to a certain extent.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[307,589,549,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,589,549,600],"content":"been rarely reported and is potentially fatal to the patient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[321,653,549,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,653,549,665],"content":"The etiology ofCVST is complicated [2]. 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Thrombosis in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[307,628,550,639],"lines":[{"bbox":[307,628,550,639],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,628,354,639],"content":"6\/17,\\,35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[355,628,506,639],"content":" and inferior sagittal sinus (ISS, 1\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[507,628,528,639],"content":"5.9\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[529,628,549,639],"content":"was","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[307,640,550,649],"lines":[{"bbox":[307,640,550,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[308,640,549,649],"content":"also seen. 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Most SLE patients with","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,687,550,698],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,687,550,698],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,687,335,697],"content":"CVST","type":"text"},{"bbox":[336,687,388,698],"content":"\\left(16\/17,\\,94.1\\%\\right)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[389,687,550,695],"content":" also had involvement of other organs,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,696,550,710],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,696,550,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,699,423,709],"content":"with lupus nephritis (12\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[424,696,450,710],"content":"70.6\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[451,696,550,709],"content":", hemocytopenia (i0\/17,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[307,710,550,720],"lines":[{"bbox":[307,710,550,720],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,710,334,720],"content":"58.8\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[335,710,375,720],"content":", arthritis","type":"text"},{"bbox":[376,711,424,720],"content":"(6\/17,35.3\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[425,711,475,720],"content":", fever (6\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[476,710,501,720],"content":"35.3\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[502,710,549,720],"content":"0, rash (5\/17,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[307,721,550,732],"lines":[{"bbox":[307,721,550,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,721,334,732],"content":"29.4\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[335,721,417,732],"content":", and serositis (5\/17,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[418,721,443,732],"content":"29.4\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[444,721,548,732],"content":" being the most common","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[306,733,548,744],"lines":[{"bbox":[306,733,548,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,733,548,744],"content":" conditions. The mean SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI)","type":"text"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[134,76,463,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[134,76,463,243],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_70500000\/libgen.scimag70591000-70591999.zip_10.1155\/2015\/540738\/images\/1_134_76_463_243.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[203,251,391,258],"spans":[{"bbox":[203,251,214,258],"content":"(a)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[379,251,391,258],"content":"(b)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[49,265,550,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,265,550,278],"content":"FIGURE 1: MRV of a SLE patient with CVST (Case number 5). (a) Onset of CVST (June 2012). Occlusion of superior sagittal sinus (SSS),bilateral","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[49,279,550,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,279,548,288],"content":"transverse sinus (TS), and bilateral sigmoid sinus (SS). (b) Follow-up after treatment (November 2013). Recanalization of bilateral transverse","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,330,173,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,330,173,340],"content":"2. Patients and Methods","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,349,292,361],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,349,292,361],"content":"2.1. Patients. 4747 SLE patients admitted to the Peking Union","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,362,292,371],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,362,291,371],"content":"Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to December","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,372,292,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,372,292,386],"content":" 2013 were reviewed. All patients were diagnosed as having","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,389,292,400],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,389,292,400],"content":"SLE according to 1997 American College of Rheumatology","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,401,292,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,401,290,410],"content":"(ACR) revised classification criteria [4]. In the SLE cohort,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,411,292,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,411,291,419],"content":"after exclusion of patients with infectious and traumatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,423,292,434],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,423,258,434],"content":"CVST or incomplete data, we identified 17 cases ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[259,423,290,434],"content":"(0.36\\%)","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,435,292,445],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,435,291,445],"content":"complicated with CVST as indicated by clinical features,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,457,292,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,457,290,468],"content":"venography (MRV)), and at least one neurologist's confir-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,481,292,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,481,126,490],"content":"matched controls （","type":"text"},{"bbox":[127,481,163,490],"content":"\\mathit{(n~=~51)}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[164,481,291,490],"content":") were randomly selected from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,491,292,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,491,290,503],"content":"the contemporaneously admitted SLE patients without CVST.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,504,292,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,504,290,514],"content":"The local institutional review board approved the study.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,515,292,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,515,291,525],"content":"Because the study was based on a review of medical records","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,537,216,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,537,216,548],"content":"for written informed consent was waived.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,565,292,575],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,565,289,575],"content":"2.2. Statistical Analyses. SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chic-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,576,292,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,576,290,586],"content":"ago, USA) was used to statistically analyze the data. Numer-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,587,292,601],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,588,268,601],"content":"ical data and categorical data were expressed as mean","type":"text"},{"bbox":[269,587,291,601],"content":"\\pm\\nobreakspace\\mathrm{SD}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[48,612,292,623],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,614,139,623],"content":"estimated by Student's","type":"text"},{"bbox":[140,612,144,623],"content":"t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[145,613,290,623],"content":"-test, Pearson's chi-square, or Fisher's","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,624,292,635],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,624,227,635],"content":"exact test (when expected frequencies were","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,624,239,635],"content":"{<}5","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[246,624,254,635],"content":"P","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[255,624,283,635],"content":"values","type":"text"},{"bbox":[284,624,291,635],"content":"<","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[48,636,247,647],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,636,247,647],"content":"0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,665,100,677],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,665,100,677],"content":"3. Results","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,686,292,695],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,686,292,695],"content":"3.1. Demographic Characteristics. Among 17 SLE patients","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,696,292,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,697,108,709],"content":"with CVST, 12","type":"text"},{"bbox":[109,696,140,710],"content":"(70.6\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[141,696,292,710],"content":"were women. The median age was 30","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,711,292,720],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,711,292,720],"content":"years old (range 12-52) and the SLE disease duration was 12","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,721,292,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,721,260,732],"content":"months (range 2-120). The mode of onset was acute","type":"text"},{"bbox":[261,721,290,732],"content":"(<\\!48\\,\\mathrm{h})","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[307,330,550,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,330,549,340],"content":"for the other 5 patients. 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Frumin, MTA Bus Customer Information Systems, 2 Broadway, 27th Floor,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[53,650,295,660],"content":"New York, NY 10004. J. Zhao, Department of Civil Engineering, School of","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[53,659,295,669],"content":"Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, No. 2007,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[53,667,294,678],"content":"6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[53,677,215,687],"content":"Corresponding author: J. Zhao, Jinhua.Zhao@ubc.ca.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[53,694,293,705],"content":"Transportation Research Record:Journal of theTransportation Research Board","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[52,702,294,716],"content":"No. 2274, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[52,712,125,723],"content":"D.C., 2012, pp. 52-60.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[52,721,126,732],"content":"DOI: 10.3141\/2274-05","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[51,210,240,225],"content":"Michael Frumin and Jinhua Zhao","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[300.96,749.88,311.4,757.08]],"header":[],"footer":[],"footnote":[[53.28,641.88,294.12,685.44],[52.56,694.44,294.48,722.88],[54.0,722.52,125.64,730.08]]}},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[51,62,295,73],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,62,295,73],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,62,295,73],"content":"dependent on the service headway and the reliability of the departure","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,74,234,84],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,74,234,84],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,74,234,84],"content":"time of the service to which passengers are incident.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[62,85,295,95],"lines":[{"bbox":[62,85,295,95],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,85,295,95],"content":"After briefy introducing the random incidence model, which is","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,96,295,106],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,96,295,106],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,96,295,106],"content":"often assumed to hold at short headways, the balance of this section","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,107,295,117],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,107,295,117],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,107,295,117],"content":"reviews six studies of passenger incidence behavior that are moti-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,118,295,127],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,118,295,127],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,118,295,127],"content":"vated by understanding the relationships between service headway,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,128,295,138],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,128,295,138],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,128,295,138],"content":"service reliability, passenger incidence behavior, and passenger","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,139,295,150],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,139,295,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,139,295,150],"content":"waiting time in a more nuanced fashion than is embedded in the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,151,295,160],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,151,295,160],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,151,295,160],"content":"random incidence assumption (2). 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The appearance of randomness (or its lack) has","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,85,560,95],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,85,560,95],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,85,558,95],"content":"been used to indicate the degree to which passengers have and use","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,96,560,105],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,96,560,105],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,96,558,105],"content":"knowledge of the published timetable and of actual departure times.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,106,560,117],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,106,560,117],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,106,559,117],"content":"At longer headways, passengers have more to gain by gaining and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,118,560,128],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,118,560,128],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,118,559,128],"content":"using knowledge of the timetable; their behavior tends to be less","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,129,560,139],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,129,560,139],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,129,558,139],"content":"random, peaking somewhat before the scheduled departure time.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,140,560,150],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,140,560,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,140,558,150],"content":"Passengers also appear to gain and use knowledge of the actual,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,151,560,160],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,151,560,160],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,151,558,160],"content":"rather than scheduled, departure times. When departure times are","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,161,560,172],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,161,560,172],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,161,558,172],"content":"reliable, even if they are reliably late (or early) by a particular","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,173,560,183],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,173,560,183],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,173,558,183],"content":" amount, incidence behavior tends to be less random, with more pas-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,184,560,194],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,184,560,194],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,184,558,194],"content":"sengers being incident shortly before the reliable departure time.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,195,560,205],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,195,560,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,195,558,205],"content":"When departure times are inconsistent (i.e., unreliable), passengers","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,206,560,216],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,206,560,216],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,206,559,216],"content":"have less to gain from choosing any particular time of incidence, so","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[315,217,461,227],"lines":[{"bbox":[315,217,461,227],"spans":[{"bbox":[315,217,461,227],"content":" their behavior tends to be more random.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,248,389,259],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,248,389,259],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,248,389,259],"content":"METHODOLOGY","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,271,560,281],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,271,560,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,271,558,281],"content":"This section proposes a method for studying passenger incidence","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,282,560,291],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,282,560,291],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,282,559,291],"content":"with respect to scheduled departure times by using AFC smartcard","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[315,293,558,304],"lines":[{"bbox":[315,293,558,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[315,293,558,304],"content":" data and schedule-based assignment. 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Their findings generally confirm those of the other studies.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[53,524,295,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,524,295,534],"content":"In their second study, they used the same 4-week data set, but tracked","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,535,295,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,535,294,545],"content":"individual ticket holders over time to study the consistency of behav-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,546,295,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,546,295,556],"content":"ior. They focused on the 15,000 trips made between 06:00 and 10:00","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,557,295,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,557,294,567],"content":"by 1,043 individual passengers who, as morning commuters, are","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,568,295,579],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,568,294,579],"content":"expected to exhibit the most consistent behavior patterns. They","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,580,295,589],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,580,295,589],"content":"characterized the passengers by the times of incidence and the offset","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,600,295,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,600,293,611],"content":"into four distinct archetypes exhibiting various levels of consistency","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,612,295,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,612,295,622],"content":"in these two variables, finding roughly equal numbers of passengers","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,623,295,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,623,295,632],"content":"in each category. On one end of the spectrum are clockwork-like","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,645,295,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,645,295,654],"content":"their waiting time with respect to the schedule. On the other end,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,667,295,677],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,667,295,677],"content":"to waiting time, exhibiting largely timetable-independent behavior.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[53,689,295,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,689,295,699],"content":"in passenger behavior, even under homogeneous conditions (i.e., at","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[61,711,295,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,711,295,721],"content":"As a brief summary of the six studies, passenger incidence","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[53,722,295,732],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,722,295,732],"content":"behavior has been characterized primarily in terms of how random","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,62,560,73],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,62,558,73],"content":"it appears to be with respect to the timetable and to actual vehicle","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,74,560,84],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,74,559,84],"content":"departure times. The appearance of randomness (or its lack) has","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,85,560,95],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,85,558,95],"content":"been used to indicate the degree to which passengers have and use","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,96,560,105],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,96,558,105],"content":"knowledge of the published timetable and of actual departure times.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,106,560,117],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,106,559,117],"content":"At longer headways, passengers have more to gain by gaining and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,118,560,128],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,118,559,128],"content":"using knowledge of the timetable; their behavior tends to be less","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,129,560,139],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,129,558,139],"content":"random, peaking somewhat before the scheduled departure time.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,140,560,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,140,558,150],"content":"Passengers also appear to gain and use knowledge of the actual,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,151,560,160],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,151,558,160],"content":"rather than scheduled, departure times. When departure times are","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,161,560,172],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,161,558,172],"content":"reliable, even if they are reliably late (or early) by a particular","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,173,560,183],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,173,558,183],"content":" amount, incidence behavior tends to be less random, with more pas-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,184,560,194],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,184,558,194],"content":"sengers being incident shortly before the reliable departure time.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,195,560,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,195,558,205],"content":"When departure times are inconsistent (i.e., unreliable), passengers","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,206,560,216],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,206,559,216],"content":"have less to gain from choosing any particular time of incidence, so","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,248,389,259],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,248,389,259],"content":"METHODOLOGY","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,271,560,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,271,558,281],"content":"This section proposes a method for studying passenger incidence","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,282,560,291],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,282,559,291],"content":"with respect to scheduled departure times by using AFC smartcard","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,305,560,315],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,305,558,315],"content":"ney, the method depends on the concepts of attractive departure,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,316,518,325],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,316,518,325],"content":"scheduled waiting time (SWT), and incidence headway.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,326,560,337],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,326,558,337],"content":" An attractive departure is a departure scheduled from the passen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,338,560,348],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,338,558,348],"content":"ger's station of incidence that the passenger is or would have been","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,349,560,358],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,349,559,358],"content":"willing to board, regardless of how willing is defined. The use of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,359,560,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,359,560,370],"content":"\"attractive” is in the tradition of Spiess and Florian and Nguyen and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,371,560,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,371,558,381],"content":"Pallottino in their work on hyperpaths and optimal strategies (9, 10).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,382,560,392],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,382,559,392],"content":"They defined the atractive set of lines as the set that a passenger","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,393,560,402],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,393,559,402],"content":"is willing to board at a given location. This concept makes explicit","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,403,560,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,403,559,414],"content":"the possibility that some scheduled departures may not be viable","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,415,560,424],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,415,558,424],"content":"alternatives for a given passenger as a function of that passenger's","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,425,560,435],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,425,558,435],"content":"destination and of the subsequent itinerary of those departures. For","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,436,560,446],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,436,558,446],"content":"example, on a line with a trunk and branches, passengers bound for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,447,560,457],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,447,559,457],"content":"one of the branches may experience longer headways than those","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,458,415,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,458,415,468],"content":" traveling only on the trunk.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,469,560,479],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,469,559,479],"content":"SWT is the time the passenger should have to wait according","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,480,560,490],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,480,558,490],"content":"to the schedule, given his or her time of incidence and attractive","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,491,560,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,491,559,501],"content":" departures. SWT is defined as the length of time between passenger","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,502,472,512],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,502,472,512],"content":" incidence and the next attractive departure.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,513,560,523],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,513,559,523],"content":"Incidence headway is the (scheduled) headway applicable to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,524,560,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,524,558,534],"content":"the passenger given his or her time of incidence and set of attrac-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,535,560,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,535,559,545],"content":"tive departures. Incidence headway is defined as the length of time","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,546,560,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,546,559,556],"content":"between the last attractive departure before the time of incidence","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,557,518,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,557,515,567],"content":"and the next such departure after the time of incidence.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,568,560,579],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,568,558,579],"content":"The above six studies of passenger incidence all selected places","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,580,560,589],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,580,559,589],"content":" and times of observation so as to avoid ambiguity with respect to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,590,560,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,590,558,599],"content":"each passenger's attractive departures. They minimized the mea-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,600,560,611],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,600,559,611],"content":"surement of SwT and incidence headways by selecting stations","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,612,560,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,612,560,622],"content":"served by only a single service pattern and, in some cases, with a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,623,560,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,623,558,632],"content":"constant headway. While this may be sufficient for modeling the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,633,560,644],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,633,560,644],"content":"behavior of certain group of passengers, it is clearly inadequate","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,645,560,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,645,558,654],"content":"for understanding behavior across an entire network. In many real-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,655,560,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,655,558,666],"content":" world public transport networks, the largest numbers of passengers","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,667,560,677],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,667,559,677],"content":"are incident at large stations or terminals that provide access to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,678,403,688],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,678,403,688],"content":"heterogeneous services.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,689,560,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,689,558,699],"content":"In the case of the London Overground, this incidence is most","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,700,560,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,700,558,710],"content":"problematic on the North London Line (NLL). Consider, for exam-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[316,711,560,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,711,558,721],"content":"ple, passengers incident to the NLL at Stratford, one of the Over-","type":"text"}]}]],"layout_bboxes":[{"layout_bbox":[53,60,295,734],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]},{"layout_bbox":[316,60,560,734],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"page_idx":2,"page_size":[612.0,792.0],"_layout_tree":[{"layout_bbox":[0,60,612.0,734],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[{"layout_bbox":[53,60,295,734],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]},{"layout_bbox":[316,60,560,734],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}]}],"images":[],"tables":[],"interline_equations":[],"inline_equations":[{"bbox":[192,206,218,217],"content":"30\\;\\mathrm{{min}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[63,260,84,270],"content":"5\\;\\mathrm{min}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[53,293,74,304],"content":"1-p,","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[216,305,222,316],"content":"p_{!}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[106,359,112,370],"content":"p","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[215,458,244,468],"content":"^{1,470{\\mathrm{~h~}}}","type":"inline_equation"}],"droped_text_block":[{"bbox":[52,34,66,44],"content":"54","type":"text","tag":"page_no"},{"bbox":[417,34,559,45],"content":"Transportation Research Record 2274","type":"text","tag":"header"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[53.28,35.28,64.8,42.84]],"header":[[417.96,35.64,559.08,43.56]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]}},"page_3":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[52,62,295,74],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,62,295,74],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,62,295,74],"content":"was running a mostly (but not perfectly) regular 15-min (i.e., four","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[52,75,295,84],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,75,295,84],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,75,295,84],"content":"trains per hour) service all day from Stratford to the end of the NLL","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[52,85,295,96],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,85,295,96],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,85,295,96],"content":"at Richmond. 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the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,303,558,314],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,303,558,314],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,303,558,314],"content":"journey in question under the above assumptions. Lines 1 through 3","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,315,559,325],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,315,559,325],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,315,559,325],"content":"accomplish the simple task of finding the next attractive departure","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,326,558,336],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,326,558,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,326,558,336],"content":"and thus determining SWT. Lines 4 through 9 search backward in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,337,559,347],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,337,559,347],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,337,398,347],"content":"time in increments of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[399,337,416,347],"content":"H_{\\mathrm{min}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,337,559,347],"content":"until either a new attractive departure","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,348,558,358],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,348,558,358],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,348,334,358],"content":"time","type":"text"},{"bbox":[335,348,341,358],"content":"d","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[342,348,521,358],"content":"is found or the time has been moved by more than","type":"text"},{"bbox":[522,348,538,358],"content":"H_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[542,348,558,357],"content":"H_{\\mathrm{min}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[315,359,559,369],"lines":[{"bbox":[315,359,559,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[315,359,559,369],"content":"is the largest step possible such that the search will never skip over","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,370,559,381],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,370,559,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,370,559,381],"content":"a possible attractive departure. In theory, the algorithm could use","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,382,559,392],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,382,559,392],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,382,559,392],"content":"the timetable to determine the next departure time in this backward","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[317,393,559,403],"lines":[{"bbox":[317,393,559,403],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,393,539,403],"content":"search process rather than blindly stepping in increments of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[540,393,556,402],"content":"H_{\\mathrm{min}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,404,558,414],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,404,558,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,404,558,414],"content":"However, the algorithm is unaware of particular departure times","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[317,415,559,425],"lines":[{"bbox":[317,415,559,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,415,558,425],"content":"since the Path( ) function encapsulates all knowledge of the timetable","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[317,426,559,436],"lines":[{"bbox":[317,426,559,436],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,426,558,436],"content":"itself. This particular algorithmic design is motivated primarily by","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,437,558,447],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,437,558,447],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,437,558,447],"content":"implementation concerns that are discussed in the following section.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[325,448,559,459],"lines":[{"bbox":[325,448,559,459],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,448,558,459],"content":" A 272-line Perl script was written to implement the algorithm for","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,460,559,470],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,460,559,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,460,559,470],"content":"individual Oyster passenger journey records. The Path( ） function","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,504,554,513],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,504,554,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,504,554,513],"content":"EQUATION BOX 1 Algorithm to Find SWT and Incidence Headway","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,514,427,524],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,514,427,524],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,514,427,524],"content":"for a Given Passenger Journey","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[338,693,535,717],"lines":[{"bbox":[338,693,535,717],"spans":[{"bbox":[338,693,535,717],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_20700000\/libgen.scimag20754000-20754999.zip_10.3141\/2274-05\/tables\/3_338_538_535_717.jpg"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[52,62,295,74],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,62,295,74],"content":"was running a mostly (but not perfectly) regular 15-min (i.e., four","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,75,295,84],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,75,295,84],"content":"trains per hour) service all day from Stratford to the end of the NLL","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,85,295,96],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,85,295,96],"content":"at Richmond. This service was augmented with occasional irregular","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,97,295,106],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,97,295,106],"content":"services, including a shuttle that ran only as far as Camden Road,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,107,295,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,107,295,118],"content":"and one special that ran on the NLL to Willesden Junction but then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,119,295,129],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,119,293,129],"content":"on the West London Line to Clapham Junction. It is not immediately","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,141,295,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,141,295,151],"content":"senger at Stratford, and thus not clear what incidence headway each","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,164,218,174],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,164,217,174],"content":"avoiding stations such as Stratford altogether.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[61,175,295,184],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,175,294,184],"content":"The method proposed here is designed as a tool to support the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,185,295,195],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,185,295,195],"content":"study of passenger incidence behavior in general (i.e., by including","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,196,295,208],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,196,294,208],"content":"locations with heterogeneous services) and to facilitate its applica-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,209,295,217],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,209,295,217],"content":"tion in practical transit management. The method does so by estimat-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,218,295,226],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,218,295,226],"content":"ing SWT and incidence headway automatically from the integration","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,227,295,237],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,227,295,237],"content":"of published timetables with disaggregate AFC passenger journey","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,238,184,248],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,238,184,248],"content":"data via schedule-based assignment.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[61,249,295,259],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,249,295,259],"content":"Schedule-based assignment depends on a run-based model","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,260,295,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,260,295,270],"content":"of public transport supply, which is very similar to the line-based","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,271,295,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,271,265,281],"content":"model of supply, but unfolded in the temporal dimension","type":"text"},{"bbox":[266,271,281,281],"content":"(l l)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[282,271,295,281],"content":". In","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,282,295,292],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,282,295,292],"content":"such a model, each individual scheduled or actual run (or trip) of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,293,295,302],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,293,295,302],"content":"the public transport service is represented individually by its own","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,303,295,314],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,303,295,314],"content":"subgraph. In the subgraph for a given run, the nodes represent the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,315,295,325],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,315,295,325],"content":"arrival, departure, or transit of that run at a specific location at a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,326,295,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,326,295,336],"content":"specific time. The links represent travel (or dwelling) on that run","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,337,295,347],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,337,295,347],"content":"between specific points in time and space. The combination of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,348,295,357],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,348,295,357],"content":"subgraphs of all runs is referred to as the service subgraph. Demand","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,358,295,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,358,295,369],"content":"is also modeled with temporal as well as spatial dimensions in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,382,295,392],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,382,295,392],"content":"demand in time (according to user departure and arrival times)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[52,393,295,402],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,393,295,402],"content":"and space (according to the physical network). The access-egress","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,403,295,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,403,295,414],"content":"subgraph joins the service and demand subgraphs with boarding","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,415,295,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,415,295,425],"content":"and alighting links. The union of these three subgraphs is referred","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,426,295,435],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,426,295,435],"content":"to as the diachronic graph representation. One benefit of such a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,436,295,443],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,436,294,443],"content":"representation is that shortest travel time paths can be found via","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,444,295,455],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,444,294,455],"content":"standard shortest-path network algorithms such as Bellman-Ford or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,456,109,465],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,456,109,465],"content":"Dijkstra's (12).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[61,466,295,477],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,466,295,477],"content":"In this paper it is assumed that for a given origin, destination, and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,478,295,488],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,478,294,488],"content":"time of incidence, all passengers plan to use the single schedule-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,489,295,498],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,489,295,498],"content":"based path (i.e., set of scheduled services) through the network that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,499,295,510],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,499,295,510],"content":"minimizes total travel time. 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For example, actual","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[53,465,295,475],"lines":[{"bbox":[53,465,295,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,465,295,475],"content":"recorded train arrival and departure times (rather than published","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,477,270,487],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,477,270,487],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,477,270,487],"content":" timetables) could be used in the schedule-based assignment.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[52,510,153,524],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,510,153,524],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,510,153,524],"content":"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[52,531,294,540],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,531,294,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,531,294,540],"content":"The authors thank Nigel Wilson for cosupervising the research proj-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[53,541,295,550],"lines":[{"bbox":[53,541,295,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,541,295,550],"content":"ect and providing critical input to the master's thesis on which this","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[52,551,294,561],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,551,294,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,551,294,561],"content":"paper is based. The authors also thank Transport for London for pro-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[53,562,295,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[53,562,295,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,562,295,572],"content":"viding the financial and institutional support for this research, the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[52,573,294,583],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,573,294,583],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,573,294,583],"content":"opportunity to work in the agency, and access to the data used in this","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[52,584,295,595],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,584,295,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,584,295,595],"content":"paper and specifically thank Oliver Bratton of London Overground","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,62,559,73],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,62,559,73],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,62,559,73],"content":"Rail Operations Ltd for insight into the issues and the dynamics of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,74,439,84],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,74,439,84],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,74,439,84],"content":"the London Overground network.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,106,379,115],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,106,379,115],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,106,379,115],"content":"REFERENCES","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[320,127,559,137],"lines":[{"bbox":[320,127,559,137],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,127,559,137],"content":"1. 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Elwin","type":"text"},{"bbox":[265,107,354,119],"content":"Randy A. Freeman","type":"text"},{"bbox":[417,107,495,119],"content":" Kevin M. Lynch","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,150,301,160],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,150,300,160],"content":"AbstractWe develop an environmental estimation method","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,161,301,171],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,161,300,171],"content":"that allows large groups of agents to infer the value of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,172,301,180],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,172,299,180],"content":"an environmental field using measurements. 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INTRODUCTION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,330,301,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,330,298,340],"content":"A common problem in sciences such as oceanography,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,341,301,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,341,300,352],"content":"earth science, and atmospheric science is to infer the value","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,353,301,364],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,353,299,364],"content":"of a scalar field (e.g., temperature, chemical concentration,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,365,301,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,365,300,376],"content":"radiation intensity) anywhere in an environment based on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,377,301,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,377,300,388],"content":"irregularly spaced measurements. 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Using this system,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,293,560,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,293,559,304],"content":"the full set of measurements and a complete environment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,305,560,316],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,305,559,316],"content":"representation are never communicated to or stored by a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,317,560,328],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,317,559,328],"content":"single computer. When communication with a remote base","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,330,560,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,330,558,340],"content":"station (e.g., via satellite) costs significantly more than inter-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,341,560,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,341,560,352],"content":"agent communication (e.g., via XBee), minimizing such","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,353,501,364],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,353,501,364],"content":"communication becomes especially important.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,365,560,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,365,558,376],"content":"In Section II we compare DVIM to existing methods in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,377,560,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,377,558,388],"content":"the literature. In Section II we formulate the problem, intro-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,389,560,399],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,389,559,399],"content":"ducing VIM and FEM. Section IV describes our distributed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,401,560,411],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,401,558,411],"content":"solution, DVIM, and the query system. Section V provides","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,412,560,424],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,412,559,424],"content":"simulation results. We outline our conclusions and future","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,425,394,435],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,425,394,435],"content":"work in Section VI.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[377,444,494,455],"spans":[{"bbox":[377,444,494,455],"content":"I1. METHOD COMPARISON","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,460,560,471],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,460,558,471],"content":"We compare DVIM to existing techniques whose com-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,472,560,483],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,472,559,483],"content":"putation, communication, and memory requirements do not","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,484,560,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,484,558,495],"content":"increase with respect to the number of agents. Many criteria","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,496,560,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,496,558,507],"content":"can be used to evaluate methods, but in this work we","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,508,560,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,508,558,518],"content":"are particularly concerned with three desirable properties:","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,519,560,532],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,519,559,532],"content":" scalability with respect to the environment representation,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,533,560,543],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,533,558,543],"content":"scalability with respect to agent density, and incorporation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,544,434,555],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,544,434,555],"content":" of all relevant measurements.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,556,560,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,556,558,567],"content":"Scalability with respect to the environment representa-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,568,560,579],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,568,560,579],"content":"tion means that every agent's memory and communication","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,580,560,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,580,558,591],"content":"requirements do not increase with the resolution of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,592,560,603],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,592,559,603],"content":"environment model. Methods that scale with the environment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,604,560,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,604,559,615],"content":"representation allow adding more agents with fixed capabil-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,616,484,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,616,484,627],"content":"ities to obtain higher resolution estimates.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,628,560,638],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,628,558,638],"content":"Scalability with respect to agent density means that every","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,640,560,651],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,640,559,651],"content":"agent's memory and communication requirements do not","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,652,560,663],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,652,559,663],"content":"increase as the density of the agents in the environment (and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,664,560,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,664,559,675],"content":"therefore measurement density) increases. High measurement","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,676,560,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,676,558,687],"content":"density contributes to more accurate estimates, so methods","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,688,560,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,688,558,699],"content":"with this property provide opportunities for improved accu-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,700,523,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,700,523,711],"content":"racy by adding more agents with fixed capabilities.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,714,560,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,714,558,726],"content":"Methods that incorporate all relevant measurements gen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,727,560,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,727,558,734],"content":"erate an estimate at a given point using measurements from","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[51,51,301,93],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,51,301,93],"spans":[{"bbox":[57,51,295,93],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_64300000\/libgen.scimag64345000-64345999.zip_10.1109\/CDC.2016.7799180\/tables\/1_57_51_295_93.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[69,102,281,113],"lines":[{"bbox":[69,102,281,113],"spans":[{"bbox":[69,102,281,113],"content":"COMPARISON OF THE VARIOUS METHODS. 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At each","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,79,300,90],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,79,298,90],"content":"time-step, the state is estimated using the parallel Schwarz","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,91,300,100],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,91,298,100],"content":"method and measurements are incorporated using a Kalman","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,101,300,113],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,101,300,113],"content":"filter update. The method requires only information shared","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,114,300,126],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,114,300,126],"content":"by adjacent regions to be exchanged and converges to a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,127,300,137],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,127,300,137],"content":"centralized solution; therefore the method scales with agent","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,138,257,150],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,138,255,150],"content":"density and incorporates all relevant information.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[51,158,231,169],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,158,229,169],"content":"G. Distributed Variational Inverse Method","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[62,174,300,186],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,174,300,186],"content":"This method, as developed here, is scalable with respect","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,187,300,198],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,187,299,198],"content":"to environment representation, agent density, and incorpo-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,199,300,210],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,199,299,210],"content":"rates relevant measurements when forming an estimate. The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,211,300,221],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,211,299,221],"content":"environment representation is the total number of nodes in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,222,300,233],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,222,300,233],"content":"a global FEM mesh, but each agent handles only a subset","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,234,300,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,234,298,245],"content":"of those nodes. 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Finally, in each agents? region,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,295,300,305],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,295,300,305],"content":"the estimate matches the centralized VIM method, which","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,306,251,317],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,306,251,317],"content":"incorporates all measurements into the estimate.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[62,318,300,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,318,300,330],"content":"Unlike [15], [17], our method does not require a model","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,331,300,342],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,331,300,342],"content":"of the field; thus it is applicable in situations when partial","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,343,300,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,343,299,353],"content":"differential equations for the environment are not known.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,354,300,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,354,299,366],"content":"Additionally, we present a method to form consistent finite","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,367,300,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,367,299,378],"content":"element meshes in a distributed manner and a query system","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,379,300,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,379,299,389],"content":"to extract the estimate, issues that are not addressed in [15],","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,390,74,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,390,74,401],"content":"[17].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[93,410,257,422],"spans":[{"bbox":[93,410,257,422],"content":"III. VARIATIONAL INVERSE METHOD","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[51,427,198,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,427,198,438],"content":"A.Sensor and Environment Model","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[62,443,300,454],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,443,207,454],"content":"The environment is a scalar field","type":"text"},{"bbox":[208,443,237,453],"content":"\\bar{\\phi}(x,y)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,443,300,453],"content":" over a region","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,454,300,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,455,86,467],"content":"\\Omega\\subset{\\mathbb{R}}^{2}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[87,456,231,466],"content":". 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There","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,532,300,543],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,532,68,543],"content":"are","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,532,75,543],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[76,532,300,543],"content":" measurements, which we use to generate an estimate","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,544,235,555],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,544,83,555],"content":"\\phi(x,y)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[84,544,133,555],"content":" of the field","type":"text"},{"bbox":[134,544,164,555],"content":"\\bar{\\phi}(x,y)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[165,544,227,555],"content":" everywhere in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,544,235,555],"content":"\\Omega","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[51,563,179,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,563,60,574],"content":"B","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[61,563,179,574],"content":"：Variational InverseMethod","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[62,579,300,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,579,298,591],"content":"We use the Variational Inverse Method (VIM), an interpo-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,592,300,603],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,592,298,603],"content":"lation method closely related to spline interpolation to esti-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,604,300,616],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,604,299,616],"content":"mate the environment [2]-[6]. 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In this paper we use","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[326,246,531,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[326,246,531,269],"content":"{\\begin{array}{l}{S[\\phi]=\\left({\\cfrac{\\partial^{2}\\phi}{\\partial x^{2}}}\\right)^{2}+\\left({\\cfrac{\\partial^{2}\\phi}{\\partial y^{2}}}\\right)^{2}+2\\left({\\cfrac{\\partial^{2}\\phi}{\\partial x\\partial y}}\\right)^{2}}\\\\ {\\qquad+\\,\\alpha_{1}\\left(\\left({\\cfrac{\\partial\\phi}{\\partial x}}\\right)^{2}+\\left({\\cfrac{\\partial\\phi}{\\partial y}}\\right)^{2}\\right)+\\alpha_{0}(\\phi-\\phi_{0})^{2}}\\end{array}}","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[544,246,560,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[544,246,559,257],"content":"(3)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,272,328,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,272,328,281],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[544,288,560,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[545,288,560,298],"content":"(4)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[366,295,503,310],"spans":[{"bbox":[366,295,503,310],"content":"D[\\phi]=\\sum_{k=1}^{n}\\mu_{k}\\left(\\phi(x_{k},y_{k})-z_{k}\\right)^{2}","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,314,560,325],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,314,339,325],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[340,314,374,324],"content":"\\phi_{0}(x,y)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[375,314,497,324],"content":"is a known background field,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[498,314,510,324],"content":"\\alpha_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[511,314,559,324],"content":"is a weight","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,325,560,339],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,326,385,338],"content":" on the curvature,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[386,325,398,339],"content":"\\alpha_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[399,326,545,339],"content":"weights the error of the field, and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[546,325,558,339],"content":"\\mu_{k}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[310,340,425,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,340,425,349],"content":"weights each measurement.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,349,560,361],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,350,439,361],"content":"The known background field","type":"text"},{"bbox":[440,349,473,361],"content":"\\phi_{0}(x,y)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[474,349,558,361],"content":"is the assumed value","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,362,560,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,362,558,372],"content":"of the field in the absence of measurements; it allows us","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,373,560,384],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,373,558,384],"content":"to incorporate prior assumptions about the field into the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,385,560,396],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,385,413,396],"content":"estimate. Alternatively,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,385,448,396],"content":"\\phi_{0}(x,y)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[449,385,558,396],"content":" can be taken to be the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,397,560,408],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,397,559,408],"content":"average of the data, a linear fit to the data, or zero. 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FEM consists of the following five steps:","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,479,560,489],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,479,556,489],"content":"1) Divide the domain into sub-domains called elements.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,490,560,502],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,490,560,502],"content":" 2) Find interpolating equations for each element based on ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[336,503,547,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[336,503,546,513],"content":"values at points within each element, called nodes.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,514,560,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,514,558,525],"content":" 3) Assemble elements into a global system of equations.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,526,419,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,526,419,537],"content":"4) Solve the equations.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,538,560,549],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,538,558,549],"content":"5) Post-process the result to obtain information from the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[336,550,535,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[337,550,535,561],"content":"solution, for example, producing a visualization.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,563,560,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,563,559,574],"content":"1） Dividing the domain: The domain is partitioned into","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,575,560,585],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,575,357,585],"content":"a mesh of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[358,575,367,585],"content":"m","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[368,575,559,585],"content":" non-overlapping sub-domains called elements","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,587,560,597],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,587,476,597],"content":"(see Figure 2). 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If two","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,233,301,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,233,300,243],"content":"agents have intersecting RODs, they are neighbors and must","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,244,155,255],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,244,155,255],"content":"be able to communicate.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,256,301,265],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,256,300,265],"content":"We use bounded Voronoi regions for establishing","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,266,301,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,267,230,277],"content":"RODs, defined as the set of all points ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[231,266,254,278],"content":"(x,y)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[255,266,301,277],"content":"such that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,278,301,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,278,218,288],"content":"\\|(x,y)-(x_{i},y_{i})\\|<\\|(x,y)-(x_{j},y_{j})\\|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[219,280,239,288],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[240,279,284,288],"content":"(x,y)\\in\\Omega","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[285,279,299,288],"content":"for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,291,301,303],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,291,65,303],"content":"all","type":"text"},{"bbox":[66,291,88,303],"content":"i\\neq j","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[89,291,300,303],"content":". Two agents are Voronoi neighbors if their Voronoi","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,304,301,314],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,304,300,314],"content":"regions share an edge. If the agents know their absolute","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,315,301,327],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,315,300,327],"content":" position and can communicate with their Voronoi neighbors,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,328,301,339],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,328,299,339],"content":"the algorithm of [19] allows distributed computation of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,340,301,350],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,340,300,350],"content":"region. As argued in [19], this communication requirement","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,351,301,363],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,351,301,363],"content":"results in scalable networks because, on average, each agent ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,364,166,373],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,364,166,373],"content":"has, at most, six neighbors.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,374,301,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,374,300,385],"content":" 2) Consistent Mesh: Once the agents know their ROD,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,387,301,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,387,298,397],"content":"they must form a mesh consistent with their neighbors'","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,398,301,410],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,398,300,410],"content":"meshes. Although agents compute their meshes indepen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,411,301,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,411,299,419],"content":"dently, agents with shared edges must place any mesh","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,421,301,435],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,421,300,435],"content":"vertices on those edges at the same location. Assuming a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,436,301,446],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,436,300,446],"content":"polygonal ROD, every agent first divides its edges into the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,447,301,458],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,447,300,458],"content":" minimum number of segments such that no segment exceeds","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,459,301,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,459,219,470],"content":"some pre-determined maximum length ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[220,459,240,470],"content":"\\ell_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[241,459,300,470],"content":". The vertices","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,471,301,482],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,471,299,482],"content":"subdividing these edges will be vertices in the resulting mesh,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,483,301,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,483,299,495],"content":"and, due to symmetry, they will be at the same absolute","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,496,170,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,496,170,506],"content":"location for adjacent agents.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,507,301,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,507,299,519],"content":"Next, each agent runs the meshing algorithm of [18],","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,520,301,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,520,299,531],"content":"which generates a mesh with no triangle edge lengths ex-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,532,301,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,532,88,542],"content":"ceeding","type":"text"},{"bbox":[89,532,109,542],"content":"\\ell_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[110,532,300,542],"content":". If the algorithm adds vertices on the ROD","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,543,301,554],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,543,300,554],"content":"edges, they must be removed. Vertex removal is well-defined ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,555,266,565],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,555,266,565],"content":"on the structure returned by the meshing algorithm.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,566,301,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,566,300,578],"content":"3) Distributed FEM: After determining its ROD and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,579,301,590],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,579,150,590],"content":"meshing it, every agent","type":"text"},{"bbox":[151,579,155,590],"content":"i","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[156,579,172,590],"content":"has","type":"text"},{"bbox":[173,579,186,590],"content":"m_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[187,579,243,590],"content":" elements and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[244,579,253,590],"content":"p_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[254,579,300,590],"content":"nodes. Let","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,591,301,603],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,591,64,601],"content":"E_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[65,591,260,601],"content":" denote the set of elements contained in agent","type":"text"},{"bbox":[261,591,264,603],"content":"i","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[266,591,299,600],"content":"'s ROD.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,601,301,613],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,604,252,613],"content":" Since elements are not shared between agents,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[253,604,264,613],"content":"E_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[265,602,285,613],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[286,601,298,613],"content":"E_{j}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[51,615,301,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,615,117,626],"content":"are disjoint for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[118,615,140,625],"content":"i\\neq j","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[141,615,300,625],"content":". Thus, each agent has a regional node","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,626,301,640],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,627,82,639],"content":"vector","type":"text"},{"bbox":[83,627,122,640],"content":"\\bar{q}_{i}\\,\\in\\,\\mathbb{R}^{p_{i}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[123,628,186,640],"content":"(analogous to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[187,626,192,640],"content":"q.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[193,627,301,640],"content":"), which is related to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,641,244,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,641,244,650],"content":"node vectors for each element in its region by","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[120,651,231,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[120,651,231,666],"content":"q_{f}={\\bar{L}}_{f}{\\bar{q}}_{i},{\\mathrm{~for~all~}}f\\in E_{i},","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[281,655,301,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[281,655,300,664],"content":"(16)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,671,301,683],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,671,204,683],"content":"where the stochastic Boolean 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E_{i}}\\bar{L}_{f}^{T}K_{f}\\bar{L}_{f}","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[281,713,301,723],"spans":[{"bbox":[281,713,300,723],"content":"(17)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,54,328,63],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,54,328,63],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[399,67,471,90],"spans":[{"bbox":[399,67,471,90],"content":"{\\bar{g}}_{i}=\\sum_{f\\in E_{i}}{\\bar{L}}_{f}^{T}g_{f}.","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[539,67,561,77],"spans":[{"bbox":[540,67,559,77],"content":"(18)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[317,97,561,108],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,97,427,108],"content":"The map between agent","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,97,432,108],"content":"i","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[433,97,559,108],"content":"'s node vector and the global","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,109,561,122],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,109,409,119],"content":"node vector is given by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[410,109,436,122],"content":"g(i,j)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[437,109,477,120],"content":"such 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l}{\\mathrm{argmin}}&{{}\\displaystyle\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\left(\\bar{q}_{i}^{T}\\bar{K}_{i}\\bar{q}_{i}-2\\bar{q}_{i}^{T}\\bar{g}_{i}\\right)}\\end{array}","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[317,196,454,208],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,196,383,208],"content":"with respect to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[384,196,392,208],"content":"\\bar{q}_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[393,196,411,208],"content":", for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,196,434,208],"content":"i=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[435,196,446,208],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[447,196,453,208],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[317,210,548,224],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,210,362,224],"content":"subject to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[363,210,424,224],"content":"[\\bar{q}_{i}]_{j}=[q]_{g(i,j)}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[425,210,442,224],"content":", for","type":"text"},{"bbox":[443,210,465,224],"content":"i=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[466,210,476,224],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,210,483,224],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[484,210,504,224],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[505,210,528,224],"content":"j=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[529,210,539,224],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[540,210,548,223],"content":"p_{i}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[539,224,561,235],"spans":[{"bbox":[540,224,560,235],"content":"(19)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,240,561,252],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,240,558,252],"content":"Note that the measurements enter the minimization prob-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,255,561,267],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,255,408,267],"content":"lem (19) via the term","type":"text"},{"bbox":[409,255,417,266],"content":"{\\bar{g}}_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,255,559,266],"content":". The distributed ADMM method","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,267,561,279],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,268,546,277],"content":" of [8] allows every agent to solve this problem for its own","type":"text"},{"bbox":[547,267,555,279],"content":"\\bar{q}_{i}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,278,561,288],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,279,415,288],"content":"Due to the constraints on","type":"text"},{"bbox":[416,278,424,288],"content":"\\bar{q}_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[425,280,558,288],"content":", the union of all agents solutions","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,291,561,303],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,291,559,303],"content":"is equivalent to solving the global FEM problem on the union","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,304,402,314],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,304,402,314],"content":"of all agents' meshes.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[317,314,561,327],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,315,342,327],"content":"Let","type":"text"},{"bbox":[343,315,362,327],"content":"N_{i,j}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,315,487,327],"content":"be the set of all pairs","type":"text"},{"bbox":[488,314,509,327],"content":"(k,l)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[510,314,560,327],"content":"such  that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,328,561,339],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,328,374,339],"content":"[\\bar{q}_{k}]_{l}=[q]_{g(i,j)}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[375,328,445,339],"content":". In other words,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[446,328,464,339],"content":"N_{i,j}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[465,328,559,339],"content":"is the set of all agent-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,340,561,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,340,558,349],"content":"index, local-node-index pairs corresponding to the global","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,350,561,364],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,351,359,363],"content":"node index","type":"text"},{"bbox":[360,350,385,364],"content":"g(i,j)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[386,350,465,364],"content":". The cardinality of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[466,350,484,364],"content":"N_{i,j}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[485,350,488,364],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,350,513,364],"content":"|N_{i,j}|","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[514,350,559,364],"content":"is then the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,365,561,373],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,365,558,373],"content":"number of local nodes corresponding to a given global node.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,374,561,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,374,455,385],"content":" To implement ADMM, every agent","type":"text"},{"bbox":[456,374,460,385],"content":"i","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[461,374,557,385],"content":"iterates over three steps.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,387,561,398],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,387,559,398],"content":"We show a version specific to our problem derived from [8]:","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[539,410,561,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[540,410,559,419],"content":"(20)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[539,435,561,447],"spans":[{"bbox":[539,435,561,447],"content":"(21)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[330,447,523,465],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,447,523,465],"content":"\\begin{array}{c}{\\displaystyle[\\xi_{i}(t)]_{j}=\\frac{1}{\\vert N_{i,j}\\vert}\\sum_{(k,l)\\in N_{i,j}}[\\hat{q}_{k}(t)]_{l},}\\\\ {\\displaystyle\\hat{q}_{i}(t+1)=(\\bar{K}_{i}+\\rho I)^{-1}(\\bar{g}_{i}-\\nu_{i}(t)+\\rho\\xi_{i}(t)),}\\\\ {\\nu_{i}(t+1)=\\nu_{i}(t)+\\rho\\left(\\hat{q}_{i}(t)-\\xi_{i}(t)\\right),}\\end{array}","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[539,450,561,462],"spans":[{"bbox":[539,450,560,462],"content":"(22)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,471,561,483],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,471,339,483],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[340,471,365,481],"content":"\\rho>0","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[366,471,489,481],"content":" is an optimization parameter,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[490,471,494,483],"content":"t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[495,471,558,482],"content":"is the discrete-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,482,561,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,484,364,495],"content":"time index,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[365,482,417,495],"content":"\\xi_{i}(t)~\\in~\\mathbb{R}^{p_{i}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[418,482,424,495],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[425,482,478,495],"content":"\\hat{q}_{i}(t)~\\in~\\mathbb{R}^{p_{i}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[479,484,501,495],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[502,483,557,495],"content":"\\nu_{i}(k)~\\in~\\mathbb{R}^{p_{i}}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,496,561,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,496,559,506],"content":"are the state variables of the ADMM algorithm. The agents","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,507,561,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,507,560,519],"content":" execute this algorithm repeatedly until a stopping condition","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,520,561,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,520,558,531],"content":"is met; we use a fixed number of iterations, but adopting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,532,561,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,532,558,542],"content":"the stopping criteria of [8] is left for future work. 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Only nodal values on the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,616,561,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,616,558,626],"content":"boundary of an ROD must be transmitted; nodes on the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,627,561,639],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,627,559,639],"content":"interior of the ROD directly correspond to a unique entry","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,640,462,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,640,322,650],"content":"in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[323,640,330,650],"content":"q","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[331,640,462,650],"content":"and need not be communicated.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[317,650,561,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,655,503,660],"content":"Equation (21) is the primal update step, and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[504,650,523,661],"content":"\\hat{q}_{i}(t)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[524,655,559,664],"content":"is agent","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[317,661,561,676],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,662,394,675],"content":"'s local estimate of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[395,661,403,676],"content":"\\bar{q}_{i}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[404,665,559,675],"content":". 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Due to noise and because no interpolation method","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,642,512,653],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,642,512,653],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,642,512,653],"content":"is perfect, the actual and estimated values differ.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[390,659,480,671],"lines":[{"bbox":[390,659,480,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[390,659,480,671],"content":"VI. CONCLUSION","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,675,560,687],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,675,560,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,675,558,687],"content":"We have introduced distributed VIM (DVIM), which uses","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,688,560,699],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,688,560,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,688,558,699],"content":"a distributed FEM solver based on ADMM to generate envi-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,700,560,711],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,700,560,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,700,559,711],"content":"ronment estimates. Although the estimates generated match","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,712,560,723],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,712,560,723],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,712,558,723],"content":" a centralized solution, no single agent has a full environment","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[309,724,560,735],"lines":[{"bbox":[309,724,560,735],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,724,558,735],"content":" representation. The scaling properties of the algorithm mean","type":"text"}]}]}],"layout_bboxes":[{"layout_bbox":[52,52,299,742],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]},{"layout_bbox":[308,52,564,742],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"page_idx":5,"page_size":[612.0,792.0],"_layout_tree":[{"layout_bbox":[0,52,612.0,742],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[{"layout_bbox":[52,52,299,742],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]},{"layout_bbox":[308,52,564,742],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}]}],"images":[],"tables":[],"interline_equations":[],"inline_equations":[{"bbox":[128,66,153,77],"content":"g(i,j)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,66,242,77],"content":"i","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[262,66,267,77],"content":"j","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[109,90,128,100],"content":"\\xi_{i}(t)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[160,148,186,162],"content":"g(i,j)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[53,486,73,498],"content":"\\ell_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[371,247,384,259],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[396,260,408,270],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[370,319,382,330],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[401,331,414,342],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[397,343,409,354],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[312,487,447,498],"content":"\\bar{\\phi}(x,y)=x^{4}y\\!+\\!x^{3}y\\!+\\!y^{2}\\!+\\!x^{2}\\!+\\!2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[325,499,362,508],"content":"(0.5,0.5)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[470,509,521,523],"content":"\\ell_{\\mathrm{max}}=0.25","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[525,509,555,522],"content":"\\alpha_{0}=0","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[312,523,350,533],"content":"\\alpha_{1}=0.3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,523,379,533],"content":"\\rho=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[384,523,413,533],"content":"\\mu_{i}=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[434,524,486,533],"content":"\\phi_{0}(x,y)=0","type":"inline_equation"}],"droped_text_block":[{"bbox":[295,749,316,758],"content":"5923","type":"text","tag":"page_no"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[297.0,748.8,315.36,756.72]],"header":[],"footer":[],"footnote":[]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[60,53,310,65],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,53,310,65],"content":"The agents cannot compute equation (20) directly because ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,66,303,77],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,66,127,77],"content":"they do not know","type":"text"},{"bbox":[128,66,153,77],"content":"g(i,j)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[154,66,237,77],"content":". 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For a fixed number of global","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,343,303,354],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,343,300,354],"content":" nodes, adding more agents decreases the number of nodes","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,355,303,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,355,300,365],"content":"per agent (and hence its memory usage); alternatively, adding","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,366,303,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,366,302,378],"content":"more agents with fixed capabilities allows the number of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,379,303,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,379,300,390],"content":" global nodes to increase. Thus the agents’ memory usage","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,391,258,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,391,257,401],"content":"scales with respect to environment representation.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,402,303,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,402,301,414],"content":"Communication per agent does not directly depend on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,415,303,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,415,300,425],"content":"the environmental representation size, but rather it increases","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,426,303,436],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,426,300,436],"content":"with the number of nodes on ROD boundaries. For Voronoi","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,437,303,447],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,437,301,447],"content":"regions, as the number of agents increases, the number of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,448,303,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,448,300,461],"content":"Voronoi edges (and hence communication neighbors) per","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,462,303,472],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,462,300,472],"content":" agent remains (on average) constant [20]. As agent density","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,473,303,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,473,299,485],"content":"increases, Voronoi region perimeter decreases, and, for fixed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,486,303,498],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,486,73,498],"content":"\\ell_{\\mathrm{max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[74,487,300,498],"content":", the number of shared nodes per agent approaches the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,499,303,508],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,499,299,508],"content":"number of Voronoi vertices for that agent's region. Hence,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,509,303,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,509,300,522],"content":"the communication requirements per agent do not increase","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,523,303,533],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,523,300,533],"content":"with increasing agent density. The solutions obtained by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,534,303,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,534,300,545],"content":"individual agents, however, always match the global solution","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,546,232,558],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,546,232,558],"content":"determined over an equivalent global mesh.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,564,100,576],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,564,100,576],"content":"A. Queries","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,580,303,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,580,299,593],"content":"Although agents estimate the field within their own RODs,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,594,303,604],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,594,300,604],"content":"they do not know the field outside their ROD. A query system","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,605,303,614],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,605,301,614],"content":"allows a user at a base station to retrieve the estimate at","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,617,303,628],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,617,300,628],"content":"any location by asking any agent. A user can make sparse","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,629,303,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,629,300,641],"content":"queries over the whole field to obtain a broad estimate and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,642,303,651],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,642,299,651],"content":"then focus on areas of particular interest. If there are many","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,652,303,663],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,652,300,663],"content":"agents and measurements, making these queries requires","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,664,303,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,664,300,675],"content":"significantly less data than sending all measurements back","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,676,303,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,676,300,687],"content":"to a central computer, a savings that is compounded if","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,688,303,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,688,300,699],"content":"communication with a base station is more costly than agent-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,700,258,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,700,258,711],"content":"to-agent communication (e.g., satellite vs. XBee).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,712,303,723],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,712,298,723],"content":"Queries consist of the location of the desired estimate.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,724,303,735],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,724,300,735],"content":"Upon receiving a query, a naive approach employs depth","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,53,310,65],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,53,310,65],"content":"The agents cannot compute equation (20) directly because ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,53,560,65],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,53,558,65],"content":" first search: if the point is in the agent's region it returns","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,66,560,77],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,66,560,77],"content":" the estimate, otherwise it forwards the request to one of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,78,560,89],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,78,560,89],"content":"its neighbors. That neighbor repeats the process, but will","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,90,560,100],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,90,558,100],"content":"only return the request to the initiator after it has exhausted","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,101,560,113],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,101,559,113],"content":"all other neighbors. Since the graph is connected and the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,114,560,125],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,114,560,125],"content":" agents completely cover the region, an agent with the desired","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,126,560,136],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,126,558,136],"content":"information will eventually be found. This search can usually","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,137,560,148],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,137,558,148],"content":"be made more efficient by always picking the next neighbor","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,149,560,161],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,149,560,161],"content":" based on which is closest to the vector from the current agent","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,162,560,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,162,558,173],"content":"to the destination. By alternating between running ADMM","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,174,560,184],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,174,558,184],"content":"iterations until convergence and several rounds of querying,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,185,560,197],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,185,558,197],"content":"time-varying fields can be monitored if they change slowly.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,198,560,209],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,198,558,209],"content":"Algorithm 1 displays the query process from a single agent's","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,211,362,220],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,211,361,220],"content":"perspective.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,233,462,244],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,233,462,244],"content":"Algorithm 1 Query Implementation","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,247,474,259],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,247,370,259],"content":"1: neighbors","type":"text"},{"bbox":[371,247,384,259],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,247,474,259],"content":"{(id, ROD edge), ...}","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,260,523,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,260,395,270],"content":"2: (from, location)","type":"text"},{"bbox":[396,260,408,270],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[409,260,523,270],"content":"receive-query-for-location(","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,271,430,282],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,271,430,282],"content":"3: if location in ROD then","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,284,542,293],"spans":[{"bbox":[318,284,326,293],"content":"4:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[344,284,542,293],"content":"send-estimate-to(from, my-estimate-at(location))","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,294,347,306],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,294,347,306],"content":"5:else","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,307,374,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,307,326,318],"content":"6:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,307,374,318],"content":"repeat","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,318,529,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,319,324,330],"content":"1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[357,319,369,330],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[370,319,382,330],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[383,318,529,330],"content":"edge-closest-to(location, neighbors)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,331,507,342],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,331,325,342],"content":"8:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[358,331,400,342],"content":"neighbors","type":"text"},{"bbox":[401,331,414,342],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[415,331,507,342],"content":"remove(neighbors, to)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,343,474,354],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,343,326,354],"content":"9:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[358,343,396,354],"content":"response","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,343,409,354],"content":"\\leftarrow","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[410,343,471,354],"content":" send-query(to)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,355,560,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[314,355,326,365],"content":"10:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,355,557,365],"content":"until has-estimate(response) or is-empty(neighbors)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,366,462,378],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,366,326,378],"content":"11:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[342,366,459,378],"content":"if is-empty(neighbors) then","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,379,462,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,379,326,390],"content":"12:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[359,379,459,390],"content":"send-not-found-to(from)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,391,362,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[314,391,326,401],"content":"13:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[343,391,362,401],"content":"else","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,402,494,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[314,402,326,414],"content":"14:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[356,402,494,414],"content":" send-estimate-to(from, response)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,415,374,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[314,415,326,425],"content":"15:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[341,415,373,425],"content":"end if","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,426,362,437],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,426,358,437],"content":"16: end if","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[390,461,480,472],"spans":[{"bbox":[392,461,478,472],"content":"V. SIMULATIONS","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,473,560,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,473,558,485],"content":"We simulate 18 agents in an environment given by","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,486,560,498],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,487,447,498],"content":"\\bar{\\phi}(x,y)=x^{4}y\\!+\\!x^{3}y\\!+\\!y^{2}\\!+\\!x^{2}\\!+\\!2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[448,486,559,498],"content":" over a unit square centered","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,499,560,509],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,499,324,509],"content":"at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[325,499,362,508],"content":"(0.5,0.5)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,499,558,508],"content":". The agents have zero mean Gaussian sensor","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,509,560,523],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,510,469,522],"content":" noise with variance of 0.1. Agents use","type":"text"},{"bbox":[470,509,521,523],"content":"\\ell_{\\mathrm{max}}=0.25","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[525,509,555,522],"content":"\\alpha_{0}=0","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,523,560,533],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,523,350,533],"content":"\\alpha_{1}=0.3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,523,379,533],"content":"\\rho=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[380,523,383,533],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[384,523,413,533],"content":"\\mu_{i}=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,523,433,533],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[434,524,486,533],"content":"\\phi_{0}(x,y)=0","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,524,558,533],"content":". Figure 2 depicts","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,534,560,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,534,558,545],"content":"the agents’ Voronoi regions, their meshes, their estimates,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,546,560,557],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,546,558,557],"content":"and a location that the base station queried after running","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,558,560,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,558,559,570],"content":"the ADMM algorithm for 8000 time-steps. Figure 3 depicts","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,571,560,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,571,558,580],"content":"the actual field and Figure 4 shows the error, averaged over","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,581,560,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,581,559,593],"content":" 100 Monte-Carlo runs. The distributed solution and standard","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,594,560,604],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,594,558,604],"content":"VIM solution over the same mesh yield the same results.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,605,560,614],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,605,559,614],"content":"The query was initially directed at agent zero, and the arrows","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,617,560,628],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,617,559,628],"content":"show the chain of queries needed to determine the value at","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,629,560,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,629,558,641],"content":"(0.7, 0.6). Due to noise and because no interpolation method","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,642,512,653],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,642,512,653],"content":"is perfect, the actual and estimated values differ.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[390,659,480,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[390,659,480,671],"content":"VI. CONCLUSION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,675,560,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,675,558,687],"content":"We have introduced distributed VIM (DVIM), which uses","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,688,560,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,688,558,699],"content":"a distributed FEM solver based on ADMM to generate envi-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,700,560,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,700,559,711],"content":"ronment estimates. Although the estimates generated match","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,712,560,723],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,712,558,723],"content":" a centralized solution, no single agent has a full environment","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,724,560,735],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,724,558,735],"content":" representation. The scaling properties of the algorithm mean","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_6":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[66,53,276,180],"lines":[{"bbox":[66,53,276,180],"spans":[{"bbox":[66,53,276,180],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_64300000\/libgen.scimag64345000-64345999.zip_10.1109\/CDC.2016.7799180\/images\/6_66_53_276_180.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[66,226,272,387],"lines":[{"bbox":[66,226,272,387],"spans":[{"bbox":[73,226,272,387],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_64300000\/libgen.scimag64345000-64345999.zip_10.1109\/CDC.2016.7799180\/images\/6_73_226_272_387.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,429,301,439],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,429,301,439],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,429,300,439],"content":"that adding more agents more densely in the environment","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,442,301,453],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,442,301,453],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,442,301,453],"content":"does not increase the communication or memory burdens of ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,455,301,466],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,455,301,466],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,455,300,466],"content":"individual agents. 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Visual searching for a realistic face among non-face","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,232,291,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,232,290,243],"content":"objects corresponding to an actual scene is critical for exam-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,244,291,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,244,288,256],"content":"ining this possibility in monkeys. Given that monkeys rec-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,257,291,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,257,290,269],"content":"ognize a schematic face as a member of a facial group, pos-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,270,291,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,270,290,281],"content":"sibly a task using naturalistic stimuli will produce a clearer","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,282,291,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,282,291,294],"content":"pop-out effect. So far, however, a very limited number of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,295,291,306],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,295,291,306],"content":"studies of visual searches using realistic faces and varied","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,307,291,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,307,289,318],"content":"distracters have been conducted with non-human primates.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,319,291,331],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,319,290,331],"content":"One of the few examples is a series of chimpanzee studies","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,332,291,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,332,290,343],"content":"(Tomonaga and Imura 2015). In that series, chimpanzees","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,344,291,356],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,344,291,356],"content":"detected conspecific faces more efficiently than they detected","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,357,291,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,357,290,369],"content":"cars and houses. The efficient detection was also shown for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,370,291,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,370,291,381],"content":"adult human faces, with which the chimpanzees were rich","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,382,291,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,382,290,393],"content":"in visual experience. The underlying mechanisms of facial","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,395,291,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,395,291,406],"content":"recognition may explain the similarity in the processing of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,407,176,417],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,407,176,417],"content":"both humans and chimpanzees.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,418,291,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,418,290,432],"content":"From evidence that Old World monkeys (e.g., baboons","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,433,291,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,433,290,444],"content":"and macaques) demonstrated various facial recognition","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,445,291,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,445,290,456],"content":"abilities (Parr and Hecht 2011) and that our macaque study","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,457,291,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,457,290,468],"content":"(Nakata et al. 2014) showed a pop-out effect during the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,470,291,481],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,470,288,481],"content":"search for a schematic face, it is possible that the facial rec-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,482,291,494],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,482,290,494],"content":"ognition abilities of monkeys follow those of apes. In addi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,495,291,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,495,290,506],"content":"tion, it is important to more naturally examine visual search","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,507,291,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,507,290,519],"content":"in monkeys by allowing them to freely view the objects.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,520,291,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,520,290,531],"content":"Macaque studies exploring efficiency in searching for faces","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,532,291,543],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,532,291,543],"content":"under a free viewing condition (overt search) may provide","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,544,291,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,544,291,556],"content":" greater understanding of the facial processing in a search","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,557,225,568],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,557,225,568],"content":"task with a natural face and natural objects.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,570,291,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,570,290,580],"content":"In the present study, we examined the efficient search for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,581,291,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,581,290,593],"content":"a face by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and humans","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,594,291,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,594,291,606],"content":"under a free viewing condition. The primary purpose of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,608,291,618],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,608,291,618],"content":"study was to determine the factors involved in the efficient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,620,291,631],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,620,290,631],"content":"detection of a face among non-face objects by Japanese","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,632,291,643],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,632,290,643],"content":"macaques and humans. The study's secondary purpose was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,645,291,655],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,645,288,655],"content":"to explore the extent and the limitations of the facial rec-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,657,291,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,657,290,668],"content":"ognition efficiency of both species. In Experiment 1, we","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,670,291,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,670,290,681],"content":"examined the categorical effect for efficient detection by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,682,291,693],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,682,291,693],"content":"using several kinds of natural faces (e.g., conspecific faces","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,695,291,707],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,695,291,707],"content":"and faces of other-species members). We hypothesized that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,708,291,720],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,708,290,720],"content":"each species would exhibit more efficient searches for faces","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,56,547,67],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,56,544,67],"content":" of their own and similar species’ faces and less effcient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,70,547,80],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,70,545,80],"content":"searches for other-species faces that are clearly different","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,82,547,93],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,82,546,93],"content":"from conspecific faces, given that the search efficiency for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,94,547,106],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,94,545,106],"content":"faces is likely to be based on the subjects’ familiarity with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,107,547,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,107,545,118],"content":"conspecific faces and\/or the social relevance of conspecific","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,120,547,131],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,120,545,131],"content":"faces. In Experiment 2, we further examined which facial","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,132,547,144],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,132,544,144],"content":"information is important for the pop-out effect by modulat-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,145,485,156],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,145,485,156],"content":"ing the faces’ spatial frequency components.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,182,355,193],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,182,354,193],"content":"Methods","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,207,344,219],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,207,344,219],"content":"Animals","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,232,547,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,232,405,243],"content":"Two Japanese monkeys (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,232,416,243],"content":"M.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,232,544,243],"content":" fuscata; one male, one female;","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,244,547,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,244,397,256],"content":"ages 4-5 years; weight","type":"text"},{"bbox":[398,244,442,256],"content":"4.0–7.0\\,\\mathrm{kg})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,244,544,256],"content":" were used for the experi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,257,547,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,257,546,269],"content":"ments. They were housed alone, one per cage, but allowed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,270,547,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,270,546,281],"content":"visual and auditory communication with Japanese monkeys","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,282,547,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,282,545,294],"content":" in other cages. Their few human caretakers wore facemasks","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,295,547,306],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,295,546,306],"content":" and protective clothing to limit the animal's experience of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,307,387,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,307,387,318],"content":"whole human faces.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,331,398,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,331,398,343],"content":"Human participants","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,357,547,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[307,357,545,369],"content":"The study's human participants were 8 university students (2","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,370,547,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,370,545,381],"content":"females, 6 males; ages 19-25 years with an average of 19.8;","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,382,547,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,382,544,393],"content":"all Japanese) having normal or corrected-to-normal vision.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,406,344,417],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,406,341,417],"content":"Stimuli","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,432,547,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,432,544,444],"content":"Target stimuli were 35 colored or gray-scale facial images","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,445,547,456],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,445,544,456],"content":"chosen from the PrimFace database (http:\/\/visiome.neuroinf.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,457,547,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,457,546,468],"content":"jp\/primface) or our own face set. One set of 28 faces was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,470,547,481],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,470,547,481],"content":" always presented without filtering. The remaining 7 faces ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,482,547,494],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,482,546,494],"content":"were presented with spatial frequency filtering. A wide","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,495,547,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,495,546,506],"content":"variety of non-face objects from our own stimulus set (480","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,507,547,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,507,544,519],"content":"photographs) were also included as distracter stimuli, after","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,520,547,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,520,544,531],"content":"standardization of their dimensions (for example, see Fig. 1).","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,532,547,543],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,532,544,543],"content":"Some of the non-face objects were human-made, namely","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,544,547,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,544,546,556],"content":"buildings, clothing, electric appliances, furniture, kitchen","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,557,547,568],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,557,545,568],"content":" goods, miscellaneous goods, stationery goods, tools, vehi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,570,547,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,570,544,580],"content":"cles, and food products. Others were natural objects, namely","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,581,547,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,581,544,593],"content":"trees, fowers, rocks, vegetables, fruits, and natural scenes","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,594,547,606],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,594,545,606],"content":"(Fig. S1 and Table S1). The images were adjusted to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,608,547,618],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,608,388,618],"content":"same standard size (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[389,608,423,618],"content":"70\\times70","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[424,608,514,618],"content":"pixels, approximately","type":"text"},{"bbox":[515,608,534,618],"content":"2.0^{\\circ}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[535,608,546,618],"content":"of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,620,547,631],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,620,545,631],"content":"visual angle). The image processing was carried out with the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,632,426,643],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,632,426,643],"content":"use of Adobe Photoshop CS2.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,657,355,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,657,355,668],"content":"Apparatus","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,682,547,693],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,682,545,693],"content":"The monkeys were head-restrained and seated in a primate","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,695,547,707],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,695,545,707],"content":"chair during the experiment. To record eye movements of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,708,547,720],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,708,545,720],"content":" monkeys, a scleral search coil was implanted in one eye. A","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,258,292,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,258,290,269],"content":"Fig. 1 a An example of stimulus presentations. The screen positions","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,270,292,279],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,270,291,279],"content":"of each stimulus were selected randomly from 20 positions. In the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,280,292,289],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,280,290,289],"content":"example, the target face was positioned at the left most column in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,290,292,299],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,290,289,299],"content":"the 5th row of the stimulus array; 19 non-face distracters were pre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,300,292,309],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,300,290,309],"content":"sented at 19 other positions. b Examples of face stimuli presented","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,310,292,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,310,290,320],"content":"in the test trials of each generalization phase. 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Previous","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,306,546,317],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,306,545,317],"content":"studies have used the slope of reaction times to search for a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,319,546,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,319,546,330],"content":"target among an increasing number of distracter items as a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,331,546,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,331,545,343],"content":"measure of search efficiency (Wolfe 2001), and we therefore","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,344,546,356],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,344,546,356],"content":"further analyzed the slopes of the mean reaction time as a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,357,546,368],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,357,545,368],"content":"function of array size (ms\/item) for each data set, using a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,370,377,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,370,376,381],"content":"linear regression.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,407,377,418],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,407,377,418],"content":"Experiment 1","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,431,340,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,431,340,442],"content":"Results","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,456,367,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,456,365,468],"content":"The macaques","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,482,546,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,482,544,492],"content":"The two monkeys required 17 and 30 sessions, respec-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,494,546,505],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,494,384,505],"content":"tively, to satisfy the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[385,494,404,505],"content":"99\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[405,494,544,505],"content":"criterion in the training phase. 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It is likely that the human","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,682,292,693],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,682,290,693],"content":"participants had experienced seeing many Caucasian faces","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,694,292,705],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,694,290,705],"content":"in real life or through the internet, although Japanese have","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,707,292,718],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,707,290,718],"content":"less experience with Caucasian faces in general. It must be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,56,546,67],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,56,545,67],"content":"noted that Japanese faces were detected just slightly faster","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,69,546,80],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,69,545,80],"content":"than Caucasian faces. This may indicate that the Japanese","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,81,546,93],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,81,545,93],"content":"participants processed Caucasian faces as having very subtle","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,94,546,105],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,94,546,105],"content":"differences in the configuration of facial features compared","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,107,546,117],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,107,546,117],"content":"to faces of their own ethnicity. The Japanese macaques","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,118,546,130],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,118,546,130],"content":"were also observed to efficiently detect the faces of another","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,131,546,143],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,131,544,143],"content":"(macaque) species, the rhesus faces. The present results sug-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,144,546,155],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,144,545,155],"content":"gest that, contrary to the OSE, the ORE has little impact","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,156,546,167],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,156,546,167],"content":" on the efficient detection of the faces at the basic level of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,168,546,179],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,168,545,179],"content":"classification. Thus, subtle information that is useful for the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,181,546,192],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,181,544,192],"content":" discrimination of race is likely to be ignored when search-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,194,546,205],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,194,545,205],"content":"ing a face among non-face objects, and each face would be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,206,424,218],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,206,424,218],"content":" processed similarly as a face.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,219,546,230],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,219,546,230],"content":"Stronger holistic or configural processing underlies the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,231,546,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,231,546,243],"content":" own-race advantage in face memory, in humans (Tanaka","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,244,546,255],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,244,545,255],"content":"et al. 2004; Michel et al. 2006) and in chimpanzees (Tomon-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,257,546,267],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,257,544,267],"content":" aga and Imura 2015). In addition, studies with human sub-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,269,546,280],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,269,546,280],"content":"jects obtained convincing evidence of the importance of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,281,546,293],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,281,544,293],"content":"high-level, holistic face characteristics (Maurer et al. 2002;","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,294,546,305],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,294,546,305],"content":"Burke and Sulikowski 2013) for the efficient detection of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,306,546,317],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,306,544,317],"content":"conspecific faces (Hershler and Hochstein 2005). Consid-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,318,546,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,318,546,330],"content":"ering that Old World monkeys use a holistic or configural","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,331,546,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,331,545,343],"content":"process when they recognize the differences between con-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,344,546,354],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,344,545,354],"content":"specific faces (Martin-Malivel et al. 2006; Adachi et al.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,356,546,368],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,356,546,368],"content":"2009; Dahl et al. 2009; Gothard et al. 2009), it is likely that ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,369,546,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,369,546,380],"content":"the efficient detection confirmed in the present experiment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,381,546,392],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,381,546,392],"content":"was due to a process based on the holistic information of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,393,546,405],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,393,546,405],"content":"own-class faces rather than a process based on distinctive","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,406,353,417],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,406,353,417],"content":"facial parts.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,418,546,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,418,546,430],"content":"However, in another human study (VanRullen 2006), the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,431,546,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,431,546,442],"content":" pop-out effect similar to that observed in the above human","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,444,546,454],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,444,546,454],"content":"study (Hershler and Hochstein 2005) was confirmed, but it","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,456,546,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,456,545,468],"content":"was not limited to faces, was not holistic, and was due to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,469,546,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,469,546,480],"content":"low-level properties of the images. Although the pop-out","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,481,546,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,481,546,492],"content":"effect of faces from a variety of heterogeneous distracters","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,494,546,505],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,494,546,505],"content":"in humans is now widely accepted, there is still room for a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,506,546,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,506,544,518],"content":"considerable measure of disagreement about what informa-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,519,546,530],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,519,546,530],"content":"tion included in the face is important for the pop-out effect","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,531,546,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,531,544,542],"content":"(Hershler and Hochstein 2006). Therefore, in Experiment 2,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,543,546,555],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,543,544,555],"content":"we further examined which facial information (holistic high-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,556,546,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,556,545,567],"content":"level information of faces or low-level visual information","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,568,512,581],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,568,512,581],"content":"including faces) is important for the pop-out effect.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,607,378,617],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,607,378,617],"content":"Experiment 2","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,631,340,642],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,631,340,642],"content":"Results","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,656,365,667],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,656,365,667],"content":"The macaques","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,682,546,693],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,682,544,693],"content":" In the training phase, the two macaques required five and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,694,546,705],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,694,482,705],"content":"eight sessions, respectively, to satisfy the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[483,694,503,705],"content":"99\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[504,694,544,705],"content":"criterion.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[303,707,546,718],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,707,545,718],"content":"The mean correct-response rate in the subsequent test","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,56,356,67],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,56,96,67],"content":"phase was","type":"text"},{"bbox":[97,56,130,67],"content":"99.13\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,56,183,67],"content":"\\mathrm{SE}=0.28)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,56,290,67],"content":", and there were no sig-","type":"text"},{"bbox":[305,56,356,67],"content":"Thehumans","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_6":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[47,56,356,67],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,56,356,67],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,56,96,67],"content":"phase was","type":"text"},{"bbox":[97,56,130,67],"content":"99.13\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,56,183,67],"content":"\\mathrm{SE}=0.28)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,56,290,67],"content":", and there were no sig-","type":"text"},{"bbox":[305,56,356,67],"content":"Thehumans","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,69,290,79],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,69,290,79],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,69,290,79],"content":"nificant differences in the rate between the experimental","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,81,547,93],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,81,547,93],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,81,290,93],"content":"conditions. 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This may also be true when naturalistic own-class ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,220,262,231],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,220,262,231],"content":"faces are presented as the target, as in Experiment 1.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[59,232,292,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,232,290,243],"content":" Previous studies have shown that high-spatial-frequency","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,245,292,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,245,291,256],"content":"components provide information about distinct facial parts ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,257,292,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,257,291,269],"content":"relatively well and that low-spatial-frequency components","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,270,292,280],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,270,290,280],"content":"provide holistic information (Vuilleumier et al. 2003; Gof-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,281,292,292],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,281,292,292],"content":"faux and Rossion 2006). Actually, the LPF faces appeared","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,294,292,305],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,294,290,305],"content":"blurred, while the HPF faces looked very sharp and each","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,307,292,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,307,291,318],"content":"facial part appeared distinctly. Therefore, in searching for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,319,292,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,319,291,330],"content":"the LPF faces, it was difficult for the subject to focus on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,331,292,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,331,290,343],"content":"the individual parts of the face, and this difficulty may have","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,345,292,356],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,345,290,356],"content":"augmented the process based on holistic information. In","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,357,292,368],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,357,290,368],"content":"contrast, in searching for the HPF faces, it was easier for the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,370,292,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,370,291,380],"content":"subject to focus on the individual parts of the face, which","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,383,292,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,383,290,393],"content":"may have augmented the process based on local informa-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,394,292,405],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,394,291,405],"content":"tion from individual facial parts. Our findings thus suggest","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,407,292,418],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,407,290,418],"content":"that the process based on holistic information which is not","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,420,292,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,420,290,430],"content":"ascribed to individual facial parts is more critical for effi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,432,292,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,432,290,444],"content":"cient face searching than the process based on local informa-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,445,292,455],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,445,290,455],"content":"tion. In this experiment, we did not use intact faces in which","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,457,292,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,457,290,468],"content":"the spatial frequency contents were not modulated. It is thus","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,469,292,481],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,469,290,481],"content":"debatable whether the efficient facial searching for the LPF","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,482,292,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,482,291,493],"content":"faces is similar to the facial searching of intact faces (e.g..","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,495,292,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,495,291,506],"content":"the own-species faces in Experiment 1). Further research is ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,507,165,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,507,165,519],"content":"needed to address this issue.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,543,152,555],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,543,152,555],"content":"General discussion","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,568,292,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,568,291,580],"content":"Our findings have two important implications. First, the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,581,292,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,581,292,593],"content":"results for the humans and Japanese macaques showed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,594,292,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,594,291,605],"content":"similar trends at most points in both experiments, suggest-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,608,292,618],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,608,291,618],"content":"ing that both species possess a mechanism that allows them","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,620,292,631],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,620,292,631],"content":"to search for a face among non-face objects in an efficient ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,632,292,644],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,632,291,644],"content":"manner. Some studies claimed that unlike chimpanzees, rhe-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,645,292,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,645,291,656],"content":"sus monkeys did not show the Thatcher illusion (Thomp-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,657,292,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,657,290,668],"content":"son 1980), a measure of face processing ability in which","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,670,292,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,670,292,681],"content":"changes in the configuration of facial features are difficult ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,682,292,693],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,682,292,693],"content":"to detect in an inverted face (Weldon et al. 2013). There","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,695,292,707],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,695,290,707],"content":"may be potential evolutionary differences in face processing","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,708,292,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,708,290,715],"content":" among primates. However, other studies have systematically","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,56,547,67],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,56,547,67],"content":"shown that monkeys perceive the Thatcher illusion (Adachi","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,69,547,79],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,69,545,79],"content":"et al. 2009; Dahl et al. 2010). Furthermore, the Thatcher","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,81,547,93],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,81,545,93],"content":"illusion was shown even in squirrel monkeys, a New World","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,94,547,105],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,94,545,105],"content":"monkey that shows great differences from humans in terms","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,107,547,118],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,107,546,118],"content":"of ecology, morphology, and anatomy (Nakata and Osada","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,119,547,131],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,119,546,131],"content":"2012). Other studies also did not find the differences in face","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,132,547,142],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,132,545,142],"content":"processing among primates (Dahl et al. 2013). Therefore,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,145,547,156],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,145,546,156],"content":"it seems reasonable that the ability to search efficiently for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,157,547,168],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,157,544,168],"content":"faces derives from fundamental social cognition abilities","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,170,547,182],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,170,545,182],"content":"broadly shared among primate species, although there is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,183,547,192],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,183,545,192],"content":"room for further investigation to determine whether other","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,195,547,206],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,195,545,206],"content":" species showing social behavior than humans (Hershler and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,207,547,219],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,207,545,219],"content":" Hochstein 2005), chimpanzees (Tomonaga and Imura 2015)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,220,547,231],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,220,546,231],"content":" and Japanese macaques can efficiently search for a realistic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,232,547,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,232,546,243],"content":"face among various non-face objects; for example, among","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,245,547,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,245,546,256],"content":"New World monkeys whose face recognition abilities are","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,257,547,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,257,546,269],"content":"somewhat similar to those of humans (Weiss et al. 2001;","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,270,495,280],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,270,495,280],"content":"Neiworth et al. 2007; Nakata and Osada 2012).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,281,547,292],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,281,546,292],"content":"Second, efficient face detection was confirmed when","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,294,547,305],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,294,544,305],"content":"the searched-for faces had lower-spatial-frequency compo-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,307,547,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,307,544,318],"content":"nents and when the searched-for faces shared similar vis-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,319,547,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,319,545,330],"content":"ual description as “own-species faces” (e.g., faces of both","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,331,547,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,331,546,343],"content":"Japanese and Caucasians for the human participants and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,345,547,356],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,345,546,356],"content":"macaque faces of both Japanese and rhesus macaques for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,357,547,368],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,357,546,368],"content":"the monkey subjects). The slope of the increase in reaction","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,370,547,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,370,546,380],"content":"time to detect the target among additional distracter items","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,383,547,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,383,544,393],"content":"was used as a measure of search efficiency in human studies,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,394,547,405],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,394,545,405],"content":"with a slope close to zero in efficient parallel search (Wolfe","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,407,547,418],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,407,545,418],"content":"2001). Our results showed this trend relatively well in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,420,547,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,420,544,430],"content":"searching of conspecifics faces and LPF faces. These results","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,432,547,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,432,546,444],"content":" suggest that (1) processing based on the holistic information","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,445,547,455],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,445,546,455],"content":" of the faces is important for the efficient detection of faces; ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,457,547,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,457,544,468],"content":" in other words, the holistic processing of the faces is clearly","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,469,547,481],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,469,546,481],"content":" meaningful in the earlier stage of visual processing as well","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,482,547,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,482,546,493],"content":" as in the later stages; and (2) the processing that is developed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,495,547,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,495,545,506],"content":"due to sufficient experience with conspecific faces could be","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,507,488,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,507,488,518],"content":" generalized over the extent of the experience.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,519,547,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,519,546,531],"content":"Under our experimental settings, why did humans and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,532,547,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,532,545,542],"content":"monkeys conduct searches for the same face in different","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,543,547,555],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,543,545,555],"content":"manners? For example, why did humans search for a human","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,556,547,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,556,546,567],"content":"face efficiently, while monkeys searched for the same face","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,568,547,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,568,545,580],"content":" inefficiently? Viewed in this light, the most likely explana-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,581,547,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,581,546,593],"content":"tion is that, in both humans and Japanese macaques, the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,594,547,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,594,546,605],"content":"faces for which the subjects searched effciently became","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,608,547,618],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,608,544,618],"content":" specialized through perceptual narrowing in early life (Pas-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,620,547,631],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,620,545,631],"content":" calis et al. 2002) and\/or daily experience in later years. The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,632,547,644],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,632,545,644],"content":"specialization may be endowed innately or it may occur at","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,645,547,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,645,545,656],"content":" a very early stage of life as a study indicated that newborn","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,657,547,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,657,546,668],"content":" monkeys can acquire the knowledge of basic structure of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,670,547,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,670,545,681],"content":" own-species faces (Sugita 2009). 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Lynch","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,150,300,160],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,150,300,160],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,150,300,160],"content":"AbstractWe develop an environmental estimation method","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[52,161,300,171],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,161,300,171],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,161,300,171],"content":"that allows large groups of agents to infer the value of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[52,172,300,180],"lines":[{"bbox":[52,172,300,180],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,172,299,180],"content":"an environmental field using measurements. 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Other methods, which generally require more","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,221,518,231],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,221,518,231],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,221,518,231],"content":" communication than ADMM include [9] and [10].","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[321,233,560,245],"lines":[{"bbox":[321,233,560,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,233,559,245],"content":"We couple our distributed VIM (DVIM) method with a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,246,560,257],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,246,560,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,246,560,257],"content":"query system, allowing a user to determine the value of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,258,560,270],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,258,560,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,258,559,270],"content":"the field anywhere. The user can obtain a low-resolution","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,271,560,281],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,271,560,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,271,559,281],"content":"view of the overall field and then focus on higher resolution","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,282,560,292],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,282,560,292],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,282,558,292],"content":"estimates in areas of particular interest. Using this system,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,293,560,304],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,293,560,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,293,559,304],"content":"the full set of measurements and a complete environment","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,305,560,316],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,305,560,316],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,305,559,316],"content":"representation are never communicated to or stored by a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,317,560,328],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,317,560,328],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,317,559,328],"content":"single computer. 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We also introduce a distributed query system,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,271,300,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,271,300,281],"content":"allowing users to determine an estimate anywhere in the domain","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,282,300,292],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,282,300,292],"content":"without accessing all measurements or the full environment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,293,112,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,293,112,304],"content":"representation.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[128,311,223,321],"spans":[{"bbox":[128,311,223,321],"content":"1. INTRODUCTION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,330,300,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,330,298,340],"content":"A common problem in sciences such as oceanography,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,341,300,352],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,341,300,352],"content":"earth science, and atmospheric science is to infer the value","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,353,300,364],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,353,299,364],"content":"of a scalar field (e.g., temperature, chemical concentration,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,365,300,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,365,300,376],"content":"radiation intensity) anywhere in an environment based on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,377,300,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,377,300,388],"content":"irregularly spaced measurements. Typically, the relatively","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,401,300,411],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,401,300,411],"content":"ods have been studied extensively (see e.g., [1]). The advent","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,425,300,434],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,425,300,434],"content":"more data than ever before. As the number of sensors used","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,448,300,459],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,448,299,459],"content":"communication burdens. These problems become especially","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,460,300,471],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,460,300,471],"content":"acute in remote environments such as the ocean, the polar","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,472,300,483],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,472,299,483],"content":"icecaps, outer space, and underground. 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Rather than","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,592,300,603],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,592,300,603],"content":"having a central computer collect data from sensors, we","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,604,300,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,604,300,615],"content":"deploy the sensors on agents that communicate with each","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,616,300,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,616,300,627],"content":"other and perform computations. Each agent determines an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,628,300,638],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,628,300,638],"content":"estimate for a small portion of the environment. No single","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,640,300,651],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,640,300,651],"content":"agent, therefore, stores a full environmental representation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,661,300,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,661,299,671],"content":"This work is supported by the Office of Naval Research, Grant","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,672,300,680],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,672,300,680],"content":"N00014-13-1-0331. The authors are with the Department of Mechanical","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,681,300,688],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,681,299,688],"content":"Engineering (Elwin and Lynch), the Northwestern Institute on Complex","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,698,300,707],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,698,299,707],"content":"and Computer Science (Freeman), Northwestern University, Evanston,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,708,300,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,708,64,715],"content":"IL","type":"text"},{"bbox":[69,708,156,714],"content":"60208USA.Emails:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[157,708,298,715],"content":"elwin@u.northwestern.edu,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[52,716,214,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,716,214,726],"content":"freeman@eecs.northwestern.edu,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[52,727,187,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,727,187,734],"content":"kmlynch@northwestern.edu.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,150,560,160],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,150,559,160],"content":"or all of the measurements. 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Other methods, which generally require more","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,221,518,231],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,221,518,231],"content":" communication than ADMM include [9] and [10].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,233,560,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,233,559,245],"content":"We couple our distributed VIM (DVIM) method with a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,246,560,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,246,560,257],"content":"query system, allowing a user to determine the value of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,258,560,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,258,559,270],"content":"the field anywhere. The user can obtain a low-resolution","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,271,560,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,271,559,281],"content":"view of the overall field and then focus on higher resolution","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,282,560,292],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,282,558,292],"content":"estimates in areas of particular interest. 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Additionally, in [11], movement increases communi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,365,300,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,365,300,376],"content":"cation and memory requirements because the environmental","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,377,264,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,377,264,388],"content":" representation is coupled to the agents’ trajectories.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[62,389,300,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,389,300,401],"content":"We now describe several methods and evaluate whether","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,402,300,412],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,402,300,412],"content":"they scale with the environment representation, scale with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,413,300,424],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,413,298,424],"content":"agent density, and incorporate all relevant measurements.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[51,425,300,436],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,425,300,436],"content":"Table I shows this comparison, with more details provided","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,437,300,447],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,437,300,447],"content":"below. Note that a central computer collecting measurements","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,448,300,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,448,299,460],"content":"from all agents and applying VIM does not scale with the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,461,255,471],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,461,255,471],"content":"environment representation or with agent density.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[51,480,195,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,480,195,491],"content":"A.Distributed Kalman Filter [12]","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[62,496,300,508],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,496,300,508],"content":"This method uses a distributed Kalman filter based on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,509,300,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,509,300,520],"content":"average consensus estimators to incorporate measurements","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,521,300,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,521,298,531],"content":"and estimate basis function coefficients that represent the en-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,532,300,543],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,532,300,543],"content":"vironment. The method could also work using the distributed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,544,300,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,544,300,556],"content":" data fusion techniques of [16]. Communication and memory","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,557,300,568],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,557,300,568],"content":"is proportional to the number of basis functions, which is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,569,300,579],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,569,300,579],"content":"fixed beforehand; therefore, this method does not scale with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,580,300,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,580,300,591],"content":"the environment representation. Every agent, however, has","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,592,300,604],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,592,300,604],"content":"a full environment estimate. This method scales with agent","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,605,300,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,605,300,615],"content":"density because it works over any connected communication","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,616,300,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,616,300,627],"content":"graph. The relationship between measurements at different","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,628,300,640],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,628,300,640],"content":"points is incorporated in the basis function choice, so mea-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,641,275,652],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,641,275,652],"content":"surements contribute to the field estimate everywhere.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[51,660,178,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,660,178,671],"content":"B.Kriged Kalman Filter [13]","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[62,675,300,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,675,299,687],"content":"This method represents the environment as the mean","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,688,300,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,688,300,699],"content":"and covariance functions of a spatial Gaussian process.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[51,723,113,735],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,724,103,735],"content":"given radius","type":"text"},{"bbox":[104,723,113,732],"content":"R","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,54,559,65],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,54,558,65],"content":"communication and memory is proportional to the number","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,66,559,77],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,66,558,77],"content":"of basis functions; however, by assuming known coefficients,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,78,559,90],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,78,558,90],"content":"communication is independent of the global environment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,91,559,101],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,91,558,101],"content":"description and this method can scale with the environment","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,102,559,113],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,102,558,113],"content":"representation. Regardless, the communication increases with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,116,559,127],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,116,559,127],"content":"density: estimation requires the agents to incorporate all","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,128,559,138],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,128,445,138],"content":"measurements within a radius of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[446,128,454,137],"content":"R","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[455,128,559,136],"content":". Since the agents account","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,137,559,149],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,140,469,149],"content":"for measurements within a radius of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[470,137,479,149],"content":"R","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[480,138,558,149],"content":" and points further","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,150,559,161],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,150,333,161],"content":"than","type":"text"},{"bbox":[334,150,343,161],"content":"R","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[344,150,559,161],"content":" apart are assumed to be uncorrelated, all relevant","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,162,478,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,162,478,173],"content":"measurements contribute to the estimate.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,183,464,196],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,183,464,196],"content":"C. Non-parametric Information [14]","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,198,559,208],"spans":[{"bbox":[322,198,559,208],"content":"This method represents the environment as a weighted set","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,209,559,220],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,209,557,220],"content":"of discrete samples from a probability distribution. Accord-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,221,559,233],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,221,558,233],"content":"ingly, it can approximate any type of environment, not just","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,234,559,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,234,558,245],"content":"scalar fields. Every agent, however, has a complete envi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,246,559,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,246,558,256],"content":"ronment representation and must communicate information","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,257,559,268],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,257,559,268],"content":"proportional to the size of this representation. This method,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,269,559,281],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,269,558,281],"content":"therefore, does not scale with the representation size. It does,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,282,559,293],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,282,558,293],"content":"however, scale with agent density because it works over","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,294,559,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,294,558,304],"content":"connected graphs. Information is fused using a particle-filter","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,317,408,329],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,317,408,329],"content":"relevant measurements.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,339,507,351],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,339,507,351],"content":"D. Local Interpolation: Nearest Neighbor [11]","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,352,559,364],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,352,559,364],"content":" In this method, the environment is a piecewise constant","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,365,559,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,365,558,376],"content":"function. When used with stationary agents, an agent's","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,377,559,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,377,559,388],"content":"estimate over its Voronoi region is its measurement. This","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,389,559,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,389,559,401],"content":" method, therefore, scales with the environment representation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,402,559,412],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,402,559,412],"content":"(adding more agents adds more Voronoi cells) and with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,413,559,424],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,413,559,424],"content":"density. The nearest neighbor approach, however, uses a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,425,559,436],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,425,559,436],"content":"single measurement to estimate the field over each Voronoi","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,437,559,447],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,437,559,447],"content":"cell, so it does not use all relevant measurements. With","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,448,559,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,448,558,460],"content":"mobile agents, as originally intended, the initial Voronoi","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,461,559,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,461,558,470],"content":" cells are subdivided based on current and past measurements,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,471,559,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,471,558,485],"content":" creating a more detailed estimate. The environment represen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,486,559,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,486,558,496],"content":"tation, however, is coupled to the agent's trajectories; lossy","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,497,559,508],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,497,559,508],"content":"compression is used to maintain scalability with respect to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,509,529,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,509,529,520],"content":"the number of measurements when the agents move.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,528,502,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,528,502,540],"content":"E. Local Interpolation: Inverse Distance [11]","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[321,544,559,556],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,544,558,556],"content":"Closely related to Nearest Neighbor Local Interpolation,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,557,559,568],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,557,559,568],"content":"this method uses piecewise continuous functions to represent","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,569,559,579],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,569,558,579],"content":"the environment. Here, measurements have a diminishing","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,580,559,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,580,558,591],"content":"effect on the estimate as distance from the measurement de-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,592,559,604],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,592,558,604],"content":" creases. Thus, unlike the Nearest Neighbor version, estimates","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[311,605,559,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,605,558,615],"content":"at a given point incorporate relevant measurements. 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SIMULATIONS","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,473,560,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,473,558,485],"content":"We simulate 18 agents in an environment given by","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,486,560,498],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,487,447,498],"content":"\\bar{\\phi}(x,y)=x^{4}y\\!+\\!x^{3}y\\!+\\!y^{2}\\!+\\!x^{2}\\!+\\!2","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[448,486,559,498],"content":" over a unit square centered","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,499,560,509],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,499,324,509],"content":"at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[325,499,362,508],"content":"(0.5,0.5)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[363,499,558,508],"content":". The agents have zero mean Gaussian sensor","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,509,560,523],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,510,469,522],"content":" noise with variance of 0.1. Agents use","type":"text"},{"bbox":[470,509,521,523],"content":"\\ell_{\\mathrm{max}}=0.25","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[525,509,555,522],"content":"\\alpha_{0}=0","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[309,523,560,533],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,523,350,533],"content":"\\alpha_{1}=0.3","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[354,523,379,533],"content":"\\rho=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[380,523,383,533],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[384,523,413,533],"content":"\\mu_{i}=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,523,433,533],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[434,524,486,533],"content":"\\phi_{0}(x,y)=0","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,524,558,533],"content":". Figure 2 depicts","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,534,560,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,534,558,545],"content":"the agents’ Voronoi regions, their meshes, their estimates,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,546,560,557],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,546,558,557],"content":"and a location that the base station queried after running","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,558,560,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,558,559,570],"content":"the ADMM algorithm for 8000 time-steps. Figure 3 depicts","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,571,560,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,571,558,580],"content":"the actual field and Figure 4 shows the error, averaged over","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,581,560,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,581,559,593],"content":" 100 Monte-Carlo runs. The distributed solution and standard","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,594,560,604],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,594,558,604],"content":"VIM solution over the same mesh yield the same results.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,605,560,614],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,605,559,614],"content":"The query was initially directed at agent zero, and the arrows","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,617,560,628],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,617,559,628],"content":"show the chain of queries needed to determine the value at","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,629,560,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,629,558,641],"content":"(0.7, 0.6). Due to noise and because no interpolation method","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,642,512,653],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,642,512,653],"content":"is perfect, the actual and estimated values differ.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[390,659,480,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[390,659,480,671],"content":"VI. 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Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[37,32,287,43],"content":"IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 50, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2015","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[132,755,458,765],"content":"See http:\/\/www.ieee.org\/publications_standards\/publications\/rights\/index.html for more information.","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[116,743,153,756],"content":"0018-9200","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[161,743,473,756],"content":"2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication\/redistribution requires IEEE permission.","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[44,660,290,671],"content":"Manuscript received February 18, 2015;revised May 05, 2015, July 06, 2015,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,670,290,682],"content":"and August 16, 2015; accepted August 17, 2015. This paper was approved by","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[35,677,130,692],"content":"Guest Editor Gregory Chen.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[42,687,290,699],"content":"The authors are with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,696,245,708],"content":"(KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea (e-mail: hwcho@kaist.ac.kr).","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[42,704,292,719],"content":"Color versions of one ormore of the figures in this paperare available online","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,715,128,726],"content":"at http:\/ieeexplore.ieee.org.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[44,724,219,736],"content":"Digital Object Identifier 10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[153,745,161,753],"content":"\\copyright","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footer"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[549.894224924,33.8348540146,553.852887538,40.6738138686]],"header":[[77.7337386018,10.0784671533,516.4255319149,20.1569343066],[34.188449848,32.7550182482,287.9027355623,41.3937043796]],"footer":[[116.2407294833,745.4466240876,473.9598784195,764.5237226277]],"footnote":[[36.7075987842,661.2194343066,290.7817629179,687.8553832117],[36.3477203647,688.5752737226,291.5015197568,706.2125912409],[37.4273556231,706.9324817518,290.7817629179,724.9297445255],[46.06443769,724.9297445255,219.5258358663,733.9283759124]]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[92,63,499,79],"spans":[{"bbox":[92,63,499,79],"content":"A 5.2 mW 1EEE 802.15.6 HBC Standard","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[72,90,520,109],"spans":[{"bbox":[72,90,520,109],"content":"Compatible Transceiver With Power Efficient","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[64,115,527,138],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,115,527,138],"content":"Delay-Locked-Loop Based BPSK Demodulator","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[46,146,544,158],"spans":[{"bbox":[46,146,544,158],"content":"Hyunwoo Cho, Student Member, IEEE, Hyungwoo Lee, Student Member, IEEE, Joonsung Bae, Member, IEEE,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[222,159,367,170],"spans":[{"bbox":[222,159,367,170],"content":"and Hoi-Jun Yoo, Fellow, IEEE","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[45,208,293,219],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,208,292,219],"content":"AbstractA Low-power IEEE 802.15.6 human body communi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,220,293,228],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,220,292,228],"content":"cation (HBC) fully compatible transceiver is implemented in 130","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,229,293,237],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,229,290,237],"content":"nm CMOS process. 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As a result, the proposed transceiver can fully satisfy the HBC","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,325,293,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,325,196,335],"content":"standard requirements while consuming","type":"text"},{"bbox":[197,326,229,336],"content":"\\pmb{5.2\\ m\\bar{W}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[230,325,267,336],"content":"from the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[268,325,290,336],"content":"\\mathbf{1.2~V}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[35,336,66,346],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,336,66,346],"content":"supply.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[45,350,293,360],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,350,290,360],"content":"Index Terms-Costas loop, delayed-locked loop (DLL), human","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,361,293,371],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,361,290,371],"content":"body communication (HBC), IEEE 802.15.6, received signal","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,372,293,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,372,290,381],"content":"strength indicator (RsSI), spectral mask, standard, wireless body","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,382,129,391],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,382,129,391],"content":"area network (WBAN).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[125,414,200,424],"spans":[{"bbox":[125,414,200,424],"content":"1. INTRODUCTION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[62,436,293,447],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,436,291,447],"content":"ECENTLY, wireless body area network (WBAN) is","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[45,448,293,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,448,290,461],"content":" getting more and more attention in the emerging appli-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,462,293,472],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,462,290,472],"content":"cations which combines healthcare and consumer electronics","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,473,293,484],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,473,292,484],"content":"around the human body. The major design challenge associated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,485,293,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,485,290,496],"content":"with the WBAN is to extend the lifetime of the WBAN devices","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,497,293,510],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,497,291,510],"content":"under limited energy source. 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Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[305,32,556,42],"content":"IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 50, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2015","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[37,691,557,702],"content":"ulation and common centroid layout technique. The proposed  following analog circuits is attenuated by 6th-order low-pass","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[38,703,556,714],"content":"transmitter is composed of the level shifter, analog active fil-  filter and 9th-order high-pass filter (Fig. 4(b)). The excessive","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[38,715,556,724],"content":"ters, driver and off-chip analog filters. The signal flow in each  spectrum power in DC and high frequency band is suppressed","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,725,557,738],"content":"stage in the transmitter will be explained in Fig. 4. Since the data under the mask, but the non-linear characteristics of the analog","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[63,751,557,762],"content":"there are excessive DC power and harmonics in high fre-  is called spectrum regrowth effect (Fig. 4(c)). The amount of","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[],"header":[[72.6954407295,10.0784671533,517.1452887538,20.1569343066],[306.2565349544,33.8348540146,554.5726443769,41.0337591241]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[214,62,340,69],"spans":[{"bbox":[214,62,340,69],"content":"-0.5m(t)s i n(\\theta)+0.5m(t)c o s(2w t+\\theta)","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[117,70,479,206],"spans":[{"bbox":[117,70,479,206],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/3_117_68_479_206.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[412,207,463,216],"spans":[{"bbox":[412,207,463,216],"content":"0.5m(t)cos(0)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[126,251,470,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[126,251,470,393],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/3_126_251_470_393.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[112,422,484,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[112,422,484,633],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/3_112_422_484_633.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,666,294,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,666,294,678],"content":"cost because the tuning is required only at the first time and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,679,302,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,679,302,689],"content":"the process variation can be avoided by using post layout sim-t","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,739,281,749],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,739,263,749],"content":"is modulated with the rectangular wave swinging from","type":"text"},{"bbox":[264,739,281,749],"content":"0\\textrm{V}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,750,62,762],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,750,62,762],"content":"1.2\\;\\mathrm{V},","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[282,739,556,750],"spans":[{"bbox":[282,739,556,750],"content":"to  active filter and driver increases the sideband spectrum, which","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,679,302,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,679,302,689],"content":"the process variation can be avoided by using post layout sim-t","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[300,666,556,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,666,556,678],"content":" quency. Second, the data after the level shifter which reduces","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[300,679,556,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,679,556,690],"content":" the swing range in order to avoid the non-linear effect in the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[282,739,556,750],"spans":[{"bbox":[282,739,556,750],"content":"to  active filter and driver increases the sideband spectrum, which","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[35,435,292,448],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,435,290,448],"content":" this increased low frequency spectrum power cannot be exactly","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_4":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[43,30,512,425],"lines":[{"bbox":[43,30,512,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,30,512,425],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/4_43_30_512_425.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,435,292,448],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,435,292,448],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,435,290,448],"content":" this increased low frequency spectrum power cannot be exactly","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,449,292,461],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,449,292,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,449,291,461],"content":" predicted due to the PVT variation, so we adopt the simple R-C","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,462,292,472],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,462,292,472],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,462,290,472],"content":"off-chip 2nd-order high-pass filter to additionally attenuate the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,473,292,485],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,473,292,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,473,291,485],"content":"low frequency power. 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The active filter adopts the multiple feed-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,544,292,557],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,544,292,557],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,544,200,557],"content":" back architecture which can obtain the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[201,544,220,557],"content":"-60","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[221,544,290,557],"content":"dB\/decade slope","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,558,292,568],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,558,292,568],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,558,291,568],"content":"with only one OTA. The OTA has folded cascade configuration ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,569,234,580],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,569,234,580],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,569,234,580],"content":"with the frequency compensation technique [14].","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[116,589,210,600],"lines":[{"bbox":[116,589,210,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[116,589,210,600],"content":"IV. 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The receiver should have ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,663,292,674],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,663,292,674],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,663,292,674],"content":"I path and Q path to calculate the phase difference between the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,675,292,687],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,675,292,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,675,290,687],"content":"input data and local clock by multiplying output of both paths.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,688,292,698],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,688,292,698],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,688,291,698],"content":"Since the multiplied output of I and Q path is proportional to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,699,304,713],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,699,304,713],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,699,50,712],"content":"sin","type":"text"},{"bbox":[51,699,61,713],"content":"2\\theta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[62,700,302,711],"content":", the phase difference can be zero by composing the syn- b","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,713,186,724],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,713,186,724],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,714,174,724],"content":"chronization loop to make the sin","type":"text"},{"bbox":[175,713,186,724],"content":"2\\theta","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,725,304,737],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,725,304,737],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,725,304,737],"content":"works [16], [17], the Costas loop uses the VCO to calibrate(","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[316,569,536,600],"lines":[{"bbox":[316,569,536,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,569,536,600],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/4_316_439_536_600.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[298,637,554,650],"lines":[{"bbox":[298,637,554,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[298,637,554,650],"content":" concerns. 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Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[306,32,556,43],"content":"IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 50, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2015","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[38.5069908815,34.1947992701,43.5452887538,40.3138686131]],"header":[[74.8547112462,10.0784671533,515.705775076,19.7969890511]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[68,61,529,221],"spans":[{"bbox":[68,61,529,221],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/7_68_61_529_221.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,237,73,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,237,73,243],"content":"sensitivity","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,258,114,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,258,114,270],"content":"B.Circuit Design","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,276,294,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,276,291,287],"content":"Fig. 8 shows the schematic of the reconfigurable LNA [8].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,288,294,299],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,288,179,299],"content":"The common gate LNA with the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[180,288,193,299],"content":"\\mathrm{g}_{\\mathrm{m}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[194,288,292,299],"content":"-boosting cross coupled","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,300,294,311],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,300,291,311],"content":"NMOS is adopted for low noise characteristics. The size of the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,312,294,322],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,312,93,322],"content":"input NMOS","type":"text"},{"bbox":[94,312,109,322],"content":"\\mathrm{M_{1}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[110,312,128,322],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[129,312,143,322],"content":"\\mathrm{{M_{2}}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[144,312,291,322],"content":" are controlled by 6 bit control code","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,323,294,335],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,323,291,335],"content":"to adaptively change the LNA performance for low-power con-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,336,294,347],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,336,292,347],"content":"sumption which will be explained in Section V, and the noise","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,348,294,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,348,292,359],"content":"figure and the 1 dB compression point value in accordance with","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,360,183,371],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,360,183,371],"content":"the control code is shown in Fig. 8.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,372,294,382],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,372,292,382],"content":"Fig. 9 shows the schematic ofthe active mixer and replica bias","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,383,294,395],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,383,291,395],"content":"circuit. The active mixer has a simple Gilbert mixer configura-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,396,294,407],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,396,109,407],"content":"tion, and resistor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[110,396,124,407],"content":"\\mathrm{R}_{\\mathrm{H}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[125,396,292,407],"content":"is added to reducing the switching noise","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,408,294,418],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,408,233,418],"content":"and increasing the linearity of mixer. The resistor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[234,408,274,418],"content":"\\mathrm{M}_{7}\\sim\\mathrm{M}_{9}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[275,408,293,418],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,420,294,431],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,420,58,431],"content":"4\\mathrm{R}_{\\mathrm{H}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[59,420,292,431],"content":"are composing the replica bias circuit. It has a same config-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,432,294,443],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,432,293,443],"content":"uration of the half circuit of the Gilbert mixer, but resistor value","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,444,294,455],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,444,291,455],"content":"is four times larger and size of transistor is four times smaller","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,457,294,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,457,292,468],"content":"than the original ones, reducing the current consumption of the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,469,148,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,469,128,480],"content":"replica bias circuit by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[129,469,148,480],"content":"25\\%","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,481,294,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,481,291,492],"content":"Fig. 10 presents the delay cell and delay control bias cir-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,493,294,504],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,493,294,504],"content":" cuit. The delay cell is composed of six stages inverter based","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,505,294,516],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,505,291,516],"content":"unit delay cells whose bias current is supplied by the delay con-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,517,294,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,517,291,526],"content":"trol bias circuit. In the bias circuit, the output current is linearly","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,527,294,539],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,527,191,539],"content":"changed by the input control voltage","type":"text"},{"bbox":[192,527,213,539],"content":"\\mathrm{V_{ctrl}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[214,527,292,539],"content":". The two differen-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,540,294,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,540,100,550],"content":"tial MOS pairs","type":"text"},{"bbox":[101,540,147,550],"content":"\\left(\\mathrm{M}_{1}-\\mathrm{M}_{4}\\right)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[148,540,292,550],"content":" remove the 2nd-order harmonics to","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,551,294,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,551,292,563],"content":"increase the linearity while consuming more power consump-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,566,294,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,566,292,574],"content":"tion. Fig. 11 shows the measurement results of the delay time of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,575,294,587],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,575,252,586],"content":"the delay cell in accordance with the control voltage","type":"text"},{"bbox":[253,576,274,587],"content":"\\mathrm{V_{ctrl}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[275,575,293,587],"content":"and","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,587,89,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,587,89,600],"content":"bias current.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[88,614,242,625],"spans":[{"bbox":[88,614,242,625],"content":"V. RSSI AND LOW-POWER RECEIVER","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,634,105,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,634,105,649],"content":"A. RSSI Design","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,655,294,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,655,294,665],"content":"In the PHY\/MAC protocol for multi-nodes operation, the en-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,666,294,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,666,293,678],"content":" ergy detection block is an essential. Fig. 12 shows the principle","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,679,294,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,679,294,690],"content":"and architecture of the RSSI for energy detection [18]-[20]. The ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,691,294,701],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,691,293,701],"content":"RSSI is composed of seven amplifiers, seven rectifiers, current","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,702,294,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,702,293,714],"content":"adder with low-pass filter and ADC. Since the number of the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,715,294,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,715,294,725],"content":"amplifiers decides the dynamic range of the RSSI and we need","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,726,294,739],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,726,79,738],"content":"-10\\:\\mathrm{dBm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[80,726,90,739],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[91,726,136,739],"content":"-100\\:\\mathrm{dBm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[137,726,294,739],"content":"input dynamic range to sense the HBC","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,740,294,750],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,740,294,750],"content":"input signal power, seven amplifiers with the voltage gain of 15 ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,751,294,762],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,751,291,762],"content":"dB and seven rectifiers are adopted. Each amplifier and rectifier","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[292,751,557,762],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,751,556,762],"content":"r overhead. Fig. 14 shows the concept and the architecture of the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,396,557,418],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,396,552,418],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/7_304_259_552_418.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,457,557,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,457,556,468],"content":"covers the different input power range, and we can achieve wide","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,469,488,480],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,469,488,480],"content":"dynamic range by adding all rectifiers' results.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,481,557,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,481,554,492],"content":"Fig. 13 shows the schematic of the rectifier and current adder.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,493,557,504],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,493,557,504],"content":"The output current of each of the rectifier with the size ratio of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,505,397,516],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,505,309,516],"content":"\\mathbf{k}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[310,505,392,516],"content":"can be expressed as","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,566,545,584],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,566,545,584],"content":"\\begin{array}{c c c}{{I_{o u t}=-2(K-1)K\\beta V^{2}-4K\\beta|V|\\sqrt{(K+1)\\frac{I_{b}}{\\beta}-K V^{2}}}}\\\\ {{{}}}\\\\ {{{\\displaystyle+\\frac{2K I_{b}}{K+1}{\\cdot}}}}&{{{\\displaystyle(\\frac{2K I_{b}}{\\beta}-K V^{2})\\frac{I_{b}}{\\beta}-K V^{2}}}}\\end{array}","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[546,566,557,576],"spans":[{"bbox":[546,566,557,576],"content":"(1)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,592,557,607],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,592,556,607],"content":"Since the output current is proportional to the input voltage,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,608,557,618],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,608,556,618],"content":"we can know that the rectifier converts the voltage value to the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,619,557,630],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,619,556,630],"content":"power value. The output current of each rectifiers are added by","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,631,557,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,631,556,641],"content":"simple current mirror, and R-C load is adopted to sense the DC","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,642,557,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,642,557,654],"content":"value while attenuating the voltage ripple with the frequency of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,655,397,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,655,397,666],"content":"the input carrier signal.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,673,397,686],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,673,394,686],"content":"B. LP-Mode Receiver","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,690,557,701],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,690,463,701],"content":"The FM-radio band from 80 MHz to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[464,690,503,701],"content":"110\\ \\mathrm{MHz}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[504,690,556,701],"content":"becomes the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,702,557,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,702,556,714],"content":"strong interference to the HBC transceiver due to the body an-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,715,557,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,715,554,725],"content":"tenna effect. The direct conversion BPSK receiver consumes","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,726,557,738],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,726,556,738],"content":" large amount of power to achieve good selectivity, but RSSI","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[299,739,557,750],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,739,554,750],"content":" and the proposed LP-mode receiver can relax the selectivity","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[292,751,557,762],"spans":[{"bbox":[292,751,556,762],"content":"r overhead. Fig. 14 shows the concept and the architecture of the","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_8":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[106,65,482,293],"lines":[{"bbox":[106,65,482,293],"spans":[{"bbox":[106,65,482,293],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/8_106_65_482_293.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,342,200,354],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,342,200,354],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,342,92,354],"content":"RSSI is over","type":"text"},{"bbox":[93,342,134,354],"content":"-35~\\mathrm{dBm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,342,173,354],"content":"which is","type":"text"},{"bbox":[174,342,200,353],"content":"10~\\mathrm{dB}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,379,294,389],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,379,294,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,379,292,389],"content":"rect conversion receiver. Since the power consumption of the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,390,294,402],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,390,294,402],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,390,293,402],"content":"direct conversion receiver becomes zero and the power con-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,403,294,413],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,403,294,413],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,403,293,413],"content":"sumption of the reused amplifiers are very low because of low","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,415,294,426],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,415,294,426],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,415,118,426],"content":"required bandwidth ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[119,415,155,426],"content":"(21\\,\\mathrm{MHz})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[156,415,293,426],"content":", the LP-mode receiver can reduce","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,427,167,438],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,427,167,438],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,427,51,438],"content":"the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[52,427,71,438],"content":"60\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[72,427,167,438],"content":" of power consumption.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[46,439,357,450],"lines":[{"bbox":[46,439,357,450],"spans":[{"bbox":[46,439,357,450],"content":"Fig. 15 shows the signal recovery flow and demodulator  1.3125 Mbps.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,475,149,486],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,475,149,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,475,113,486],"content":"firstly sampled by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[114,475,149,486],"content":"42\\ \\mathrm{MHz}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,487,369,498],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,487,369,498],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,487,369,498],"content":"which is shown in Fig. 16 helps to find the data non-inverting  power is around","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,499,450,509],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,499,450,509],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,499,450,509],"content":"time to demodulate the BPSK data. The phase ambiguity can modulated data from the TX driver is","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,510,294,521],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,510,294,521],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,510,291,521],"content":"be solved in the PHY processor by comparing the input data ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,522,294,533],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,522,294,533],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,522,290,533],"content":"with the promising data sequence of preamble stage in data","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,534,69,545],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,534,69,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,534,67,545],"content":"packet.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,554,179,566],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,554,179,566],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,554,179,566],"content":"C. Reconfigurable LNA With RSSI","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[46,570,294,582],"lines":[{"bbox":[46,570,294,582],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,570,293,582],"content":"Fig. 16 shows the operation of the reconfigurable LNA. If the ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,595,435,605],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,595,435,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,595,435,605],"content":"sensitivity and good linearity to cover the both weak input and FM-blocker power is larger than","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,606,346,618],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,606,346,618],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,606,346,618],"content":"strong input, resulting in large power consumption in LNA. On  larger than","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,619,417,630],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,619,417,630],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,619,417,630],"content":" the other hand, since we can know the input signal power by  FM-blocker becomes lower.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,631,294,641],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,631,294,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,631,291,641],"content":"using the RSSI, the LNA can adaptively control the sensitivity","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,655,340,665],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,655,340,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,655,340,665],"content":"For instance, if the input signal is strong, the LNA is controlled  and right","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,679,294,690],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,679,294,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,679,292,690],"content":"weak, the LNA is adjusted to locate in (3) with the good noise","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,691,294,701],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,691,294,701],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,691,294,701],"content":"performance, which leads to reducing the power consumption ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,702,69,713],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,702,69,713],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,702,49,713],"content":"by","type":"text"},{"bbox":[50,702,69,713],"content":"60\\%","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[102,722,224,734],"lines":[{"bbox":[102,722,224,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,722,224,734],"content":"VI. MEASUREMENT RESULTS","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[46,738,300,750],"lines":[{"bbox":[46,738,300,750],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,738,300,750],"content":"Fig. 17 shows the TX spectrum measurement results. The","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[201,342,554,354],"lines":[{"bbox":[201,342,554,354],"spans":[{"bbox":[201,342,554,354],"content":"larger than maximum  the mask requirements. The spectrum of low frequency band","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[292,379,554,389],"lines":[{"bbox":[292,379,554,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,379,553,389],"content":"Fig. 18 shows the measured eye diagram of the direct con-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,390,554,402],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,390,554,402],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,390,554,402],"content":"version receiver and LP-mode receiver. 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Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[37,32,77,43],"content":"CHO et al.: A","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[102,32,492,43],"content":"IEEE 802.15.6 HBC STANDARD COMPATIBLE TRANSCEIVER WITH POWER EFFICIENT DLL BASED BPSK DEMODULATOR","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[37,330,553,341],"content":"LP-mode receiver. When the input power we can know from the  shows the required mask. All the measurement results satisfy","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,355,554,365],"content":"FM-radio input power, the LP-mode receiver which reuses the  and high frequency band cannot be shown in one screen due to","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,366,463,377],"content":"amplifiers in RSSI and digital demodulator can replace the di- the noise floor of the spectrum analyzer.","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,451,554,461],"content":"circuit. Data from the human body is recovered to the digital  Fig. 19 shows the measurement results of the transmitter","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,462,554,474],"content":"data by amplifier chain. In the demodulator, the input data is  output power. The output power is controlled by changing","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,583,554,594],"content":"voltage gain of the LNA is fixed, LNA should have both good  between input FM-blocker power and receiver sensitivity. If the","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,642,554,654],"content":"and linearity performance with much lower power consumption.  the input signal power, left Y axis is output RSSI output voltage","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,666,553,678],"content":"to locate in (1) with the good linearity, and if the input signal is  calculated input power from the RSSI output voltage. 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The transmitter power consumption","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,323,294,334],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,323,47,334],"content":"is","type":"text"},{"bbox":[48,323,81,334],"content":"1.3\\;\\mathrm{mW}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[82,323,293,334],"content":"and the power consumption of the direct conversion","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,335,294,345],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,335,206,345],"content":"receiver at sample time and at hold time is","type":"text"},{"bbox":[207,335,240,345],"content":"6.2\\:\\mathrm{mW}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[241,335,256,345],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[257,335,290,345],"content":"3.8\\,\\mathrm{mW},","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[37,348,294,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,348,291,359],"content":"respectively. The RSSI successfully measure the input signal","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,360,294,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,360,102,370],"content":"power with the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[103,360,149,370],"content":"-100\\ \\mathrm{dBm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[150,360,161,370],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[162,360,203,370],"content":"-10\\ \\mathrm{dBm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,360,291,370],"content":"input dynamic range.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,371,294,382],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,371,292,382],"content":"The LP-mode receiver and reconfigurable-LNA utilize the RSSI","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,383,294,394],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,383,254,394],"content":"output to reduce the power consumption, resulting in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[255,383,274,394],"content":"50\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[275,383,293,394],"content":"and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,395,182,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,395,58,406],"content":"60\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[59,395,182,406],"content":"power reduction, respectively.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,407,294,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,407,292,419],"content":"Table I shows the comparison table with previous HBC trans-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,420,294,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,420,292,430],"content":"ceivers, The proposed transceiver in this work fully satisfies the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,431,294,441],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,431,292,441],"content":" HBC standard and lower power consumption, simultaneously,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,443,182,454],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,443,181,454],"content":"compared with the previous works.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[126,463,204,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[126,463,204,475],"content":"VII. CONCLUSION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,479,294,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,479,292,493],"content":" In this paper, the IEEE 802.15.6 fully compatible HBC trans-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,494,294,504],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,494,292,504],"content":"ceiver is proposed with four low-power features. First, com-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,505,294,515],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,505,292,515],"content":"pared with the high speed DAC architecture, analog active filter","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,516,294,527],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,516,198,527],"content":"based TX mask filter is adopted with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[199,516,218,527],"content":"30\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[219,516,291,527],"content":" power reduction.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,530,294,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,530,243,541],"content":"Second, the DLL-based BPSK receiver saves the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[244,530,263,540],"content":"40\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[264,530,292,540],"content":"power","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,541,294,551],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,542,257,551],"content":"consumption by turning off the Q data path with the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[258,542,275,551],"content":"\\mathrm{S\/H}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[276,541,292,551],"content":"op-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,552,294,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,552,293,562],"content":"eration. Third, the LP-mode receiver with the measured input ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,563,294,576],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,563,153,576],"content":"power by RSSI reduces the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[154,563,173,576],"content":"50\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[174,563,292,576],"content":" power consumption. At last,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,577,294,588],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,577,292,588],"content":"the reconfigurable LNA with the RSSI output information is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,589,294,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,589,94,600],"content":"adopted with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[95,589,114,600],"content":"60\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[115,589,292,600],"content":"power reduction. As a result, the proposed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,601,294,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,601,227,610],"content":"standard compatible receiver implemented in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,601,292,610],"content":"130\\ \\mathrm{nm\\CMOS}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[37,614,294,624],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,614,165,624],"content":"technology consumes as low as","type":"text"},{"bbox":[166,614,199,624],"content":"5.2\\:\\mathrm{mW}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[200,614,292,624],"content":"power while satisfying","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,625,159,635],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,625,159,635],"content":"all the standard requirements.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[138,646,191,655],"spans":[{"bbox":[138,646,191,655],"content":"REFERENCES","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[52,659,294,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,659,291,669],"content":"[1] T. 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INTRODUCTION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[45,448,290,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,448,290,461],"content":" getting more and more attention in the emerging appli-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,462,290,472],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,462,290,472],"content":"cations which combines healthcare and consumer electronics","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,485,290,496],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,485,290,496],"content":"with the WBAN is to extend the lifetime of the WBAN devices","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,522,290,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,522,290,534],"content":"is considered as a power-efficient wireless communication","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,535,290,546],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,535,290,546],"content":"solution of the WBAN because high conductivity of the human","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,547,290,558],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,547,290,558],"content":"body in a low frequency band enables low power communica-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,584,290,595],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,584,290,595],"content":"transceivers have been presented [2]-[14], and eventually","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,596,290,607],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,596,290,607],"content":"in 2012 the WBAN is standardized as IEEE 802.15.6 [15].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,247,554,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,247,554,257],"content":"The previous HBC transceiver was proposed in 2013 [9], but","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[301,307,554,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,307,554,318],"content":"ments. In the RX, the power-hungry VCO-based BPSK demod-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[301,319,554,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,319,554,330],"content":"ulator with I (in phase) and Q (quadrature phase) dual data paths","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[309,381,554,391],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,381,552,391],"content":" In this paper, we propose a low power and fully IEEE 802.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,392,554,404],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,392,342,403],"content":"15.6\\,\\mathrm{HBC}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[343,392,554,404],"content":"compatible transceiver satisfying all the tight specifi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[301,405,554,416],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,405,554,416],"content":"cations by adopting 4 key techniques. 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In the Section IHI and IV, the detail design of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[301,675,554,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,675,554,687],"content":"receiver will be explained, respectively. In Section V, the low","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[301,700,554,710],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,700,554,710],"content":"LNA will be presented with the RSSI design. 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Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[37,32,287,43],"content":"IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 50, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2015","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[132,755,458,765],"content":"See http:\/\/www.ieee.org\/publications_standards\/publications\/rights\/index.html for more information.","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[116,743,153,756],"content":"0018-9200","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[161,743,473,756],"content":"2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication\/redistribution requires IEEE permission.","type":"text","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[44,660,290,671],"content":"Manuscript received February 18, 2015;revised May 05, 2015, July 06, 2015,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,670,290,682],"content":"and August 16, 2015; accepted August 17, 2015. This paper was approved by","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[35,677,130,692],"content":"Guest Editor Gregory Chen.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[42,687,290,699],"content":"The authors are with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,696,245,708],"content":"(KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea (e-mail: hwcho@kaist.ac.kr).","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[42,704,292,719],"content":"Color versions of one ormore of the figures in this paperare available online","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,715,128,726],"content":"at http:\/ieeexplore.ieee.org.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[44,724,219,736],"content":"Digital Object Identifier 10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[153,745,161,753],"content":"\\copyright","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footer"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[549.894224924,33.8348540146,553.852887538,40.6738138686]],"header":[[77.7337386018,10.0784671533,516.4255319149,20.1569343066],[34.188449848,32.7550182482,287.9027355623,41.3937043796]],"footer":[[116.2407294833,745.4466240876,473.9598784195,764.5237226277]],"footnote":[[36.7075987842,661.2194343066,290.7817629179,687.8553832117],[36.3477203647,688.5752737226,291.5015197568,706.2125912409],[37.4273556231,706.9324817518,290.7817629179,724.9297445255],[46.06443769,724.9297445255,219.5258358663,733.9283759124]]}},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[369,62,386,71],"lines":[{"bbox":[369,62,386,71],"spans":[{"bbox":[369,62,386,71],"content":"OdBr","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[104,68,239,183],"lines":[{"bbox":[104,68,239,183],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,68,239,183],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/tables\/1_104_68_239_183.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[326,70,427,79],"lines":[{"bbox":[326,70,427,79],"spans":[{"bbox":[326,70,348,79],"content":"-3dBr","type":"text"},{"bbox":[404,70,427,79],"content":"-3dBr","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[273,85,434,96],"lines":[{"bbox":[273,85,434,96],"spans":[{"bbox":[273,85,328,96],"content":"② Sharp","type":"text"},{"bbox":[408,85,434,96],"content":"-25dBr","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[436,93,466,107],"lines":[{"bbox":[436,93,466,107],"spans":[{"bbox":[436,93,466,107],"content":"--34dBr","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[263,103,334,117],"lines":[{"bbox":[263,103,334,117],"spans":[{"bbox":[263,103,334,117],"content":"MaskSlope","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[454,128,477,135],"lines":[{"bbox":[454,128,477,135],"spans":[{"bbox":[454,128,473,135],"content":"75dBr","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[286,131,374,139],"lines":[{"bbox":[286,131,374,139],"spans":[{"bbox":[286,131,308,138],"content":"-80dBr","type":"text"},{"bbox":[345,131,374,139],"content":"5.25MHz","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[253,139,299,153],"lines":[{"bbox":[253,139,299,153],"spans":[{"bbox":[253,139,299,153],"content":"① Low","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[243,152,490,168],"lines":[{"bbox":[243,152,490,168],"spans":[{"bbox":[243,154,312,168],"content":"Mask Floor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[428,152,490,168],"content":"Wideband","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[278,169,477,178],"lines":[{"bbox":[278,169,477,178],"spans":[{"bbox":[278,169,311,178],"content":"-120dBr","type":"text"},{"bbox":[441,169,476,178],"content":"Mask","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[305,185,486,192],"lines":[{"bbox":[305,185,486,192],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,185,317,192],"content":"01","type":"text"},{"bbox":[369,185,486,192],"content":"2150 105 400MHz f(MHz)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,197,207,208],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,197,207,208],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,197,207,208],"content":"Fig. 1. 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Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[305,32,556,42],"content":"IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 50, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2015","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[37,691,557,702],"content":"ulation and common centroid layout technique. The proposed  following analog circuits is attenuated by 6th-order low-pass","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[38,703,556,714],"content":"transmitter is composed of the level shifter, analog active fil-  filter and 9th-order high-pass filter (Fig. 4(b)). The excessive","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[38,715,556,724],"content":"ters, driver and off-chip analog filters. The signal flow in each  spectrum power in DC and high frequency band is suppressed","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,725,557,738],"content":"stage in the transmitter will be explained in Fig. 4. Since the data under the mask, but the non-linear characteristics of the analog","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[63,751,557,762],"content":"there are excessive DC power and harmonics in high fre-  is called spectrum regrowth effect (Fig. 4(c)). The amount of","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[],"header":[[72.6954407295,10.0784671533,517.1452887538,20.1569343066],[306.2565349544,33.8348540146,554.5726443769,41.0337591241]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]}},"page_4":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[43,30,512,425],"lines":[{"bbox":[43,30,512,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,30,512,425],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/4_43_30_512_425.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,435,291,448],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,435,291,448],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,435,290,448],"content":" this increased low frequency spectrum power cannot be exactly","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,449,291,461],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,449,291,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[35,449,291,461],"content":" predicted due to the PVT variation, so we adopt the simple R-C","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,462,291,472],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,462,291,472],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,462,290,472],"content":"off-chip 2nd-order high-pass filter to additionally attenuate the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[35,473,291,485],"lines":[{"bbox":[35,473,291,485],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,473,291,485],"content":"low frequency power. 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Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[306,32,556,43],"content":"IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 50, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2015","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[38.5069908815,34.1947992701,43.5452887538,40.3138686131]],"header":[[74.8547112462,10.0784671533,515.705775076,19.7969890511]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]}},"page_8":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[106,65,482,293],"lines":[{"bbox":[106,65,482,293],"spans":[{"bbox":[106,65,482,293],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/images\/8_106_65_482_293.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,342,200,354],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,342,200,354],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,342,92,354],"content":"RSSI is over","type":"text"},{"bbox":[93,342,134,354],"content":"-35~\\mathrm{dBm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,342,173,354],"content":"which is","type":"text"},{"bbox":[174,342,200,353],"content":"10~\\mathrm{dB}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[37,379,292,389],"lines":[{"bbox":[37,379,292,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,379,292,389],"content":"rect conversion receiver. 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Data from the human body is recovered to the digital  Fig. 19 shows the measurement results of the transmitter","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,462,554,474],"content":"data by amplifier chain. In the demodulator, the input data is  output power. The output power is controlled by changing","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[150,475,554,486],"content":"clock. A Logic with several gates  the MOS size of the transmitter driver. The maximum output","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,499,450,509],"content":"time to demodulate the BPSK data. The phase ambiguity can modulated data from the TX driver is","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[37,583,554,594],"content":"voltage gain of the LNA is fixed, LNA should have both good  between input FM-blocker power and receiver sensitivity. 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Kim et al.,\"A","type":"text"},{"bbox":[390,625,422,635],"content":"622\\mathrm{-}\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{b\/s}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[423,625,556,634],"content":"mixed-mode BPSK demodulator using a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[327,636,557,642],"lines":[{"bbox":[327,636,557,642],"spans":[{"bbox":[329,636,556,642],"content":"half-rate bang-bang phase detector,\" IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[327,643,456,650],"lines":[{"bbox":[327,643,456,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,643,455,650],"content":"43, no. 10, pp. 2284-2292, Oct. 2008.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[312,651,556,660],"lines":[{"bbox":[312,651,556,660],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,651,556,660],"content":"[17] S. Huang et al., \"W-band BPSK and QPSK transceiver with Costas-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[327,661,557,669],"lines":[{"bbox":[327,661,557,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[328,661,557,669],"content":"loop carrier recovery in 65-nm CMOS technology,” IEEE J. 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Solid-State Circuits, vol. 4, no. 5, pp.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[327,707,407,714],"lines":[{"bbox":[327,707,407,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,707,407,714],"content":"1084-1093, May 2012.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[312,715,556,724],"lines":[{"bbox":[312,715,556,724],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,715,556,724],"content":"[19] P. Huang et al., “A 2-V 10.7-MHz CMOS limiting amplifier\/RSSI,\"","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[327,725,557,733],"lines":[{"bbox":[327,725,557,733],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,725,556,733],"content":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1474-1480, Oct. 2000.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[312,734,556,742],"lines":[{"bbox":[312,734,556,742],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,734,556,742],"content":"[20] C. Wu et al., \"A 110-MHz 84-dB CMOS programmable gain amplifier","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[327,743,557,752],"lines":[{"bbox":[327,743,557,752],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,743,556,752],"content":"with integrated RSSI function,\" IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 40,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[327,753,442,760],"lines":[{"bbox":[327,753,442,760],"spans":[{"bbox":[329,753,439,760],"content":"no. 6, pp. 1249-1258, Jun. 2005.","type":"text"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[238,75,357,82],"spans":[{"bbox":[238,75,257,82],"content":"PERF","type":"text"},{"bbox":[337,75,357,82],"content":"ABLE","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,89,513,283],"spans":[{"bbox":[81,89,513,283],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_46300000\/libgen.scimag46376000-46376999.zip_10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2475179\/tables\/9_81_89_513_283.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,311,292,322],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,311,292,322],"content":"energy detection capability. The transmitter power consumption","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,335,292,345],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,335,206,345],"content":"receiver at sample time and at hold time is","type":"text"},{"bbox":[207,335,240,345],"content":"6.2\\:\\mathrm{mW}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[241,335,256,345],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[257,335,290,345],"content":"3.8\\,\\mathrm{mW},","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[37,348,292,359],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,348,291,359],"content":"respectively. The RSSI successfully measure the input signal","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,360,292,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,360,102,370],"content":"power with the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[103,360,149,370],"content":"-100\\ \\mathrm{dBm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[150,360,161,370],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[162,360,203,370],"content":"-10\\ \\mathrm{dBm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,360,291,370],"content":"input dynamic range.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,371,292,382],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,371,292,382],"content":"The LP-mode receiver and reconfigurable-LNA utilize the RSSI","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,395,182,406],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,395,58,406],"content":"60\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[59,395,182,406],"content":"power reduction, respectively.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,407,292,419],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,407,292,419],"content":"Table I shows the comparison table with previous HBC trans-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,420,292,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,420,292,430],"content":"ceivers, The proposed transceiver in this work fully satisfies the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,431,292,441],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,431,292,441],"content":" HBC standard and lower power consumption, simultaneously,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,443,182,454],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,443,181,454],"content":"compared with the previous works.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[126,463,204,475],"spans":[{"bbox":[126,463,204,475],"content":"VII. CONCLUSION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[47,479,292,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,479,292,493],"content":" In this paper, the IEEE 802.15.6 fully compatible HBC trans-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,494,292,504],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,494,292,504],"content":"ceiver is proposed with four low-power features. First, com-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,505,292,515],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,505,292,515],"content":"pared with the high speed DAC architecture, analog active filter","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,516,292,527],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,516,198,527],"content":"based TX mask filter is adopted with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[199,516,218,527],"content":"30\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[219,516,291,527],"content":" power reduction.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[37,530,292,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,530,243,541],"content":"Second, the DLL-based BPSK receiver saves the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[244,530,263,540],"content":"40\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[264,530,292,540],"content":"power","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,541,292,551],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,542,257,551],"content":"consumption by turning off the Q data path with the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[258,542,275,551],"content":"\\mathrm{S\/H}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[276,541,292,551],"content":"op-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,563,292,576],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,563,153,576],"content":"power by RSSI reduces the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[154,563,173,576],"content":"50\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[174,563,292,576],"content":" power consumption. At last,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,577,292,588],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,577,292,588],"content":"the reconfigurable LNA with the RSSI output information is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,589,292,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,589,94,600],"content":"adopted with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[95,589,114,600],"content":"60\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[115,589,292,600],"content":"power reduction. As a result, the proposed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,601,292,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,601,227,610],"content":"standard compatible receiver implemented in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[228,601,292,610],"content":"130\\ \\mathrm{nm\\CMOS}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[37,614,292,624],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,614,165,624],"content":"technology consumes as low as","type":"text"},{"bbox":[166,614,199,624],"content":"5.2\\:\\mathrm{mW}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[200,614,292,624],"content":"power while satisfying","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[37,625,159,635],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,625,159,635],"content":"all the standard requirements.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[138,646,191,655],"spans":[{"bbox":[138,646,191,655],"content":"REFERENCES","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[52,659,292,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,659,291,669],"content":"[1] T. 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IEEE Custom","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[327,532,464,540],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,532,464,540],"content":"Integrated Circuits Conf., 2014, pp. 1-8.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[327,552,557,559],"spans":[{"bbox":[329,552,556,559],"content":"transceiver with power effcient delay-locked-loop based BPSK de-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[327,560,557,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[329,560,553,567],"content":"modulator,” in IEEE A-SSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, 2014, pp. 297-300.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[327,578,557,588],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,578,374,588],"content":"\\mu\\mathrm{W}\\ 100\\,\\mathrm{k\\mathbf{b}\/s}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[375,579,556,588],"content":"super-regenerative transceiver for body channel commu-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[327,589,544,597],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,589,543,597],"content":"nications,\" in IEEE ISSCC Dig. Tech. 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On the other hand, concen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,313,282,324],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,313,113,324],"content":" trations above","type":"text"},{"bbox":[114,313,143,324],"content":"200\\,\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[144,313,282,324],"content":"resulted in fiber caking and clogging.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[76,325,292,335],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,325,290,335],"content":"The sample treatment used for the determination of total","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,336,292,347],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,336,291,347],"content":"analyte concentrations in human plasma is described in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,348,292,358],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,348,290,358],"content":"Section 2. The supernatant collected from the plasma follow-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,359,292,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,359,292,370],"content":"ing treatment with trichloroacetic acid and centrifugation was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,371,292,382],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,371,103,382],"content":"adjusted to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[104,371,131,381],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}\\ 7.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[132,371,263,382],"content":"and preconcentrated with MEPS at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[264,371,287,382],"content":"2\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{L}\/\\mathrm{s}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[59,383,292,392],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,383,291,392],"content":"which was slow enough to ensure optimum analyte retention","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,393,292,404],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,393,215,404],"content":"in the C18 bed. Elution was done with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[216,394,237,404],"content":"25\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,393,291,404],"content":" of eluent. 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In addition, analytes recoveries were determined in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,530,544,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,530,456,541],"content":"four different samples spiked with a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,530,486,541],"content":"10\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,530,542,541],"content":"concentration","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,542,544,553],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,542,542,553],"content":"of each analyte. The estimated recoveries ranged from 78 to","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,554,544,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,554,330,564],"content":"92\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[331,554,417,566],"content":"for lidocaine, 58.39 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[418,554,442,565],"content":"68.7\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,554,542,567],"content":"for mepivacaine and 42.5","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,565,544,576],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,565,324,576],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[325,567,354,576],"content":"56.59\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[355,568,542,576],"content":" for bupivacaine. As expected, drug recoveries","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,577,544,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,577,541,586],"content":"were higher than with the free concentration method by","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,587,544,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,587,544,599],"content":"effect of bonds with proteins being broken and the resulting","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,600,544,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,600,541,610],"content":"free drugs joining the free fraction. We should note that a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,611,544,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,611,426,621],"content":"volume of sample as low as","type":"text"},{"bbox":[427,611,453,621],"content":"250\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[454,611,541,621],"content":"should suffce for the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,622,544,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,622,541,632],"content":"intended purpose since samples 6 and 7 exhibited no","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,633,544,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,633,541,645],"content":" significant difference from sample 1, which was analyzed by","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,646,363,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,646,336,656],"content":"using","type":"text"},{"bbox":[337,646,363,656],"content":"500\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{L}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[326,657,544,667],"spans":[{"bbox":[326,657,543,667],"content":" The electropherograms of Fig. 4 expose the differences ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,668,544,679],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,668,542,679],"content":"between the free concentration method and the total","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,680,544,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,680,543,690],"content":"concentration method. Figure 4A corresponds to an aliquot ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,691,544,702],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,691,540,702],"content":"of a single plasma sample analyzed with the free concen-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,703,544,713],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,703,505,713],"content":"tration method, both unspiked (1) and spiked with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,703,541,713],"content":"1.6\\,\\mathrm{mg\/L}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,714,544,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,714,370,725],"content":"lidocaine, and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[371,714,406,725],"content":"1.4\\,\\mathrm{mg\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[407,714,541,725],"content":" mepivacaine and bupivacaine (2).","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_6":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[58,65,292,235],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,65,292,235],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,65,287,235],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_01200000\/libgen.scimag01266000-01266999.zip_10.1002\/elps.200800493\/images\/6_58_65_287_235.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,269,87,278],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,269,87,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,269,87,278],"content":"10\\,\\upmu\\mathsf{g}\/\\mathsf{L}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[119,278,282,287],"lines":[{"bbox":[119,278,282,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[119,278,134,287],"content":"m\/z","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[223,278,280,287],"content":"[\\mathsf{M}+\\mathsf{H}]^{+}=235.2","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,316,292,328],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,316,292,328],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,316,290,328],"content":"Figure 4B shows the electropherograms obtained in the total","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,329,292,339],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,329,292,339],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,329,290,339],"content":"concentration analysis of other aliquots of the same plasma","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,340,292,350],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,340,292,350],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,340,225,350],"content":"sample, both unspiked (1) and spiked with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[226,340,251,350],"content":"5\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g}\/\\mathrm{L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[252,340,290,350],"content":"lidocaine,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,352,242,362],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,352,242,362],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,352,77,362],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[78,352,111,362],"content":"4.4\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[112,352,242,362],"content":"mepivacaine and bupivacaine (2).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[75,363,292,372],"lines":[{"bbox":[75,363,292,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[75,363,292,372],"content":"Figure  5  shows two  selected electropherograms","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,375,292,386],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,375,292,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,375,290,386],"content":"obtained by using the total concentration method. Finally,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,387,292,397],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,387,292,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,387,291,397],"content":"Fig. 5 (1) corresponds to an unspiked human plasma","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,398,292,409],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,398,292,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,398,292,409],"content":"sample aliquot, which tested positive for lidocaine, and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,410,292,420],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,410,292,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,410,291,420],"content":"Fig. 5 (2) to an aliquot of the same sample spiked with up to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,421,131,432],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,421,131,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,421,91,432],"content":"10\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,421,131,432],"content":"lidocaine.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,455,185,467],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,455,185,467],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,455,185,467],"content":"4  Concluding remarks","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,480,292,492],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,480,292,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,480,291,492],"content":"The high potential of the combination MEPS-CE has been","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,493,292,503],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,493,292,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,493,291,503],"content":"demonstrated. MEPS provides the effcient preconcentration","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,504,292,514],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,504,292,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"content":"of analytes from a small sample volume. In addition, its","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,515,292,526],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,515,292,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"content":" automatization has been achieved by using a simple syringe","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,527,292,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,527,292,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"content":" pump. The use of a microdialysis needle on-line coupled to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,537,292,550],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,537,292,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"content":"the MEPS-syringe had permitted the analysis of free and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,552,292,562],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,552,292,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,552,290,562],"content":"total drug in human plasma. This simple strategy is then","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,563,232,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,563,232,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"content":"recommended to perform biological studies.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[75,587,292,596],"lines":[{"bbox":[75,587,292,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"content":"The authors are grateful to Spain's Ministry of Education","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,599,292,608],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,599,292,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"content":"and Science for funding this work as a part of Project 2007-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,609,292,619],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,609,292,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,609,291,619],"content":"60426. G.M.-C. also wishes to thank the Ministry for the award","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,621,282,632],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,621,282,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,621,282,632],"content":"of a Research Training Fellowship (Grant BES-2005-10603).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[75,645,251,656],"lines":[{"bbox":[75,645,251,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[77,645,251,656],"content":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,675,143,689],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,675,143,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"content":"5 References","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,704,292,714],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,704,292,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,704,290,714],"content":"[1] Drewe, J., Rufer, S., Huwyler, J., Kusters, E., J. Chro-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[75,715,193,725],"lines":[{"bbox":[75,715,193,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[78,715,193,725],"content":"matogr. 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MEPS provides the effcient preconcentration","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,504,292,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"content":"of analytes from a small sample volume. In addition, its","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,515,292,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"content":" automatization has been achieved by using a simple syringe","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,527,292,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"content":" pump. The use of a microdialysis needle on-line coupled to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,537,292,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"content":"the MEPS-syringe had permitted the analysis of free and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,552,292,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,552,290,562],"content":"total drug in human plasma. This simple strategy is then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,563,232,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"content":"recommended to perform biological studies.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[75,587,292,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"content":"The authors are grateful to Spain's Ministry of Education","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,599,292,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"content":"and Science for funding this work as a part of Project 2007-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,609,292,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,609,291,619],"content":"60426. G.M.-C. also wishes to thank the Ministry for the award","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,621,282,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,621,282,632],"content":"of a Research Training Fellowship (Grant BES-2005-10603).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[75,645,251,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[77,645,251,656],"content":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[58,675,143,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"content":"5 References","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[58,704,292,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,704,290,714],"content":"[1] Drewe, J., Rufer, S., Huwyler, J., Kusters, E., J. Chro-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[75,715,193,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[78,715,193,725],"content":"matogr. B 1997, 691, 105-110","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,72,543,83],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,72,541,83],"content":"[2] Abdel-Rehim, M., Bielenstein, M., Askemark, Y., Tyre-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[329,84,543,94],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,84,542,94],"content":"fors, N., Arvidsson, T., J. Chromatogr. 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On the other hand, concen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,313,282,324],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,313,113,324],"content":" trations above","type":"text"},{"bbox":[114,313,143,324],"content":"200\\,\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[144,313,282,324],"content":"resulted in fiber caking and clogging.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[76,325,292,335],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,325,290,335],"content":"The sample treatment used for the determination of total","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,336,292,347],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,336,291,347],"content":"analyte concentrations in human plasma is described in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,348,292,358],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,348,290,358],"content":"Section 2. The supernatant collected from the plasma follow-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,359,292,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,359,292,370],"content":"ing treatment with trichloroacetic acid and centrifugation was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,371,292,382],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,371,103,382],"content":"adjusted to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[104,371,131,381],"content":"\\mathrm{pH}\\ 7.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[132,371,263,382],"content":"and preconcentrated with MEPS at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[264,371,287,382],"content":"2\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{L}\/\\mathrm{s}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[59,383,292,392],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,383,291,392],"content":"which was slow enough to ensure optimum analyte retention","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[59,393,292,404],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,393,215,404],"content":"in the C18 bed. Elution was done with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[216,394,237,404],"content":"25\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[238,393,291,404],"content":" of eluent. 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In addition, analytes recoveries were determined in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,530,544,541],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,530,456,541],"content":"four different samples spiked with a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,530,486,541],"content":"10\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,530,542,541],"content":"concentration","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,542,544,553],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,542,542,553],"content":"of each analyte. The estimated recoveries ranged from 78 to","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,554,544,567],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,554,330,564],"content":"92\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[331,554,417,566],"content":"for lidocaine, 58.39 to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[418,554,442,565],"content":"68.7\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[443,554,542,567],"content":"for mepivacaine and 42.5","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,565,544,576],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,565,324,576],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[325,567,354,576],"content":"56.59\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[355,568,542,576],"content":" for bupivacaine. As expected, drug recoveries","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,577,544,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,577,541,586],"content":"were higher than with the free concentration method by","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,587,544,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,587,544,599],"content":"effect of bonds with proteins being broken and the resulting","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,600,544,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,600,541,610],"content":"free drugs joining the free fraction. We should note that a","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,611,544,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,611,426,621],"content":"volume of sample as low as","type":"text"},{"bbox":[427,611,453,621],"content":"250\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[454,611,541,621],"content":"should suffce for the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,622,544,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,622,541,632],"content":"intended purpose since samples 6 and 7 exhibited no","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,633,544,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,633,541,645],"content":" significant difference from sample 1, which was analyzed by","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,646,363,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,646,336,656],"content":"using","type":"text"},{"bbox":[337,646,363,656],"content":"500\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{L}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[326,657,544,667],"spans":[{"bbox":[326,657,543,667],"content":" The electropherograms of Fig. 4 expose the differences ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,668,544,679],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,668,542,679],"content":"between the free concentration method and the total","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,680,544,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,680,543,690],"content":"concentration method. Figure 4A corresponds to an aliquot ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,691,544,702],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,691,540,702],"content":"of a single plasma sample analyzed with the free concen-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,703,544,713],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,703,505,713],"content":"tration method, both unspiked (1) and spiked with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,703,541,713],"content":"1.6\\,\\mathrm{mg\/L}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[311,714,544,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,714,370,725],"content":"lidocaine, and ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[371,714,406,725],"content":"1.4\\,\\mathrm{mg\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[407,714,541,725],"content":" mepivacaine and bupivacaine (2).","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_6":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[58,65,292,235],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,65,292,235],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,65,287,235],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_01200000\/libgen.scimag01266000-01266999.zip_10.1002\/elps.200800493\/images\/6_58_65_287_235.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,269,87,278],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,269,87,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,269,87,278],"content":"10\\,\\upmu\\mathsf{g}\/\\mathsf{L}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[119,278,282,287],"lines":[{"bbox":[119,278,282,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[119,278,134,287],"content":"m\/z","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[223,278,280,287],"content":"[\\mathsf{M}+\\mathsf{H}]^{+}=235.2","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,316,292,328],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,316,292,328],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,316,290,328],"content":"Figure 4B shows the electropherograms obtained in the total","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,329,292,339],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,329,292,339],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,329,290,339],"content":"concentration analysis of other aliquots of the same plasma","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,340,292,350],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,340,292,350],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,340,225,350],"content":"sample, both unspiked (1) and spiked with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[226,340,251,350],"content":"5\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g}\/\\mathrm{L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[252,340,290,350],"content":"lidocaine,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,352,242,362],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,352,242,362],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,352,77,362],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[78,352,111,362],"content":"4.4\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[112,352,242,362],"content":"mepivacaine and bupivacaine (2).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[75,363,292,372],"lines":[{"bbox":[75,363,292,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[75,363,292,372],"content":"Figure  5  shows two  selected electropherograms","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,375,292,386],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,375,292,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,375,290,386],"content":"obtained by using the total concentration method. Finally,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,387,292,397],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,387,292,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,387,291,397],"content":"Fig. 5 (1) corresponds to an unspiked human plasma","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,398,292,409],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,398,292,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,398,292,409],"content":"sample aliquot, which tested positive for lidocaine, and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,410,292,420],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,410,292,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,410,291,420],"content":"Fig. 5 (2) to an aliquot of the same sample spiked with up to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,421,131,432],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,421,131,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,421,91,432],"content":"10\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,421,131,432],"content":"lidocaine.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,455,185,467],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,455,185,467],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,455,185,467],"content":"4  Concluding remarks","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,480,292,492],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,480,292,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,480,291,492],"content":"The high potential of the combination MEPS-CE has been","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,493,292,503],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,493,292,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,493,291,503],"content":"demonstrated. MEPS provides the effcient preconcentration","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,504,292,514],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,504,292,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"content":"of analytes from a small sample volume. In addition, its","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,515,292,526],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,515,292,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"content":" automatization has been achieved by using a simple syringe","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,527,292,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,527,292,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"content":" pump. The use of a microdialysis needle on-line coupled to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,537,292,550],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,537,292,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"content":"the MEPS-syringe had permitted the analysis of free and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,552,292,562],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,552,292,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,552,290,562],"content":"total drug in human plasma. This simple strategy is then","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,563,232,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,563,232,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"content":"recommended to perform biological studies.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[75,587,292,596],"lines":[{"bbox":[75,587,292,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"content":"The authors are grateful to Spain's Ministry of Education","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,599,292,608],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,599,292,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"content":"and Science for funding this work as a part of Project 2007-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,609,292,619],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,609,292,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,609,291,619],"content":"60426. G.M.-C. also wishes to thank the Ministry for the award","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,621,282,632],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,621,282,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,621,282,632],"content":"of a Research Training Fellowship (Grant BES-2005-10603).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[75,645,251,656],"lines":[{"bbox":[75,645,251,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[77,645,251,656],"content":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,675,143,689],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,675,143,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"content":"5 References","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[58,704,292,714],"lines":[{"bbox":[58,704,292,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,704,290,714],"content":"[1] Drewe, J., Rufer, S., Huwyler, J., Kusters, E., J. Chro-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[75,715,193,725],"lines":[{"bbox":[75,715,193,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[78,715,193,725],"content":"matogr. 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MEPS provides the effcient preconcentration","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,504,292,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"content":"of analytes from a small sample volume. In addition, its","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,515,292,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"content":" automatization has been achieved by using a simple syringe","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,527,292,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"content":" pump. The use of a microdialysis needle on-line coupled to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,537,292,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"content":"the MEPS-syringe had permitted the analysis of free and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,552,292,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,552,290,562],"content":"total drug in human plasma. This simple strategy is then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,563,232,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"content":"recommended to perform biological studies.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[75,587,292,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"content":"The authors are grateful to Spain's Ministry of Education","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,599,292,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"content":"and Science for funding this work as a part of Project 2007-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,609,292,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,609,291,619],"content":"60426. G.M.-C. also wishes to thank the Ministry for the award","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[58,621,282,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,621,282,632],"content":"of a Research Training Fellowship (Grant BES-2005-10603).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[75,645,251,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[77,645,251,656],"content":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[58,675,143,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"content":"5 References","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[58,704,292,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,704,290,714],"content":"[1] Drewe, J., Rufer, S., Huwyler, J., Kusters, E., J. Chro-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[75,715,193,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[78,715,193,725],"content":"matogr. B 1997, 691, 105-110","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,72,543,83],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,72,541,83],"content":"[2] Abdel-Rehim, M., Bielenstein, M., Askemark, Y., Tyre-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[329,84,543,94],"spans":[{"bbox":[330,84,542,94],"content":"fors, N., Arvidsson, T., J. Chromatogr. 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Age ranged from 26-75 years (median 55 years).","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,221,494,229],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,221,491,229],"content":"All patients with ons meningioma and 19 of the remaining patients presented with visual symptoms. 31 patients with non ons","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,230,494,238],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,230,491,238],"content":"meningiomas had undergone previous surgery. Patients were followed for 6-54 (median 26) months. Follow up was by clinical","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,239,249,247],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,239,248,247],"content":"symptoms, ophthalmologic exam and annual MRI.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,248,494,256],"spans":[{"bbox":[82,248,492,256],"content":"Results: Acute toxicity was mild and limited to fatigue (11 patients) headaches (3 patients) and nausea (1 pt) and responded to low","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,257,494,271],"spans":[{"bbox":[81,259,396,268],"content":"dosedexamthasenallatientsOfth36 patients withisual stms ision mroved23","type":"text"},{"bbox":[397,257,416,271],"content":"(64\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[417,258,470,270],"content":", was stable in 11","type":"text"},{"bbox":[471,257,491,271],"content":"(30\\%)","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[81,272,494,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,272,492,278],"content":"and worsened in 2 patients. Eleven patients reported subjective visual improvement on completion of their radiotherapy course and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,279,494,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,279,492,287],"content":"in most responding patients improved vision was noted within 6 months of completing radiotherapy. No visual impairment was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,288,494,295],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,288,492,295],"content":"seen in patients presenting without visual symptoms. Fifty eight patients have undergone MRI one year following treatment,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,296,201,305],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,296,201,305],"content":"none have shown tumor progression.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,306,494,316],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,306,492,316],"content":"Conclusions: Within the limitations of the short follow up of our series, FSR is an effective and safe treatment for patients with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,317,356,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,317,356,326],"content":"optic nerve sheath or skull base meningioma involving or close to the optic pathway.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,327,392,338],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,327,392,338],"content":"Author Disclosure: R. Pfeffer, None; D. Alezra, None; J. Menhel, None; R. 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This study evaluates the feasibility","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,481,293,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,481,293,491],"content":"of neural stem cell (NSC) preserving external beam radiotherapy.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,492,494,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[82,492,491,501],"content":"Materials\/Methods: A single computed tomography (CT) dataset depicting a right periventricular lesion was used in this study as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,502,494,510],"spans":[{"bbox":[82,502,491,510],"content":"this location reflects the most problematic geometric arrangement with respect to NSC preservation. Conventional and NSC pre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,511,494,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,511,492,519],"content":"serving radiotherapy (RT) plans were generated for the same lesion using two clinical scenarios: cerebral metastatic disease and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,520,494,527],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,520,491,527],"content":"primary high-grade glioma. Disease-specific target volumes were used. 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Finally,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,387,291,397],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,387,291,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,387,291,397],"content":"Fig. 5 (1) corresponds to an unspiked human plasma","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,398,292,409],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,398,292,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,398,292,409],"content":"sample aliquot, which tested positive for lidocaine, and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,410,291,420],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,410,291,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,410,291,420],"content":"Fig. 5 (2) to an aliquot of the same sample spiked with up to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,421,131,432],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,421,131,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,421,91,432],"content":"10\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,421,131,432],"content":"lidocaine.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,455,185,467],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,455,185,467],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,455,185,467],"content":"4  Concluding remarks","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,480,291,492],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,480,291,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,480,291,492],"content":"The high potential of the combination MEPS-CE has been","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,493,291,503],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,493,291,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,493,291,503],"content":"demonstrated. MEPS provides the effcient preconcentration","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"content":"of analytes from a small sample volume. In addition, its","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"content":" automatization has been achieved by using a simple syringe","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"content":" pump. The use of a microdialysis needle on-line coupled to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"content":"the MEPS-syringe had permitted the analysis of free and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,552,291,562],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,552,291,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,552,290,562],"content":"total drug in human plasma. This simple strategy is then","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"content":"recommended to perform biological studies.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"lines":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"content":"The authors are grateful to Spain's Ministry of Education","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"lines":[{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"content":"and Science for funding this work as a part of Project 2007-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,609,291,619],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,609,291,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,609,291,619],"content":"60426. G.M.-C. also wishes to thank the Ministry for the award","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,621,282,632],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,621,282,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,621,282,632],"content":"of a Research Training Fellowship (Grant BES-2005-10603).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[76,645,251,656],"lines":[{"bbox":[76,645,251,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[77,645,251,656],"content":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"content":"5 References","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,704,291,714],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,704,291,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,704,290,714],"content":"[1] Drewe, J., Rufer, S., Huwyler, J., Kusters, E., J. Chro-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[76,715,193,725],"lines":[{"bbox":[76,715,193,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[78,715,193,725],"content":"matogr. 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MEPS provides the effcient preconcentration","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"content":"of analytes from a small sample volume. In addition, its","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"content":" automatization has been achieved by using a simple syringe","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"content":" pump. The use of a microdialysis needle on-line coupled to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,552,291,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,552,290,562],"content":"total drug in human plasma. This simple strategy is then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"content":"recommended to perform biological studies.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"content":"The authors are grateful to Spain's Ministry of Education","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,609,291,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,609,291,619],"content":"60426. G.M.-C. also wishes to thank the Ministry for the award","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,621,282,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,621,282,632],"content":"of a Research Training Fellowship (Grant BES-2005-10603).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[76,645,251,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[77,645,251,656],"content":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"content":"5 References","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,704,291,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,704,290,714],"content":"[1] Drewe, J., Rufer, S., Huwyler, J., Kusters, E., J. 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Finally,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,387,291,397],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,387,291,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,387,291,397],"content":"Fig. 5 (1) corresponds to an unspiked human plasma","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,398,292,409],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,398,292,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,398,292,409],"content":"sample aliquot, which tested positive for lidocaine, and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,410,291,420],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,410,291,420],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,410,291,420],"content":"Fig. 5 (2) to an aliquot of the same sample spiked with up to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,421,131,432],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,421,131,432],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,421,91,432],"content":"10\\,\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,421,131,432],"content":"lidocaine.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,455,185,467],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,455,185,467],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,455,185,467],"content":"4  Concluding remarks","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,480,291,492],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,480,291,492],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,480,291,492],"content":"The high potential of the combination MEPS-CE has been","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,493,291,503],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,493,291,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,493,291,503],"content":"demonstrated. MEPS provides the effcient preconcentration","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"content":"of analytes from a small sample volume. In addition, its","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"content":" automatization has been achieved by using a simple syringe","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"content":" pump. The use of a microdialysis needle on-line coupled to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,537,292,550],"content":"the MEPS-syringe had permitted the analysis of free and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,552,291,562],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,552,291,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,552,290,562],"content":"total drug in human plasma. This simple strategy is then","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"content":"recommended to perform biological studies.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"lines":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"content":"The authors are grateful to Spain's Ministry of Education","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"lines":[{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,599,291,608],"content":"and Science for funding this work as a part of Project 2007-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,609,291,619],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,609,291,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,609,291,619],"content":"60426. G.M.-C. also wishes to thank the Ministry for the award","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,621,282,632],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,621,282,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,621,282,632],"content":"of a Research Training Fellowship (Grant BES-2005-10603).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[76,645,251,656],"lines":[{"bbox":[76,645,251,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[77,645,251,656],"content":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"content":"5 References","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,704,291,714],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,704,291,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,704,290,714],"content":"[1] Drewe, J., Rufer, S., Huwyler, J., Kusters, E., J. Chro-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[76,715,193,725],"lines":[{"bbox":[76,715,193,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[78,715,193,725],"content":"matogr. 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MEPS provides the effcient preconcentration","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,504,291,514],"content":"of analytes from a small sample volume. In addition, its","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,515,291,526],"content":" automatization has been achieved by using a simple syringe","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,527,291,536],"content":" pump. The use of a microdialysis needle on-line coupled to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,552,291,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,552,290,562],"content":"total drug in human plasma. This simple strategy is then","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,563,232,572],"content":"recommended to perform biological studies.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,587,291,596],"content":"The authors are grateful to Spain's Ministry of Education","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,609,291,619],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,609,291,619],"content":"60426. G.M.-C. also wishes to thank the Ministry for the award","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[60,621,282,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,621,282,632],"content":"of a Research Training Fellowship (Grant BES-2005-10603).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[76,645,251,656],"spans":[{"bbox":[77,645,251,656],"content":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[60,675,143,689],"content":"5 References","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,704,291,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,704,290,714],"content":"[1] Drewe, J., Rufer, S., Huwyler, J., Kusters, E., J. 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Eleven patients reported subjective visual improvement on completion of their radiotherapy course and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,279,494,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,279,492,287],"content":"in most responding patients improved vision was noted within 6 months of completing radiotherapy. No visual impairment was","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,288,494,295],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,288,492,295],"content":"seen in patients presenting without visual symptoms. Fifty eight patients have undergone MRI one year following treatment,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,296,201,305],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,296,201,305],"content":"none have shown tumor progression.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,306,494,316],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,306,492,316],"content":"Conclusions: Within the limitations of the short follow up of our series, FSR is an effective and safe treatment for patients with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,317,356,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,317,356,326],"content":"optic nerve sheath or skull base meningioma involving or close to the optic pathway.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,327,392,338],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,327,392,338],"content":"Author Disclosure: R. Pfeffer, None; D. Alezra, None; J. Menhel, None; R. Spiegelmann, None.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,406,444,421],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,406,116,421],"content":"2091","type":"text"},{"bbox":[117,406,444,420],"content":"1 Neural Stem Cell (NSC)-Preserving External Beam Radiotherapy of Central Nervous System","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[122,421,168,428],"spans":[{"bbox":[122,421,168,428],"content":"Malignancies","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,433,432,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,433,432,444],"content":"I. J. Barani, L. W. Cuttino, S. H. Benedict, D. A. Todor, E. A. Bump, Y. Wu, T. D. Chung, W. C. 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This study evaluates the feasibility","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,481,293,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,481,293,491],"content":"of neural stem cell (NSC) preserving external beam radiotherapy.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,492,494,501],"spans":[{"bbox":[82,492,491,501],"content":"Materials\/Methods: A single computed tomography (CT) dataset depicting a right periventricular lesion was used in this study as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,502,494,510],"spans":[{"bbox":[82,502,491,510],"content":"this location reflects the most problematic geometric arrangement with respect to NSC preservation. Conventional and NSC pre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,511,494,519],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,511,492,519],"content":"serving radiotherapy (RT) plans were generated for the same lesion using two clinical scenarios: cerebral metastatic disease and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,520,494,527],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,520,491,527],"content":"primary high-grade glioma. Disease-specific target volumes were used. Metastatic disease was conventionally treated with whole-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,528,494,538],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,528,451,537],"content":"brain radiotherapy (WBRT) to 3750 cGy (15 fractions) followed by a single stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) boost of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,529,483,536],"content":"1800\\,\\mathrm{cGy}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[484,528,492,538],"content":"to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,539,494,547],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,539,494,547],"content":"grossdiseaseonlyHigh-grade liomawastreated withconventionalopposed lateral and anteriorsuperiorbliquebeams t400","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,548,494,555],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,548,493,555],"content":"cGy (23 fractions) followed by a 1400 cGy (7 fractions) boost. NSC preservation was achieved in both scenarios with inverse","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,556,267,565],"spans":[{"bbox":[82,556,267,565],"content":" planned intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) (Fig.).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,566,494,577],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,566,210,577],"content":"Results: Cumulative dose reductions of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[211,566,226,575],"content":"65\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[227,566,302,577],"content":"(metastatic disease) and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[303,566,318,576],"content":"25\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[319,566,491,577],"content":"(high-grade glioma) to the total volume of the intracra-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,578,494,585],"spans":[{"bbox":[81,578,493,585],"content":"nial NSC compartments were achieved with NSC-preserving IMRT plans. The reduction of entry and exit dose to NSC niches","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,586,315,594],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,586,315,594],"content":"located contralateral to the target contributed most to NSC preservation.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,596,494,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,596,492,605],"content":"Conclusions: NSC preservation with current external beam radiotherapy techniques is achievable in context of both metastatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,606,494,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,606,493,615],"content":"brain disease and high-grade glioma, even when the target is located adjacent to a stem cell compartment. 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Weng.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[73,704,521,717],"spans":[{"bbox":[73,704,520,717],"content":" Acknowledgments: We sincerely thanks Max K Leong (Department of Chemistry, NDHU, Hualien, Taiwan) for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[73,718,231,728],"spans":[{"bbox":[75,718,231,728],"content":"his help for this work accomplishment.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[73,732,328,744],"spans":[{"bbox":[75,732,328,744],"content":"Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_10":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[72,91,126,100],"lines":[{"bbox":[72,91,126,100],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,91,126,100],"content":"References","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[72,110,522,119],"lines":[{"bbox":[72,110,522,119],"spans":[{"bbox":[76,110,84,119],"content":"1.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[97,110,519,119],"content":"Hay, S.I.; Abajobir, A.A.; Abate, K.H.; Abbafati, C.; Abbas, K.M.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdulkader, R.S.,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[95,120,522,134],"lines":[{"bbox":[95,120,522,134],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,120,520,134],"content":"Abdulle, A.M.; Abebo, T.A.; Abera, S.F.; et al. 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The size of the proposed an-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,628,293,641],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,628,293,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,628,70,641],"content":"tenna is","type":"text"},{"bbox":[71,628,139,641],"content":"26\\times8\\,\\times\\,3\\,\\mathrm{{mm}^{3}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[140,628,291,641],"content":"with a circumference is approximately","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,642,293,652],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,642,293,652],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,642,77,652],"content":"64.7~\\mathrm{mm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[78,642,235,652],"content":"corresponding to a half-wavelength at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[236,642,271,652],"content":"2.3\\ \\mathrm{GHz}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[272,642,291,652],"content":". For","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[36,653,293,664],"lines":[{"bbox":[36,653,293,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,653,291,664],"content":"reducing the height and obtaining broad bandwidth, slots are","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[339,485,514,502],"lines":[{"bbox":[339,485,514,502],"spans":[{"bbox":[339,485,514,502],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_21700000\/libgen.scimag21757000-21757999.zip_10.1109\/LAWP.2007.899918\/images\/0_339_194_514_502.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,552,555,564],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,552,555,564],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,552,553,564],"content":"applied in the feed part of the proposed antenna. 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This work was","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,689,291,700],"content":"supported by Intelligent Radio Engineering Center, Korea Science and Engi-","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,698,255,709],"content":"neering Foundation, Korea under Contract R11-2005-029-02004-0.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[44,707,289,718],"content":"The authors are with the School of Engineering, Information and Commu-","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[45,735,221,745],"content":"Digital Object Identifier 10.1109\/LAWP.2007.899918","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[37,725,60,735],"content":"sopark","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[68,725,102,735],"content":"icu.ac.kr).","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[38,716,253,727],"content":"nications University, Daejeon 305-714, Korea (e-mail: shinturtle","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[260,716,291,727],"content":"icu.ac.kr;","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[61,725,67,733],"content":"@","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[253,716,260,724],"content":"@","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[39.24,36.72,50.4,44.28]],"header":[[323.64,36.36,554.76,44.28]],"footer":[[244.8,755.64,349.92,764.28]],"footnote":[[39.6,681.84,290.88,707.4],[39.24,709.56,291.24,732.6],[47.52,736.2,220.32,744.84]]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[120,70,473,81],"spans":[{"bbox":[120,70,291,81],"content":"A Compact Loop","type":"text"},{"bbox":[302,70,346,81],"content":"iype","type":"text"},{"bbox":[347,70,473,81],"content":"eAntenna for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[120,93,473,112],"spans":[{"bbox":[120,93,307,112],"content":"Bluetooth, S-DMB.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[316,93,470,112],"content":"Wibro, WiMax.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[173,120,418,141],"spans":[{"bbox":[173,120,418,141],"content":"and WLAN Applications","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[179,148,414,162],"spans":[{"bbox":[179,148,414,162],"content":"Yong-sun Shin and Seong-Ook Park, Member, IEEE","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[45,192,293,202],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,192,291,202],"content":"AbstractThis paper presents a novel compact loop type an-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,203,293,213],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,203,291,213],"content":"tenna for Bluetooth, satellite-digital multimedia broadcasting,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,214,293,223],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,214,291,223],"content":"wireless broadband, and wireless local-area network applications.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,224,293,233],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,224,172,233],"content":"The proposed antenna fed by a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[173,224,194,232],"content":"\\mathbf{50-}\\Omega","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[195,224,291,233],"content":" coaxial line occupies a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,234,293,243],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,234,115,242],"content":"compact volume of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[116,235,189,242],"content":"\\bf{26}\\,\\times\\,8\\,\\times\\,3\\,\\,m m^{3}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[190,234,264,243],"content":". The bandwidth is","type":"text"},{"bbox":[265,234,290,242],"content":"{\\bf19.9\\%}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[36,243,293,254],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,243,101,254],"content":"(2.26–2.76\\ \\mathbf{GHz})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[102,243,121,254],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[122,243,147,254],"content":"{\\bf45.6\\%}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[148,244,221,254],"content":"(4.03-6.4 GHz) at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,244,288,252],"content":"\\mathbf{S_{11}\\,<\\,-10\\ d B}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[36,253,293,263],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,255,231,262],"content":"and the measured maximum gain is 6.41 dBi at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[232,253,270,263],"content":"{\\bf5.35~GHz}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[271,253,291,263],"content":".The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,264,293,272],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,264,291,272],"content":"Microwave Studio simulation is employed for optimizing the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,273,293,283],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,273,291,283],"content":"design parameters, and the simulated results agree well agree with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,284,142,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,284,142,294],"content":"those of the measured one.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[45,297,293,308],"spans":[{"bbox":[47,297,291,308],"content":"Index Terms-Bluetooth, broadband, compact, loop antenna,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,309,293,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,309,291,318],"content":"multiband, satellite-digital multimedia broadcasting (S-DMB),","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,319,293,328],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,319,291,328],"content":"wireless broadband (Wibro), wireless local-area network (WLAN),","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,329,247,338],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,329,247,338],"content":"world interoperability for microwave access (WiMax).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[127,359,202,370],"spans":[{"bbox":[127,359,202,370],"content":"1. INTRODUCTION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[59,378,293,389],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,378,291,389],"content":" S modern mobile communication systems have developed","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,390,293,401],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,390,291,401],"content":"I rapidly, the antenna, which can cover multiband and have","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,402,293,412],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,402,291,412],"content":"broadband, is needed for mobile handsets. In addition, for next-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,413,293,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,413,292,425],"content":"generation mobile handsets,the antenna has to be compact, lower","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,426,293,436],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,426,290,436],"content":"profile, light, and easy to be embedded because the size of the an-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,437,293,449],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,437,291,449],"content":"tenna often has a great influence on the whole size of wireless sys-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,450,293,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,450,290,461],"content":"tems. There is generally the tradeoff between the size and perfor-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,462,293,472],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,462,291,472],"content":"mance of antenna because the characteristics of the antenna are","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,473,293,484],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,473,291,484],"content":"closely concerned with its size. In the case of a planar inverted-F","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,485,293,497],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,485,291,497],"content":"antenna, which is atractive to apply mobile handsets, the height","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,498,293,509],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,498,291,509],"content":"of antennas is the critical factor for obtaining good performances","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,510,293,521],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,510,291,521],"content":"[1]-[3]. Accordingly, it is not easy to realize the compact struc-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,522,293,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,522,291,531],"content":"ture. However, in the case of loop antennas, the antenna dimen-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,532,293,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,532,292,545],"content":"sions can be made suffciently small and compact to be placed in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,546,293,557],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,546,293,557],"content":"the limited space provided on the equipment. Moreover, good","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,558,229,568],"spans":[{"bbox":[36,558,229,568],"content":" performances required can be obtained [4]-[8].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[45,569,293,581],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,569,291,581],"content":" In this paper, a novel compact loop type antenna is intro-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,582,293,592],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,582,291,592],"content":" duced for Bluetooth, satellite digital multimedia broadcasting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,593,293,605],"spans":[{"bbox":[37,593,291,605],"content":"(S-DMB), wireless broadband (Wibro in Korea), world interop-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,606,293,616],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,606,291,616],"content":"erability for microwave access (WiMax), and wireless local-area","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,617,293,627],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,617,291,627],"content":"network (WLAN) applications. The size of the proposed an-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,628,293,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,628,70,641],"content":"tenna is","type":"text"},{"bbox":[71,628,139,641],"content":"26\\times8\\,\\times\\,3\\,\\mathrm{{mm}^{3}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[140,628,291,641],"content":"with a circumference is approximately","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,642,293,652],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,642,77,652],"content":"64.7~\\mathrm{mm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[78,642,235,652],"content":"corresponding to a half-wavelength at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[236,642,271,652],"content":"2.3\\ \\mathrm{GHz}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[272,642,291,652],"content":". For","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[36,653,293,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,653,291,664],"content":"reducing the height and obtaining broad bandwidth, slots are","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[339,485,514,502],"spans":[{"bbox":[339,485,514,502],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_21700000\/libgen.scimag21757000-21757999.zip_10.1109\/LAWP.2007.899918\/images\/0_339_194_514_502.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[300,552,555,564],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,552,553,564],"content":"applied in the feed part of the proposed antenna. Moreover, for","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,567,555,579],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,567,553,579],"content":"good impedance matching, the distance between the feeding and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,580,555,588],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,580,555,588],"content":"shorting plate and the width of the lower plate of the antenna are","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,589,555,599],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,589,472,599],"content":" changed. The bandwidths of the antenna at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,590,524,599],"content":"\\mathrm{S_{11}\\,<\\,-10}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[525,589,553,599],"content":"dB can","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,600,555,612],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,600,377,612],"content":"be achieved about","type":"text"},{"bbox":[378,600,418,612],"content":"500\\ \\mathrm{MHz}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,600,508,612],"content":"(2.26-2.76 GHz) and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[509,600,554,612],"content":"2370\\ \\mathrm{MHz}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[300,613,555,624],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,613,368,624],"content":"(4.03–6.4\\ \\mathrm{\\GHz})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[369,613,474,624],"content":"suitable for Bluetooth","type":"text"},{"bbox":[475,613,550,624],"content":"(2.4{-}2.4835~\\mathrm{\\GHz})","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[300,625,555,634],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,625,554,634],"content":"S-DMB (2.63-2.655 GHz), Wibro (2.3-2.39 in Korea), WiMax","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,635,555,650],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,635,360,650],"content":"(2.5{-}2.7\\:\\mathrm{GHz})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[361,636,555,649],"content":", and WLAN (5.15-5.35, 5.725-5.875 GHz) ap-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,651,555,660],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,651,554,660],"content":"plications. This letter presents the experimental results of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,661,555,672],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,661,555,672],"content":"impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics compared to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,673,351,683],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,673,351,683],"content":"simulations.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[364,694,491,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[364,694,491,706],"content":"II. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[309,708,555,722],"spans":[{"bbox":[309,708,555,722],"content":" The schematic configuration of the proposed antenna is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,723,555,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,723,479,734],"content":" shown in Fig. 1. 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The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,164,554,174],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,164,554,174],"content":"radiation characteristics were also observed, and the measured","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[298,175,459,185],"spans":[{"bbox":[298,175,419,185],"content":" maximum gain is 6.41 dBi at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[420,175,459,185],"content":"5.35\\:\\mathrm{GHz}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[400,205,453,214],"spans":[{"bbox":[400,205,453,214],"content":"REFERENCES","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[313,220,554,229],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,220,552,229],"content":"[1] C. R. Rowell and R. D. Murch, “A capacitively loaded PIFA for com-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[325,230,554,239],"spans":[{"bbox":[326,230,553,239],"content":"pact mobile telephone handsets,” IEEE Trans. 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P.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,553,407,564],"content":"de Iéducation, n. 50, mai 1991, texte disponible sur le site : http:\/\/ife.enslyon. fr\/publications\/edition-","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,564,336,573],"content":"electronique\/histoire-education\/INRP_RH050_2.pdf (consulté le 30 juin 2015).","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[92,573,407,584],"content":"7 Sur ce point, voir Henri-Irénée Marrou, Histoire de léducation dans lAntiquite, p. 416 sv. ; Pierre","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[82,583,326,594],"content":"Riche, Education et culture dans loccident barbare VIe-VIlle siecles, p. 532 sv","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[89,592,321,605],"content":"8Pierre Riche, Ecoles et Enseignement dans le Haut Moyen Age, p. 225.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,625,408,635],"content":"Guizard, Odette Pontal, Repertoire des statuts synodaux de lancienne France du Xllle a la fin du XVIIle","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,636,163,645],"content":"siecle, Paris, CNRS, 1963.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[88,612,257,627],"content":"10 Voir par ex. Paul Guérin, Les petits Bollandistes","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[263,612,407,627],"content":"vies des saints, 1876 ; Andre Artonne, Louis","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,522,148,533],"content":"Lunivers historique","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[154,522,409,533],"content":", 1re éd., 1960, 3e éd. revue et corrigee, 1972 ; Ecoles et Enseignement dans le","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[82,542,372,553],"content":"Riche, α Reflexions sur I'histoire de Péducation dans le Haut Moyen Age (Ve-Xle siecles)","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[378,542,407,553],"content":"Histoire","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[258,616,263,621],"content":":","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[149,524,153,529],"content":"\\gg","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[373,544,378,550],"content":"\\gg","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[84.24,72.0,93.24,79.56]],"header":[[121.68,71.64,303.12,80.64]],"footer":[],"footnote":[[84.24,512.64,407.16,572.04],[84.96,573.84,406.08,592.92],[90.36,594.0,321.84,603.36],[84.96,616.68,407.52,641.16]]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[82,101,409,112],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,101,134,112],"content":"HautMoyen","type":"text"},{"bbox":[135,101,154,112],"content":"\\hat{A}g e^{6},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[155,101,407,112],"content":". the question of \"liturgical formation\" is not dealt with as such.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,113,409,126],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,113,408,126],"content":"It does make an appearance in these authors′ studies of Christian Initiation?, but","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,127,409,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,127,407,140],"content":"the question of how laity and clergy were formed to liturgical life is not raised.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,141,409,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,141,408,151],"content":"This relative silence is no doubt the result of separation between different fields of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,153,409,164],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,153,408,164],"content":"academic study; although historians of liturgy and historians of education are not","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,167,409,177],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,167,407,177],"content":"unaware of each other's existence, the dynamics of their respective studies have","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,180,338,190],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,180,338,190],"content":"never led them to construct a common object for their research.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[82,198,409,209],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,198,408,209],"content":"Although the subject of liturgical history does not appear in the tables of contents","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,210,409,222],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,210,407,222],"content":"of historical publications, the question itself is far from absent. 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On se contentera de relever que cette","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,450,407,461],"content":"preoccupation de formation est fondamentale chez les principaux acteurs du Mouvement liturgique :","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,460,407,471],"content":"Dom Gueranger, Institutions liturgiques, Le Mans\/Paris, 3 vol., 1840-1851, rééditées avec compléments,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[82,470,408,481],"content":"Paris, 4 vol., 1878-1885 (pensé au debat comme manuel de formation) ; Dom Lambert Beauduin, La","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,481,407,492],"content":"piete de I'Eglise, Principes et faits, Louvain, Mont-Cesar, 1914 ; reédite sous le titre La Piete Liturgique.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[82,491,408,502],"content":"Principes et faits, Louvain, Mont César, 1922 ; Romano Guardini, Vom Geist der Liturgie, Fribourg en","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[82,501,407,512],"content":"Brisgau, Herder, 《 Ecclesia Orans 》 1, 1918 (beaucoup de réeditions, partiellement enrichies) ; tr. fr.:","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,512,407,522],"content":"Lesprit de la Liturgie, Paris, Plon, 1929, reéd. Paris, Parole et Silence, 2007; tr. amér. : The Spirit of the","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,533,407,543],"content":"1998 ; ID., Liturgie und liturgische Bildung, Wurzburg, Werkbund-Verlag, (1923) 1966, 2e éd., Mainz,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,542,407,553],"content":"Matthias-Grunewald-Verlag ; Paderborn, F. Schoningh, 1992; Collectif, Etudes de pastorale liturgique","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,553,407,563],"content":"-Vanves, 26-28 janvier 1944, Paris, Ed. du Cerf, Coll. 《 Lex orandi > 1, 1944 ; voir aussi Vincent","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,564,407,573],"content":"Petit, Eglise et Nation. La question liturgique en France au XIXe siecle, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,574,127,582],"content":"Rennes,2010.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,522,246,533],"content":"Liturgy, 20e éd., 《 Milestones In Catholic Theology","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[252,522,407,533],"content":", New York, The Crossroad Publishing Company,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[246,523,251,529],"content":"\\gg","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[84.24,72.0,93.24,79.56]],"header":[[120.96,71.64,303.84,80.64]],"footer":[],"footnote":[[84.6,441.72,406.44,581.4]]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[81,101,304,111],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,101,304,111],"content":"1.ONTHENOTIONOF\"LITURGICALFORMATION\"","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[81,117,409,130],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,117,408,130],"content":"We should begin by taking note that the notion of “liturgical formation\", meaning","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,131,409,144],"spans":[{"bbox":[82,131,408,144],"content":"the transmission of an intellectual knowledge concerning liturgy, is no doubt a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,145,409,155],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,145,408,155],"content":"recent idea, born in the Liturgical Movement, where it became one of its most vital","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[81,157,409,170],"spans":[{"bbox":[82,157,409,170],"content":"aspects'2. 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Liturgical historiography over the past century has perhaps overly","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[93,387,422,397],"lines":[{"bbox":[93,387,422,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,387,420,397],"content":"neglected this Early Modern period because of the justifiable attraction for the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[93,398,422,411],"lines":[{"bbox":[93,398,422,411],"spans":[{"bbox":[95,398,420,411],"content":"primitive and patristic periods. But the Early Modern period has much to teach us","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[93,412,422,424],"lines":[{"bbox":[93,412,422,424],"spans":[{"bbox":[95,412,420,424],"content":"about the prehistory of that concern for formation that was so important for the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[93,425,187,436],"lines":[{"bbox":[93,425,187,436],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,425,187,436],"content":"Liturgical Movement.17","type":"text"}]}]}],"layout_bboxes":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,504.0,720.0],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"page_idx":5,"page_size":[504.0,720.0],"_layout_tree":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,504.0,720.0],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"images":[],"tables":[],"interline_equations":[],"inline_equations":[],"droped_text_block":[{"bbox":[407,72,420,81],"content":"19","type":"text","tag":"page_no"},{"bbox":[322,72,386,80],"content":"PatrickPretot,OSB","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[99,469,421,483],"content":" 14  Les querelles concernant les methodes catechetiques qui ont marque le paysage catholique","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[96,481,420,492],"content":"romain francais dans les dernieres decennies du XXe siecle, constituent a leur maniere un symptome : il","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[94,490,420,504],"content":"est diffcile de penser un acte de formation qui touche tout Ttre, et pas seulement Pintellect. Sur le sujt,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[96,502,420,513],"content":"voir Joel Molinario, Joseph Colomb et laffaire du catechisme progressif Paris, DDB, coll. α Theologie a","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[94,522,236,532],"content":"DDB, coll.《 Theologie a PUniversite >, 2015","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[101,533,419,542],"content":"15Cf. Pierre-Marie GY,《 Linculturation de la liturgie chrétienne en Occident >, LMD 179, 1989, 53-","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[95,542,420,553],"content":"73 ; dans cet expose donné au Congres de la Societas Liturgica a York, en aout 1989, le P. Gy soulignait","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[94,552,421,564],"content":"que, non seulement le christianisme a produit une culture, mais il a toujours du se situer face a des","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[96,564,308,574],"content":"cultures existantes : a ce titre, il a toujours pratique Pinculturation.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[100,571,421,585],"content":"16Cf. par ex. Pierre Le Brun, Explication de la messe (1726), Paris, Ed. du Cerf, 《 Lex orandi > 9,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[96,584,420,594],"content":"1949 ; cf. Xavier Bisaro, Le passé present. Une enquete liturgique dans la France du debut du XVIle siecle,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[95,603,420,615],"content":"messe' de Piere Le Brun (1716-1726). Témoin d'un tournant décisif pour I'histoire du culte. A propos","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[95,614,254,625],"content":"d'un ouvrage recent >, LMD 274, 2013\/2, 201-232.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[100,623,420,636],"content":"17 Cf. Denis Gagnon, 《 La catechese liturgique dans les rituels post-tridentins 》, LMD 177, 1989,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[96,636,115,645],"content":"67-95.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[94,593,260,604],"content":"Paris, Ed. du Cerf,α Histoire religieuse de la France","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[265,593,420,604],"content":", 2012 ; Jean-Yves Hameline,α ‘Lexplication de la","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[94,511,132,522],"content":"l'Universite","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[138,511,420,522],"content":"2010 ; Isabelle Morel, Les annees Pierres vivantes : retour sur un debat interrompu, Paris,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[260,595,264,601],"content":"\\gg","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[133,513,138,520],"content":"\\gg","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[411.48,72.0,420.48,79.92]],"header":[[322.2,71.64,383.76,80.28]],"footer":[],"footnote":[[96.84,471.6,419.04,531.72],[96.84,532.08,420.12,573.84],[96.84,574.56,420.48,622.8],[96.84,624.6,420.48,644.4]]},"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[93,101,422,112],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,101,419,112],"content":"already see that the notion of formation masks a highly complex reality.14 It is thus","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[93,114,422,126],"spans":[{"bbox":[95,114,420,126],"content":"probable that the relative silence on this subject that I pointed out earlier results","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[93,127,214,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[94,127,214,140],"content":"from the difficulty it presents.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[93,146,422,157],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,146,420,157],"content":"In the second place, this is true not only in space, but also over time. 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Jerome distributed the Psalter day by day, assigned its","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[94,308,409,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[94,308,407,320],"content":"own nocturn to each day, and he prescribed that at the end of each psalm the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[94,321,409,332],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,321,407,332],"content":"\"Glory be to the Father\" should be said... 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Aimé","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[410,267,415,273],"content":"\\gg","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[388,247,392,252],"content":":","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[411.84,72.0,420.12,80.28]],"header":[[321.84,71.64,383.76,80.28]],"footer":[],"footnote":[[97.2,246.6,418.68,274.68],[97.92,262.08,417.96,371.52]]}},"page_2":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[82,101,409,112],"lines":[{"bbox":[82,101,409,112],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,101,134,112],"content":"HautMoyen","type":"text"},{"bbox":[135,101,154,112],"content":"\\hat{A}g e^{6},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[155,101,407,112],"content":". the question of \"liturgical formation\" is not dealt with as such.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[82,113,409,126],"lines":[{"bbox":[82,113,409,126],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,113,408,126],"content":"It does make an appearance in these authors′ studies of Christian Initiation?, but","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[82,127,409,140],"lines":[{"bbox":[82,127,409,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,127,407,140],"content":"the question of how laity and clergy were formed to liturgical life is not raised.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[82,141,409,151],"lines":[{"bbox":[82,141,409,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,141,408,151],"content":"This relative silence is no doubt the result of separation between different fields of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[82,153,409,164],"lines":[{"bbox":[82,153,409,164],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,153,408,164],"content":"academic study; although historians of liturgy and historians of education are not","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[82,167,409,177],"lines":[{"bbox":[82,167,409,177],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,167,407,177],"content":"unaware of each other's existence, the dynamics of their respective studies have","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[82,180,338,190],"lines":[{"bbox":[82,180,338,190],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,180,338,190],"content":"never led them to construct a common object for their research.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[82,198,409,209],"lines":[{"bbox":[82,198,409,209],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,198,408,209],"content":"Although the subject of liturgical history does not appear in the tables of contents","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[82,210,409,222],"lines":[{"bbox":[82,210,409,222],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,210,407,222],"content":"of historical publications, the question itself is far from absent. 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P.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,553,407,564],"content":"de Iéducation, n. 50, mai 1991, texte disponible sur le site : http:\/\/ife.enslyon. fr\/publications\/edition-","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,564,336,573],"content":"electronique\/histoire-education\/INRP_RH050_2.pdf (consulté le 30 juin 2015).","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[92,573,407,584],"content":"7 Sur ce point, voir Henri-Irénée Marrou, Histoire de léducation dans lAntiquite, p. 416 sv. ; Pierre","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[82,583,326,594],"content":"Riche, Education et culture dans loccident barbare VIe-VIlle siecles, p. 532 sv","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[89,592,321,605],"content":"8Pierre Riche, Ecoles et Enseignement dans le Haut Moyen Age, p. 225.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,625,408,635],"content":"Guizard, Odette Pontal, Repertoire des statuts synodaux de lancienne France du Xllle a la fin du XVIIle","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,636,163,645],"content":"siecle, Paris, CNRS, 1963.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[88,612,257,627],"content":"10 Voir par ex. 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On se contentera de relever que cette","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,450,407,461],"content":"preoccupation de formation est fondamentale chez les principaux acteurs du Mouvement liturgique :","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,460,407,471],"content":"Dom Gueranger, Institutions liturgiques, Le Mans\/Paris, 3 vol., 1840-1851, rééditées avec compléments,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[82,470,408,481],"content":"Paris, 4 vol., 1878-1885 (pensé au debat comme manuel de formation) ; Dom Lambert Beauduin, La","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,481,407,492],"content":"piete de I'Eglise, Principes et faits, Louvain, Mont-Cesar, 1914 ; reédite sous le titre La Piete Liturgique.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[82,491,408,502],"content":"Principes et faits, Louvain, Mont César, 1922 ; Romano Guardini, Vom Geist der Liturgie, Fribourg en","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[82,501,407,512],"content":"Brisgau, Herder, 《 Ecclesia Orans 》 1, 1918 (beaucoup de réeditions, partiellement enrichies) ; tr. fr.:","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,512,407,522],"content":"Lesprit de la Liturgie, Paris, Plon, 1929, reéd. Paris, Parole et Silence, 2007; tr. amér. : The Spirit of the","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,533,407,543],"content":"1998 ; ID., Liturgie und liturgische Bildung, Wurzburg, Werkbund-Verlag, (1923) 1966, 2e éd., Mainz,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,542,407,553],"content":"Matthias-Grunewald-Verlag ; Paderborn, F. Schoningh, 1992; Collectif, Etudes de pastorale liturgique","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,553,407,563],"content":"-Vanves, 26-28 janvier 1944, Paris, Ed. du Cerf, Coll. 《 Lex orandi > 1, 1944 ; voir aussi Vincent","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,564,407,573],"content":"Petit, Eglise et Nation. 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THE PRIMITIVE CHURCH","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[82,207,409,218],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,207,408,218],"content":"After the first generations follows the period of the apostolic Fathers, a time that","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,219,409,232],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,219,407,232],"content":"can be described as “pre-Constantinian\", covering the second and third centuries.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[82,233,409,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[82,233,409,245],"content":"I shall group these two periods together, although an attentive reading of our past","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,246,409,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,246,407,257],"content":"president Gordon Lathrop's recent book, The Four Gospels on Sunday, would invite","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,258,409,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,258,407,270],"content":"us to distinguish these two periods27; the years during which the biblical canon","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,271,409,285],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,271,409,285],"content":"was slowly worked out obeyed a dynamic that escapes us for the most part, but","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,286,369,296],"spans":[{"bbox":[84,286,369,296],"content":"which also certainly left an essential mark on the formation of believers.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[82,303,409,316],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,303,409,316],"content":"During these early periods, Christian institutions were still in gestation; their","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,317,409,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,317,408,330],"content":"embryonic forms were tributary to their regional contexts, and above all handed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,331,409,342],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,331,408,342],"content":"on orally. Only a tiny quantity of evidence remains, which raises the permanent","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,344,409,354],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,344,407,354],"content":"risk of reading too much into it. We can of course cite important documents like","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,357,409,367],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,357,407,367],"content":"the Didache,28 the letters of Ignatius of Antioch,29 Tertullian's work on baptism,30","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,369,409,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,369,407,380],"content":"or even, and especially, the Apostolic Tradition.31 Nonetheless, it is now widely","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[88,562,409,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[88,562,407,572],"content":"31 Dom Bernard Botte, La Tradition apostolique de saint Hippolyte : essai de reconstitution, Miunster,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,573,409,583],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,573,407,583],"content":"Aschendorff, 5e éd. actualisée par Albert Gerhards, Munster, Aschendorff, Liturgiewissenschaftliche","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[82,584,409,594],"spans":[{"bbox":[83,584,167,593],"content":"Quellen und Forschungen","type":"text"},{"bbox":[168,584,172,594],"content":"\\gg","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[173,584,408,594],"content":",39, 1989; Hippolyte De Rome, La Tradition Apostolique, éd. 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La Présentation generale du Missel Romain de 1969 (3e éd. 2000) obeit a","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,429,407,440],"content":"une autre logique qui fait le lien entre des prescriptions liturgiques, souvent susceptibles α d'adaptations","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,440,407,450],"content":">, avec un enracinement theologique dans la Tradition, et sans jamais oublier la dimension pastorale","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,450,408,461],"content":"de la celebration. Sur ce point : cf. Edward Foley (general editor), John F. Baldovin, Mary Collins","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,461,407,470],"content":"and Joanne M. Pierce (eds.), A Commentary on the Order of Mass of the Roman Missal, Collegeville,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,471,289,482],"content":"Liturgical Press, 《 Pueblo Books >, 201l, spécialement pp. 23-25.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[90,481,407,491],"content":"27Gordon W.Lathrop, The Four Gospels on Sunday: The NewTestament and the Reform of Christian","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,492,320,502],"content":"Worship, Minneapolis, Fortress, 2012, traduction francaise en preparation.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[88,499,409,513],"content":"28 La Doctrine des Douze Apotres (Didache), éd. Willy Rordorf et Andre Tuilier, Paris, Ed. du Cerf,","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[89,521,408,533],"content":"29 Ignace DAntioche, Polycarpe De Smyrne, Lettres, Martyre de Polycarpe, éd. Pierre Thomas","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[90,542,407,552],"content":"30Tertullien, Traite du Bapteme, éd. Francois Refoule, tr. en collab. avec Maurice Drouzy, Paris, Ed.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,552,369,563],"content":"du Cerf, coll. α Sources Chretiennes 》, 35, 1e éd., 1952, éd. revue et corrigee, reimpr. 2002.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,533,258,542],"content":"Camelot, Paris, Ed. du Cerf, coll. α Sources chrétiennes","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[263,533,407,542],"content":"10 bis,1e éd. 1944,4e éd. 1969, reimpr. 2007.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[83,511,170,521],"content":"coll.《Sources Chretiennes","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[176,511,279,521],"content":"248bis, 1e éd.,1978,2e éd. 1998","type":"text","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[258,534,263,540],"content":"\\gg","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[170,513,175,519],"content":"\\gg","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[84.24,72.0,92.88,79.56]],"header":[[121.68,71.64,303.12,80.64]],"footer":[],"footnote":[[85.32,399.6,406.08,480.24],[85.32,482.04,406.44,499.68],[86.76,502.2,406.44,520.92],[84.6,522.72,407.52,562.32]]}},"page_9":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[92,101,421,114],"lines":[{"bbox":[92,101,421,114],"spans":[{"bbox":[95,101,420,114],"content":"recognized how quickly any attempt to suggest general reconstructions runs up","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[92,115,421,126],"lines":[{"bbox":[92,115,421,126],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,115,420,126],"content":"against inevitable historiographical difficulties.3\" However, it is probably true that","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[92,128,421,138],"lines":[{"bbox":[92,128,421,138],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,128,419,138],"content":"in this early period, the inheritance of Jewish institutions played a significant role,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[92,139,421,153],"lines":[{"bbox":[92,139,421,153],"spans":[{"bbox":[94,139,419,153],"content":"so that the study of the Jewish origins of Christian worship may be illuminating.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[92,154,421,165],"lines":[{"bbox":[92,154,421,165],"spans":[{"bbox":[95,154,421,165],"content":"But it is also clear that recent historiography on this subject lacks suficient","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[92,166,245,177],"lines":[{"bbox":[92,166,245,177],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,166,245,177],"content":"consensus to draw firm conclusions.33","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[92,186,421,196],"lines":[{"bbox":[92,186,421,196],"spans":[{"bbox":[95,186,420,196],"content":"During this first period, the first actors were without doubt the apostles, but","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[92,198,421,209],"lines":[{"bbox":[92,198,421,209],"spans":[{"bbox":[96,198,420,209],"content":"also, after them, and before the hierarchical structure: bishop\/presbyterium and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[92,210,421,223],"lines":[{"bbox":[92,210,421,223],"spans":[{"bbox":[95,210,420,223],"content":"deacons, emerged, didascales carried the new faith's message. 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During the observation period, 12","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[63,363,545,375],"spans":[{"bbox":[65,363,91,373],"content":"(15\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,363,140,375],"content":"PVs in 10","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,363,169,374],"content":"(48\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[170,363,543,375],"content":"of 21 patients exhibited spontaneous reconduction. Among the remaining 69 PVs,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[63,375,545,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,375,72,386],"content":"8","type":"text"},{"bbox":[73,376,103,388],"content":"(12\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[104,377,543,385],"content":"additional PVs had reconduction with the use of ATP. 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Coronary angiography was repeated,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,451,558,460],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,451,556,460],"content":"revealing complete fracture of the previous SES near","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,461,558,470],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,461,557,470],"content":"the midpoint. There was clear displacement of the stent","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,472,558,482],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,472,557,482],"content":"segments from each other, resulting in a kink within","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,483,558,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,483,556,493],"content":"the exposed artery (Fig. 3). The other coronary arteries","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,494,558,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,494,557,503],"content":"remained unchanged. The stent fracture was treated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,504,558,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,505,451,514],"content":"with direct deployment of a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,506,520,513],"content":"3.0\\,\\mathrm{mm}\\times13\\,\\mathrm{mm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[521,504,557,514],"content":" SES to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,515,558,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,515,492,525],"content":"12 atm., followed by post-dilatation with a","type":"text"},{"bbox":[493,515,555,525],"content":"3.5\\,\\mathrm{mm}\\times8\\,\\mathrm{mm}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[319,526,558,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,526,405,536],"content":"Powersail balloon to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,526,435,535],"content":"12\\,\\mathrm{atm.}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[436,526,557,536],"content":" with an excellent final result","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,537,558,547],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,537,555,547],"content":"(Fig. 4). The patient remained well at 12-month follow-up,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,548,558,558],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,548,556,558],"content":"with a negative exercise treadmill test featuring normal","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,559,392,569],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,559,392,569],"content":"exercise capacity.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[319,591,373,600],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,591,373,600],"content":"Discussion","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[319,609,558,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,609,557,620],"content":" Despite substantial clinical experience with drug-eluting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,621,558,632],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,621,555,632],"content":"stents in randomised trials and post-marketing reg-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,633,558,643],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,633,556,643],"content":"istry surveillance, coronary stent fracture has not been","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,644,558,652],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,644,556,652],"content":"highlighted as a significant clinical issue in the pub-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,653,558,660],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,653,557,660],"content":"lished literature. Nonetheless, awareness of this possible","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,661,558,673],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,661,557,673],"content":"complication has recently begun to emerge with the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,674,558,683],"spans":[{"bbox":[321,674,555,683],"content":"publication of isolated case reports and small series.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,684,558,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,684,555,694],"content":"One such series suggested the prevalence of stent frac-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,695,558,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,695,438,706],"content":"ture may be as high as","type":"text"},{"bbox":[439,695,459,705],"content":"1.9\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,695,557,706],"content":"1 with stent fracture","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,707,558,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,707,555,715],"content":"occurring in 10 of 530 patients undergoing clini-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,716,558,727],"spans":[{"bbox":[319,716,558,727],"content":"cally indicated repeat coronary angiography. All of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[319,728,558,739],"spans":[{"bbox":[320,728,557,739],"content":"these cases of stent fracture involved sirolimus-eluting","type":"text"}]}]]}}}
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A BuRGERs vorter with a given circulation and acial velocity","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,236,543,248],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,236,543,248],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,236,542,248],"content":"distribution is prescribed at the inflow boundary. The calculations show that like in incompressible flows supersonic","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,249,543,259],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,249,543,259],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,249,542,259],"content":"breakdown is primarily controlled by pressure forces. The shock is deformed into an 's'-shaped part near the vortex","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,260,543,271],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,260,543,271],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,260,542,271],"content":"core where the shock becomes normal. The results indicate that initiation of breakdown is more sensitive to variations","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,272,462,283],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,272,462,283],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,272,462,283],"content":"in the acial velocity than in the circulation, and that the fow structure is clearly time-dependent.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[88,298,169,310],"lines":[{"bbox":[88,298,169,310],"spans":[{"bbox":[89,298,169,310],"content":"1. Introduction","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,311,543,322],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,311,543,322],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,311,541,322],"content":"Three interaction modes are found, namely weak, moderate and strong interaction. For a weak shock-vortex inter-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,323,543,334],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,323,543,334],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,323,541,334],"content":"action the vortex passes through the shock without remarkably changing its shape. 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For a given azimuthal","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,611,543,621],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,611,543,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,611,131,621],"content":"velocity distribution","type":"text"},{"bbox":[132,611,137,621],"content":"\\tau","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,611,287,621],"content":" increases if either the circulation","type":"text"},{"bbox":[288,611,299,621],"content":"\\Gamma_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,611,413,621],"content":" and the wake parameter","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,611,418,621],"content":"\\delta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,611,542,621],"content":" are increased or the MACH","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,622,543,635],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,622,543,635],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,622,74,634],"content":"number","type":"text"},{"bbox":[75,622,99,635],"content":"M a_{\\infty}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[100,622,222,635],"content":" and the width of the profile","type":"text"},{"bbox":[223,622,235,635],"content":"\\mu_{w}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[236,622,541,635],"content":" are decreased. The inflow conditions are also used as initial conditions","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,636,143,645],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,636,143,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,636,141,645],"content":"for the entire fow field.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,655,543,666],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,655,543,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,655,542,666],"content":"Because of the supersonic fow a simple TAYLOR approximation is sufficient at the outfow boundary. Due to the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,667,543,678],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,667,543,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,667,541,678],"content":"inviscid theory all characteristics exit the computational domain. The approximation for the lateral boundary","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,679,543,690],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,679,543,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,679,541,690],"content":"conditions is obtained by assuming the shape of the boundaries to be identical with streamline surfaces. Then,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,691,543,702],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,691,543,702],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,691,542,702],"content":"the kinematic fow condition can be implemented. The normal derivatives of the solution vector with respect to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,703,543,714],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,703,543,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,703,541,714],"content":"the slope of the local streamline vanish, if the fow is assumed to be inviscid. In the computational method, the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,715,543,726],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,715,543,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,715,541,726],"content":"differentials in time and space are discretized to second order accuracy. The temporal integration is performed","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,727,543,738],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,727,543,738],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,727,541,738],"content":"using an optimized 5-step RUNGE-KuTTA scheme. A node-centered scheme is used to approximate the fuxes via an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,739,503,750],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,739,503,750],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,739,377,750],"content":"explicit finite-volume scheme. The convective fuxes are discretized using the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[378,739,418,750],"content":"A U S M+","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,739,503,750],"content":" approach by L10U.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[88,753,143,765],"lines":[{"bbox":[88,753,143,765],"spans":[{"bbox":[88,753,143,765],"content":"3. Results","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,768,543,783],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,768,543,783],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,768,325,783],"content":"For the OSVI a slender iso-energy BURGERS vortex is used with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,768,373,783],"content":"v_{\\varphi}(r)=\\Gamma_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[374,768,542,783],"content":"(1 - e 4 )\/(2πr). 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Due to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,502,543,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,502,542,513],"content":"PRANDTL-MEYER expansion caused by the convex curve at the aft end of the wedge stronger vortices (larger wake","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,514,543,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,514,542,525],"content":"or higher circulation) are necessary to enforce breakdown. The breakdown is also dependent on the wedge geometry,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,526,543,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,526,542,536],"content":"the interchange between shock and expansion fan forces. Near the vortex axis the grid is clustered such that the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,537,543,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,537,93,548],"content":"vortex core (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[94,537,143,548],"content":"-1<r<1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[144,537,541,548],"content":") is resolved with approximately 21 grid points in the radial direction. The inflow conditions","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,549,543,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,549,348,561],"content":"are assumed to be described by a slender streamwise vortex centered at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[349,549,380,561],"content":"x{=}y{=}0","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[381,549,543,561],"content":"together with a radial distribution of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,562,543,573],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,562,344,573],"content":"the GAussian axial velocity. 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The ratio of the azimuthal and the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,599,543,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,599,281,610],"content":"axial velocity components is defined as the helix angle","type":"text"},{"bbox":[282,599,326,610],"content":"\\tau=v_{\\varphi}\/v_{z}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[327,599,412,610],"content":"at the vortex core","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,599,436,610],"content":"r=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[437,599,542,610],"content":". For a given azimuthal","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,611,543,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,611,131,621],"content":"velocity distribution","type":"text"},{"bbox":[132,611,137,621],"content":"\\tau","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,611,287,621],"content":" increases if either the circulation","type":"text"},{"bbox":[288,611,299,621],"content":"\\Gamma_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,611,413,621],"content":" and the wake parameter","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,611,418,621],"content":"\\delta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,611,542,621],"content":" are increased or the MACH","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,622,543,635],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,622,74,634],"content":"number","type":"text"},{"bbox":[75,622,99,635],"content":"M a_{\\infty}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[100,622,222,635],"content":" and the width of the profile","type":"text"},{"bbox":[223,622,235,635],"content":"\\mu_{w}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[236,622,541,635],"content":" are decreased. The inflow conditions are also used as initial conditions","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,636,143,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,636,141,645],"content":"for the entire fow field.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[38,655,543,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,655,542,666],"content":"Because of the supersonic fow a simple TAYLOR approximation is sufficient at the outfow boundary. Due to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,667,543,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,667,541,678],"content":"inviscid theory all characteristics exit the computational domain. The approximation for the lateral boundary","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,679,543,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,679,541,690],"content":"conditions is obtained by assuming the shape of the boundaries to be identical with streamline surfaces. Then,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,691,543,702],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,691,542,702],"content":"the kinematic fow condition can be implemented. The normal derivatives of the solution vector with respect to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,703,543,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,703,541,714],"content":"the slope of the local streamline vanish, if the fow is assumed to be inviscid. In the computational method, the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,715,543,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,715,541,726],"content":"differentials in time and space are discretized to second order accuracy. The temporal integration is performed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,727,543,738],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,727,541,738],"content":"using an optimized 5-step RUNGE-KuTTA scheme. A node-centered scheme is used to approximate the fuxes via an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,739,503,750],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,739,377,750],"content":"explicit finite-volume scheme. The convective fuxes are discretized using the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[378,739,418,750],"content":"A U S M+","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,739,503,750],"content":" approach by L10U.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[88,753,143,765],"spans":[{"bbox":[88,753,143,765],"content":"3. Results","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[38,768,543,783],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,768,325,783],"content":"For the OSVI a slender iso-energy BURGERS vortex is used with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,768,373,783],"content":"v_{\\varphi}(r)=\\Gamma_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[374,768,542,783],"content":"(1 - e 4 )\/(2πr). Figure 1 shows the","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[50,87,537,285],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,87,537,285],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,87,537,285],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_05300000\/libgen.scimag05317000-05317999.zip_10.1002\/pamm.200310151\/images\/1_54_87_537_285.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,295,557,313],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,295,557,313],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,295,97,310],"content":"Figure 1:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[98,295,120,311],"content":"M a-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[122,295,125,311],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[126,295,137,313],"content":"p-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,295,143,312],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[144,295,156,313],"content":"\\rho-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,295,179,311],"content":"|\\vec{\\omega}|-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[180,295,185,311],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[186,295,201,311],"content":"\\,e_{k i n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[202,295,351,310],"content":"-iso lines and velocity vectors in the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[352,295,356,313],"content":"y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,295,364,313],"content":"\\mathcal{L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[365,295,557,312],"content":"midle plane of the computational domain for","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,311,470,322],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,311,470,322],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,312,82,322],"content":"OSVI (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[83,312,116,322],"content":"\\Gamma=2.69","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[117,312,121,322],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[122,314,160,322],"content":"\\delta=0.245","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,312,165,322],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[166,312,195,322],"content":"\\mu=0.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[196,312,200,322],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[201,312,244,322],"content":"M a=1.48","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[245,312,249,322],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[250,311,289,322],"content":"\\beta=11.5^{\\circ}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[290,314,470,322],"content":", t=200). Flow direction is from left to right.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,323,557,336],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,323,557,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,323,124,336],"content":"fow field in the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,323,130,336],"content":"x","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[134,323,139,336],"content":"z","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[140,323,452,336],"content":"-middle plane of the computational domain for a strong interaction for ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[453,323,508,336],"content":"M a_{\\infty}=1.48","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[509,323,514,336],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[515,323,552,336],"content":"\\Gamma=2.69","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,337,557,349],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,337,557,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,337,97,349],"content":"\\delta\\,=\\,0.245","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[98,337,104,349],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[105,337,140,349],"content":"\\mu\\,=\\,0.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[141,337,164,349],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[165,337,209,349],"content":"\\beta\\,=\\,11.5^{\\circ}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[210,337,556,349],"content":" wedge angle. The MACH number distribution shows that the shock angle is","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,350,557,360],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,350,557,360],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,350,556,360],"content":"particularly inclined in the vicinity of the vortex core. The originally straight oblique shock is distorted into an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,361,557,372],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,361,557,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,361,555,372],"content":"'s'-shaped shock front near the vortex core. Downstream of the inclined shock a region of subsonic fow occurs.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,373,557,385],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,373,557,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,373,556,385],"content":"With progressing time a small cone like shape emerges which is of the order of the vortex diameter. Compared to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,386,557,397],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,386,557,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,386,556,397],"content":"the normal shock case [1] this cap size is smaller. Since breakdown of the vortex is necessarily connected with the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,398,557,408],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,398,557,408],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,398,556,408],"content":"formation of a stagnation point on or near the axis, the increased shock angle is a must for the locally subsonic","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,409,557,421],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,409,557,421],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,409,556,421],"content":"fow downstream of the shock. As a second condition the pressure rise across the deformed part of the shock has to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,422,557,433],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,422,557,433],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,422,556,433],"content":"be sufficient to initiate breakdown. The streamlines inside the burst part of the vortex indicate recirculation and a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,434,127,444],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,434,127,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,434,127,444],"content":"stagnation point.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,451,557,464],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,451,557,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,451,555,464],"content":"The parameter study for OSVI shows that the shock deformation in the vicinity of the vortex core depends primarily","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,465,557,476],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,465,557,476],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,465,488,476],"content":"on the magnitude of the axial velocity deficit in conjunction with the free-stream shock strength ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,465,535,476],"content":"M a_{\\infty}\\sin\\sigma","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[536,465,556,476],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,477,557,488],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,477,557,488],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,477,556,488],"content":"the wedge angle. Secondly, the vortex circulation seems to determine the pressure on the vortex axis. For a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,489,557,500],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,489,557,500],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,489,556,500],"content":"slender isentropic vortex the radial momentum equation and the energy equation are decoupled. In this case the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,501,557,512],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,501,557,512],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,501,556,512],"content":"influence of circulation is only linear on the axial momentum while the wake in of quadratic order. In this manner","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,513,557,525],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,513,557,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,513,337,525],"content":"it is possible to catalogue the already explained OsVI modes:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,513,459,525],"content":"\\beta_{A}\\,<\\,\\beta_{c r i t}(M a_{A})\\land\\Upsilon\\,<\\,1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,513,476,525],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,513,506,525],"content":"\\Upsilon\\;>\\;1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[507,513,556,525],"content":"leads to a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,526,557,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,526,557,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,526,221,536],"content":"weak shock vortex interaction mode.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,526,229,536],"content":"\\Upsilon","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[230,526,556,536],"content":" is the relation between forces upstream and downstream of the shock on","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,537,557,548],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,537,557,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,537,556,548],"content":"the vortex axis. Both shock and vortex are only slightly infuenced. The fow field remains supersonic everywhere.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,549,557,561],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,549,557,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,549,162,561],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A}){\\wedge\\Upsilon}>1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,549,556,561],"content":"stands for a moderate interaction mode. The shock resembles a strong solution in the vortex","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,562,557,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,562,557,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,562,556,572],"content":"core vicinity. A small subsonic pocket accrues downstream of the shock. Elsewhere the fow remains supersonic. The","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,573,557,583],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,573,557,583],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,573,556,583],"content":"vortex is infuenced without being destroyed. No stagnation point is observed. In the computational investigation of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,584,557,596],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,584,557,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,584,405,595],"content":"NEDUNGADI & LEwIs [2] the streamwise vortex tube was divided by the shock.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,584,519,596],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A})\\wedge\\Upsilon<1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[520,584,556,596],"content":" denotes","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,597,557,608],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,597,557,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,597,556,608],"content":"a strong interaction. The shock has a similar form to that observed for moderate interaction. Additionally a larger","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,609,338,620],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,609,338,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,609,338,620],"content":"subsonic region is formed and a stagnation point can be realized.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[102,621,223,634],"lines":[{"bbox":[102,621,223,634],"spans":[{"bbox":[103,621,223,634],"content":"4. Concluding Remarks","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,635,557,645],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,635,557,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,635,556,645],"content":"Breakdown of slender vortices in supersonic fow caused by OsVI was investigated using numerical solutions of the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,646,557,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,646,557,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,646,556,659],"content":" EULER equations. The results show that a reduction of the axial velocity or an increase of the azimuthal velocity","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,660,557,671],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,660,557,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,660,556,671],"content":"component enhance breakdown. While breakdown of vortices with uniform axial fow is possible for normal shocks,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,672,301,683],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,672,301,683],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,672,301,683],"content":"a wake-like velocity profile is required for oblique shocks.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"lines":[{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"content":"5. References","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,699,557,709],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,699,557,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,699,556,709],"content":"[1] O. THOMER, W. SCHRODER, E. KRAUSE, Normal and Oblique Shock-Vortex Interaction, Proceedings of International","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,710,430,721],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,710,430,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,710,430,721],"content":"Conference RDAMM, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 24 - 29, vol. 6, no. 2, 2001.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,722,557,734],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,722,557,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,722,555,734],"content":"[2] A. NEDUNGADI, M. LEWIS: Computational Study of the fow-fields associated with oblique shock\/vortex in-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,735,331,746],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,735,331,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,735,331,746],"content":"teractions, AIAA Journal, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2545-2553, 1996.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,764,537,777],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,764,537,777],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,764,537,777],"content":"O. THOMER, M. KLAAS, AND W. 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Flow direction is from left to right.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,323,557,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,323,124,336],"content":"fow field in the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,323,130,336],"content":"x","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[134,323,139,336],"content":"z","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[140,323,452,336],"content":"-middle plane of the computational domain for a strong interaction for ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[453,323,508,336],"content":"M a_{\\infty}=1.48","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[509,323,514,336],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[515,323,552,336],"content":"\\Gamma=2.69","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[50,337,557,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,337,97,349],"content":"\\delta\\,=\\,0.245","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[98,337,104,349],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[105,337,140,349],"content":"\\mu\\,=\\,0.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[141,337,164,349],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[165,337,209,349],"content":"\\beta\\,=\\,11.5^{\\circ}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[210,337,556,349],"content":" wedge angle. The MACH number distribution shows that the shock angle is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,350,557,360],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,350,556,360],"content":"particularly inclined in the vicinity of the vortex core. The originally straight oblique shock is distorted into an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,361,557,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,361,555,372],"content":"'s'-shaped shock front near the vortex core. Downstream of the inclined shock a region of subsonic fow occurs.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,373,557,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,373,556,385],"content":"With progressing time a small cone like shape emerges which is of the order of the vortex diameter. Compared to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,386,557,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,386,556,397],"content":"the normal shock case [1] this cap size is smaller. Since breakdown of the vortex is necessarily connected with the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,398,557,408],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,398,556,408],"content":"formation of a stagnation point on or near the axis, the increased shock angle is a must for the locally subsonic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,409,557,421],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,409,556,421],"content":"fow downstream of the shock. As a second condition the pressure rise across the deformed part of the shock has to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,422,557,433],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,422,556,433],"content":"be sufficient to initiate breakdown. The streamlines inside the burst part of the vortex indicate recirculation and a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,434,127,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,434,127,444],"content":"stagnation point.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,451,557,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,451,555,464],"content":"The parameter study for OSVI shows that the shock deformation in the vicinity of the vortex core depends primarily","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,465,557,476],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,465,488,476],"content":"on the magnitude of the axial velocity deficit in conjunction with the free-stream shock strength ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,465,535,476],"content":"M a_{\\infty}\\sin\\sigma","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[536,465,556,476],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,477,557,488],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,477,556,488],"content":"the wedge angle. Secondly, the vortex circulation seems to determine the pressure on the vortex axis. For a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,489,557,500],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,489,556,500],"content":"slender isentropic vortex the radial momentum equation and the energy equation are decoupled. In this case the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,501,557,512],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,501,556,512],"content":"influence of circulation is only linear on the axial momentum while the wake in of quadratic order. In this manner","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,513,557,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,513,337,525],"content":"it is possible to catalogue the already explained OsVI modes:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,513,459,525],"content":"\\beta_{A}\\,<\\,\\beta_{c r i t}(M a_{A})\\land\\Upsilon\\,<\\,1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,513,476,525],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,513,506,525],"content":"\\Upsilon\\;>\\;1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[507,513,556,525],"content":"leads to a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,526,557,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,526,221,536],"content":"weak shock vortex interaction mode.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,526,229,536],"content":"\\Upsilon","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[230,526,556,536],"content":" is the relation between forces upstream and downstream of the shock on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,537,557,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,537,556,548],"content":"the vortex axis. Both shock and vortex are only slightly infuenced. The fow field remains supersonic everywhere.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,549,557,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,549,162,561],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A}){\\wedge\\Upsilon}>1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,549,556,561],"content":"stands for a moderate interaction mode. The shock resembles a strong solution in the vortex","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,562,557,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,562,556,572],"content":"core vicinity. A small subsonic pocket accrues downstream of the shock. Elsewhere the fow remains supersonic. The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,573,557,583],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,573,556,583],"content":"vortex is infuenced without being destroyed. No stagnation point is observed. In the computational investigation of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,584,557,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,584,405,595],"content":"NEDUNGADI & LEwIs [2] the streamwise vortex tube was divided by the shock.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,584,519,596],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A})\\wedge\\Upsilon<1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[520,584,556,596],"content":" denotes","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,597,557,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,597,556,608],"content":"a strong interaction. The shock has a similar form to that observed for moderate interaction. Additionally a larger","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,609,338,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,609,338,620],"content":"subsonic region is formed and a stagnation point can be realized.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[102,621,223,634],"spans":[{"bbox":[103,621,223,634],"content":"4. Concluding Remarks","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,635,557,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,635,556,645],"content":"Breakdown of slender vortices in supersonic fow caused by OsVI was investigated using numerical solutions of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,646,557,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,646,556,659],"content":" EULER equations. The results show that a reduction of the axial velocity or an increase of the azimuthal velocity","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,660,557,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,660,556,671],"content":"component enhance breakdown. While breakdown of vortices with uniform axial fow is possible for normal shocks,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,672,301,683],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,672,301,683],"content":"a wake-like velocity profile is required for oblique shocks.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"content":"5. References","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,699,557,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,699,556,709],"content":"[1] O. THOMER, W. SCHRODER, E. KRAUSE, Normal and Oblique Shock-Vortex Interaction, Proceedings of International","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,710,430,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,710,430,721],"content":"Conference RDAMM, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 24 - 29, vol. 6, no. 2, 2001.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,722,557,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,722,555,734],"content":"[2] A. NEDUNGADI, M. LEWIS: Computational Study of the fow-fields associated with oblique shock\/vortex in-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,735,331,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,735,331,746],"content":"teractions, AIAA Journal, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2545-2553, 1996.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,764,537,777],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,764,537,777],"content":"O. THOMER, M. KLAAS, AND W. SCHRODER, AIA RWTH Aachen, Wüllnerstr. zw. 5 u. 7, D-52062 Aachen.","type":"text"}]}]]}}}
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This study was designed to clarify the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[63,269,545,279],"lines":[{"bbox":[63,269,545,279],"spans":[{"bbox":[65,269,544,279],"content":"incidence and time course of early reconduction after PVI during the procedure and to confirm whether","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[63,280,514,290],"lines":[{"bbox":[63,280,514,290],"spans":[{"bbox":[65,280,514,290],"content":"the use of ATP after a certain observation period was useful to detect early reconduction after PVI","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[72,291,545,304],"lines":[{"bbox":[72,291,545,304],"spans":[{"bbox":[72,291,238,304],"content":"Methods: In 21 patients (18 males,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[239,291,276,304],"content":"56\\pm\\mathit{11}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[277,291,544,304],"content":"years) with drug refractory AF, radiofrequency circumfer-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[63,305,545,313],"lines":[{"bbox":[63,305,545,313],"spans":[{"bbox":[65,305,543,313],"content":"ential PV antrum ablation was performed in all 4 PVs. After the completion of isolation, electrograms in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[63,314,545,329],"lines":[{"bbox":[63,314,545,329],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,315,228,326],"content":"each PV were repeatedly recorded ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[229,314,285,329],"content":"(1.98\\pm0.57","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[286,314,544,328],"content":"times per PV) using a circular mapping catheter for an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[63,327,545,341],"lines":[{"bbox":[63,327,545,341],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,328,163,340],"content":"observation period of","type":"text"},{"bbox":[164,327,199,341],"content":"{87\\pm29}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[200,330,544,341],"content":"minutes. After isolation of all 4 PVs, 30 mg of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[63,342,285,351],"lines":[{"bbox":[63,342,285,351],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,342,285,351],"content":"was administered during isoproterenol infusion.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[72,352,545,362],"lines":[{"bbox":[72,352,545,362],"spans":[{"bbox":[74,352,543,362],"content":"Results: PV electrical isolation was initially achieved in all 81 PVs. During the observation period, 12","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[63,363,545,375],"lines":[{"bbox":[63,363,545,375],"spans":[{"bbox":[65,363,91,373],"content":"(15\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[92,363,140,375],"content":"PVs in 10","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,363,169,374],"content":"(48\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[170,363,543,375],"content":"of 21 patients exhibited spontaneous reconduction. Among the remaining 69 PVs,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[63,375,545,388],"lines":[{"bbox":[63,375,545,388],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,375,72,386],"content":"8","type":"text"},{"bbox":[73,376,103,388],"content":"(12\\%)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[104,377,543,385],"content":"additional PVs had reconduction with the use of ATP. 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Tel.: +61 8 8222 4000; fax:","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[263,717,304,728],"content":"8 8222 2722.","type":"text","tag":"footnote"},{"bbox":[26,51,33,60],"content":"CA","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[26,81,34,92],"content":"ASEREPO","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[70,751,79,760],"content":"\\copyright","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[70,750,98,760],"content":"\\copyright2007","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footer"},{"bbox":[247,717,263,726],"content":"+61","type":"inline_equation","tag":"footnote"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[71.6124567474,35.273125822,84.9273356401,42.4717229285]],"header":[[452.3460207612,34.5532661114,555.9861591696,47.5107409031],[96.0830449827,35.273125822,145.384083045,43.9114423498]],"footer":[[441.1903114187,749.0140289347,558.1453287197,771.6896098203],[69.8131487889,751.533537922,430.0346020761,768.4502411223]],"footnote":[[70.5328719723,693.9447610697,306.2422145329,712.3011836914],[71.2525951557,718.0600613766,304.0830449827,737.4962735642]]}}}}
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For a given azimuthal","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,611,543,621],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,611,543,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,611,131,621],"content":"velocity distribution","type":"text"},{"bbox":[132,611,137,621],"content":"\\tau","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,611,287,621],"content":" increases if either the circulation","type":"text"},{"bbox":[288,611,299,621],"content":"\\Gamma_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,611,413,621],"content":" and the wake parameter","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,611,418,621],"content":"\\delta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,611,542,621],"content":" are increased or the MACH","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,622,543,635],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,622,543,635],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,622,74,634],"content":"number","type":"text"},{"bbox":[75,622,99,635],"content":"M a_{\\infty}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[100,622,222,635],"content":" and the width of the profile","type":"text"},{"bbox":[223,622,235,635],"content":"\\mu_{w}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[236,622,541,635],"content":" are decreased. The inflow conditions are also used as initial conditions","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,636,143,645],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,636,143,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,636,141,645],"content":"for the entire fow field.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,655,543,666],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,655,543,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,655,542,666],"content":"Because of the supersonic fow a simple TAYLOR approximation is sufficient at the outfow boundary. Due to the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,667,543,678],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,667,543,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,667,541,678],"content":"inviscid theory all characteristics exit the computational domain. The approximation for the lateral boundary","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,679,543,690],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,679,543,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,679,541,690],"content":"conditions is obtained by assuming the shape of the boundaries to be identical with streamline surfaces. Then,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,691,543,702],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,691,543,702],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,691,542,702],"content":"the kinematic fow condition can be implemented. The normal derivatives of the solution vector with respect to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,703,543,714],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,703,543,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,703,541,714],"content":"the slope of the local streamline vanish, if the fow is assumed to be inviscid. In the computational method, the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,715,543,726],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,715,543,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,715,541,726],"content":"differentials in time and space are discretized to second order accuracy. The temporal integration is performed","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[38,727,543,738],"lines":[{"bbox":[38,727,543,738],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,727,541,738],"content":"using an optimized 5-step RUNGE-KuTTA scheme. 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The ratio of the azimuthal and the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,599,543,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,599,281,610],"content":"axial velocity components is defined as the helix angle","type":"text"},{"bbox":[282,599,326,610],"content":"\\tau=v_{\\varphi}\/v_{z}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[327,599,412,610],"content":"at the vortex core","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,599,436,610],"content":"r=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[437,599,542,610],"content":". For a given azimuthal","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,611,543,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,611,131,621],"content":"velocity distribution","type":"text"},{"bbox":[132,611,137,621],"content":"\\tau","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,611,287,621],"content":" increases if either the circulation","type":"text"},{"bbox":[288,611,299,621],"content":"\\Gamma_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[300,611,413,621],"content":" and the wake parameter","type":"text"},{"bbox":[414,611,418,621],"content":"\\delta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,611,542,621],"content":" are increased or the MACH","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,622,543,635],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,622,74,634],"content":"number","type":"text"},{"bbox":[75,622,99,635],"content":"M a_{\\infty}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[100,622,222,635],"content":" and the width of the profile","type":"text"},{"bbox":[223,622,235,635],"content":"\\mu_{w}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[236,622,541,635],"content":" are decreased. The inflow conditions are also used as initial conditions","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,636,143,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,636,141,645],"content":"for the entire fow field.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[38,655,543,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,655,542,666],"content":"Because of the supersonic fow a simple TAYLOR approximation is sufficient at the outfow boundary. Due to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,667,543,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,667,541,678],"content":"inviscid theory all characteristics exit the computational domain. The approximation for the lateral boundary","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,679,543,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,679,541,690],"content":"conditions is obtained by assuming the shape of the boundaries to be identical with streamline surfaces. Then,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,691,543,702],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,691,542,702],"content":"the kinematic fow condition can be implemented. The normal derivatives of the solution vector with respect to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,703,543,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,703,541,714],"content":"the slope of the local streamline vanish, if the fow is assumed to be inviscid. In the computational method, the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,715,543,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,715,541,726],"content":"differentials in time and space are discretized to second order accuracy. The temporal integration is performed","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,727,543,738],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,727,541,738],"content":"using an optimized 5-step RUNGE-KuTTA scheme. A node-centered scheme is used to approximate the fuxes via an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[38,739,503,750],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,739,377,750],"content":"explicit finite-volume scheme. The convective fuxes are discretized using the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[378,739,418,750],"content":"A U S M+","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,739,503,750],"content":" approach by L10U.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[88,753,143,765],"spans":[{"bbox":[88,753,143,765],"content":"3. Results","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[38,768,543,783],"spans":[{"bbox":[38,768,325,783],"content":"For the OSVI a slender iso-energy BURGERS vortex is used with","type":"text"},{"bbox":[326,768,373,783],"content":"v_{\\varphi}(r)=\\Gamma_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[374,768,542,783],"content":"(1 - e 4 )\/(2πr). Figure 1 shows the","type":"text"}]}]],"layout_bboxes":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,595.0,842.0],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"page_idx":0,"page_size":[595.0,842.0],"_layout_tree":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,595.0,842.0],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"images":[],"tables":[],"interline_equations":[],"inline_equations":[{"bbox":[94,537,143,548],"content":"-1<r<1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[349,549,380,561],"content":"x{=}y{=}0","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,562,382,573],"content":"\\delta\\in[0..1]","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[282,574,400,586],"content":"v_{z}(r)=v_{z\\infty}\\,\\big(1-\\delta\\,e^{-\\mu_{w}\\cdot r^{2}}\\big)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[466,574,541,586],"content":"r_{i}=\\pm\\sqrt{1\/(2\\mu_{w})}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[282,599,326,610],"content":"\\tau=v_{\\varphi}\/v_{z}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[413,599,436,610],"content":"r=1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[132,611,137,621],"content":"\\tau","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[288,611,299,621],"content":"\\Gamma_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,611,418,621],"content":"\\delta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[75,622,99,635],"content":"M a_{\\infty}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[223,622,235,635],"content":"\\mu_{w}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[378,739,418,750],"content":"A U S M+","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[326,768,373,783],"content":"v_{\\varphi}(r)=\\Gamma_{0}","type":"inline_equation"}],"droped_text_block":[{"bbox":[40,60,68,71],"content":"PAMM","type":"text","tag":"header"},{"bbox":[75,60,357,71],"content":"Proc. 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Mech. 2, 334-335 (2003) \/ D0I 10.1002\/pamm.200310151","type":"text","tag":"header"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[282,575,333,585],"content":"v_{z}(r)=v_{z_{\\infty}}","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[377,762,450,781],"content":"(1-e^{\\frac{-r^{2}}{4r_{0}^{2}}})\/(2\\pi r)","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[68,62,74,67],"content":"\\cdot","type":"inline_equation","tag":"header"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[],"header":[[39.594676346,60.837109876,359.2316999395,69.4766994442]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]}},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[50,87,537,285],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,87,537,285],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,87,537,285],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_05300000\/libgen.scimag05317000-05317999.zip_10.1002\/pamm.200310151\/images\/1_54_87_537_285.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,295,557,313],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,295,557,313],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,295,97,310],"content":"Figure 1:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[98,295,120,311],"content":"M a-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[122,295,125,311],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[126,295,137,313],"content":"p-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,295,143,312],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[144,295,156,313],"content":"\\rho-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,295,179,311],"content":"|\\vec{\\omega}|-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[180,295,185,311],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[186,295,201,311],"content":"\\,e_{k i n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[202,295,351,310],"content":"-iso lines and velocity vectors in the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[352,295,356,313],"content":"y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,295,364,313],"content":"\\mathcal{L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[365,295,557,312],"content":"midle plane of the computational domain for","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,311,470,322],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,311,470,322],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,312,82,322],"content":"OSVI (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[83,312,116,322],"content":"\\Gamma=2.69","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[117,312,121,322],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[122,314,160,322],"content":"\\delta=0.245","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,312,165,322],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[166,312,195,322],"content":"\\mu=0.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[196,312,200,322],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[201,312,244,322],"content":"M a=1.48","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[245,312,249,322],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[250,311,289,322],"content":"\\beta=11.5^{\\circ}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[290,314,470,322],"content":", t=200). Flow direction is from left to right.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,323,557,336],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,323,557,336],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,323,124,336],"content":"fow field in the","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,323,130,336],"content":"x","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[134,323,139,336],"content":"z","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[140,323,452,336],"content":"-middle plane of the computational domain for a strong interaction for ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[453,323,508,336],"content":"M a_{\\infty}=1.48","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[509,323,514,336],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[515,323,552,336],"content":"\\Gamma=2.69","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,337,557,349],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,337,557,349],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,337,97,349],"content":"\\delta\\,=\\,0.245","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[98,337,104,349],"content":"，","type":"text"},{"bbox":[105,337,140,349],"content":"\\mu\\,=\\,0.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[141,337,164,349],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[165,337,209,349],"content":"\\beta\\,=\\,11.5^{\\circ}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[210,337,556,349],"content":" wedge angle. The MACH number distribution shows that the shock angle is","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,350,557,360],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,350,557,360],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,350,556,360],"content":"particularly inclined in the vicinity of the vortex core. The originally straight oblique shock is distorted into an","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,361,557,372],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,361,557,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,361,555,372],"content":"'s'-shaped shock front near the vortex core. Downstream of the inclined shock a region of subsonic fow occurs.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,373,557,385],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,373,557,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,373,556,385],"content":"With progressing time a small cone like shape emerges which is of the order of the vortex diameter. Compared to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,386,557,397],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,386,557,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,386,556,397],"content":"the normal shock case [1] this cap size is smaller. Since breakdown of the vortex is necessarily connected with the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,398,557,408],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,398,557,408],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,398,556,408],"content":"formation of a stagnation point on or near the axis, the increased shock angle is a must for the locally subsonic","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,409,557,421],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,409,557,421],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,409,556,421],"content":"fow downstream of the shock. As a second condition the pressure rise across the deformed part of the shock has to","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,422,557,433],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,422,557,433],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,422,556,433],"content":"be sufficient to initiate breakdown. The streamlines inside the burst part of the vortex indicate recirculation and a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,434,127,444],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,434,127,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,434,127,444],"content":"stagnation point.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,451,557,464],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,451,557,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,451,555,464],"content":"The parameter study for OSVI shows that the shock deformation in the vicinity of the vortex core depends primarily","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,465,557,476],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,465,557,476],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,465,488,476],"content":"on the magnitude of the axial velocity deficit in conjunction with the free-stream shock strength ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,465,535,476],"content":"M a_{\\infty}\\sin\\sigma","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[536,465,556,476],"content":" and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,477,557,488],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,477,557,488],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,477,556,488],"content":"the wedge angle. Secondly, the vortex circulation seems to determine the pressure on the vortex axis. For a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,489,557,500],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,489,557,500],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,489,556,500],"content":"slender isentropic vortex the radial momentum equation and the energy equation are decoupled. In this case the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,501,557,512],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,501,557,512],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,501,556,512],"content":"influence of circulation is only linear on the axial momentum while the wake in of quadratic order. In this manner","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,513,557,525],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,513,557,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,513,337,525],"content":"it is possible to catalogue the already explained OsVI modes:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,513,459,525],"content":"\\beta_{A}\\,<\\,\\beta_{c r i t}(M a_{A})\\land\\Upsilon\\,<\\,1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,513,476,525],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,513,506,525],"content":"\\Upsilon\\;>\\;1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[507,513,556,525],"content":"leads to a","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,526,557,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,526,557,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,526,221,536],"content":"weak shock vortex interaction mode.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,526,229,536],"content":"\\Upsilon","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[230,526,556,536],"content":" is the relation between forces upstream and downstream of the shock on","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,537,557,548],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,537,557,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,537,556,548],"content":"the vortex axis. Both shock and vortex are only slightly infuenced. The fow field remains supersonic everywhere.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,549,557,561],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,549,557,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,549,162,561],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A}){\\wedge\\Upsilon}>1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,549,556,561],"content":"stands for a moderate interaction mode. The shock resembles a strong solution in the vortex","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,562,557,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,562,557,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,562,556,572],"content":"core vicinity. A small subsonic pocket accrues downstream of the shock. Elsewhere the fow remains supersonic. The","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,573,557,583],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,573,557,583],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,573,556,583],"content":"vortex is infuenced without being destroyed. No stagnation point is observed. In the computational investigation of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,584,557,596],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,584,557,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,584,405,595],"content":"NEDUNGADI & LEwIs [2] the streamwise vortex tube was divided by the shock.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,584,519,596],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A})\\wedge\\Upsilon<1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[520,584,556,596],"content":" denotes","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,597,557,608],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,597,557,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,597,556,608],"content":"a strong interaction. The shock has a similar form to that observed for moderate interaction. Additionally a larger","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,609,338,620],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,609,338,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,609,338,620],"content":"subsonic region is formed and a stagnation point can be realized.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[102,621,223,634],"lines":[{"bbox":[102,621,223,634],"spans":[{"bbox":[103,621,223,634],"content":"4. Concluding Remarks","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,635,557,645],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,635,557,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,635,556,645],"content":"Breakdown of slender vortices in supersonic fow caused by OsVI was investigated using numerical solutions of the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,646,557,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,646,557,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,646,556,659],"content":" EULER equations. The results show that a reduction of the axial velocity or an increase of the azimuthal velocity","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,660,557,671],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,660,557,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,660,556,671],"content":"component enhance breakdown. While breakdown of vortices with uniform axial fow is possible for normal shocks,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,672,301,683],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,672,301,683],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,672,301,683],"content":"a wake-like velocity profile is required for oblique shocks.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"lines":[{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"content":"5. References","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,699,557,709],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,699,557,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,699,556,709],"content":"[1] O. THOMER, W. SCHRODER, E. KRAUSE, Normal and Oblique Shock-Vortex Interaction, Proceedings of International","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,710,430,721],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,710,430,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,710,430,721],"content":"Conference RDAMM, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 24 - 29, vol. 6, no. 2, 2001.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,722,557,734],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,722,557,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,722,555,734],"content":"[2] A. NEDUNGADI, M. LEWIS: Computational Study of the fow-fields associated with oblique shock\/vortex in-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,735,331,746],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,735,331,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,735,331,746],"content":"teractions, AIAA Journal, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2545-2553, 1996.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[50,764,537,777],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,764,537,777],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,764,537,777],"content":"O. THOMER, M. KLAAS, AND W. 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The MACH number distribution shows that the shock angle is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,350,557,360],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,350,556,360],"content":"particularly inclined in the vicinity of the vortex core. The originally straight oblique shock is distorted into an","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,361,557,372],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,361,555,372],"content":"'s'-shaped shock front near the vortex core. Downstream of the inclined shock a region of subsonic fow occurs.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,373,557,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,373,556,385],"content":"With progressing time a small cone like shape emerges which is of the order of the vortex diameter. Compared to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,386,557,397],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,386,556,397],"content":"the normal shock case [1] this cap size is smaller. 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The streamlines inside the burst part of the vortex indicate recirculation and a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,434,127,444],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,434,127,444],"content":"stagnation point.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,451,557,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,451,555,464],"content":"The parameter study for OSVI shows that the shock deformation in the vicinity of the vortex core depends primarily","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,465,557,476],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,465,488,476],"content":"on the magnitude of the axial velocity deficit in conjunction with the free-stream shock strength ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,465,535,476],"content":"M a_{\\infty}\\sin\\sigma","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[536,465,556,476],"content":" and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,477,557,488],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,477,556,488],"content":"the wedge angle. Secondly, the vortex circulation seems to determine the pressure on the vortex axis. For a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,489,557,500],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,489,556,500],"content":"slender isentropic vortex the radial momentum equation and the energy equation are decoupled. In this case the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,501,557,512],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,501,556,512],"content":"influence of circulation is only linear on the axial momentum while the wake in of quadratic order. In this manner","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,513,557,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,513,337,525],"content":"it is possible to catalogue the already explained OsVI modes:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,513,459,525],"content":"\\beta_{A}\\,<\\,\\beta_{c r i t}(M a_{A})\\land\\Upsilon\\,<\\,1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[460,513,476,525],"content":"or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[477,513,506,525],"content":"\\Upsilon\\;>\\;1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[507,513,556,525],"content":"leads to a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,526,557,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,526,221,536],"content":"weak shock vortex interaction mode.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[222,526,229,536],"content":"\\Upsilon","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[230,526,556,536],"content":" is the relation between forces upstream and downstream of the shock on","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,537,557,548],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,537,556,548],"content":"the vortex axis. Both shock and vortex are only slightly infuenced. The fow field remains supersonic everywhere.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,549,557,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,549,162,561],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A}){\\wedge\\Upsilon}>1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,549,556,561],"content":"stands for a moderate interaction mode. The shock resembles a strong solution in the vortex","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,562,557,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,562,556,572],"content":"core vicinity. A small subsonic pocket accrues downstream of the shock. Elsewhere the fow remains supersonic. The","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,573,557,583],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,573,556,583],"content":"vortex is infuenced without being destroyed. No stagnation point is observed. In the computational investigation of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,584,557,596],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,584,405,595],"content":"NEDUNGADI & LEwIs [2] the streamwise vortex tube was divided by the shock.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[406,584,519,596],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A})\\wedge\\Upsilon<1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[520,584,556,596],"content":" denotes","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,597,557,608],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,597,556,608],"content":"a strong interaction. The shock has a similar form to that observed for moderate interaction. Additionally a larger","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,609,338,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,609,338,620],"content":"subsonic region is formed and a stagnation point can be realized.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[102,621,223,634],"spans":[{"bbox":[103,621,223,634],"content":"4. Concluding Remarks","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,635,557,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,635,556,645],"content":"Breakdown of slender vortices in supersonic fow caused by OsVI was investigated using numerical solutions of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,646,557,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,646,556,659],"content":" EULER equations. The results show that a reduction of the axial velocity or an increase of the azimuthal velocity","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,660,557,671],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,660,556,671],"content":"component enhance breakdown. While breakdown of vortices with uniform axial fow is possible for normal shocks,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,672,301,683],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,672,301,683],"content":"a wake-like velocity profile is required for oblique shocks.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,684,172,698],"content":"5. References","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,699,557,709],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,699,556,709],"content":"[1] O. THOMER, W. SCHRODER, E. KRAUSE, Normal and Oblique Shock-Vortex Interaction, Proceedings of International","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,710,430,721],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,710,430,721],"content":"Conference RDAMM, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 24 - 29, vol. 6, no. 2, 2001.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,722,557,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,722,555,734],"content":"[2] A. NEDUNGADI, M. LEWIS: Computational Study of the fow-fields associated with oblique shock\/vortex in-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[50,735,331,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,735,331,746],"content":"teractions, AIAA Journal, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2545-2553, 1996.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,764,537,777],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,764,537,777],"content":"O. THOMER, M. KLAAS, AND W. SCHRODER, AIA RWTH Aachen, Wüllnerstr. zw. 5 u. 7, D-52062 Aachen.","type":"text"}]}]],"layout_bboxes":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,595.0,842.0],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"page_idx":1,"page_size":[595.0,842.0],"_layout_tree":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,595.0,842.0],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"images":[{"bbox":[54,87,537,285],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_05300000\/libgen.scimag05317000-05317999.zip_10.1002\/pamm.200310151\/images\/1_54_87_537_285.jpg"}],"tables":[],"interline_equations":[],"inline_equations":[{"bbox":[98,295,120,311],"content":"M a-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[126,295,137,313],"content":"p-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[144,295,156,313],"content":"\\rho-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[161,295,179,311],"content":"|\\vec{\\omega}|-","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[186,295,201,311],"content":"\\,e_{k i n}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[352,295,356,313],"content":"y","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[359,295,364,313],"content":"\\mathcal{L}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[83,312,116,322],"content":"\\Gamma=2.69","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[122,314,160,322],"content":"\\delta=0.245","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[166,312,195,322],"content":"\\mu=0.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[201,312,244,322],"content":"M a=1.48","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[250,311,289,322],"content":"\\beta=11.5^{\\circ}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[125,323,130,336],"content":"x","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[134,323,139,336],"content":"z","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[453,323,508,336],"content":"M a_{\\infty}=1.48","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[515,323,552,336],"content":"\\Gamma=2.69","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[53,337,97,349],"content":"\\delta\\,=\\,0.245","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[105,337,140,349],"content":"\\mu\\,=\\,0.4","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[165,337,209,349],"content":"\\beta\\,=\\,11.5^{\\circ}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[489,465,535,476],"content":"M a_{\\infty}\\sin\\sigma","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[338,513,459,525],"content":"\\beta_{A}\\,<\\,\\beta_{c r i t}(M a_{A})\\land\\Upsilon\\,<\\,1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[477,513,506,525],"content":"\\Upsilon\\;>\\;1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[222,526,229,536],"content":"\\Upsilon","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[53,549,162,561],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A}){\\wedge\\Upsilon}>1","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[406,584,519,596],"content":"\\beta_{A}>\\beta_{k r i t}(M a_{A})\\wedge\\Upsilon<1","type":"inline_equation"}],"droped_text_block":[{"bbox":[539,56,554,66],"content":"335","type":"text","tag":"page_no"},{"bbox":[53,57,149,66],"content":"Section 10a:Viscous Flow","type":"text","tag":"header"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[541.3672111313,56.5173150919,553.9655172414,65.1569046601]],"header":[[52.1929824561,56.8772979906,149.7398669087,66.5968362548]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]}}}}
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Cells were stimulated by increasing concentrations of","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[30,327,286,338],"lines":[{"bbox":[30,327,286,338],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,327,61,338],"content":"alcohol (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[62,327,103,338],"content":"10–100\\;\\mathrm{mM})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[104,327,150,338],"content":" and tobacco","type":"text"},{"bbox":[151,328,203,337],"content":"(0.1{\\cdot}0.5~\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,327,285,338],"content":", and with CCK as posi-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[30,339,286,346],"lines":[{"bbox":[30,339,286,346],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,339,286,346],"content":"tive control. Intracellular calcium levels were measured by fluorescence","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[30,347,286,356],"lines":[{"bbox":[30,347,286,356],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,347,286,356],"content":"and amylase secretion by using p-nitrophenyl-maltohexaoside as","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[30,357,176,365],"lines":[{"bbox":[30,357,176,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,357,176,365],"content":"substrate. 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Luaces-Regueira 1, M. Castineira-Alvarino 1, M. Castro-Manzanares2,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,122,272,131],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,122,267,131],"content":"A. Carrascal-Minino2, M. Campos-Toimil2, J.E. 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It has been previously shown that alcohol induces an increase of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,224,286,231],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,224,285,231],"content":"intracellular calcium, but its effect in enzyme secretion is controversial.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,232,201,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,232,201,241],"content":"The effect of tobacco in this context is unknown.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,242,286,251],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,242,286,251],"content":"Hypothesis: Tobacco, similarly to alcohol, promotes the development ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,252,286,261],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,252,286,261],"content":"of CP by altering intracellular calcium levels and enzyme secretion in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,262,73,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,262,73,269],"content":"acinar cells.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,270,286,279],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,270,286,279],"content":"Aim: To evaluate the effect of tobacco compared with alcohol in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,280,286,289],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,280,286,289],"content":"intracellular calcium levels and amylase secretion in pancreatic acinar","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,290,51,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,290,51,298],"content":"cells.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,299,286,309],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,299,285,309],"content":" Methods: Experimental in-vitro study on primary acinar cell culture.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,310,286,317],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,310,284,317],"content":"Acinar cells were isolated by enzymatic and mechanic degradation from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,318,286,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,318,285,326],"content":"Swiss mice pancreas. Cells were stimulated by increasing concentrations of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,327,286,338],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,327,61,338],"content":"alcohol (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[62,327,103,338],"content":"10–100\\;\\mathrm{mM})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[104,327,150,338],"content":" and tobacco","type":"text"},{"bbox":[151,328,203,337],"content":"(0.1{\\cdot}0.5~\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,327,285,338],"content":", and with CCK as posi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,339,286,346],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,339,286,346],"content":"tive control. Intracellular calcium levels were measured by fluorescence","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,347,286,356],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,347,286,356],"content":"and amylase secretion by using p-nitrophenyl-maltohexaoside as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,357,176,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,357,176,365],"content":"substrate. Data were analysed by ANOVA.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,366,286,374],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,366,285,374],"content":" Results: Tobacco induced a dose-dependent increase of intracellular","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,375,286,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,375,100,386],"content":"calcium levels from","type":"text"},{"bbox":[101,375,143,385],"content":"11.38\\pm4.89\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[145,375,183,386],"content":".0.1\\;\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,375,193,386],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[194,376,282,384],"content":"56.26{\\pm}13.14\\%(0.5\\;\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[283,375,285,385],"content":"：","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,385,286,395],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,387,193,393],"content":"A similar effect was observed with alcohol","type":"text"},{"bbox":[194,387,239,393],"content":"\\cdot14.40{\\scriptstyle\\pm2.06\\%}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[243,385,272,394],"content":"\\cdot10\\,\\mathrm{\\mum}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[273,386,286,395],"content":"to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,394,286,403],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,394,72,403],"content":"59.8\\pm2.57\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[73,396,286,403],"content":"(75mM)]. This was associated with an amylase hypersecretion ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,404,242,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,404,100,414],"content":"with tobacco (up to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[101,404,116,414],"content":"21\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[117,404,124,414],"content":"at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,404,162,413],"content":"0.4\\:\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,404,242,414],"content":", but not with alcohol.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,415,286,422],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,415,286,422],"content":"Conclusions: Both tobacco and alcohol induce a similar increase of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,423,286,433],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,423,286,433],"content":"intracellular calcium levels in pancreatic acinar cell, but this is associated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,434,286,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,434,286,442],"content":"with an increased amylase secretion only with tobacco. Alcohol and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,443,286,452],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,443,286,452],"content":"tobacco have a different effect in pancreatic acinar cells and should play","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,453,188,462],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,453,188,462],"content":"a different role in the pathophysiology of CP.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,482,60,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,482,60,491],"content":"P27.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,496,272,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,496,265,507],"content":" Caerulein modulates the ghrelin system in the pancreatic acini","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,508,201,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,508,198,518],"content":"J. Bonior ', J. Jaworek ', M. Kot', S.J. Konturek2.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,526,286,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,526,286,534],"content":"1 Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,535,224,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,535,224,542],"content":"of Medicine Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,543,286,553],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,543,285,553],"content":"2 Chair of Physiology Medical Faculty, School of Medicine Jagiellonian","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,554,138,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,554,138,563],"content":"University, Krakow, Poland","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,572,286,582],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,572,286,582],"content":"Introduction: Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,583,286,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,583,286,591],"content":"(GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) was originally isolated from the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,592,286,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,592,286,602],"content":"stomach and identified in the pancreas. Ghrelin protects the pancreas from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,603,286,612],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,603,286,612],"content":"the damage caused by caerulein-induced pancreatitis, but the implication","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,613,286,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[30,613,286,620],"content":" of GHS-R and its endogenous ligand in the pancreatic protection is unclear.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,621,286,630],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,621,286,630],"content":"Aim: To determine the effect of ghrelin and caerulein on mRNA and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,631,286,640],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,631,286,640],"content":"protein levels of GHS-R1a subtype and of acylated ghrelin in isolated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,641,89,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,641,89,649],"content":"pancreatic acini.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,650,286,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,650,284,658],"content":"Material and methods: Wistar rats were injected with ghrelin (12,5;","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,659,286,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,659,58,669],"content":"25,0 or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[59,660,96,668],"content":"50{,}0~{\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/kg}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[97,659,211,669],"content":"i.p.) or with physiological saline.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[212,659,228,669],"content":"48\\textrm{h}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[229,659,286,668],"content":"later pancreatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,669,286,679],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,670,234,677],"content":"acini were isolated and subjected to caerulein stimulation (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[235,669,253,678],"content":"\\cdot10^{-12}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[256,669,275,679],"content":"10^{-10}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[276,669,285,679],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,678,286,688],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,679,57,687],"content":"10^{-8}\\,\\mathrm{M})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[58,678,137,687],"content":"for: 0h,20,1,3 or 5h at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[138,678,157,688],"content":"37\\,^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[158,680,286,688],"content":" The most effective time of incubation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,688,286,698],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,688,47,698],"content":"was","type":"text"},{"bbox":[48,689,61,697],"content":"^{3\\mathrm{~h~}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[62,689,286,698],"content":". High doses of ghrelin and caerulein were selected for further","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,699,286,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,699,286,706],"content":"experiments. RT-PCR and Western blot methods were used to determine","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,707,121,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,707,121,716],"content":" mRNA and protein levels.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,717,286,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,717,284,726],"content":"Results: GHS-R1a and acylated ghrelin were identified in the pancre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,727,286,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,727,285,736],"content":"atic acini isolated from control rats. Pretreatment of the rats with ghrelin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,737,286,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,737,286,746],"content":"resulted in the significant and dose-dependent upregulation of both","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,64,556,74],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,64,554,74],"content":"investigated parameters. On the contrary, application of caerulein to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,75,556,83],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,75,554,83],"content":"acini significantly and dose-dependently downregulated GHS-R1a, but","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,84,556,94],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,84,555,94],"content":"failed to affect the signal for ghrelin. Pretreatment of the rats with ghrelin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,95,523,104],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,95,520,104],"content":" prevented from caerulein-induced downregulation of GHS-R1a.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,105,556,112],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,105,554,112],"content":"Conclusions: Caerulein is able to modify the GHS-R1a subtype in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,113,556,123],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,113,554,123],"content":"pancreatic acini. This effect could be prevented by pretreatment with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,124,556,133],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,124,554,133],"content":"ghrelin and perhaps might be implicated in the mechanism of pancreatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,134,463,144],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,134,463,144],"content":" damage induced by caerulein overstimulation.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,167,330,177],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,167,330,177],"content":"P28.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,179,556,191],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,179,555,191],"content":" Changes of hemorheological laboratory parameters and course of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,192,479,203],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,192,476,203],"content":"medication in experimental acute pancreatitis","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,204,546,213],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,204,546,213],"content":"R. Kotan′, N. Nemeth2, F. Kiss2, J. Posan ', K. Miszti-Blasius 3, L. Toth4,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,214,471,225],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,214,471,225],"content":"I. Furka2, I. Miko2, P. Sapy 1, Zs. 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In general anaesthesia 2 hours after acute pancreatitis was induced","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,377,556,384],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,377,554,384],"content":"tissue microcirculation was examined, cupping, was performed in all group.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,385,556,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,385,523,392],"content":" Control group (C): no pancreatitis. 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The blood pH level decrease was moderate in all ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,469,556,478],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,470,531,478],"content":" treated groups. 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The changes of the RBC aggregation parameters were resemble.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,518,556,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,518,554,526],"content":" Conclusion: The measured drugs had good effects on microcirculation,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,527,556,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,527,553,536],"content":"pH levels and microrheologic parameters in cerulein induced acute pancre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,537,344,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,537,344,545],"content":"atitis in rats.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,568,330,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,568,330,578],"content":"P29.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,582,556,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,582,554,591],"content":" Potential role of KLF10 in the regulation of gemcitabine resistance in","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,592,394,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,592,394,602],"content":"pancreatic cancer cells","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,603,471,616],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,603,468,616],"content":"Mei-Ren Pan, Li-Tzong Chen, Wen-Chun Hung.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,620,535,630],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,620,534,630],"content":"National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,631,422,640],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,631,422,640],"content":" Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,649,556,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,649,554,659],"content":"Krueppel-like factor 10 (also named as transforming growth factor-beta-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,660,556,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,660,554,668],"content":"induced early gene 1, TIEG1) has been shown to play different roles in various","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,669,556,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,669,554,678],"content":"types of cells. It is also involved in the steps of tumorigenesis and can induce","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,679,556,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,679,555,687],"content":"apoptosis in different cancer cellines. However, whether it plays a role in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,688,556,697],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,688,554,697],"content":" control of drug resistance is not clear. By using a gemcitabine selection","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,698,556,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,698,553,706],"content":" system, we isolated a gemcitabine-resistant cell line from the parental PANC1","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,707,556,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,707,554,716],"content":" pancreatic cell line. We found that KLF10 is reduced in drug-resistant cell line.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,717,556,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,717,554,726],"content":"Ectopic expression of KLF10 could modulate drug sensitivity. 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Luaces-Regueira 1, M. Castineira-Alvarino 1, M. Castro-Manzanares2,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,122,272,131],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,122,267,131],"content":"A. Carrascal-Minino2, M. Campos-Toimil2, J.E. 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It has been previously shown that alcohol induces an increase of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,224,286,231],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,224,285,231],"content":"intracellular calcium, but its effect in enzyme secretion is controversial.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,232,201,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,232,201,241],"content":"The effect of tobacco in this context is unknown.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,242,286,251],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,242,286,251],"content":"Hypothesis: Tobacco, similarly to alcohol, promotes the development ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,252,286,261],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,252,286,261],"content":"of CP by altering intracellular calcium levels and enzyme secretion in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,262,73,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,262,73,269],"content":"acinar cells.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,270,286,279],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,270,286,279],"content":"Aim: To evaluate the effect of tobacco compared with alcohol in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,280,286,289],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,280,286,289],"content":"intracellular calcium levels and amylase secretion in pancreatic acinar","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,290,51,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,290,51,298],"content":"cells.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,299,286,309],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,299,285,309],"content":" Methods: Experimental in-vitro study on primary acinar cell culture.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,310,286,317],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,310,284,317],"content":"Acinar cells were isolated by enzymatic and mechanic degradation from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,318,286,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,318,285,326],"content":"Swiss mice pancreas. Cells were stimulated by increasing concentrations of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,327,286,338],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,327,61,338],"content":"alcohol (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[62,327,103,338],"content":"10–100\\;\\mathrm{mM})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[104,327,150,338],"content":" and tobacco","type":"text"},{"bbox":[151,328,203,337],"content":"(0.1{\\cdot}0.5~\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[204,327,285,338],"content":", and with CCK as posi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,339,286,346],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,339,286,346],"content":"tive control. Intracellular calcium levels were measured by fluorescence","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,347,286,356],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,347,286,356],"content":"and amylase secretion by using p-nitrophenyl-maltohexaoside as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,357,176,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,357,176,365],"content":"substrate. Data were analysed by ANOVA.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,366,286,374],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,366,285,374],"content":" Results: Tobacco induced a dose-dependent increase of intracellular","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,375,286,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,375,100,386],"content":"calcium levels from","type":"text"},{"bbox":[101,375,143,385],"content":"11.38\\pm4.89\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[145,375,183,386],"content":".0.1\\;\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,375,193,386],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[194,376,282,384],"content":"56.26{\\pm}13.14\\%(0.5\\;\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[283,375,285,385],"content":"：","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,385,286,395],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,387,193,393],"content":"A similar effect was observed with alcohol","type":"text"},{"bbox":[194,387,239,393],"content":"\\cdot14.40{\\scriptstyle\\pm2.06\\%}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[243,385,272,394],"content":"\\cdot10\\,\\mathrm{\\mum}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[273,386,286,395],"content":"to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,394,286,403],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,394,72,403],"content":"59.8\\pm2.57\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[73,396,286,403],"content":"(75mM)]. This was associated with an amylase hypersecretion ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,404,242,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,404,100,414],"content":"with tobacco (up to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[101,404,116,414],"content":"21\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[117,404,124,414],"content":"at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,404,162,413],"content":"0.4\\:\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,404,242,414],"content":", but not with alcohol.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,415,286,422],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,415,286,422],"content":"Conclusions: Both tobacco and alcohol induce a similar increase of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,423,286,433],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,423,286,433],"content":"intracellular calcium levels in pancreatic acinar cell, but this is associated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,434,286,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,434,286,442],"content":"with an increased amylase secretion only with tobacco. Alcohol and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,443,286,452],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,443,286,452],"content":"tobacco have a different effect in pancreatic acinar cells and should play","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,453,188,462],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,453,188,462],"content":"a different role in the pathophysiology of CP.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,482,60,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,482,60,491],"content":"P27.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,496,272,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,496,265,507],"content":" Caerulein modulates the ghrelin system in the pancreatic acini","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,508,201,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,508,198,518],"content":"J. Bonior ', J. Jaworek ', M. Kot', S.J. Konturek2.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,526,286,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[45,526,286,534],"content":"1 Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,535,224,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,535,224,542],"content":"of Medicine Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,543,286,553],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,543,285,553],"content":"2 Chair of Physiology Medical Faculty, School of Medicine Jagiellonian","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,554,138,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,554,138,563],"content":"University, Krakow, Poland","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,572,286,582],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,572,286,582],"content":"Introduction: Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,583,286,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,583,286,591],"content":"(GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) was originally isolated from the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,592,286,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,592,286,602],"content":"stomach and identified in the pancreas. Ghrelin protects the pancreas from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,603,286,612],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,603,286,612],"content":"the damage caused by caerulein-induced pancreatitis, but the implication","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,613,286,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[30,613,286,620],"content":" of GHS-R and its endogenous ligand in the pancreatic protection is unclear.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,621,286,630],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,621,286,630],"content":"Aim: To determine the effect of ghrelin and caerulein on mRNA and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,631,286,640],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,631,286,640],"content":"protein levels of GHS-R1a subtype and of acylated ghrelin in isolated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,641,89,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,641,89,649],"content":"pancreatic acini.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,650,286,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,650,284,658],"content":"Material and methods: Wistar rats were injected with ghrelin (12,5;","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,659,286,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,659,58,669],"content":"25,0 or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[59,660,96,668],"content":"50{,}0~{\\upmu\\mathrm{g\/kg}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[97,659,211,669],"content":"i.p.) or with physiological saline.","type":"text"},{"bbox":[212,659,228,669],"content":"48\\textrm{h}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[229,659,286,668],"content":"later pancreatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,669,286,679],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,670,234,677],"content":"acini were isolated and subjected to caerulein stimulation (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[235,669,253,678],"content":"\\cdot10^{-12}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[256,669,275,679],"content":"10^{-10}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[276,669,285,679],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,678,286,688],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,679,57,687],"content":"10^{-8}\\,\\mathrm{M})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[58,678,137,687],"content":"for: 0h,20,1,3 or 5h at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[138,678,157,688],"content":"37\\,^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[158,680,286,688],"content":" The most effective time of incubation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,688,286,698],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,688,47,698],"content":"was","type":"text"},{"bbox":[48,689,61,697],"content":"^{3\\mathrm{~h~}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[62,689,286,698],"content":". High doses of ghrelin and caerulein were selected for further","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,699,286,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,699,286,706],"content":"experiments. RT-PCR and Western blot methods were used to determine","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,707,121,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,707,121,716],"content":" mRNA and protein levels.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,717,286,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,717,284,726],"content":"Results: GHS-R1a and acylated ghrelin were identified in the pancre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,727,286,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,727,285,736],"content":"atic acini isolated from control rats. Pretreatment of the rats with ghrelin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[30,737,286,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,737,286,746],"content":"resulted in the significant and dose-dependent upregulation of both","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,64,556,74],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,64,554,74],"content":"investigated parameters. On the contrary, application of caerulein to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,75,556,83],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,75,554,83],"content":"acini significantly and dose-dependently downregulated GHS-R1a, but","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,84,556,94],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,84,555,94],"content":"failed to affect the signal for ghrelin. Pretreatment of the rats with ghrelin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,95,523,104],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,95,520,104],"content":" prevented from caerulein-induced downregulation of GHS-R1a.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,105,556,112],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,105,554,112],"content":"Conclusions: Caerulein is able to modify the GHS-R1a subtype in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,113,556,123],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,113,554,123],"content":"pancreatic acini. This effect could be prevented by pretreatment with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,124,556,133],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,124,554,133],"content":"ghrelin and perhaps might be implicated in the mechanism of pancreatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,134,463,144],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,134,463,144],"content":" damage induced by caerulein overstimulation.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,167,330,177],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,167,330,177],"content":"P28.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,179,556,191],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,179,555,191],"content":" Changes of hemorheological laboratory parameters and course of","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,192,479,203],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,192,476,203],"content":"medication in experimental acute pancreatitis","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,204,546,213],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,204,546,213],"content":"R. Kotan′, N. Nemeth2, F. Kiss2, J. Posan ', K. Miszti-Blasius 3, L. Toth4,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,214,471,225],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,214,471,225],"content":"I. Furka2, I. Miko2, P. Sapy 1, Zs. 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In general anaesthesia 2 hours after acute pancreatitis was induced","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,377,556,384],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,377,554,384],"content":"tissue microcirculation was examined, cupping, was performed in all group.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[299,385,556,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,385,523,392],"content":" Control group (C): no pancreatitis. 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The potential spin-offs from this project for other areas of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[170,232,541,242],"spans":[{"bbox":[170,232,540,242],"content":" science and industry are tremendous,4 not least through the computational requirements for large-scale processing","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,235,127,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,235,123,245],"content":" Field, United Kingdom","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[170,243,251,253],"spans":[{"bbox":[171,243,251,253],"content":"of 'big data' in real time.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[54,246,148,258],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,246,148,258],"content":"3SKA South Africa, Pinelands,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[54,257,541,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,259,95,269],"content":"South Africa","type":"text"},{"bbox":[171,257,540,268],"content":"The construction of the technology demonstrator KAT-7 - a radio interferometer consisting of seven fully steerable","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[170,269,541,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[172,269,540,278],"content":"12-m dishes built on-site in Carnavon - was completed in 2011. 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When rats were treated with nonylphenol at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[282,377,335,385],"content":"250\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg\/day}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[336,377,546,386],"content":", the absolute and relative weight of epididymis decreased","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,387,546,398],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,388,326,398],"content":" dramatically, while the relative weights of kidney and liver increased by 14 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[327,387,344,398],"content":"22\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[345,387,546,398],"content":", respectively. In addition, the sperm density of the head","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,399,546,409],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,399,239,409],"content":"of epididymis and the testosterone level descended at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[240,399,293,408],"content":"250\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg\/day}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[294,399,544,409],"content":". The levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,410,546,421],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,410,546,421],"content":"increased in both nonylphenol treated groups. Pathological changes were detected by microscopy and the transferase dUTP nick end labeling","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,422,489,429],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,422,489,429],"content":"(TUNEL) assay showed that the number of apoptotic cells in testes increased with nonylphenol in a dose-dependent manner.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,430,188,442],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,430,69,442],"content":"\\copyright2004","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[70,431,188,442],"content":"Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,450,471,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,450,471,461],"content":"Keywords: Nonylphonol; Apoptosis; Reproductive system; Testosterone; Luteinizing hormone; Follicle stimulating hormone; TUNEL","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,503,110,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,503,110,513],"content":"1. Introduction","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,526,284,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,526,281,537],"content":"Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEs) are non-ionic sur-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,538,284,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,538,281,550],"content":"factants that are widely used as components of detergents,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,551,284,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,551,283,562],"content":"paints, herbicides, insecticides and many other synthetic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,563,284,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,563,283,574],"content":"products. With their wide use, a large amount of NPEs","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,575,284,585],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,575,283,585],"content":"are charged into water. Nonylphenol (NP), a primary final","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,586,284,597],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,586,283,597],"content":"biodegradation product of NPEs [1], has been documented","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,598,284,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,598,281,610],"content":"to appear in aquatic environment, particularly in sediment.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,611,284,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,611,131,622],"content":"Its content may reach","type":"text"},{"bbox":[132,611,171,622],"content":"3000~\\mathrm{ppb}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[172,611,283,622],"content":" in rivers and lakes [2]. NP","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,623,284,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,623,282,633],"content":"showed a great capacity of bioaccumulation in aquatic an-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,634,284,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,634,284,645],"content":"imals, and investigators found that the NP concentration in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,646,284,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,646,283,658],"content":"the muscle of Anas boscas (living in contaminated aquatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,659,188,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,659,130,669],"content":"environment) reached","type":"text"},{"bbox":[131,659,172,669],"content":"1.2\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[173,659,188,669],"content":"[3].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,683,284,695],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,683,281,695],"content":"* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 25 83686497; fax: +86 25 83686441.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[56,696,228,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[56,696,63,706],"content":"E","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[64,696,140,706],"content":"-mail address: hanxdnju","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,696,147,706],"content":"@","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[148,696,228,706],"content":"hotmail.com (X.D. Han).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,503,546,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,503,544,513],"content":"NP has been reported to be weakly estrogenic from in vitro","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,515,546,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,515,546,526],"content":"and in vivo studies. In Chapin's study [4], 3.5 generations of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,527,546,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,527,501,537],"content":"rats were exposed to NP in the diet at 200, 650 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[502,527,542,537],"content":"2000\\,\\mathrm{ppm}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[302,538,546,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,538,546,550],"content":"which corresponded to dietary intakes of 9-35, 30-100, and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,551,546,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,551,384,562],"content":"100{-}350\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg\/day}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,551,546,562],"content":". Vaginal opening was accelerated by 2","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,563,546,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,563,336,574],"content":"days (at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[337,563,374,574],"content":"650\\,\\mathrm{pm})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[375,563,433,574],"content":" and 6 days (at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[434,563,475,574],"content":"2000\\,\\mathrm{ppm})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[476,563,546,574],"content":". Uterine weights","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,575,546,585],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,575,546,585],"content":" at postnatal day 21 were increased in F1 females treated with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,586,546,597],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,586,338,597],"content":"650 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[339,586,394,597],"content":"2000\\,\\mathrm{ppm\\,NP.}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[395,586,544,597],"content":" In F2 rats, epididymal sperm density","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,598,546,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,598,399,610],"content":"was reduced by 8 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[400,598,418,610],"content":"13\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,598,468,610],"content":"at 650 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[469,598,509,610],"content":"2000\\,\\mathrm{ppm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[510,598,544,610],"content":", respec-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,611,546,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,611,544,622],"content":"tively. Collectively, these results suggest that NP has weak","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,623,546,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,623,546,633],"content":" estrogenic activity and may induce abnormities in female and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,634,546,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,634,546,645],"content":"male reproductive systems. In Hossaini's study [5], female","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,646,546,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,646,488,659],"content":"pregnant rats were dosed with NP at 3, 15, or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,646,544,658],"content":"75\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg\/day}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[302,660,546,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,660,543,669],"content":"from gestation days 11 to 18. Male offsprings were sacri-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,670,546,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,670,543,681],"content":"ficed at postnatal days 11, 21, and 110, and their reproduc-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,683,546,695],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,683,544,695],"content":"tive parameters were evaluated. The absolute weight of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,696,546,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,696,546,706],"content":"right epididymis significantly decreased in the animals whose","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,69,292,80],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,69,171,80],"content":"mother was exposed to 75 or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[172,69,210,80],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,69,289,80],"content":"\/day NP. In another","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,81,292,92],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,81,74,92],"content":"study,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[75,81,137,92],"content":"100\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg\/day}\\,.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,81,290,92],"content":"NP reduced the daily sperm production","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,93,292,104],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,93,119,104],"content":"of male rats, and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[120,93,163,104],"content":"300\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[164,93,290,104],"content":"\/day NP induced the atrophy of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,105,292,116],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,105,289,116],"content":"testis and epididymis [6]. Until now, systemic studies on the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,117,292,128],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,117,289,128],"content":"male reproductive toxicity of NP have been scarce. The aim","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,129,292,140],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,129,289,140],"content":"of this present study is to further investigate the mechanisms","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,141,236,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,141,236,151],"content":"of the reproductive toxicity of NP in male rats.","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[47,69,292,80],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,69,292,80],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,69,171,80],"content":"mother was exposed to 75 or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[172,69,210,80],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,69,289,80],"content":"\/day NP. 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Instruments and reagents","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[60,224,292,235],"lines":[{"bbox":[60,224,292,235],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,224,290,235],"content":"Instruments: Roche Elecsys System (2010), Electron","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,236,292,249],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,236,292,249],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,236,168,248],"content":"microscope (JEM-1200EX),","type":"text"},{"bbox":[169,236,176,249],"content":"\\upgamma","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[177,236,290,249],"content":"-counter (SN-695). 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During the experiment, one rat in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,547,292,558],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,547,292,558],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,547,289,558],"content":"the NP2 group manifested a marked reduction in body weight","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,559,292,571],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,559,292,571],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,559,292,571],"content":" gain and was excluded from the formal experiment. After 50","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,572,292,583],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,572,292,583],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,572,290,583],"content":"days treatment, the rats were weighed and anaesthetized by","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[47,584,292,593],"lines":[{"bbox":[47,584,292,593],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,584,289,593],"content":"injecting pentobarbital. 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All rights reserved.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,450,471,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,450,471,461],"content":"Keywords: Nonylphonol; Apoptosis; Reproductive system; Testosterone; Luteinizing hormone; Follicle stimulating hormone; TUNEL","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,503,110,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,503,110,513],"content":"1. Introduction","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,526,284,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,526,281,537],"content":"Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEs) are non-ionic sur-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,538,284,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,538,281,550],"content":"factants that are widely used as components of detergents,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,551,284,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,551,283,562],"content":"paints, herbicides, insecticides and many other synthetic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,563,284,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,563,283,574],"content":"products. With their wide use, a large amount of NPEs","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,575,284,585],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,575,283,585],"content":"are charged into water. Nonylphenol (NP), a primary final","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,586,284,597],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,586,283,597],"content":"biodegradation product of NPEs [1], has been documented","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,598,284,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,598,281,610],"content":"to appear in aquatic environment, particularly in sediment.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,611,284,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,611,131,622],"content":"Its content may reach","type":"text"},{"bbox":[132,611,171,622],"content":"3000~\\mathrm{ppb}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[172,611,283,622],"content":" in rivers and lakes [2]. NP","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,623,284,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,623,282,633],"content":"showed a great capacity of bioaccumulation in aquatic an-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,634,284,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,634,284,645],"content":"imals, and investigators found that the NP concentration in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,646,284,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,646,283,658],"content":"the muscle of Anas boscas (living in contaminated aquatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,659,188,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,659,130,669],"content":"environment) reached","type":"text"},{"bbox":[131,659,172,669],"content":"1.2\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[173,659,188,669],"content":"[3].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,683,284,695],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,683,281,695],"content":"* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 25 83686497; fax: +86 25 83686441.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[56,696,228,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[56,696,63,706],"content":"E","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[64,696,140,706],"content":"-mail address: hanxdnju","type":"text"},{"bbox":[141,696,147,706],"content":"@","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[148,696,228,706],"content":"hotmail.com (X.D. Han).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[316,503,546,513],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,503,544,513],"content":"NP has been reported to be weakly estrogenic from in vitro","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,515,546,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,515,546,526],"content":"and in vivo studies. In Chapin's study [4], 3.5 generations of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,527,546,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,527,501,537],"content":"rats were exposed to NP in the diet at 200, 650 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[502,527,542,537],"content":"2000\\,\\mathrm{ppm}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[302,538,546,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,538,546,550],"content":"which corresponded to dietary intakes of 9-35, 30-100, and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,551,546,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,551,384,562],"content":"100{-}350\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg\/day}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[385,551,546,562],"content":". Vaginal opening was accelerated by 2","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,563,546,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,563,336,574],"content":"days (at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[337,563,374,574],"content":"650\\,\\mathrm{pm})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[375,563,433,574],"content":" and 6 days (at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[434,563,475,574],"content":"2000\\,\\mathrm{ppm})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[476,563,546,574],"content":". Uterine weights","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,575,546,585],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,575,546,585],"content":" at postnatal day 21 were increased in F1 females treated with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,586,546,597],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,586,338,597],"content":"650 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[339,586,394,597],"content":"2000\\,\\mathrm{ppm\\,NP.}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[395,586,544,597],"content":" In F2 rats, epididymal sperm density","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,598,546,610],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,598,399,610],"content":"was reduced by 8 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[400,598,418,610],"content":"13\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[419,598,468,610],"content":"at 650 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[469,598,509,610],"content":"2000\\,\\mathrm{ppm}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[510,598,544,610],"content":", respec-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,611,546,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,611,544,622],"content":"tively. Collectively, these results suggest that NP has weak","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,623,546,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,623,546,633],"content":" estrogenic activity and may induce abnormities in female and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,634,546,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,634,546,645],"content":"male reproductive systems. In Hossaini's study [5], female","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,646,546,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,646,488,659],"content":"pregnant rats were dosed with NP at 3, 15, or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[489,646,544,658],"content":"75\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg\/day}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[302,660,546,669],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,660,543,669],"content":"from gestation days 11 to 18. Male offsprings were sacri-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,670,546,681],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,670,543,681],"content":"ficed at postnatal days 11, 21, and 110, and their reproduc-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,683,546,695],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,683,544,695],"content":"tive parameters were evaluated. The absolute weight of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,696,546,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,696,546,706],"content":"right epididymis significantly decreased in the animals whose","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,69,292,80],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,69,171,80],"content":"mother was exposed to 75 or","type":"text"},{"bbox":[172,69,210,80],"content":"15\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg},","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[211,69,289,80],"content":"\/day NP. In another","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,81,292,92],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,81,74,92],"content":"study,","type":"text"},{"bbox":[75,81,137,92],"content":"100\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg\/day}\\,.","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[138,81,290,92],"content":"NP reduced the daily sperm production","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,93,292,104],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,93,119,104],"content":"of male rats, and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[120,93,163,104],"content":"300\\,\\mathrm{mg\/kg}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[164,93,290,104],"content":"\/day NP induced the atrophy of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,105,292,116],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,105,289,116],"content":"testis and epididymis [6]. Until now, systemic studies on the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[47,117,292,128],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,117,289,128],"content":"male reproductive toxicity of NP have been scarce. 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Ultrathin sections were","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,603,512,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,603,512,615],"content":" observed by a JEM-1200EX electron microscope.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,631,410,642],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,631,410,642],"content":"2.8. Statistical analyses","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[324,655,554,666],"spans":[{"bbox":[325,655,553,666],"content":"All calculations and statistical analyses were generated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,667,554,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,667,551,678],"content":"in SPSS for windows version 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,679,554,690],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,679,553,690],"content":" USA). Statistical analyses were performed using one-way","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,691,554,703],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,691,528,703],"content":"analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's","type":"text"},{"bbox":[529,691,533,703],"content":"t","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[534,691,551,703],"content":"-test.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,704,554,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,704,513,714],"content":"Differences were considered to be significant at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[514,704,553,714],"content":"P\\,<\\,0.05","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[310,715,554,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,715,520,726],"content":"against control group. 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The blood pH level decrease was moderate in all ","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,469,551,478],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,469,551,478],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,470,531,478],"content":" treated groups. The elevation of hematocrit level was moderate in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[532,469,551,478],"content":"_{\\mathrm{AP+Fl}}","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,479,555,487],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,479,555,487],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,479,473,487],"content":"The maximal elongation index values decrease in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[474,479,494,487],"content":"_{\\mathrm{AP+Fl}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[495,479,554,487],"content":"was not noticed.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,488,555,498],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,488,555,498],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,488,473,497],"content":"The osmoscan confirmed the best result also in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[474,489,495,496],"content":"_{\\scriptstyle\\mathsf{A P+F l}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[496,488,514,498],"content":"The","type":"text"},{"bbox":[515,488,523,497],"content":"\\boldsymbol{\\mathrm{M}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[524,488,554,498],"content":" and M1","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,498,555,507],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,498,555,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,498,472,507],"content":"indices were elevated in all AP, it was moderate in","type":"text"},{"bbox":[473,499,493,507],"content":"_{\\mathrm{AP+Fl}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,499,555,507],"content":"and significant in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,508,546,517],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,508,546,517],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,508,323,516],"content":"_\\mathrm{AP+Pe}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[324,508,546,517],"content":". The changes of the RBC aggregation parameters were resemble.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,518,555,526],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,518,555,526],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,518,554,526],"content":" Conclusion: The measured drugs had good effects on microcirculation,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,527,555,536],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,527,555,536],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,527,553,536],"content":"pH levels and microrheologic parameters in cerulein induced acute pancre-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,537,344,545],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,537,344,545],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,537,344,545],"content":"atitis in rats.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,568,330,578],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,568,330,578],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,568,330,578],"content":"P29.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,582,555,591],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,582,555,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,582,554,591],"content":" Potential role of KLF10 in the regulation of gemcitabine resistance in","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,592,394,602],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,592,394,602],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,592,394,602],"content":"pancreatic cancer cells","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,603,471,616],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,603,471,616],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,603,468,616],"content":"Mei-Ren Pan, Li-Tzong Chen, Wen-Chun Hung.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,620,535,630],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,620,535,630],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,620,534,630],"content":"National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,631,422,640],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,631,422,640],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,631,422,640],"content":" Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[310,649,555,659],"lines":[{"bbox":[310,649,555,659],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,649,554,659],"content":"Krueppel-like factor 10 (also named as transforming growth factor-beta-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,660,555,668],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,660,555,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,660,554,668],"content":"induced early gene 1, TIEG1) has been shown to play different roles in various","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,669,555,678],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,669,555,678],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,669,554,678],"content":"types of cells. It is also involved in the steps of tumorigenesis and can induce","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,679,555,687],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,679,555,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,679,555,687],"content":"apoptosis in different cancer cellines. However, whether it plays a role in the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,688,554,697],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,688,554,697],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,688,554,697],"content":" control of drug resistance is not clear. By using a gemcitabine selection","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,698,553,706],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,698,553,706],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,698,553,706],"content":" system, we isolated a gemcitabine-resistant cell line from the parental PANC1","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[299,707,554,716],"lines":[{"bbox":[299,707,554,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[299,707,554,716],"content":" pancreatic cell line. We found that KLF10 is reduced in drug-resistant cell line.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,717,555,726],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,717,555,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,717,554,726],"content":"Ectopic expression of KLF10 could modulate drug sensitivity. In addition, we","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,727,555,736],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,727,555,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,727,554,736],"content":"also identified a number of downstream target genes and some of them are","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[300,737,555,746],"lines":[{"bbox":[300,737,555,746],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,737,555,746],"content":"involved in epigenetic regulation. Our data suggest that KLF10 may modulate","type":"text"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[41,111,280,121],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,111,280,121],"content":"M. Luaces-Regueira 1, M. Castineira-Alvarino 1, M. Castro-Manzanares2,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[41,122,272,131],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,122,267,131],"content":"A. Carrascal-Minino2, M. Campos-Toimil2, J.E. 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It has been previously shown that alcohol induces an increase of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[31,224,285,231],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,224,285,231],"content":"intracellular calcium, but its effect in enzyme secretion is controversial.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,232,201,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,232,201,241],"content":"The effect of tobacco in this context is unknown.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,262,73,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,262,73,269],"content":"acinar cells.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,290,51,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,290,51,298],"content":"cells.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,299,285,309],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,299,285,309],"content":" Methods: Experimental in-vitro study on primary acinar cell culture.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,310,285,317],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,310,284,317],"content":"Acinar cells were isolated by enzymatic and mechanic degradation from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[31,318,285,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,318,285,326],"content":"Swiss mice pancreas. 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Data were analysed by ANOVA.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,366,285,374],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,366,285,374],"content":" Results: Tobacco induced a dose-dependent increase of intracellular","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[31,375,285,386],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,375,100,386],"content":"calcium levels from","type":"text"},{"bbox":[101,375,143,385],"content":"11.38\\pm4.89\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[145,375,183,386],"content":".0.1\\;\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[184,375,193,386],"content":"to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[194,376,282,384],"content":"56.26{\\pm}13.14\\%(0.5\\;\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[283,375,285,385],"content":"：","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,404,242,414],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,404,100,414],"content":"with tobacco (up to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[101,404,116,414],"content":"21\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[117,404,124,414],"content":"at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[125,404,162,413],"content":"0.4\\:\\mathrm{mg\/ml})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[163,404,242,414],"content":", but not with alcohol.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,453,188,462],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,453,188,462],"content":"a different role in the pathophysiology of CP.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,482,60,491],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,482,60,491],"content":"P27.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,496,272,507],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,496,265,507],"content":" Caerulein modulates the ghrelin system in the pancreatic acini","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[41,508,201,518],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,508,198,518],"content":"J. Bonior ', J. Jaworek ', M. Kot', S.J. Konturek2.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,535,224,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,535,224,542],"content":"of Medicine Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,543,285,553],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,543,285,553],"content":"2 Chair of Physiology Medical Faculty, School of Medicine Jagiellonian","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[41,554,138,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,554,138,563],"content":"University, Krakow, Poland","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,641,89,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,641,89,649],"content":"pancreatic acini.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,650,285,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,650,284,658],"content":"Material and methods: Wistar rats were injected with ghrelin (12,5;","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,669,285,679],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,670,234,677],"content":"acini were isolated and subjected to caerulein stimulation (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[235,669,253,678],"content":"\\cdot10^{-12}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[256,669,275,679],"content":"10^{-10}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[276,669,285,679],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[31,707,121,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,707,121,716],"content":" mRNA and protein levels.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,717,285,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,717,284,726],"content":"Results: GHS-R1a and acylated ghrelin were identified in the pancre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[31,727,285,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,727,285,736],"content":"atic acini isolated from control rats. Pretreatment of the rats with ghrelin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,64,555,74],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,64,554,74],"content":"investigated parameters. On the contrary, application of caerulein to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,75,555,83],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,75,554,83],"content":"acini significantly and dose-dependently downregulated GHS-R1a, but","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,84,555,94],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,84,555,94],"content":"failed to affect the signal for ghrelin. Pretreatment of the rats with ghrelin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,95,523,104],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,95,520,104],"content":" prevented from caerulein-induced downregulation of GHS-R1a.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,105,555,112],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,105,554,112],"content":"Conclusions: Caerulein is able to modify the GHS-R1a subtype in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,113,555,123],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,113,554,123],"content":"pancreatic acini. This effect could be prevented by pretreatment with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,124,555,133],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,124,554,133],"content":"ghrelin and perhaps might be implicated in the mechanism of pancreatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,134,463,144],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,134,463,144],"content":" damage induced by caerulein overstimulation.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,167,330,177],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,167,330,177],"content":"P28.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,179,555,191],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,179,555,191],"content":" Changes of hemorheological laboratory parameters and course of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,192,479,203],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,192,476,203],"content":"medication in experimental acute pancreatitis","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,204,546,213],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,204,546,213],"content":"R. Kotan′, N. Nemeth2, F. Kiss2, J. Posan ', K. Miszti-Blasius 3, L. Toth4,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,214,471,225],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,214,471,225],"content":"I. Furka2, I. Miko2, P. Sapy 1, Zs. Szentkereszty 1.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,239,381,247],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,239,381,247],"content":"Debrecen, Hungary","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,248,555,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,248,554,257],"content":"2 Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Medical","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,258,523,268],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,258,523,268],"content":"and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,269,535,277],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,269,535,277],"content":"3 Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,278,555,287],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,278,552,287],"content":" Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,289,535,296],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,289,531,296],"content":"4 Department of Pathology, Medical and Health Science Center,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,297,428,306],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,297,428,306],"content":" University of Debrecen, Hungary","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,315,555,325],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,315,555,325],"content":"Introduction: The role of microcirculatory disturbance in severe acute","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,326,422,337],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,326,419,337],"content":"pancreatitis is generally accepted.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,338,555,345],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,338,555,345],"content":" Objectives: Effectiveness of Pentoxifyllin, Enoxaparine and Flunixin ","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,346,479,354],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,346,479,354],"content":"was analysed in experimental cerulein pancreatitis.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,355,555,364],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,355,554,364],"content":"Methods: Fifty female Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 5 groups","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,365,555,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,366,325,375],"content":"(\\mathsf{n}\\!\\!=\\!\\!10)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[326,365,554,376],"content":". In general anaesthesia 2 hours after acute pancreatitis was induced","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,377,555,384],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,377,554,384],"content":"tissue microcirculation was examined, cupping, was performed in all group.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[300,385,555,393],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,385,523,392],"content":" Control group (C): no pancreatitis. 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It has been previously shown that alcohol induces an increase of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[31,224,285,231],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,224,285,231],"content":"intracellular calcium, but its effect in enzyme secretion is controversial.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,232,201,241],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,232,201,241],"content":"The effect of tobacco in this context is unknown.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,262,73,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,262,73,269],"content":"acinar cells.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,290,51,298],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,290,51,298],"content":"cells.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,299,285,309],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,299,285,309],"content":" Methods: Experimental in-vitro study on primary acinar cell culture.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,310,285,317],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,310,284,317],"content":"Acinar cells were isolated by enzymatic and mechanic degradation from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[31,318,285,326],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,318,285,326],"content":"Swiss mice pancreas. 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Bonior ', J. Jaworek ', M. Kot', S.J. Konturek2.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,535,224,542],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,535,224,542],"content":"of Medicine Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,543,285,553],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,543,285,553],"content":"2 Chair of Physiology Medical Faculty, School of Medicine Jagiellonian","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[41,554,138,563],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,554,138,563],"content":"University, Krakow, Poland","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,641,89,649],"spans":[{"bbox":[32,641,89,649],"content":"pancreatic acini.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,650,285,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,650,284,658],"content":"Material and methods: Wistar rats were injected with ghrelin (12,5;","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[31,669,285,679],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,670,234,677],"content":"acini were isolated and subjected to caerulein stimulation (","type":"text"},{"bbox":[235,669,253,678],"content":"\\cdot10^{-12}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[256,669,275,679],"content":"10^{-10}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[276,669,285,679],"content":"or","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[31,707,121,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,707,121,716],"content":" mRNA and protein levels.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[41,717,285,726],"spans":[{"bbox":[43,717,284,726],"content":"Results: GHS-R1a and acylated ghrelin were identified in the pancre-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[31,727,285,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[31,727,285,736],"content":"atic acini isolated from control rats. Pretreatment of the rats with ghrelin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,64,555,74],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,64,554,74],"content":"investigated parameters. On the contrary, application of caerulein to the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,75,555,83],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,75,554,83],"content":"acini significantly and dose-dependently downregulated GHS-R1a, but","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,84,555,94],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,84,555,94],"content":"failed to affect the signal for ghrelin. Pretreatment of the rats with ghrelin","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,95,523,104],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,95,520,104],"content":" prevented from caerulein-induced downregulation of GHS-R1a.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,105,555,112],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,105,554,112],"content":"Conclusions: Caerulein is able to modify the GHS-R1a subtype in the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,113,555,123],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,113,554,123],"content":"pancreatic acini. This effect could be prevented by pretreatment with","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,124,555,133],"spans":[{"bbox":[301,124,554,133],"content":"ghrelin and perhaps might be implicated in the mechanism of pancreatic","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[300,134,463,144],"spans":[{"bbox":[300,134,463,144],"content":" damage induced by caerulein overstimulation.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,167,330,177],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,167,330,177],"content":"P28.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,179,555,191],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,179,555,191],"content":" Changes of hemorheological laboratory parameters and course of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,192,479,203],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,192,476,203],"content":"medication in experimental acute pancreatitis","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,204,546,213],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,204,546,213],"content":"R. Kotan′, N. Nemeth2, F. Kiss2, J. Posan ', K. Miszti-Blasius 3, L. Toth4,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,214,471,225],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,214,471,225],"content":"I. 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The potential spin-offs from this project for other areas of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[170,232,541,242],"spans":[{"bbox":[170,232,540,242],"content":" science and industry are tremendous,4 not least through the computational requirements for large-scale processing","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,235,127,245],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,235,123,245],"content":" Field, United Kingdom","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[170,243,251,253],"spans":[{"bbox":[171,243,251,253],"content":"of 'big data' in real time.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[54,246,148,258],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,246,148,258],"content":"3SKA South Africa, Pinelands,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[54,257,541,269],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,259,95,269],"content":"South Africa","type":"text"},{"bbox":[171,257,540,268],"content":"The construction of the technology demonstrator KAT-7 - a radio interferometer consisting of seven fully steerable","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[170,269,541,278],"spans":[{"bbox":[172,269,540,278],"content":"12-m dishes built on-site in Carnavon - was completed in 2011. 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All rights reserved.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[40,450,471,461],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,450,471,461],"content":"Keywords: Nonylphonol; Apoptosis; Reproductive system; Testosterone; Luteinizing hormone; Follicle stimulating hormone; TUNEL","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,526,283,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,526,281,537],"content":"Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEs) are non-ionic sur-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[41,538,283,550],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,538,281,550],"content":"factants that are widely used as components of detergents,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[41,563,283,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,563,283,574],"content":"products. With their wide use, a large amount of NPEs","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[41,575,283,585],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,575,283,585],"content":"are charged into water. 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Separate multi-level models for","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,344,417,355],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,344,417,355],"content":"men and women were used to identify the correlates of work-related RSIs.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,356,479,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[103,356,478,369],"content":"Results Women reported sustaining more work-related RSIs than men. Also, having one or","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,370,479,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,370,476,380],"content":"more children in the household was associated with lower work-related RSI risk for","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,381,479,391],"spans":[{"bbox":[103,381,477,391],"content":"females.BothmenandwomeninBritishColumbiareported higherwork-relatedRSIrates","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,392,173,404],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,392,173,404],"content":"than in Ontario.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,405,479,415],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,405,476,415],"content":"Conclusions Gender contributes to RSI risk in multiple and diverse ways based on labor","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,416,479,428],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,416,479,428],"content":"market segregation, non-work exposures, and possibly biological vulnerability, which","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,429,479,441],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,429,479,441],"content":"suggests more tailored interventions. Also, the provincial differences indicate that","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,442,479,452],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,442,477,452],"content":"monitoring and surveillance of work injury across jurisdictions can assist in province-wide","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,453,479,464],"spans":[{"bbox":[101,453,477,464],"content":" prevention and occupational health and safety evaluation. Am. J. Ind. 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E-mail: cbreslin@iwh.on.ca","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,705,123,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,705,123,715],"content":"Accepted 22March 2013","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[50,716,263,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,716,263,725],"content":"D0l10.1002\/ajim.22195.Published online17 July 2013 in Wiley Online Library","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[42,726,113,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[44,726,113,734],"content":"(wileyonlinelibrary.com).","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[294,555,390,566],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,555,390,566],"content":"INTRODUCTION","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[313,580,539,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[314,580,537,591],"content":"Women's participation in work has increased markedly","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,592,539,603],"spans":[{"bbox":[296,592,537,603],"content":"over the last few decades. Currently, Canadian women made","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,604,539,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,604,312,615],"content":"up","type":"text"},{"bbox":[313,604,333,615],"content":"47\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[334,604,537,615],"content":" of total employment numbers [Labour Force","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,616,539,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[294,616,539,626],"content":"Survey, 2012]. However, gender segregation in jobs","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,627,539,639],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,627,539,639],"content":"continues to occur in the Canadian labor market [Chung","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,640,539,652],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,640,538,652],"content":"et al., 2000]. For example, when one compares the top","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,653,539,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,653,537,664],"content":"ten most common occupations for men and women, only","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,665,539,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,665,537,675],"content":"“retail clerk\" position appears in both lists [Messing and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,676,362,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,676,362,687],"content":"Stellman, 2006].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[313,688,539,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,688,536,699],"content":"Certain types of work-related musculoskeletal (MSK)","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,700,539,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[296,700,538,711],"content":"and repetitive strain injury (RSI) symptoms are reported","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,712,539,723],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,712,536,723],"content":"more frequently by working women than men in industrial-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[294,724,539,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[296,724,537,734],"content":"ized countries. For instance, an early review of 21 studies","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[51,125,298,135],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,125,295,135],"content":"recently, women in office settings reported more upper","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_1":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[51,125,298,135],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,125,298,135],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,125,295,135],"content":"recently, women in office settings reported more upper","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,137,298,146],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,137,298,146],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,137,272,146],"content":"extremity complaints than men [Karlqvist et al.,2","type":"text"},{"bbox":[273,137,295,146],"content":"2002;","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,147,298,158],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,147,298,158],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,147,294,158],"content":"Janwantanakul et al., 2008]. 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Multiple membership, multi-level  reported the highest unadjusted work-related RSI rates. Also,","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[52,628,548,640],"content":"logistic regressions were used to estimate the probability of a workers who reported high stress in their jobs exhibited the","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,641,548,651],"content":"work-related RSI [Lawson et al., 2003]. This was a Bayesian  highest unadjusted work-related RSI rates. For men, the","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,664,547,675],"content":"Monte Carlo techniques [Browne, 2o09], with simultaneous  work-related RSI rate, while the manufacturing industry","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,676,547,687],"content":"entry of all predictor variables described above. The unit of showed the highest unadjusted rates of work-related RSI rate","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,688,547,699],"content":"observation was the individual respondent (i.e., level 1 of for women. 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Also, a fruitful area for","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,485,549,495],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,485,549,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,485,547,495],"content":"future research would be the causes of these provincial","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,497,353,506],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,497,353,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,497,353,506],"content":"differences.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,525,439,535],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,525,439,535],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,525,439,535],"content":"ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[322,549,549,561],"lines":[{"bbox":[322,549,549,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,549,547,561],"content":"We would like to acknowledge Albana Canga for her","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,562,549,572],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,562,549,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,562,547,572],"content":"help in preparing the manuscript and Dr. Karen Messing for","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,574,549,585],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,574,549,585],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,574,547,585],"content":"her comments on a previous draft. This work was supported","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,586,549,597],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,586,549,597],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,586,547,597],"content":"by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research grant number","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,598,549,609],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,598,549,609],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,598,546,609],"content":" #93981. Statistics Canada provided access to the survey data","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,610,549,621],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,610,549,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,610,547,621],"content":"for this study. In terms of competing interests, there are none","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,622,347,633],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,622,347,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,622,347,633],"content":"to declare.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,657,381,668],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,657,381,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,657,381,668],"content":"REFERENCES","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,680,549,694],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,680,549,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,680,547,694],"content":" Allison P. 1999. Comparing logit and probit coefficients across groups.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,695,421,702],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,695,421,702],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,695,421,702],"content":"Sociol Methods Res 28:186-208.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,706,549,716],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,706,549,716],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,706,546,716],"content":"Baruch G, Barnett R. 1985. Role quality, multiple role involvement, and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,717,549,725],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,717,549,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,717,544,725],"content":" psychological well-being in midlife women. 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Also, a fruitful area for","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,485,549,495],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,485,547,495],"content":"future research would be the causes of these provincial","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,497,353,506],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,497,353,506],"content":"differences.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,525,439,535],"spans":[{"bbox":[306,525,439,535],"content":"ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[322,549,549,561],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,549,547,561],"content":"We would like to acknowledge Albana Canga for her","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,562,549,572],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,562,547,572],"content":"help in preparing the manuscript and Dr. Karen Messing for","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,574,549,585],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,574,547,585],"content":"her comments on a previous draft. This work was supported","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,586,549,597],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,586,547,597],"content":"by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research grant number","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,598,549,609],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,598,546,609],"content":" #93981. Statistics Canada provided access to the survey data","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,610,549,621],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,610,547,621],"content":"for this study. In terms of competing interests, there are none","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,622,347,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,622,347,633],"content":"to declare.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,657,381,668],"spans":[{"bbox":[305,657,381,668],"content":"REFERENCES","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[301,680,549,694],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,680,547,694],"content":" Allison P. 1999. 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E-mail: cbreslin@iwh.on.ca","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,705,123,715],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,705,123,715],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,705,123,715],"content":"Accepted 22March 2013","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,716,263,725],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,716,263,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,716,263,725],"content":"D0l10.1002\/ajim.22195.Published online17 July 2013 in Wiley Online Library","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[42,726,113,734],"lines":[{"bbox":[42,726,113,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[44,726,113,734],"content":"(wileyonlinelibrary.com).","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[295,555,390,566],"lines":[{"bbox":[295,555,390,566],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,555,390,566],"content":"INTRODUCTION","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[313,580,538,591],"lines":[{"bbox":[313,580,538,591],"spans":[{"bbox":[314,580,537,591],"content":"Women's participation in work has increased markedly","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[296,592,538,603],"lines":[{"bbox":[296,592,538,603],"spans":[{"bbox":[296,592,537,603],"content":"over the last few decades. Currently, Canadian women made","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[295,604,537,615],"lines":[{"bbox":[295,604,537,615],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,604,312,615],"content":"up","type":"text"},{"bbox":[313,604,333,615],"content":"47\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[334,604,537,615],"content":" of total employment numbers [Labour Force","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[294,616,539,626],"lines":[{"bbox":[294,616,539,626],"spans":[{"bbox":[294,616,539,626],"content":"Survey, 2012]. However, gender segregation in jobs","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[295,627,539,639],"lines":[{"bbox":[295,627,539,639],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,627,539,639],"content":"continues to occur in the Canadian labor market [Chung","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[295,640,538,652],"lines":[{"bbox":[295,640,538,652],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,640,538,652],"content":"et al., 2000]. For example, when one compares the top","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[295,653,537,664],"lines":[{"bbox":[295,653,537,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,653,537,664],"content":"ten most common occupations for men and women, only","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[295,665,537,675],"lines":[{"bbox":[295,665,537,675],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,665,537,675],"content":"“retail clerk\" position appears in both lists [Messing and","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[295,676,362,687],"lines":[{"bbox":[295,676,362,687],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,676,362,687],"content":"Stellman, 2006].","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[313,688,538,699],"lines":[{"bbox":[313,688,538,699],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,688,536,699],"content":"Certain types of work-related musculoskeletal (MSK)","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[296,700,538,711],"lines":[{"bbox":[296,700,538,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[296,700,538,711],"content":"and repetitive strain injury (RSI) symptoms are reported","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[295,712,536,723],"lines":[{"bbox":[295,712,536,723],"spans":[{"bbox":[295,712,536,723],"content":"more frequently by working women than men in industrial-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[296,724,538,734],"lines":[{"bbox":[296,724,538,734],"spans":[{"bbox":[296,724,537,734],"content":"ized countries. For instance, an early review of 21 studies","type":"text"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[65,124,518,143],"spans":[{"bbox":[65,124,518,143],"content":"The Demographic and Contextual Correlates of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[65,148,514,167],"spans":[{"bbox":[66,148,514,167],"content":"Work-Related Repetitive Strain Injuries Among","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[164,172,417,190],"spans":[{"bbox":[164,172,417,190],"content":"Canadian Men and Women","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,272,479,284],"spans":[{"bbox":[105,272,477,284],"content":"Background The study sought to identify gender differences in work-related repetitive","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,285,479,296],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,285,477,296],"content":"strain injuries (RSI), as well as examine the degree to which non-work factors such as","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,297,479,308],"spans":[{"bbox":[103,297,478,308],"content":"family roles interact withgender to modifyRSIrisk.Another aim isto examinewhether","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,309,382,320],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,309,382,320],"content":"there arepotential provincial differences in work-relatedRSI risk.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,321,479,331],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,321,477,331],"content":"Methods The 2003\/2005 Canadian Community Health Survey included over 89,000","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,332,479,343],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,332,478,343],"content":"respondents who reported working in the past 12 months. Separate multi-level models for","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,344,417,355],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,344,417,355],"content":"men and women were used to identify the correlates of work-related RSIs.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,356,479,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[103,356,478,369],"content":"Results Women reported sustaining more work-related RSIs than men. Also, having one or","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,370,479,380],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,370,476,380],"content":"more children in the household was associated with lower work-related RSI risk for","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,381,479,391],"spans":[{"bbox":[103,381,477,391],"content":"females.BothmenandwomeninBritishColumbiareported higherwork-relatedRSIrates","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,392,173,404],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,392,173,404],"content":"than in Ontario.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,405,479,415],"spans":[{"bbox":[104,405,476,415],"content":"Conclusions Gender contributes to RSI risk in multiple and diverse ways based on labor","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,416,479,428],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,416,479,428],"content":"market segregation, non-work exposures, and possibly biological vulnerability, which","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[101,429,479,441],"spans":[{"bbox":[102,429,479,441],"content":"suggests more tailored interventions. 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To control for the influence of","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,148,548,159],"content":"and disability [Mustard and Frohlich, 1995; McDonough,  spatial autocorrelation (i.e., spatial random effect), an","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,160,547,171],"content":"1997]. The purpose of including the proportion of single  additional random effect term at the census-division (i.e.,","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,172,546,183],"content":"parents in each census division was to operationalize a proxy subprovincial) level was included in the regression models.","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,184,548,195],"content":"variable for a potential relevant contextual variable, in this  Consequently, the regression is described as a multiple","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,280,547,290],"content":"characteristic of the people living in these areas” [Smith  nonresponse, we used the survey weights in the descriptive","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[52,291,458,304],"content":"et al., 1998, p. 399]. Proportion of single parents in an area has  and regression analyses [Lohr, 1999].","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,316,548,327],"content":"indicators of  social\/material  deprivation [Mustard and    RSIs  were  statistically  different between  the gender-","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,328,548,339],"content":"Etches, 2003]. Therefore we selected and computed from  stratified regressions, we tested for the difference between","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[52,340,548,352],"content":"the 2001 Canadian Census as the percentage ofhouseholds in  regression coefficients across men and women for each","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,353,547,364],"content":"a census division who reported being a single parent  predictor. We used a method for testing differences between","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,365,546,375],"content":"[Statistics Canada, 2003b]. The census division, the level  regression coefficients outlined by Allison [1999]. Briefly,","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[52,389,504,400],"content":"applying to areas established by provincial law, which are between the regression coefficients (e.g., children","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,424,547,435],"content":"created to facilitate regional planning and the provision of  calculates a standard error using the combined standard","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[52,508,548,519],"content":"residence. It was a dummy-coded variable, with Ontario as  reported work-related RSIs, a higher proportion of women","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[52,520,474,532],"content":"the referent category. Low cells sizes also led us to aggregate  reported this type of injury than men","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[54,617,547,627],"content":"2.0 [Rasbash et al., 2000]. Multiple membership, multi-level  reported the highest unadjusted work-related RSI rates. Also,","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[52,628,548,640],"content":"logistic regressions were used to estimate the probability of a workers who reported high stress in their jobs exhibited the","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,641,548,651],"content":"work-related RSI [Lawson et al., 2003]. This was a Bayesian  highest unadjusted work-related RSI rates. For men, the","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,664,547,675],"content":"Monte Carlo techniques [Browne, 2o09], with simultaneous  work-related RSI rate, while the manufacturing industry","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,676,547,687],"content":"entry of all predictor variables described above. The unit of showed the highest unadjusted rates of work-related RSI rate","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,688,547,699],"content":"observation was the individual respondent (i.e., level 1 of for women. Table I also shows that at the provincial level,","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[53,700,548,711],"content":"multi-level model), which was nested within census divisions   British  Columbia  and Saskatchewan  show  the highest","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"},{"bbox":[52,712,547,724],"content":"(i.e., level 2, random effect), with provinces included as a unadjusted rates of work-related RSI for men and women,","type":"text","tag":"not_in_layout"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[526.862006079,52.5520072993,545.93556231,60.8307481752]],"header":[[278.1860182371,52.9119525547,504.9094224924,63.3503649635]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]}},"page_4":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[64,99,178,109],"lines":[{"bbox":[64,99,178,109],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,99,106,109],"content":"\\upeta=45{,}102{,}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,99,178,107],"content":"\\mathsf{n}=44{,}439,","type":"inline_equation"}]}]},{"bbox":[34,110,552,712],"lines":[{"bbox":[34,110,552,712],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,110,552,712],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_26100000\/libgen.scimag26107000-26107999.zip_10.1002\/ajim.22195\/tables\/4_34_105_552_712.jpg"}]}]}],"para_blocks":[[{"bbox":[64,99,178,109],"spans":[{"bbox":[64,99,106,109],"content":"\\upeta=45{,}102{,}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,99,178,107],"content":"\\mathsf{n}=44{,}439,","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[34,110,552,712],"spans":[{"bbox":[34,110,552,712],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_26100000\/libgen.scimag26107000-26107999.zip_10.1002\/ajim.22195\/tables\/4_34_105_552_712.jpg"}]}]],"layout_bboxes":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,591.8740234375,788.882019043],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"page_idx":4,"page_size":[591.8740234375,788.882019043],"_layout_tree":[{"layout_bbox":[0,0,591.8740234375,788.882019043],"layout_label":"V","sub_layout":[]}],"images":[],"tables":[{"bbox":[34,110,552,712],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_26100000\/libgen.scimag26107000-26107999.zip_10.1002\/ajim.22195\/tables\/4_34_105_552_712.jpg"}],"interline_equations":[],"inline_equations":[{"bbox":[64,99,106,109],"content":"\\upeta=45{,}102{,}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[135,99,178,107],"content":"\\mathsf{n}=44{,}439,","type":"inline_equation"}],"droped_text_block":[{"bbox":[46,52,69,63],"content":"1184","type":"text","tag":"page_no"},{"bbox":[83,51,140,64],"content":" Breslin et al.","type":"text","tag":"header"}],"droped_image_block":[],"droped_table_block":[],"dropped_equation_block":[{"bbox":[52,469,65,479],"content":"{\\tt\\ge}5","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[53,457,65,466],"content":"{<}5","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[71,372,86,382],"content":"{<}12","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[98,505,115,514],"content":"{<}30","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"},{"bbox":[52,264,70,275],"content":"{\\geq}55","type":"inline_equation","tag":"span_overlap"}],"droped_bboxes":{"page_no":[[46.06443769,52.5520072993,68.0170212766,61.5506386861]],"header":[[88.8899696049,52.5520072993,137.1136778116,61.5506386861]],"footer":[],"footnote":[]}},"page_5":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[50,88,120,97],"lines":[{"bbox":[50,88,120,97],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,88,120,97],"content":"TABLEI. 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Imaging revealed multiple,","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,614,527,623],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,614,527,623],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,614,525,623],"content":"small well-circumscribed bone cavities surrounded by an osteo-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,624,527,633],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,624,527,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,624,525,633],"content":"lytic area, which was in turn surrounded by a thin sclerotic line.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,634,527,644],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,634,527,644],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,634,525,644],"content":"An incisional biopsy revealed a cell-rich myxoid connective tis-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,645,527,654],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,645,527,654],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,645,526,654],"content":"sue, with strands and nests of odontogenic epithelium, in asso-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[301,655,527,665],"lines":[{"bbox":[301,655,527,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,655,527,665],"content":"ciation with foci of dentin-like and enamel-like material. 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Abdominal X-ray with contrast, endoscopy, and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[56,122,282,132],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,122,282,132],"content":"excisional biopsy were performed, and the findings confirmed the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[56,133,192,142],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,133,192,142],"content":"diagnosis of Peutz- Jeghers syndrome.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[56,152,282,163],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,152,281,163],"content":"PCC-196 - PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA OF THE HARD","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[56,164,282,173],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,164,93,173],"content":"PALATE:","type":"text"},{"bbox":[106,164,130,173],"content":"CASE","type":"text"},{"bbox":[140,164,237,173],"content":"REPORT.FRANCIELLE","type":"text"},{"bbox":[247,164,281,173],"content":"SANTOS","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[56,174,282,185],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,174,281,185],"content":"NASCIMENTO, RAFAELLE RODRIGUES CAVALCANTI,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[56,186,282,196],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,186,282,196],"content":"FERNANDA BRAGA PEIXOTO,SONIA MARIA SOARES","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[56,197,282,207],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,197,282,207],"content":"FERREIRA,JOSE DE AMORIM LISBOA NETO,RICARDO","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[56,208,282,218],"spans":[{"bbox":[59,208,282,218],"content":"VIANA BESSA NOGUEIRA,CAMILA MARIA BEDER","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[56,219,240,229],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,219,240,229],"content":"RIBEIRO. 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The follow-up ranged from 8 to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[56,611,282,620],"spans":[{"bbox":[58,611,281,620],"content":"48 months. 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In the","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,330,518,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,330,514,340],"content":"first session, the athletes were tested for bench press one repetition maximum (1RM). The other two sessions were","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,341,518,351],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,341,511,351],"content":"performed in a randomized counter-balanced order and involved bench throw tests performed either after taking","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,352,518,365],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,352,508,365],"content":"placebo while being informed that the capsule contained caffeine or without taking any substance (control). The","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,366,488,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,366,316,376],"content":"bench throw tests were performed with loads coresponding to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[317,366,355,376],"content":"50,60,70","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[356,366,373,376],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[374,366,392,376],"content":"80\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[393,366,488,376],"content":"of the bench press 1RM","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,379,488,390],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,379,253,389],"content":"Results: According to the results, mean velocity","type":"text"},{"bbox":[255,379,366,390],"content":"(\\Delta;0.08\\,\\mathsf{m}\/\\mathsf{s},\\,\\mathsf{E S}\\,0.36,\\,p<0.05)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[367,379,487,390],"content":"I and mean propulsive velocity","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,390,488,404],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,390,176,404],"content":"(\\Delta;0.1\\,1\\,\\,{\\mathsf{m}}\/{\\mathsf{s}},\\,{\\mathsf{E S}}\\,0.49,\\,p<0.05)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[177,391,188,404],"content":"at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[189,390,207,404],"content":"50\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[208,392,451,403],"content":"of 1RM were significantly higher during placebo than control","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,391,486,404],"content":"(p<0.05)","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,404,463,415],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,405,377,415],"content":"However, there were no difference between control and placebo for 60, 70 and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[378,404,396,415],"content":"80\\%","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[397,404,428,415],"content":"of 1RM ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[429,405,463,415],"content":"(p>0.05)","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,418,518,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,418,508,430],"content":"Conclusion: Our results suggest that placebo intake, when the athletes were informed they were taking caffeine,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,431,500,441],"spans":[{"bbox":[63,431,500,441],"content":"might be an efficient strategy to improve the performance of explosive movements in Paralympic weightlifting","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,442,518,454],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,442,516,454],"content":"athletes when using low-loads. This brings the possibility of using placebo in order to increase performance, which ","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,455,468,468],"spans":[{"bbox":[62,455,468,468],"content":"might reduce the risks associated with ergogenic aids, such as side-effects and positive doping testing.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[55,471,337,482],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,471,337,482],"content":"Keywords: Nutritional supplements, Sports performance, Psyching up","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[54,501,112,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,501,112,514],"content":"Background","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[54,515,294,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[54,515,292,525],"content":"The intake of nutritional supplements are a common","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,526,294,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,526,293,537],"content":"practice  among  physical  activity  practitioners  and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,538,294,549],"spans":[{"bbox":[56,538,292,549],"content":"athletes; however, few actually have scientific evidence","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,550,294,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,550,292,562],"content":"for their efficacy [1]. Among them, caffeine is one of the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,563,294,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,563,290,574],"content":"most consumed substances by athletes [2] and is consid-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,575,294,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[56,575,292,586],"content":"ered to positively impact physical performance [3]. In","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,587,294,598],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,587,292,598],"content":"this regard, previous studies suggested that caffeine may","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,599,294,609],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,599,293,609],"content":"be ergogenic, sparing muscle glycogen improving pain","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,610,294,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,610,292,622],"content":"tolerance, reducing rate of perceived exertion, increase","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,623,294,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,623,292,633],"content":"maximum voluntary contraction, strength and power in","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,634,294,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,634,294,645],"content":"high-intensity activities besides of stimulating central","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[54,691,255,702],"spans":[{"bbox":[55,691,255,702],"content":"Full list of author information is available at the end of the article","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[302,501,541,514],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,501,540,514],"content":"nervous system [4-10]. However, there are specific","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,515,541,525],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,515,540,525],"content":"controversies about its effects, mainly when the studies","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,526,541,537],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,526,540,537],"content":"compared the acute effects of caffeine vs placebo intake","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,538,476,549],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,538,476,549],"content":" showed inconsistent conclusions [11-17].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,550,541,562],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,550,541,562],"content":"While genetic factors might explain a large portion of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,563,541,574],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,563,540,574],"content":"the variance associated with the caffeine effects such as","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,575,541,586],"spans":[{"bbox":[302,575,540,586],"content":"pain tolerance, anxiogenic and alert effects [18-20],","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,587,541,598],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,587,540,598],"content":"there are important psychological responses to ingesting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,599,541,609],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,599,540,609],"content":"a substance that should be considered. The placebo","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,610,541,622],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,610,540,622],"content":"effect [21]  can influence the physiological aspects to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,623,541,633],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,623,540,633],"content":"physical exercise performance [3]’ one of the all factors","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,634,541,645],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,634,539,645],"content":"that might influence the effects of caffeine is the placebo","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[302,646,541,658],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,646,539,658],"content":"effect [22]. In agreement with this, Saunders et al. 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(5) and shown in Fig. 2, without any","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,437,258,447],"spans":[{"bbox":[48,437,258,447],"content":" anisotropy, as it was observed in Si Hall sensors [5].","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[60,448,291,458],"spans":[{"bbox":[61,448,289,458],"content":"In Fig. 3, the experimental results of the magnetoresistance","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,462,291,474],"spans":[{"bbox":[50,462,117,473],"content":"versus the angle","type":"text"},{"bbox":[118,462,124,472],"content":"\\theta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[125,462,290,474],"content":" are plotted for the both samples and are","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[48,475,164,483],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,475,164,483],"content":"fitted by the following curve","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[48,492,181,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[49,492,181,520],"content":"\\frac{(\\Delta\\rho\/\\rho_{0})}{(\\mu_{\\mathrm{H}}B)^{2}}=A_{1}{\\cos}^{2}\\theta+A_{2}{\\sin}^{2}\\theta,","type":"interline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[272,502,291,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[272,502,291,511],"content":"(10)","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[95,542,247,685],"spans":[{"bbox":[95,542,247,685],"type":"image","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_03800000\/libgen.scimag03870000-03870999.zip_10.1016\/j.sna.2004.11.030\/images\/2_95_542_247_685.jpg"}]}],[{"bbox":[215,695,277,705],"spans":[{"bbox":[215,695,237,705],"content":"\\Delta\\rho\/\\rho_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[253,695,277,705],"content":"(\\mu_{\\mathrm{H}}B)^{2}","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[113,706,221,714],"spans":[{"bbox":[113,706,120,714],"content":"B","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[150,706,155,714],"content":"z","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[203,706,221,714],"content":"B{\\bot}I)","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,66,556,80],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,66,337,79],"content":"where","type":"text"},{"bbox":[338,66,349,80],"content":"A_{1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[350,66,366,80],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[367,66,378,80],"content":"A_{2}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[379,66,552,78],"content":"are fitting parameters representing the phys-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,79,556,92],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,81,451,91],"content":"ical magnetoresistance coefficient","type":"text"},{"bbox":[452,79,460,92],"content":"C","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[461,80,552,91],"content":"and the planar magne-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,92,556,104],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,92,402,104],"content":"toresistance parameter","type":"text"},{"bbox":[403,93,483,103],"content":"(\\Delta\\rho\/\\rho_{0})_{\\mathrm{{plane}}}\/(\\mu_{\\mathrm{H}}B)^{2}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[484,92,555,104],"content":", respectively. For","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,105,556,114],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,105,553,114],"content":"the 2DEG InP\/InGaAs sensor values 0.053 and 0.000015","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,115,556,127],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,115,554,127],"content":"were obtained for the physical magnetoresistance coefficient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,128,556,139],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,128,553,139],"content":"and the planar magnetoresistance parameter, respectively. In","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,140,556,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,140,553,151],"content":"the bulk GaAs sensor, the dependence of the magnetore-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,152,556,163],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,152,448,163],"content":"sistance parameter on the angle","type":"text"},{"bbox":[449,152,456,163],"content":"\\theta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[457,152,554,163],"content":"is nearly constant and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,164,556,174],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,164,552,174],"content":"the magnetoresistance does not express significant differ-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,175,556,187],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,175,505,187],"content":" ence between transversal and planar positions ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,175,550,187],"content":"(A_{1}\\!=\\!0.018","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[551,175,554,187],"content":"，","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,188,556,198],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,188,356,198],"content":"A_{2}\\!=\\!0.015)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[357,188,553,198],"content":"0. While in the sensor from bulk semiconductor","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,200,556,210],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,200,361,210],"content":"we obtained","type":"text"},{"bbox":[362,200,413,210],"content":"A_{1}\\,{\\cong}\\,A_{2}\\,{\\cong}\\,C","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,200,553,210],"content":", the heterostructure sensor exhibits","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,211,556,222],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,211,412,222],"content":"large difference between","type":"text"},{"bbox":[413,211,444,222],"content":"\\mathbf{A}1\\,{\\cong}\\,\\mathbf{C}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[445,211,546,222],"content":"and A2. Note, the angles","type":"text"},{"bbox":[547,211,553,222],"content":"\\theta","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[310,223,556,235],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,223,329,233],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,223,337,235],"content":"\\phi","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[338,223,552,234],"content":" adjusted at the measurements are not exactly identi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,236,556,244],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,236,554,244],"content":" cal with that defined above. A small deviation of the starting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,245,556,260],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,245,340,259],"content":"values","type":"text"},{"bbox":[341,245,352,260],"content":"\\theta_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[353,245,382,260],"content":" or\/and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[383,245,395,260],"content":"\\phi_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[396,246,555,260],"content":"from zero was accepted in the fitting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,261,356,271],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,261,355,271],"content":"procedure.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[323,272,556,282],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,272,553,282],"content":"The results obtained for InP\/InGaAs heterostructure Hall","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,283,556,293],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,283,552,293],"content":"sensor as well as for the bulk GaAs Hall sensor are sum-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,294,556,307],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,295,456,307],"content":"marized in Table 2. The column","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,294,498,303],"content":"\\rho_{\\mathrm{s}}\\,\\,\\,\\mu_{\\mathrm{H}}{}^{2}\\,C","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[499,295,553,307],"content":"represents a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,308,556,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,308,553,318],"content":"theoretical value for the planar Hall coefficient calculated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,319,556,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,319,553,330],"content":"from Eq. (7) using the physical magnetoresistance coeffi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,331,556,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,331,554,340],"content":"cient. As it can be seen, the planar sheet Hall coefficient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,341,556,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,341,477,353],"content":" in the InP\/InGaAs heterostructure sensor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[478,342,552,353],"content":"(0.11\\,\\mathrm{m}^{4}\\,\\mathrm{W}^{-1}\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-2})","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[310,354,556,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,354,553,366],"content":"is nearly three order of magnitude lower than that cor-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,367,556,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,367,554,376],"content":"responding_ to the physical magnetoresistance coefficient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,377,556,391],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,378,379,391],"content":"(76\\,\\mathrm{m}^{4}\\,\\mathrm{W}^{-1}\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-2})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[380,377,553,391],"content":". This is associated with a low magnetore-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,392,556,402],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,392,552,402],"content":"sistance in the planar case due to the extremely low thick-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,403,556,413],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,403,553,413],"content":"ness of the electrically active layer. The planar Hall sheet","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,414,556,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,414,458,425],"content":"coefficient in the bulk GaAs sensor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[459,414,542,425],"content":"(0.0036\\,\\mathrm{m}^{4}\\,\\mathrm{W}^{-1}\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-2})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[543,414,553,425],"content":"is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,426,556,435],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,426,553,435],"content":"comparable with that corresponding to the physical magne-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,436,556,449],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,437,411,449],"content":"toresistance coefficient","type":"text"},{"bbox":[412,436,493,449],"content":"(0.0058\\,\\mathrm{m}^{4}\\,\\mathrm{W}^{-1}\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-2})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[494,436,556,449],"content":". The ratio of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,450,556,463],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,450,356,462],"content":"U_{\\mathrm{H,plane,max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[357,450,377,463],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[378,450,412,462],"content":"U_{\\mathrm{H,transv}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[413,450,478,463],"content":" proportional to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[479,450,486,463],"content":"B","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,450,555,462],"content":"with a constant","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,463,556,474],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,464,404,474],"content":" of the proportionality","type":"text"},{"bbox":[405,464,467,474],"content":"4.2\\times10^{-5}\\,\\mathrm{T}^{-1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[468,464,489,474],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[490,463,552,474],"content":"2.5\\times10^{-3}\\,\\mathrm{T}^{-1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[310,475,556,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,475,552,486],"content":"was obtained for the heterostructure- and bulk sensors, re-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,487,556,497],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,487,553,497],"content":"spectively. The unambiguos growing difference between the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,502,556,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,502,553,511],"content":"measured planar Hall coefficient and that determined from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,512,556,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,512,552,522],"content":"the physical magnetoresistence with decreasing sample thick-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,523,556,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,523,553,534],"content":"ness was observed also in the samples not shown here.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,535,556,546],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,535,552,546],"content":"So, the lower the sensor thickness the greater the differ-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,547,556,558],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,547,553,558],"content":"ence between the planar Hall constants values determined","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,559,556,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,559,552,570],"content":"from planar Hall voltage and the magnetoresistance mea-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,571,356,583],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,571,356,583],"content":"surements.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,604,368,618],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,604,368,618],"content":"5. Summary","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[323,627,556,641],"spans":[{"bbox":[323,627,552,641],"content":" Room temperature planar Hall effect and magnetoresis-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,642,556,653],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,642,553,653],"content":"tance were measured and analysed in Hall sensors prepared","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,654,556,665],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,654,553,665],"content":"from an InP\/InGaAs heterostructure as well as from a bulk","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,666,556,677],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,666,554,677],"content":"GaAs. Both polarities of the magnetic field were utilized at","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,678,556,689],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,678,553,689],"content":"each position of the magnetic field adjusted with regard to","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,690,556,701],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,690,553,701],"content":"the sample plane, including the transversal- and the planar","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,702,556,711],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,702,553,711],"content":"positions, to obtain correct values for the planar sheet Hall","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,713,556,725],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,713,552,725],"content":"coefficient and the physical magnetoresistance coefficient,","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,726,362,736],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,726,362,736],"content":"respectively.","type":"text"}]}]]},"page_3":{"preproc_blocks":[{"bbox":[40,67,67,77],"lines":[{"bbox":[40,67,67,77],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,67,67,77],"content":"Table 2","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[40,78,406,88],"lines":[{"bbox":[40,78,406,88],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,78,406,88],"content":" Experimental results of the low-field planar Hall effect and magnetoresistance measurements at room temperature","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[40,90,546,127],"lines":[{"bbox":[40,90,546,127],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,90,546,127],"type":"table","image_path":"scihub\/scihub_03800000\/libgen.scimag03870000-03870999.zip_10.1016\/j.sna.2004.11.030\/tables\/3_41_90_546_127.jpg"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,144,284,155],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,144,284,155],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,144,283,155],"content":" In the heterostructure Hall sensor, the planar sheet Hall","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,156,284,167],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,156,284,167],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,156,283,167],"content":"coefficient was found to be about three orders of magnitude","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,168,284,179],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,168,284,179],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,168,282,179],"content":"lower than that corresponding to the theoretical value calcu-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,180,284,191],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,180,284,191],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,180,283,191],"content":"lated using the transversal magnetoresistance parameter. 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Hasenohrl for the preparing of the","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,349,284,358],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,349,284,358],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,349,282,358],"content":" InP\/InGaAs heterostructure, D. Gregusova for the litogra-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,359,284,369],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,359,284,369],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,359,283,369],"content":"phy shaping and M Polak for helpful discussions. This work","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,370,284,381],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,370,284,381],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,370,284,381],"content":" has been supported by Grant No. 2\/3115\/23 from the Slovak","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,382,131,394],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,382,131,394],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,382,131,394],"content":"Grant Agency VEGA.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,416,89,430],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,416,89,430],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,416,89,430],"content":"References","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,442,284,452],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,442,284,452],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,442,283,452],"content":"[1] C. Goldberg, R.E. Davis, New galvanomagnetic effect, Phys. Rev. 94","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,453,116,462],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,453,116,462],"spans":[{"bbox":[53,453,116,462],"content":"(1954) 1121-1125.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,463,284,472],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,463,284,472],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,463,283,472],"content":"[2] Ch. Schott, P-A. Besse, R.S. Popovic, Planar Hall effect in the vertical","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,473,216,482],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,473,216,482],"spans":[{"bbox":[52,473,216,482],"content":"Hall sensor, Sens. Actuators 85 (2000) 111-115.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[39,482,284,493],"lines":[{"bbox":[39,482,284,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,483,258,492],"content":"[3] M. Polak, I. Hlasnik, Planar Hall effect in heavy doped ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[259,482,263,493],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[264,482,283,493],"content":"-InSb","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[51,494,284,503],"lines":[{"bbox":[51,494,284,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,494,283,503],"content":" and its influence on the measurement of magnetic field components","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[315,144,546,155],"lines":[{"bbox":[315,144,546,155],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,144,394,154],"content":"with Hall generator at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[395,144,413,155],"content":"4.2\\,\\mathrm{K}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,144,544,155],"content":"，Solid-State Electron. 13 (1970) 219-","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[315,155,332,163],"lines":[{"bbox":[315,155,332,163],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,155,332,163],"content":"227.","type":"text"}]}]},{"bbox":[303,164,546,174],"lines":[{"bbox":[303,164,546,174],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,164,546,174],"content":"[4] K. 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Actuators 85 (2000) 111-115.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[39,482,284,493],"spans":[{"bbox":[39,483,258,492],"content":"[3] M. Polak, I. Hlasnik, Planar Hall effect in heavy doped ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[259,482,263,493],"content":"n","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[264,482,283,493],"content":"-InSb","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[51,494,284,503],"spans":[{"bbox":[51,494,283,503],"content":" and its influence on the measurement of magnetic field components","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,144,546,155],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,144,394,154],"content":"with Hall generator at","type":"text"},{"bbox":[395,144,413,155],"content":"4.2\\,\\mathrm{K}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[414,144,544,155],"content":"，Solid-State Electron. 13 (1970) 219-","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,155,332,163],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,155,332,163],"content":"227.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,164,546,174],"spans":[{"bbox":[304,164,546,174],"content":"[4] K. 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Look, Electrical characterization of GaAs materials and devices,","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,225,415,234],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,225,415,234],"content":"Wiley, Chicester, 1989, p. 61.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[303,235,546,244],"spans":[{"bbox":[303,235,546,244],"content":"[7] M. Morvic, J. Betko, S. Hasenohrl, D. Gregusova, V. Cambel, P.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,245,546,254],"spans":[{"bbox":[316,245,546,254],"content":"Elias, J. Novak, On quantum Hall resistance and Shubnikov de Haas","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[315,255,546,263],"spans":[{"bbox":[317,255,546,263],"content":"effect measurements on InP\/InGaAs structures, in: P. Kordos, J. 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For","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,105,555,114],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,105,553,114],"content":"the 2DEG InP\/InGaAs sensor values 0.053 and 0.000015","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,115,555,127],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,115,554,127],"content":"were obtained for the physical magnetoresistance coefficient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,128,555,139],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,128,553,139],"content":"and the planar magnetoresistance parameter, respectively. In","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,140,555,151],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,140,553,151],"content":"the bulk GaAs sensor, the dependence of the magnetore-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,152,555,163],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,152,448,163],"content":"sistance parameter on the angle","type":"text"},{"bbox":[449,152,456,163],"content":"\\theta","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[457,152,554,163],"content":"is nearly constant and","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,164,555,174],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,164,552,174],"content":"the magnetoresistance does not express significant differ-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,175,555,187],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,175,505,187],"content":" ence between transversal and planar positions ","type":"text"},{"bbox":[506,175,550,187],"content":"(A_{1}\\!=\\!0.018","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[551,175,554,187],"content":"，","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,188,555,198],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,188,356,198],"content":"A_{2}\\!=\\!0.015)","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[357,188,553,198],"content":"0. 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Note, the angles","type":"text"},{"bbox":[547,211,553,222],"content":"\\theta","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[310,223,555,235],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,223,329,233],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[330,223,337,235],"content":"\\phi","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[338,223,552,234],"content":" adjusted at the measurements are not exactly identi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,236,555,244],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,236,554,244],"content":" cal with that defined above. A small deviation of the starting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,245,555,260],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,245,340,259],"content":"values","type":"text"},{"bbox":[341,245,352,260],"content":"\\theta_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[353,245,382,260],"content":" or\/and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[383,245,395,260],"content":"\\phi_{0}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[396,246,555,260],"content":"from zero was accepted in the fitting","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,261,356,271],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,261,355,271],"content":"procedure.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[323,272,555,282],"spans":[{"bbox":[324,272,553,282],"content":"The results obtained for InP\/InGaAs heterostructure Hall","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,283,555,293],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,283,552,293],"content":"sensor as well as for the bulk GaAs Hall sensor are sum-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,294,555,307],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,295,456,307],"content":"marized in Table 2. The column","type":"text"},{"bbox":[457,294,498,303],"content":"\\rho_{\\mathrm{s}}\\,\\,\\,\\mu_{\\mathrm{H}}{}^{2}\\,C","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[499,295,553,307],"content":"represents a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,308,555,318],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,308,553,318],"content":"theoretical value for the planar Hall coefficient calculated","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,319,555,330],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,319,553,330],"content":"from Eq. (7) using the physical magnetoresistance coeffi-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,331,555,340],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,331,554,340],"content":"cient. As it can be seen, the planar sheet Hall coefficient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,341,555,353],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,341,477,353],"content":" in the InP\/InGaAs heterostructure sensor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[478,342,552,353],"content":"(0.11\\,\\mathrm{m}^{4}\\,\\mathrm{W}^{-1}\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-2})","type":"inline_equation"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,354,555,366],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,354,553,366],"content":"is nearly three order of magnitude lower than that cor-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,367,555,376],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,367,554,376],"content":"responding_ to the physical magnetoresistance coefficient","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,377,555,391],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,378,379,391],"content":"(76\\,\\mathrm{m}^{4}\\,\\mathrm{W}^{-1}\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-2})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[380,377,553,391],"content":". 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The planar Hall sheet","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,414,555,425],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,414,458,425],"content":"coefficient in the bulk GaAs sensor","type":"text"},{"bbox":[459,414,542,425],"content":"(0.0036\\,\\mathrm{m}^{4}\\,\\mathrm{W}^{-1}\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-2})","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[543,414,553,425],"content":"is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,426,555,435],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,426,553,435],"content":"comparable with that corresponding to the physical magne-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,450,555,463],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,450,356,462],"content":"U_{\\mathrm{H,plane,max}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[357,450,377,463],"content":"and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[378,450,412,462],"content":"U_{\\mathrm{H,transv}}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[413,450,478,463],"content":" proportional to","type":"text"},{"bbox":[479,450,486,463],"content":"B","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[487,450,555,462],"content":"with a constant","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,463,555,474],"spans":[{"bbox":[310,464,404,474],"content":" of the proportionality","type":"text"},{"bbox":[405,464,467,474],"content":"4.2\\times10^{-5}\\,\\mathrm{T}^{-1}","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[468,464,489,474],"content":" and","type":"text"},{"bbox":[490,463,552,474],"content":"2.5\\times10^{-3}\\,\\mathrm{T}^{-1}","type":"inline_equation"}]},{"bbox":[310,475,555,486],"spans":[{"bbox":[313,475,552,486],"content":"was obtained for the heterostructure- and bulk sensors, re-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,487,555,497],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,487,553,497],"content":"spectively. The unambiguos growing difference between the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,502,555,511],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,502,553,511],"content":"measured planar Hall coefficient and that determined from","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,512,555,522],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,512,552,522],"content":"the physical magnetoresistence with decreasing sample thick-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,523,555,534],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,523,553,534],"content":"ness was observed also in the samples not shown here.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,535,555,546],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,535,552,546],"content":"So, the lower the sensor thickness the greater the differ-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,547,555,558],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,547,553,558],"content":"ence between the planar Hall constants values determined","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,559,555,570],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,559,552,570],"content":"from planar Hall voltage and the magnetoresistance mea-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[310,571,356,583],"spans":[{"bbox":[312,571,356,583],"content":"surements.","type":"text"}]}],[{"bbox":[310,604,368,618],"spans":[{"bbox":[311,604,368,618],"content":"5. 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The impact on fow regime, as described by the annual flow duration curve (FDC) is less certain. A method to assess the","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,351,498,362],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,351,497,362],"content":"impact of plantation establishment on FDCs was developed. The starting point for the analyses was the assumption that rainfall","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,363,498,373],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,363,497,373],"content":"and vegetation age are the principal drivers of evapotranspiration. A key objective was to remove the variability in the rainfall","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,374,498,385],"spans":[{"bbox":[42,374,496,385],"content":"signal, leaving changes in streamflow solely attributable to the evapotranspiration of the plantation. 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The zero flow day method could be used to determine change","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,511,498,520],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,511,496,520],"content":"in the occurrence of any given flow in response to afforestation. The methods used in this study proved satisfactory in removing","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,521,498,531],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,521,497,531],"content":"the rainfall variability, and have added useful insight into the hydrologic impacts of plantation establishment. This approach","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,532,498,543],"spans":[{"bbox":[40,532,496,543],"content":" provides a methodology for understanding catchment response to afforestation, where paired catchment data is not available.","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,544,194,554],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,545,50,554],"content":"\\copyright","type":"inline_equation"},{"bbox":[51,544,194,554],"content":" 2005 Elsevier B.V. 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We suggest our technique","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,211,503,222],"spans":[{"bbox":[284,211,502,222],"content":" represents an alternative to the paired-catchment method","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,223,503,235],"spans":[{"bbox":[283,223,502,235],"content":"for assessing hydrologic response to vegetation treat-","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,236,503,246],"spans":[{"bbox":[283,236,503,246],"content":" ment, where paired data are unavailable. The method","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,247,503,257],"spans":[{"bbox":[284,247,501,257],"content":"has not yet resulted in a predictive model, but has","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,259,503,270],"spans":[{"bbox":[285,259,502,270],"content":"increased our knowledge of afforestation impacts. This","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,271,503,282],"spans":[{"bbox":[285,271,502,282],"content":"is a valuable outcome given the contentious issue of","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,283,503,294],"spans":[{"bbox":[285,283,502,294],"content":"afforestation in Australia and other countries, and a","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,295,503,305],"spans":[{"bbox":[284,295,502,305],"content":"current paucity of data on inter-annual flows. 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Our use of an asymptotic curve","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,643,503,653],"spans":[{"bbox":[285,643,502,653],"content":"assumes a new equilibrium of stand water use is","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[283,654,503,664],"spans":[{"bbox":[283,654,501,664],"content":" reached. The results of the model fitting generally justify","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,92,259,102],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,92,257,102],"content":"this assumption for the length of commercial plantation","type":"text"}]},{"bbox":[40,103,259,115],"spans":[{"bbox":[41,103,257,115],"content":"growth (up to 20 years) considered here. 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