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References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[138.0,1944.0,354.0,1947.0,354.0,1981.0,138.0,1978.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Citations to this Article"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,1978.0,362.0,1978.0,362.0,2010.0,140.0,2010.0],"score":0.98,"text":"How to Cite this Article"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2030.0,192.0,2030.0,192.0,2054.0,89.0,2054.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Advances"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[184.0,2025.0,514.0,2025.0,514.0,2056.0,184.0,2056.0],"score":0.99,"text":" in Condensed Matter Physics"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2049.0,536.0,2049.0,536.0,2081.0,86.0,2081.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 415726,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[524.0,2054.0,627.0,2054.0,627.0,2081.0,524.0,2081.0],"score":0.89,"text":"\uff0c6 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Jaipur 302004, India"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,171.0,704.0,173.0,703.0,207.0,86.0,205.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2Faculty of Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 302007, India"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,205.0,804.0,207.0,804.0,241.0,89.0,239.0],"score":0.99,"text":"3Department of Pure & Applied Physics, University of Kota, Kota 324010, India"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,261.0,549.0,261.0,549.0,295.0,89.0,295.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Received 25 May 2013; Accepted 24 August 2013"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,314.0,374.0,314.0,374.0,346.0,89.0,346.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Academic Editor: Dilip Kanhere"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,395.0,873.0,395.0,873.0,429.0,89.0,429.0],"score":0.98,"text":"distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,453.0,180.0,453.0,180.0,487.0,89.0,487.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Abstract"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,514.0,1493.0,514.0,1493.0,546.0,89.0,546.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The electronic structure and electron momentum density distribution in BaO and BaS are presented using Compton spectroscopy. The frst-ever Compton profle"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,570.0,1520.0,570.0,1520.0,604.0,89.0,604.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Compton profles of BaO and BaS using the linear combination of atomic orbitals method. In the present computation, the correlation scheme proposed by Perdew-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,599.0,1535.0,599.0,1535.0,633.0,89.0,633.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Burke-Ernzerhof and the exchange scheme of Becke were considered. The hybrid B3PW and Hartree-Fock based profles were also computed for both compounds."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,629.0,1503.0,629.0,1503.0,663.0,89.0,663.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The ionic configurations are performed to estimate the charge transfer on compound formation, and the present study suggests charge transfer from Ba to O and S"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,658.0,1119.0,658.0,1119.0,692.0,89.0,692.0],"score":0.98,"text":"atoms. On the basis of equal-valence-electron-density profles,itis found that BaO is more ionic as compared to BaS."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,721.0,236.0,721.0,236.0,748.0,91.0,748.0],"score":1.0,"text":"1. Introduction"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,772.0,1550.0,775.0,1550.0,809.0,89.0,806.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The I-VI alkaline earth compounds have interesting bond characteristics and simple crystal structures. BaO and BaS have potential applications in ight-emiting diodes"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,806.0,1550.0,806.0,1550.0,841.0,89.0,841.0],"score":0.98,"text":"(LEDs), laser diodes (LDs), and magnetooptical devices [14]. BaO is an indirect bandgap, whereas BaS is a direct bandgap material. At normal conditions, BaO and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,836.0,1488.0,836.0,1488.0,867.0,89.0,867.0],"score":0.96,"text":"BaS crystallize in NaCl (B1) structure, but under pressure, they show structural phase transition from B1 to B2 structure [5, 6]. Using the full-potential linearized "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,860.0,1500.0,858.0,1501.0,899.0,86.0,902.0],"score":0.81,"text":"augmented plae wave F-LAPWhd, Drablat al rpoted the ltronic andoptcal prpertis fBa and Baincubc phase at maland "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,894.0,1515.0,894.0,1515.0,926.0,89.0,926.0],"score":0.99,"text":"hydrostatic pressure. Lin et al. [8] observed that the electronic structure ofthese compounds containing oxygen atoms always obeys a different relationship from the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,923.0,780.0,921.0,780.0,955.0,86.0,958.0],"score":0.98,"text":" compounds not containing oxygen atoms using density functional theory (DFT)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,972.0,1493.0,972.0,1493.0,1006.0,91.0,1006.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Most ofthe earlier studies, both experimental and theoretical, involve the electronic, optical, and structural properties ofBaO and BaS [515]. To the best ofour"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,999.0,1496.0,996.0,1496.0,1038.0,86.0,1040.0],"score":0.8,"text":"knowlede, nne attdt ltronic strutue and mnmdnsityfBaand Ba usng Coto ptropy It swellstablhed that Ctn"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1033.0,1550.0,1031.0,1550.0,1065.0,89.0,1067.0],"score":0.98,"text":"spectroscopy provides a useful test to examine the bonding in solids [16, 17]. Thus, we found it worth to study the electronic structure in BaO and BaS using Compton "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1402.0,1096.0,1555.0,1096.0,1555.0,1123.0,1402.0,1123.0],"score":0.97,"text":"where integration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1191.0,1481.0,1189.0,1481.0,1230.0,86.0,1233.0],"score":0.79,"text":"wave ftionand suatonxts oeralloccpid statIn this paper, te reuts ofCoptnscattrng studya and Ba are prentd.F t"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1223.0,1547.0,1223.0,1547.0,1257.0,91.0,1257.0],"score":0.97,"text":"theoretical Compton profles, first-principles calculations based on inear combination ofatomic orbitals (LCAO) method are performed using CRYSTALO6 code [18]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1250.0,1471.0,1250.0,1471.0,1284.0,89.0,1284.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The ionic model has been applied to estimate the charge transfer in these compounds. The nature ofbonding in isostructural and isovalent BaO and BaS is also"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1279.0,1505.0,1279.0,1505.0,1313.0,89.0,1313.0],"score":0.98,"text":"compared using equal-valence-electron-density (EVED) profles. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives the experimental details and data analysis. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1372.0,504.0,1372.0,504.0,1403.0,89.0,1403.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2. Expe rime ntal Details and Data Analysis"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1525.0,1515.0,1525.0,1515.0,1559.0,91.0,1559.0],"score":0.98,"text":"which was cooled with liquid nitrogen providing overall momentum resolution of 0.6 a.u. The spectra were recorded with a multichannel analyzer (MCA) with 4096"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,1618.0,1505.0,1615.0,1505.0,1657.0,84.0,1659.0],"score":0.89,"text":"processed for several systematic corrections likebackground, instrumental resoution sanple absorption, scattering crosssection, and mutipe scattering using the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1679.0,1562.0,1679.0,1562.0,1713.0,89.0,1713.0],"score":0.98,"text":"a.u., being the area of free atom Compton profle [22] in the given range. The 1 s electrons of Ba were neglected for both compounds since these do not contribute in the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1708.0,329.0,1705.0,330.0,1742.0,86.0,1745.0],"score":1.0,"text":"present experimental setup."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1769.0,303.0,1769.0,303.0,1801.0,86.0,1801.0],"score":1.0,"text":"3. Theoretical Details"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1825.0,285.0,1825.0,285.0,1857.0,86.0,1857.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3.1. DFT-LCAO Method"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1883.0,1547.0,1883.0,1547.0,1917.0,89.0,1917.0],"score":0.98,"text":"To compute the theoretical Compton profles of BaO and BaS, the LCAO method embodied in the CRYSTAL06 code [18, 23] was employed. This code provides a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1913.0,1508.0,1913.0,1508.0,1947.0,89.0,1947.0],"score":0.96,"text":"platformto calculate electronic structure of periodic systems considering Gaussian basis sets. In the LCAO technique, each crystallne orbital is built from the inear"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1942.0,1564.0,1942.0,1564.0,1974.0,89.0,1974.0],"score":0.98,"text":"combination of Bloch functions. The Bloch functions are defined in terms of local functions constructed from the atom-centered certain number of Gaussian functions. For"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1971.0,1540.0,1971.0,1540.0,2005.0,86.0,2005.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Ba, O, and S, the local functions were constructed from the Gaussian type basis sets [24]. In the present DFT calculation, the crystal Hamitonian was generated using"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2000.0,1523.0,2000.0,1523.0,2034.0,89.0,2034.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the correlation functional proposed by Perdew et al. [25] and exchange scheme of Becke [26]. The hybrid B3PW and Hartree-Fock (HF) based profles were also"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2056.0,175.0,2056.0,175.0,2090.0,89.0,2090.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and BaS."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2117.0,216.0,2117.0,216.0,2144.0,89.0,2144.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3.2. Ionic Model"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,2166.0,1525.0,2168.0,1525.0,2210.0,84.0,2207.0],"score":0.95,"text":"The theoretical ionic profles ofBaO and BaS for various charge transfer confgurations were calculated from thefee atom Compton profle of Ba, O, and S atoms"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1407.0,1159.0,1540.0,1165.0,1539.0,1199.0,1407.0,1193.0],"score":0.93,"text":" is the electron"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1094.0,349.0,1094.0,349.0,1126.0,89.0,1126.0],"score":0.97,"text":"profile. The Compton profle,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2203.0,417.0,2203.0,417.0,2237.0,91.0,2237.0],"score":0.98,"text":"[22]. The valence profles for various"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[792.0,1591.0,1542.0,1591.0,1542.0,1625.0,792.0,1625.0],"score":0.99,"text":"counts at the Compton peak. To deduce the true Compton profle, the raw data were"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1167.0,347.0,1167.0,347.0,1199.0,89.0,1199.0],"score":0.97,"text":"is performed over a constant-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[789.0,1167.0,888.0,1167.0,888.0,1199.0,789.0,1199.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is given as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[684.0,2232.0,725.0,2232.0,725.0,2266.0,684.0,2266.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[839.0,2232.0,1537.0,2232.0,1537.0,2266.0,839.0,2266.0],"score":0.97,"text":" configurations were then added to the core contribution to get total profles. All"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[539.0,2203.0,580.0,2203.0,580.0,2237.0,539.0,2237.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1462.0,336.0,1462.0,336.0,1496.0,89.0,1496.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The incident gamma-rays of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[437.0,1462.0,694.0,1462.0,694.0,1496.0,437.0,1496.0],"score":0.98,"text":"were scattered at an angle of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[713.0,1494.0,1530.0,1491.0,1530.0,1525.0,713.0,1528.0],"score":0.98,"text":". The scattered radiation was analyzed using an HPGe detector (Canberra model, GLO110S)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2030.0,958.0,2030.0,958.0,2061.0,89.0,2061.0],"score":1.0,"text":"computed for both compounds [18]. The computations were performed by taking B1 structure and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1014.0,2030.0,1542.0,2030.0,1542.0,2061.0,1014.0,2061.0],"score":0.98,"text":"points in the irreducible wedge ofthe Brillouin zone for BaO"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2232.0,119.0,2232.0,119.0,2266.0,91.0,2266.0],"score":0.92,"text":"the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,2232.0,561.0,2232.0,561.0,2266.0,140.0,2266.0],"score":0.98,"text":"shell ofO and S atoms. The valence profles for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1649.0,1528.0,1649.0,1528.0,1684.0,89.0,1684.0],"score":0.98,"text":"computer code ofthe Warwick Group [20. 21]. Finally, the corrected profles were normalized to 23.200 for BaO and 26.434 for BaS electrons in the range of0 to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[374.0,1167.0,432.0,1167.0,432.0,1199.0,374.0,1199.0],"score":1.0,"text":"plane,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[450.0,1167.0,744.0,1167.0,744.0,1199.0,450.0,1199.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is scattering vector direction, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,543.0,698.0,543.0,698.0,575.0,89.0,575.0],"score":0.98,"text":"measurements on polycrystalline BaO and BaS were performed using"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[800.0,543.0,1525.0,543.0,1525.0,575.0,800.0,575.0],"score":0.98,"text":"gamma-rays. To interpret the experimental data, we have computed the theoretical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,365.0,180.0,365.0,180.0,397.0,89.0,397.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Copyright"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[838.0,2203.0,1239.0,2203.0,1239.0,2237.0,838.0,2237.0],"score":0.99,"text":" configurations were computed by transferring"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1258.0,2203.0,1557.0,2203.0,1557.0,2237.0,1258.0,2237.0],"score":0.95,"text":"electrons from the s shellof Ba to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[405.0,1094.0,908.0,1094.0,908.0,1126.0,405.0,1126.0],"score":0.99,"text":", is related to the ground state electron momentum density"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1494.0,340.0,1491.0,340.0,1525.0,86.0,1528.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and effective density for BaC"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[489.0,1494.0,528.0,1491.0,528.0,1525.0,489.0,1528.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[807.0,1462.0,1399.0,1462.0,1399.0,1496.0,807.0,1496.0],"score":0.97,"text":"by the polycrystalline sample of BaO and BaS (pellet of 18 mm dia,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1473.0,1462.0,1562.0,1462.0,1562.0,1496.0,1473.0,1496.0],"score":1.0,"text":"thickness,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1428.0,617.0,1428.0,617.0,1469.0,86.0,1469.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The measurements on BaO and BaS were performed using "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[718.0,1428.0,1552.0,1428.0,1552.0,1469.0,718.0,1469.0],"score":0.94,"text":"gamma-rays Compton spectrometer. The details ofthe experimental setup are available in [19]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[174.0,1591.0,541.0,1591.0,541.0,1625.0,174.0,1625.0],"score":0.97,"text":"to collect 2 \u00d7 104 counts and BaS around"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[616.0,1591.0,699.0,1591.0,699.0,1625.0,616.0,1625.0],"score":0.89,"text":"to collect"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[281.0,365.0,1464.0,365.0,1464.0,397.0,281.0,397.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Atribution License, which permits unrestricted use,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1311.0,504.0,1311.0,504.0,1345.0,89.0,1345.0],"score":0.99,"text":"theoretical calculations are presented in Section"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[523.0,1311.0,1412.0,1311.0,1412.0,1345.0,523.0,1345.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and Section 4 is devoted to the resuts and discussion Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 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Results and Discussion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,200.0,1545.0,200.0,1545.0,231.0,89.0,231.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The numerical values of unconvoluted spherically averaged theoretical Compton profiles (DFT-PBE, B3PW, HF, and Ionic) of BaO and BaS are presented in Table 1."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,229.0,1191.0,229.0,1191.0,263.0,91.0,263.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The experimental Compton profles of BaO and BaS are also given in the table including experimental errors at selected points."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,317.0,1547.0,317.0,1547.0,348.0,91.0,348.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table 1: The unconvoluted theoretical (DFT-PBE, DFT-B3PW, HF, and Ionic) and experimental Compton profles for BaO and BaS. The experimental errors at few"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,346.0,772.0,346.0,772.0,380.0,89.0,380.0],"score":0.98,"text":"points are also presented, and all profles are normalized to the fee atom area."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,397.0,1552.0,397.0,1552.0,431.0,89.0,431.0],"score":0.98,"text":"In Figures 1 and 2, the experimental Compton profles ofBaO and BaS are compared with various ionic arrangements to estimate the charge transfer. For a quantitative"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,487.0,1560.0,487.0,1560.0,521.0,89.0,521.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the efect of charge transfer from Ba to O atoms is largely visible within 0.0 to 3.0 a.u. for BaO. The best agreement is found for x = 1.0. Figure 2 shows that the charge"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,694.0,556.0,694.0,556.0,729.0,89.0,729.0],"score":0.95,"text":"are convohuted with the Gaussian of 0.6 a.u. FWHM."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,787.0,558.0,784.0,558.0,819.0,86.0,821.0],"score":0.96,"text":" are convoluted with the Gaussian of 0.6 a.u. FWHM."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,926.0,1540.0,923.0,1540.0,958.0,89.0,960.0],"score":0.96,"text":"momentum region, because the contrbution in this region is mostly due to core elctrons, which remain unafected in the compound formation. Similar features are also"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,953.0,795.0,955.0,794.0,989.0,89.0,987.0],"score":0.96,"text":"visible in Figure 4, but the effect of exchange and correlation is not seen for BaS."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1043.0,1535.0,1043.0,1535.0,1077.0,91.0,1077.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Figure 3: The difference of DFT-PBE, B3PW, and HF with experimental Compton profle of BaO. All profles are convoluted with the Gaussian of 0.6 a.u. FWHM."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1106.0,1530.0,1106.0,1530.0,1140.0,91.0,1140.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 4: The difference of DFT-PBE, B3PW, and HF with experimental Compton profle of BaS. Alprofiles are convoluted with the Gaussian of0.6 a.u. FWHM."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1155.0,1523.0,1157.0,1523.0,1191.0,89.0,1189.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The directional Compton profles ofBaO and BaS along [100], [110], and [111] directions have been computed to examine the anisotropies [100]-[110] , [110]-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1274.0,1547.0,1274.0,1547.0,1308.0,91.0,1308.0],"score":0.98,"text":"anisotropies are visible up to 3.0 a.u. In Figure 6, the anisotropies are plotted for BaS. This figure shows similarity with BaO, but all anisotropies are diminished beyond"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1301.0,1304.0,1304.0,1304.0,1338.0,86.0,1335.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 2.0 a.u. Measurements on single crystallne samples of BaO and BaS along principal directions would be valuable to examine these findings."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1508.0,1520.0,1508.0,1520.0,1540.0,91.0,1540.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The nature of bonding in isostructural and isovalent BaO and BaS has been compared and plotted in Figure 7. In this figure, the experimental EVED profles of these"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1537.0,1518.0,1537.0,1518.0,1569.0,89.0,1569.0],"score":0.97,"text":"compounds are considered. We also plot the theoretical EVED profles in the inset. The EVED profles were derived by normalizing valence electron profiles to 4.0"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1654.0,1540.0,1654.0,1540.0,1688.0,91.0,1688.0],"score":0.98,"text":"localization of charges in BaS in the bonding direction as compared to BaO. It is worth mentioning here that the covalent bonding is a result of sharing ofelectrons, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[93.0,1684.0,1540.0,1684.0,1540.0,1715.0,93.0,1715.0],"score":0.99,"text":"hence, it increases localization ofcharge in bonding direction which results in a sharper Compton line shape [32, 33]. Therefore, we conclude that the ionic character is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1713.0,1505.0,1713.0,1505.0,1745.0,91.0,1745.0],"score":0.98,"text":"higher for BaO as compared to BaS. The larger ionic character of BaO as compared to BaS is well supported by the bulk modulus and cohesive energy data [34]"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1827.0,1547.0,1827.0,1547.0,1861.0,91.0,1861.0],"score":0.98,"text":"valence profles. The inset shows the EVED profles derived from the theoretical valence profiles of these compounds. All these profles are normalized to 4.0 electrons."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[85.0,1881.0,234.0,1886.0,233.0,1920.0,83.0,1915.0],"score":0.97,"text":" 5. Conclusions"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1947.0,1483.0,1947.0,1483.0,1981.0,91.0,1981.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Electronic structure and momentum density in BaO and BaS using Compton scattering technique are reported. The experimental values of Compton profles are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1976.0,1508.0,1976.0,1508.0,2010.0,89.0,2010.0],"score":0.98,"text":"compared with the LCAO based values for both compounds. The anisotropies in momentum densities depict larger occupied states along [1oo] direction with low"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2005.0,1537.0,2005.0,1537.0,2037.0,89.0,2037.0],"score":0.99,"text":"momentum In addition, the ionic model based calculations have also been used to estimate the charge transfer in the compounds, and the model suggests a transfer of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2064.0,155.0,2064.0,155.0,2093.0,91.0,2093.0],"score":0.95,"text":"to BaS."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2119.0,266.0,2125.0,265.0,2157.0,88.0,2151.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Acknowledgments"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2181.0,1532.0,2181.0,1532.0,2215.0,91.0,2215.0],"score":0.97,"text":"This work is financially supported by the CSIR, New Delhi, through the Grant no. 03(1205/12EMR-II). G. Sharma is also thankful to the Head ofthe Department of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2207.0,891.0,2210.0,890.0,2244.0,86.0,2242.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Pure & Applied Physics, University ofKota, Kota, for providing the computational facities."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,426.0,639.0,426.0,639.0,460.0,89.0,460.0],"score":0.97,"text":"comparison of the ionic and experiment, the difference profiles "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[903.0,426.0,1520.0,426.0,1520.0,460.0,903.0,460.0],"score":0.94,"text":" have been deduced after convoluting alionic profles with a Gaussian"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,833.0,234.0,833.0,234.0,875.0,86.0,875.0],"score":0.96,"text":"The diferences"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1391.0,397.0,1391.0,397.0,1425.0,91.0,1425.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 5: Directional anisotropies,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[468.0,1391.0,1188.0,1391.0,1188.0,1425.0,468.0,1425.0],"score":0.96,"text":", for BaO for the pair ofdirections [100]-[110] , [110]-[111], and [100]-[111] ."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1623.0,722.0,1623.0,722.0,1657.0,91.0,1657.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and isostructural compounds [27-31]. It is seen from Figure 7 that, near"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[789.0,1623.0,1476.0,1623.0,1476.0,1657.0,789.0,1657.0],"score":0.98,"text":"a.u., the sharpness ofCompton profles is higher for BaS, which suggests more"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1457.0,397.0,1457.0,397.0,1489.0,91.0,1489.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Figure 6: Directional anisotropies,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[467.0,1457.0,1186.0,1457.0,1186.0,1489.0,467.0,1489.0],"score":0.97,"text":", for BaS for the pair ofdirections [100]-[110] , [110]-[111], and [100]-[111] ."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,541.0,514.0,546.0,514.0,585.0,84.0,580.0],"score":0.94,"text":" checks and from Figures 1 and 2, it isfound that"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1798.0,803.0,1798.0,803.0,1832.0,91.0,1832.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 7: The equal valence-electron-density (EVED) profiles of BaO and BaS ("},{"category_id":15,"poly":[911.0,1798.0,1552.0,1798.0,1552.0,1832.0,911.0,1832.0],"score":0.96,"text":" and 0.813 a.u., resp.). These profles are deduced from the experimental"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,517.0,277.0,517.0,277.0,548.0,91.0,548.0],"score":0.98,"text":"transfer configuration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[626.0,541.0,663.0,546.0,663.0,585.0,626.0,580.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[771.0,541.0,1537.0,546.0,1537.0,585.0,771.0,580.0],"score":0.98,"text":"configurations give the best agreement for BaO and BaS, respectively. Thus, the model"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[823.0,577.0,1259.0,577.0,1259.0,612.0,823.0,612.0],"score":1.0,"text":"states ofO and S for BaO and BaS, respectively."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[926.0,1567.0,1564.0,1567.0,1564.0,1601.0,926.0,1601.0],"score":0.98,"text":"tuned out to be 0.938 and 0.813 a.u., respectively, using the expression"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[283.0,892.0,742.0,894.0,742.0,936.0,283.0,933.0],"score":0.88,"text":"-, whilethe trend reversed in the momentum range of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[907.0,892.0,1537.0,894.0,1537.0,936.0,907.0,933.0],"score":0.94,"text":". The diference between theory and experiment is negigibe in the high"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1213.0,894.0,1213.0,894.0,1255.0,89.0,1255.0],"score":0.7,"text":"forBa aBa retivFdits tat alant are psitiv"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1015.0,1213.0,1505.0,1213.0,1505.0,1255.0,1015.0,1255.0],"score":0.96,"text":"for BaO. It ndicates larger occupied states along [100]"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2027.0,513.0,2030.0,513.0,2071.0,86.0,2069.0],"score":0.95,"text":"1.0 and 1.5 electrons froms state ofBa atomto"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[532.0,2027.0,1552.0,2030.0,1552.0,2071.0,532.0,2069.0],"score":0.97,"text":"state ofO and S atoms. The EVED profles for the compounds conclude higher ionic character in BaO as compared"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[180.0,1593.0,246.0,1593.0,246.0,1628.0,180.0,1628.0],"score":0.95,"text":", where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[264.0,1593.0,1547.0,1593.0,1547.0,1628.0,264.0,1628.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is the valence electron density. A number ofresearchers have proved that this scheme offers a way to understand the nature ofbonding in isovalent "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1567.0,673.0,1567.0,673.0,1601.0,91.0,1601.0],"score":0.95,"text":"electrons and scaling the resulting profiles by the Fermi momentum"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[716.0,1567.0,895.0,1567.0,895.0,1601.0,716.0,1601.0],"score":0.95,"text":". For BaO and BaS,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1162.0,755.0,1532.0,758.0,1532.0,792.0,1162.0,789.0],"score":0.97,"text":" are also shown at points. All ionic profles"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[513.0,833.0,1322.0,833.0,1322.0,875.0,513.0,875.0],"score":0.88,"text":"betwenexperimental and CAO schee based Compton profle are presened nFigu"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1341.0,833.0,1562.0,833.0,1562.0,875.0,1341.0,875.0],"score":0.96,"text":"and 4 for BaO and BaS,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1164.0,665.0,1532.0,665.0,1532.0,699.0,1164.0,699.0],"score":0.97,"text":"are also shown at points. All ionic profles"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,867.0,262.0,870.0,262.0,904.0,89.0,901.0],"score":0.96,"text":"respectively. Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,577.0,633.0,577.0,633.0,612.0,89.0,612.0],"score":0.99,"text":"suggests the transfer of 1.0 and 1.5 electrons from the valence"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[648.0,577.0,803.0,577.0,803.0,612.0,648.0,612.0],"score":0.97,"text":"state of Ba to the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[93.0,1189.0,1474.0,1189.0,1474.0,1221.0,93.0,1221.0],"score":0.98,"text":"[111], and [100]-[111] in the electron momentum density. Allthese anisotropies are derived from convoluted B3PW hybrid scheme and presented in Figures"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1493.0,1189.0,1550.0,1189.0,1550.0,1221.0,1493.0,1221.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and 6"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,458.0,1308.0,458.0,1308.0,490.0,91.0,490.0],"score":0.98,"text":"function of0.6 a.u. FWHM. All ionic profles are normalized to 23.200 electrons for BaO and 26.434 electrons for BaS in the range of0 to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1339.0,458.0,1560.0,458.0,1560.0,490.0,1339.0,490.0],"score":0.96,"text":"a.u. Figure 1 depicts that"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,755.0,277.0,758.0,277.0,792.0,86.0,789.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 2: Difference"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[323.0,755.0,1115.0,758.0,1115.0,792.0,323.0,789.0],"score":0.99,"text":"between convoluted ionic and experimental Compton profles of BaS. Experimental errors"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[353.0,517.0,738.0,517.0,738.0,548.0,353.0,548.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is closet to the experiment for BaS. Beyond"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[807.0,517.0,1504.0,517.0,1504.0,548.0,807.0,548.0],"score":0.98,"text":", all configurations show identical behavior for both compounds. On the basis of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1245.0,1332.0,1245.0,1332.0,1279.0,89.0,1279.0],"score":0.98,"text":"direction with low momentum A close inspection ofthis fgure reveals that maximum anisotropy is seen between [100] and [111] directions at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1401.0,1245.0,1545.0,1245.0,1545.0,1279.0,1401.0,1279.0],"score":0.93,"text":" and 1.2 a.u. All"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,665.0,277.0,665.0,277.0,699.0,89.0,699.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Figure 1: Difference"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[322.0,665.0,1118.0,665.0,1118.0,699.0,322.0,699.0],"score":0.98,"text":"between convoluted ionic and experimental Compton profles of BaO. Experimental errors"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[281.0,867.0,776.0,870.0,776.0,904.0,281.0,901.0],"score":0.98,"text":"shows that for BaO all theories DFT-PBE, B3PW, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[810.0,867.0,1560.0,870.0,1559.0,904.0,810.0,901.0],"score":0.98,"text":") predict lower momentum density as compared to experiment in the momentum range"}],"page_info":{"page_no":2,"height":2339,"width":1653}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":2,"poly":[89.0936279296875,80.74409484863281,204.3162078857422,80.74409484863281,204.3162078857422,106.50306701660156,89.0936279296875,106.50306701660156],"score":0.9999979734420776},{"category_id":1,"poly":[103.02957153320312,134.86175537109375,1563.1484375,134.86175537109375,1563.1484375,2057.353515625,103.02957153320312,2057.353515625],"score":0.999991774559021},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1065,1590,1114,1590,1114,1614,1065,1614],"score":0.46,"latex":"\\mathrm{{X}}\\!=\\!\\mathbf{\\mathcal{C}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[608,1045,622,1045,622,1061,608,1061],"score":0.42,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[231,1131,245,1131,245,1147,231,1147],"score":0.38,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[524,871,537,871,537,886,524,886],"score":0.36,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[872,1914,886,1914,886,1931,872,1931],"score":0.36,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[743,928,757,928,757,944,743,944],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[795,318,809,318,809,335,795,335],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[582,1973,596,1973,596,1988,582,1988],"score":0.33,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[305,260,319,260,319,276,305,276],"score":0.32,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[514,929,527,929,527,944,514,944],"score":0.32,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[756,812,770,812,770,828,756,828],"score":0.3,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[811,1422,825,1422,825,1437,811,1437],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1023,319,1038,319,1038,334,1023,334],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[305,1567,319,1567,319,1582,305,1582],"score":0.28,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[940,987,954,987,954,1002,940,1002],"score":0.28,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[456,1740,469,1740,469,1756,456,1756],"score":0.27,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[549,1683,562,1683,562,1698,549,1698],"score":0.26,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[685,1740,699,1740,699,1756,685,1756],"score":0.25,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,134.0,1471.0,139.0,1471.0,173.0,111.0,168.0],"score":0.97,"text":"1. 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the Cantorian and Cantor-Type Cylindrical Coordinates"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,149.0,716.0,149.0,716.0,180.0,89.0,180.0],"score":0.95,"text":"Ya-Juan Hao,1 H. M. Srivastava,2 Hossein Jafari 3 and Xiao-Jun Yang"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,200.0,718.0,205.0,718.0,246.0,86.0,241.0],"score":0.93,"text":"1College of Science, Yanshan Universiy, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,234.0,1085.0,236.0,1085.0,278.0,84.0,275.0],"score":0.96,"text":" 2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Universiyof Victora, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3R4"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,270.0,1134.0,273.0,1134.0,307.0,86.0,305.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 47415-416, Iran"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,305.0,1164.0,309.0,1163.0,344.0,88.0,339.0],"score":0.98,"text":"4Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, China University ofMining and Technology, Jangsu, Xuzhou 221008, China"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,361.0,497.0,361.0,497.0,392.0,89.0,392.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Received 9 June 2013; Accepted 7 July 2013"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,414.0,465.0,414.0,465.0,446.0,89.0,446.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Academic Editor: J. A. Tenreiro Machado"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,495.0,873.0,495.0,873.0,529.0,89.0,529.0],"score":0.99,"text":"distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,558.0,177.0,558.0,177.0,585.0,91.0,585.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Abstract"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,614.0,1532.0,614.0,1532.0,646.0,89.0,646.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The main object of this paper is to investigate the Helmholtz and difusion equations on the Cantor sets involving local fractional derivative operators. The Cantor-type"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,641.0,1510.0,641.0,1510.0,672.0,89.0,672.0],"score":0.99,"text":"cylindrical-coordinate method is applied to handle the corresponding local fractional differential equations. Two ilustrative examples for the Helmholtz and diffusion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,670.0,1070.0,670.0,1070.0,704.0,89.0,704.0],"score":0.98,"text":"equations on the Cantor sets are shown by making use ofthe Cantorian and Cantor-type cylindrical coordinates."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,465.0,180.0,465.0,180.0,497.0,91.0,497.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Copyright"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[205.0,465.0,1493.0,465.0,1493.0,497.0,205.0,497.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2013 Ya- Juan Hao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Atribution License, which permits unrestricted use,"}],"page_info":{"page_no":1,"height":2339,"width":1653}}]
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l.}}\\end{array}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[896,1406,914,1406,914,1428,896,1428],"score":0.76,"latex":"L"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[731,1969,821,1969,821,2003,731,2003],"score":0.76,"latex":"W_{g}=40"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1312,1409,1326,1409,1326,1428,1312,1428],"score":0.76,"latex":"c"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1187,1831,1292,1831,1292,1859,1187,1859],"score":0.74,"latex":"14.96\\,\\mathrm{GHz},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[461,507,511,507,511,533,461,533],"score":0.74,"latex":"50\\,\\Omega"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[89,1970,227,1970,227,2000,89,2000],"score":0.71,"latex":"S_{2}=16.5\\:\\mathrm{mm}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[357,1970,473,1970,473,1999,357,1999],"score":0.63,"latex":"W_{1}=4\\,\\mathrm{mm}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1231,1634,1301,1634,1301,1661,1231,1661],"score":0.62,"latex":"1.6\\,\\mathrm{mm}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[832,1970,962,1970,962,2000,832,2000],"score":0.62,"latex":"W_{3}=18\\;\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1210,1970,1327,1970,1327,1999,1210,1999],"score":0.6,"latex":"W_{6}=4\\:\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[232,1970,352,1970,352,1999,232,1999],"score":0.6,"latex":"S_{3}=12\\,\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[181,331,204,331,204,355,181,355],"score":0.59,"latex":"\\copyright"},{"category_id":14,"poly":[1156,1430,1348,1430,1348,1504,1156,1504],"score":0.59,"latex":"W=\\frac{c}{2f_{0}}\\sqrt{\\frac{\\varepsilon_{r}+1}{2}},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[966,1970,1083,1970,1083,1999,966,1999],"score":0.58,"latex":"W_{4}=6\\,\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1019,1940,1496,1940,1496,1969,1019,1969],"score":0.52,"latex":"L=40\\,\\mathrm{mm},W=40\\,\\mathrm{mm},R=6\\,\\mathrm{mm},S_{1}=10\\,\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[559,2004,576,2004,576,2029,559,2029],"score":0.48,"latex":"\\underline{{3}}."},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1021,1941,1132,1941,1132,1968,1021,1968],"score":0.47,"latex":"L=40\\,\\mathrm{mm}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1089,1970,1207,1970,1207,1999,1089,1999],"score":0.46,"latex":"W_{5}=8\\:\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1266,1941,1364,1941,1364,1969,1266,1969],"score":0.41,"latex":"R=6\\,\\mathrm{{mm}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[827,1970,1328,1970,1328,2000,827,2000],"score":0.37,"latex":"W_{3}=18\\,\\mathrm{mm},W_{4}=6\\,\\mathrm{mm},W_{5}=8\\,\\mathrm{mm},W_{6}=4\\,\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[661,1405,690,1405,690,1432,661,1432],"score":0.35,"latex":"(\\underline{{1}})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[479,1970,596,1970,596,2000,479,2000],"score":0.35,"latex":"W_{2}=7\\,\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[601,1970,727,1970,727,2003,601,2003],"score":0.34,"latex":"L_{g}=40\\,\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,134.0,1055.0,139.0,1055.0,180.0,86.0,175.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Centre for Space Science (ANGKASA), Universi Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi Selangor, Malaysia"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,175.0,1230.0,175.0,1230.0,210.0,91.0,210.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi Selangor, Malaysia"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,224.0,841.0,227.0,841.0,261.0,86.0,258.0],"score":0.99,"text":" Received 25 October 2013; Accepted 17 November 2013; Published 27 April 2014"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,280.0,364.0,280.0,364.0,312.0,91.0,312.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Academic Editor: Rezaul Azim"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,363.0,873.0,363.0,873.0,395.0,89.0,395.0],"score":0.98,"text":"distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,424.0,177.0,424.0,177.0,451.0,91.0,451.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Abstract"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,480.0,1547.0,480.0,1547.0,512.0,91.0,512.0],"score":0.98,"text":"A double inverted F-shape patch antenna is presented for dual-band operation. The proposed antenna is comprised ofcircular and rectangular slots on a printed circuit"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,597.0,1045.0,597.0,1045.0,629.0,89.0,629.0],"score":0.99,"text":"bands. Moreover, numerical simulations have been indicated as an important uniformity with measured results."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,658.0,236.0,658.0,236.0,685.0,91.0,685.0],"score":1.0,"text":"1. Introduction"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,714.0,1498.0,714.0,1498.0,748.0,89.0,748.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The raising demands of wireless communication systems enforce the improvement of dual band antennas that have abilities to operate under different standards in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,738.0,1550.0,741.0,1550.0,782.0,84.0,780.0],"score":0.79,"text":"different fqucyba. dan nwre catons he ducd tr ds in the antea tlgy It als pavedt wayfrwidesa"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,767.0,1483.0,770.0,1483.0,811.0,84.0,809.0],"score":0.83,"text":"ofmobile phnes nmde socity reulting n mounng concems surodng its hamul radiation [1 2]. Mrostrip patch anta plays an iortant role a a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,802.0,1528.0,802.0,1528.0,836.0,89.0,836.0],"score":0.98,"text":"harbinger in wireless communication systems and is gradually carrying out to face the changing demands ofupdate antena technology. Microstrip patch antennas are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,831.0,1542.0,831.0,1542.0,865.0,91.0,865.0],"score":0.98,"text":"presently under concern for using in broadband comunication systems due to their attractive characteristics, such as low profle, low cost, ightweight, wide frequency"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,860.0,1532.0,860.0,1532.0,892.0,91.0,892.0],"score":0.97,"text":"bandwidth, ease of fabrication, and easy integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuits [3, 4]. However, the limitations ofthe microstrip patch antennas are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,889.0,1505.0,889.0,1505.0,921.0,91.0,921.0],"score":0.98,"text":"having narrow bandwidth, and for that reason the demand of the bandwidth enhancement is gradualy rising in the practical applications [5]. In order to enhance its"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,919.0,1513.0,919.0,1513.0,953.0,89.0,953.0],"score":0.97,"text":"bandwidth, many approaches have been applied conventionaly, such as using thick substrates with low dielectrics constant, impedance matching network, parasitic"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,948.0,1341.0,948.0,1341.0,979.0,89.0,979.0],"score":0.98,"text":"patches stacked on the top ofthe main patch [6], slots lbaded on the patch, high dielectric constant substrate, and adopting short-circuit pin [Z]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,997.0,1552.0,997.0,1552.0,1031.0,89.0,1031.0],"score":0.98,"text":"In [8], a rectangular slot antenna has been stated for dual frequency operation Reference [9] has narrated a printed dipole antenna to cover dual band with U-slot arms."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1028.0,1486.0,1028.0,1486.0,1060.0,89.0,1060.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Reference [10] has been reported a low cost microstrip dipole antenna for wireless communications. In [11], a PIFA antenna has been presented for dual band "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1053.0,1562.0,1053.0,1562.0,1094.0,86.0,1094.0],"score":0.96,"text":"operation with U-slot. Reference [12] has been mentioned a dual lop antea for 2.4/5 GHz wireless LAN. A monopole antema with double-T has been stated in [13]"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1082.0,1555.0,1084.0,1555.0,1118.0,86.0,1116.0],"score":0.99,"text":" for 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN operations. A dual polarized antemna has been mentioned in [14] for Ku-band application. Microstrip antennas on FR4 substrate material were"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1113.0,475.0,1113.0,475.0,1148.0,89.0,1148.0],"score":0.98,"text":"discussed for UWB applications in [15, 16]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1172.0,1513.0,1172.0,1513.0,1206.0,89.0,1206.0],"score":0.99,"text":"In this research, a double inverted F-shape 40 \u00d7 40 mm? patch antenna for dual-band operation has been proposed and investigated to increase the bandwidth and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1201.0,1562.0,1201.0,1562.0,1233.0,91.0,1233.0],"score":0.99,"text":"reduce the size at the same time. The effect on antenna resonances and other antenna parameters is concentrated due to slots on the patch and ground plane to design the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1230.0,1537.0,1228.0,1537.0,1262.0,89.0,1265.0],"score":0.97,"text":"proposed dual-band double inverted F-shape antenna with enhanced bandwidth and effciency. Some techniques are employed such as increasing substrate thickness,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1260.0,1547.0,1260.0,1547.0,1294.0,89.0,1294.0],"score":0.98,"text":"changing patch by cutting rectangular slots, and cutting ground plane to achieve the resultant parameters such as impedance matching, gain, radiation pattern, and return"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1289.0,1129.0,1289.0,1129.0,1323.0,89.0,1323.0],"score":0.97,"text":"loss. The results have been given a hint that the proposed antemna is appropriate for X-band and Ku-band applications."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1345.0,470.0,1345.0,470.0,1377.0,89.0,1377.0],"score":0.99,"text":"2. Antenna Geometry and Optimization"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1606.0,1488.0,1606.0,1488.0,1640.0,89.0,1640.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The geometry ofthe proposed antenna is as shown in Figure 1. The antenna consists ofrectangular conducting slots on patch and two on the ground. The design"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1667.0,1523.0,1667.0,1523.0,1701.0,89.0,1701.0],"score":0.97,"text":"relative permittity 4.60, relative permeabilty 1, and dielectric loss tangent 0.02. A rectangular slot is cut fromone side of the copper patch to another. Another two"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1693.0,1154.0,1696.0,1154.0,1730.0,86.0,1727.0],"score":0.98,"text":"rectangular slots are also cut from the middle ofthe patch. Five lateral rectangular slots are also cut from the ground plane."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1781.0,684.0,1779.0,684.0,1813.0,86.0,1815.0],"score":0.98,"text":" Figure 1: The proposed antenna (a) top view and (b) Bottom view."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[93.0,1864.0,1168.0,1864.0,1168.0,1898.0,93.0,1898.0],"score":0.97,"text":"width, and slots of the proposed antenna endlessly. Here, microstrip line is used to provide feeding to the proposed antenna."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2207.0,1542.0,2207.0,1542.0,2239.0,89.0,2239.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The return loss of simulation with different substrate materials is demonstrated in Figure 4. Teflon is a fuorine plastic that is very slippery with physical properties. It is a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1552.0,396.0,1552.0,396.0,1584.0,89.0,1584.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the dielectric constant of substrate,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,568.0,826.0,568.0,826.0,602.0,91.0,602.0],"score":0.98,"text":"upper band, respectively. It has achieved stable radiation effciencies of 79. 76% and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[904.0,568.0,1525.0,568.0,1525.0,602.0,904.0,602.0],"score":0.97,"text":"with average gains of 7.82 dBi and 5.66 dBi in the operating frequency"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1489.0,1966.0,1535.0,1969.0,1535.0,2010.0,1489.0,2008.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[422.0,1552.0,724.0,1552.0,724.0,1584.0,422.0,1584.0],"score":0.99,"text":" is the target center frequency, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[748.0,1552.0,1132.0,1552.0,1132.0,1584.0,748.0,1584.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is the effective dielectric constant. Consider"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,509.0,168.0,509.0,168.0,541.0,89.0,541.0],"score":1.0,"text":"board of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1481.0,538.0,1540.0,538.0,1540.0,570.0,1481.0,570.0],"score":0.96,"text":"on the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,538.0,1149.0,538.0,1149.0,570.0,89.0,570.0],"score":0.99,"text":"element method (FEM) has been adopted in this investigation. It has a measured impedance bandwidths (2 : 1 VSWR) of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1226.0,538.0,1426.0,538.0,1426.0,570.0,1226.0,570.0],"score":0.98,"text":"on the lower band and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1544.0,1406.0,1564.0,1406.0,1564.0,1440.0,1544.0,1440.0],"score":0.71,"text":".s"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1915.0,608.0,1915.0,608.0,1947.0,89.0,1947.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The subminiature version A (SMA) connector that contains"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[660.0,1915.0,1476.0,1915.0,1476.0,1947.0,660.0,1947.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is conducted at the end of antenna feeding line for input RF signal. The input impedance of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[915.0,1406.0,1311.0,1406.0,1311.0,1440.0,915.0,1440.0],"score":0.95,"text":"and W are the length and width ofthe patch,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1327.0,1406.0,1520.0,1406.0,1520.0,1440.0,1327.0,1440.0],"score":0.92,"text":"is the velocity of ight,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1835.0,1186.0,1835.0,1186.0,1866.0,91.0,1866.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Thus, the proposed double inverted F-shape microstrip patch antenna is achieved. Two resonant frequencies, 11.32 GHz and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1293.0,1835.0,1552.0,1835.0,1552.0,1866.0,1293.0,1866.0],"score":0.98,"text":" are obtained adjusting length,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[404.0,509.0,460.0,509.0,460.0,541.0,404.0,541.0],"score":0.94,"text":"with a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[512.0,509.0,1508.0,509.0,1508.0,541.0,512.0,541.0],"score":0.97,"text":"microstrip transmission line. Commercially available high frequency structural simulator (HFSS) based on the finite "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1637.0,1230.0,1637.0,1230.0,1669.0,89.0,1669.0],"score":0.97,"text":"procedure begins with the radiating patch with substrate, ground plane, and a feed line. It has been printed on a FR4 substrate with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1302.0,1637.0,1500.0,1637.0,1500.0,1669.0,1302.0,1669.0],"score":1.0,"text":"thickness that contains"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1328.0,1966.0,1369.0,1969.0,1369.0,2010.0,1328.0,2008.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,331.0,180.0,331.0,180.0,365.0,89.0,365.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Copyright"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[205.0,331.0,1488.0,331.0,1488.0,365.0,205.0,365.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2014 M. M. Islam et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Atribution License, which permits unrestricted use,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1944.0,1018.0,1942.0,1018.0,1976.0,89.0,1978.0],"score":0.98,"text":"proposed antenna is as shown in Figure 2. Finally the optimal dimensions have been determined as follows:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2005.0,558.0,2005.0,558.0,2039.0,89.0,2039.0],"score":0.97,"text":"proposed prototype of the antenna is shown in Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1406.0,660.0,1406.0,660.0,1440.0,89.0,1440.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The length and width ofthe patch antenna can be calculated fom"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[691.0,1406.0,895.0,1406.0,895.0,1440.0,691.0,1440.0],"score":0.97,"text":"narrated in [17]. 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for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). When we used Teflon (tm) as a substrate material, there was no resonance on the lower band. But, resonance was found at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,195.0,713.0,195.0,713.0,227.0,89.0,227.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 4: Comparisons of simulated return loss with different materials."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,249.0,1550.0,249.0,1550.0,283.0,91.0,283.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Duroid (tm) is a circuit material with high frequency that is flled with PTFE composite. There are many benefts ofDuroid (tm) substrate material such as low outgassing"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,278.0,1537.0,278.0,1537.0,312.0,91.0,312.0],"score":0.98,"text":"for space applications, low moisture absorption, and low electrical loss. This material is extensively used in space satelite transceivers, radar systems based on ground"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,307.0,1545.0,307.0,1545.0,341.0,91.0,341.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and airbome, missile guidance systems, and military radar systems. When we used Duroid (tm) as a substrate material there was no resonance on the upper band. But,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,387.0,1532.0,387.0,1532.0,422.0,91.0,422.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Bakelite is one type ofplastic that is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin. It is made from synthetic components achieved from an elmination reaction of phenol"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,417.0,1486.0,417.0,1486.0,451.0,91.0,451.0],"score":0.98,"text":"with formaldehyde. It has several uses such as in radio, electrical insulators, and telephone casings. When we used Bakelite as a substrate material, there was no"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,478.0,145.0,478.0,145.0,507.0,89.0,507.0],"score":0.99,"text":"GHz)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,529.0,1515.0,529.0,1515.0,563.0,91.0,563.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Aluminum is a silvery soft, white ductle material. Alminium is extensively used in transportation, aerospace industry, and structural materials. It has low density and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,558.0,1550.0,558.0,1550.0,592.0,91.0,592.0],"score":0.98,"text":"abilty to resist corrosion for which it is popular. When we used aluminum as a substrate material there was no resonance on the lower band. But,resonance was found"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,638.0,1528.0,638.0,1528.0,672.0,89.0,672.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Finaly, FR4 has been used in the proposed design as substrate material. One resonance was achieved at 11.32 GHz center frequency on the lower band and another"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,668.0,1072.0,668.0,1072.0,702.0,91.0,702.0],"score":0.97,"text":"resonance at 14.96 GHz on the upper band. The dielectric properties of the materials have been listed in Table 1."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,755.0,549.0,755.0,549.0,787.0,89.0,787.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Table 1: Dielectric properties of substrate materials."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,806.0,1562.0,806.0,1562.0,841.0,91.0,841.0],"score":0.96,"text":"A parametric study has been done to observe the effects ofthe proposed antenna parameters. Mainly, the effects ofthe difeent parameters on the return loss have been"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,838.0,182.0,838.0,182.0,865.0,91.0,865.0],"score":1.0,"text":"observed."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,1574.0,342.0,1574.0,342.0,1606.0,84.0,1606.0],"score":0.97,"text":" 3. Results and Discussion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1637.0,1518.0,1637.0,1518.0,1669.0,89.0,1669.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The anechoic chamber used in this study which was conducted by the microwave laboratory, at the Institute of Space Science (ANGKASA), UKM, Malaysia, had"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1669.0,1523.0,1669.0,1523.0,1701.0,89.0,1701.0],"score":0.97,"text":"been ilustrated in Figure 8. The dimensions ofthis anechoic chamber are 5.5 \u00d7 4.5 \u00d7 3.5 m?'. A reference antenna, a horn antenna, was used in this analysis that was"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1844.0,760.0,1844.0,760.0,1879.0,89.0,1879.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 8: The photograph of anechoic chamber for prototype measurement."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1896.0,1513.0,1896.0,1513.0,1927.0,89.0,1927.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The return loss with measurement and simulation of the proposed microstrip antenna has been demonstrated in Figure 9. The -10 dB bandwidths of2.12 GHz from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1925.0,1540.0,1925.0,1540.0,1959.0,91.0,1959.0],"score":0.99,"text":"10.92 GHz to 13.04 GHz and 1.08 GHz from 14.40 GHz to 15.48 GHz have been achieved from the measurements which show that at the lower band the resonance"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1954.0,1560.0,1954.0,1560.0,1988.0,91.0,1988.0],"score":0.96,"text":"shifted from 11.32 GHz to 11.44 GHz and the bandwidth slightly decreased. Moreover, at the upper band the resonant frequency shifted from 14.96 GHz to 14.84 GHz"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2071.0,844.0,2071.0,844.0,2103.0,91.0,2103.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 9: Comparisons between simulated and measured return loss on FR4 material."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2122.0,1520.0,2122.0,1520.0,2156.0,91.0,2156.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Gain ofthe proposed antenna has been shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 has ilustrated that 7.82 dBi achieved at the frst resonance for 11.44 GHz and 5.66 dBiat the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2151.0,1547.0,2151.0,1547.0,2186.0,91.0,2186.0],"score":0.97,"text":"second resonance 14.84 GHz In adition, the gain for the upper band is less than that for the lower band. Figure 11 shows VSWR ofthe proposed antenna. The value"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2181.0,1552.0,2181.0,1552.0,2215.0,91.0,2215.0],"score":0.97,"text":"of VSWR is less than 2 that is found fromthe graph apparently. It is a desired value. Figure 12 has shown the radiation effciency of the proposed antenna. In Figure 11,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2210.0,1537.0,2210.0,1537.0,2242.0,91.0,2242.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the average lower band efficiency is 79.76% whereas 80.36% is the higher band efficiency. It can also be observed that lower band radiation efficiency is smaller than"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1230.0,702.0,1230.0,702.0,1262.0,89.0,1262.0],"score":0.99,"text":"better coupling has been acquired at the upper band using the value of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1318.0,570.0,1318.0,570.0,1350.0,89.0,1350.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 6: Reflection coefficient with different values off"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[605.0,1318.0,612.0,1318.0,612.0,1350.0,605.0,1350.0],"score":0.54,"text":"\uff1a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1087.0,168.0,1087.0,168.0,1121.0,89.0,1121.0],"score":0.92,"text":"By using"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1170.0,497.0,1170.0,497.0,1201.0,89.0,1201.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The reflection coeficient for different values of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1430.0,1134.0,1430.0,1134.0,1464.0,91.0,1464.0],"score":0.98,"text":"microstrip line has greater significance to the coupling at the entire frequency bands. The coupling can be achieved when"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1369.0,629.0,1369.0,629.0,1401.0,89.0,1401.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure Z shows the reflection coefficient for different values of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1520.0,570.0,1515.0,570.0,1547.0,86.0,1552.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Figure 7: Reflection coeficient with different values of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1215.0,1199.0,1562.0,1199.0,1562.0,1233.0,1215.0,1233.0],"score":0.98,"text":". It was seen from the graph clearly that"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,887.0,148.0,887.0,148.0,919.0,89.0,919.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1169.0,1430.0,1190.0,1430.0,1190.0,1464.0,1169.0,1464.0],"score":0.81,"text":".s"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[737.0,1230.0,764.0,1230.0,764.0,1262.0,737.0,1262.0],"score":1.0,"text":"as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[822.0,1230.0,1121.0,1230.0,1121.0,1262.0,822.0,1262.0],"score":0.97,"text":" That is why the optimized value is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[533.0,1170.0,720.0,1170.0,720.0,1201.0,533.0,1201.0],"score":0.98,"text":" is as shown in Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1171.0,1399.0,1503.0,1399.0,1503.0,1433.0,1171.0,1433.0],"score":0.99,"text":". It was observed that the width of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1158.0,916.0,1537.0,914.0,1537.0,948.0,1158.0,950.0],"score":0.97,"text":" It was shown that resonances were shifted"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1107.0,106.0,1117.0,106.0,1154.0,85.0,1144.0],"score":0.59,"text":".5"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[939.0,1399.0,979.0,1399.0,979.0,1433.0,939.0,1433.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[206.0,1399.0,463.0,1399.0,463.0,1433.0,206.0,1433.0],"score":0.96,"text":"W2 = 7 mm, Lg = 40 mm,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1698.0,1051.0,1698.0,1051.0,1732.0,89.0,1732.0],"score":0.97,"text":"double ridge guided. Pyramidal shaped absorbers have been used on the walls, ceiling, and floor with less than"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1095.0,1698.0,1500.0,1698.0,1500.0,1732.0,1095.0,1732.0],"score":0.98,"text":"dB reflectivity. The diameter of the turntable is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1757.0,886.0,1757.0,886.0,1788.0,112.0,1788.0],"score":0.99,"text":"shaped proposed antenna has been measured in a standard far-field testing environment."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[939.0,916.0,979.0,914.0,979.0,948.0,939.0,950.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,587.0,776.0,587.0,776.0,621.0,89.0,621.0],"score":0.98,"text":"at 14.32 GHz centre frequency on the upper band where -10 dB bandwidth is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1158.0,446.0,1540.0,443.0,1540.0,478.0,1158.0,480.0],"score":0.98,"text":"bandwidth is 1.68 GHz (14.64 GHz-13.96"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1725.0,1198.0,1725.0,1198.0,1759.0,91.0,1759.0],"score":0.99,"text":"A vector network analyzer (VNA) (model mumber: Agilent E8362C) has been used for the measurements with a range ofup to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1277.0,1725.0,1560.0,1725.0,1560.0,1759.0,1277.0,1759.0],"score":0.98,"text":"In this way, the prototype of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,446.0,607.0,443.0,607.0,478.0,86.0,480.0],"score":1.0,"text":"resonance on the lower band. But, resonance was found at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[710.0,446.0,1083.0,443.0,1083.0,478.0,710.0,480.0],"score":0.99,"text":"center frequency on the upper band where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[740.0,1170.0,836.0,1170.0,836.0,1201.0,740.0,1201.0],"score":0.92,"text":" It includes"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[167.0,887.0,633.0,887.0,633.0,919.0,167.0,919.0],"score":0.98,"text":"shows the reflection coeffcient for different values of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[654.0,887.0,755.0,887.0,755.0,919.0,654.0,919.0],"score":0.96,"text":" It includes"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[850.0,334.0,966.0,334.0,966.0,368.0,850.0,368.0],"score":1.0,"text":"bandwidth is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[597.0,1199.0,606.0,1199.0,606.0,1233.0,597.0,1233.0],"score":0.91,"text":"\uff0c"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,334.0,301.0,334.0,301.0,368.0,91.0,368.0],"score":0.99,"text":"resonance was found at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[404.0,334.0,775.0,334.0,775.0,368.0,404.0,368.0],"score":1.0,"text":"center frequency on the lower band where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[982.0,1199.0,1022.0,1199.0,1022.0,1233.0,982.0,1233.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1199.0,131.0,1199.0,131.0,1233.0,91.0,1233.0],"score":0.92,"text":"mm,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1976.0,511.0,1981.0,511.0,2022.0,86.0,2017.0],"score":0.95,"text":"and the bandwidth decreased fom 1.16 GHzto"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[605.0,1976.0,1144.0,1981.0,1144.0,2022.0,605.0,2017.0],"score":0.91,"text":"whie the retum los ale decreased at resonancefequency."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[664.0,1369.0,766.0,1369.0,766.0,1401.0,664.0,1401.0],"score":0.97,"text":". It includes"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1035.0,633.0,1035.0,633.0,1067.0,89.0,1067.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 5: Reflection coefficient with different values of radius,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,105.0,565.0,107.0,565.0,149.0,86.0,146.0],"score":0.98,"text":"14.68 GHz center fequency on the upper band where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[608.0,105.0,755.0,107.0,755.0,149.0,608.0,146.0],"score":0.97,"text":"dB bandwidth is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,945.0,660.0,948.0,660.0,982.0,86.0,979.0],"score":0.97,"text":" on both ofthe lower and upper bands using the value ofradius as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[717.0,945.0,753.0,948.0,753.0,982.0,717.0,979.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[273.0,1087.0,1527.0,1087.0,1527.0,1121.0,273.0,1121.0],"score":0.98,"text":" desired dual band has been obtained with improved bandwidth on both ofthe lower and upper bands. That is why the optimized value of 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ry_id":13,"poly":[1035,542,1138,542,1138,571,1035,571],"score":0.25,"latex":"11.32\\,\\mathrm{GHz}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[364,572,466,572,466,599,364,599],"score":0.25,"latex":"14.96\\,\\mathrm{GHz}"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,168.0,460.0,168.0,460.0,202.0,89.0,202.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 10: Gain of the proposed antenna."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,234.0,482.0,234.0,482.0,266.0,91.0,266.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 11: VSWR of the proposed antenna"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,297.0,588.0,297.0,588.0,331.0,89.0,331.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 12: Radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,348.0,1545.0,348.0,1545.0,383.0,89.0,383.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 13 has been shown the current distribution ofthe proposed antenna for (a) 11.32 GHz and (b) 14.96 GHz It can be seen that a large amount of current flows at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,378.0,1560.0,378.0,1560.0,409.0,91.0,409.0],"score":0.98,"text":"feeding line. Electric field has been created much in this point. Current distribution is more stable in lower band than in upper band. The creation ofelectric field near slots"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,407.0,1156.0,407.0,1156.0,439.0,89.0,439.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is reasonable. As a result, excitation is strong in the entire parts of the antenna on both the lower band and the upper band."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,492.0,699.0,490.0,699.0,524.0,86.0,526.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 13: Current distribution at (a) 11.32 GHz and (b) 14.96 GHz."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,604.0,1518.0,604.0,1518.0,638.0,89.0,638.0],"score":0.98,"text":"polarization in radiation pattern is lowermicrostrp antenna. The cross-polarization effect is higher in the H-plane for both resonances. When frequency increases, the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,633.0,1515.0,633.0,1515.0,668.0,89.0,668.0],"score":0.96,"text":"effect increases interpreting from the radiation pattern simply. Moreover, almost omnidirectional and symmetrical radiation patterns have been attained along both E"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,665.0,258.0,665.0,258.0,692.0,91.0,692.0],"score":1.0,"text":"plane and H-plane."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,748.0,1518.0,748.0,1518.0,782.0,89.0,782.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 14: Radiation patterns of the proposed antenna, (a) 11.32 GHz at E-plane, (b) 11.32 at H-plane, (c) 14.96 GHz at E-plane, and (d) 14.96 GHz at H-plane."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,797.0,1542.0,799.0,1542.0,833.0,86.0,831.0],"score":0.97,"text":"It has been observed that the same radiation pattern exists over the X- and Ku-bands. The obtained radiation patterns denote that the proposed antenna delivers linear"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,831.0,1537.0,831.0,1537.0,863.0,89.0,863.0],"score":0.98,"text":"polarization where the level of cross-polarization is lower than that of copolarization in allof the simulated radiation patterns. When the radiation pattern ofa microstrip"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,858.0,1537.0,855.0,1537.0,889.0,89.0,892.0],"score":0.97,"text":"antenna is symmetric and ommidirectional, it faces some reasonable benefits. One is that resonance would never be shifed at diferent directions and a large amount of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,887.0,1444.0,884.0,1444.0,919.0,89.0,921.0],"score":0.98,"text":"stable power would be at the direction of broadside beam Another advantage is that the radiation patterm would be more durable on the operational bands."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,938.0,1532.0,938.0,1532.0,972.0,91.0,972.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The phase variation ofthe proposed antenna is plotted in Figure 15. It is realized from the graph that the proposed antenna has the phase variation that is Inear across"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,970.0,1560.0,970.0,1560.0,1004.0,91.0,1004.0],"score":0.97,"text":"both the upper and the lower operating frequency bands. This phase variation indicates that all the frequency components of the signal have the same pulse distortion due"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,994.0,1122.0,994.0,1122.0,1035.0,86.0,1035.0],"score":0.96,"text":"to the same propagation delay. Comparisons between existing and proposed antenas have been tabulated in Table 2."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1087.0,657.0,1087.0,657.0,1118.0,91.0,1118.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Table 2: Comparisons between existing and proposed antennas."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1150.0,521.0,1150.0,521.0,1182.0,89.0,1182.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 15: Phase value of the proposed antenna."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1201.0,1510.0,1201.0,1510.0,1233.0,89.0,1233.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The Smith chart ofthe proposed antenna is shown in Figure 16. Two resonances ml and m2 are identified clearly from this chart which has validated the evidences."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1289.0,517.0,1289.0,517.0,1323.0,89.0,1323.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Figure 16: Smith chart of the proposed antenna."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1350.0,224.0,1350.0,224.0,1377.0,91.0,1377.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4. Conclusion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1494.0,1503.0,1494.0,1503.0,1528.0,89.0,1528.0],"score":0.96,"text":"for the proposed antenna for dual frequency operation has also been improved than conventional It is realized that a good combination has been focused between"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1523.0,1508.0,1523.0,1508.0,1554.0,89.0,1554.0],"score":0.99,"text":"measurements and simulations that validate our proposed double F-shaped design concept. The patch resonator, compact size, stable radiation patterns, low cross"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1550.0,1545.0,1550.0,1545.0,1581.0,89.0,1581.0],"score":0.98,"text":"polarization, efficiency with improved bandwidth, and higher gain have made the proposed double F-shaped antenna compatible for X-band and Ku-band applications."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1615.0,285.0,1615.0,285.0,1640.0,91.0,1640.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Conflict of Interests"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1671.0,903.0,1671.0,903.0,1703.0,89.0,1703.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1732.0,204.0,1732.0,204.0,1759.0,91.0,1759.0],"score":1.0,"text":"References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,1788.0,1537.0,1788.0,1537.0,1822.0,113.0,1822.0],"score":0.97,"text":"1. Y.-C. Lu and Y.-C. 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Chang, \u201cDual broadband design of rectangular slot antenna for 2.4 and 5 GHz wireless communication,\""},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,2220.0,1230.0,2225.0,1230.0,2259.0,145.0,2254.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Electronics Letters, vol. 40, no. 23, pp. 1461-1463, 2004. View at Publisher \u00b7 View at Go0gle Scholar \u00b7 View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[710.0,575.0,1488.0,575.0,1488.0,607.0,710.0,607.0],"score":0.99,"text":"fields indicate the cross-polar and copolar components, respectively. The effect of cross-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[165.0,1464.0,202.0,1464.0,202.0,1496.0,165.0,1496.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[281.0,1464.0,1542.0,1464.0,1542.0,1496.0,281.0,1496.0],"score":0.98,"text":" Since the antenna layout is simple and straightforward, fabrication and measurement are comparatively easier. The generalized design procedure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1399.0,100.0,1401.0,100.0,1442.0,86.0,1440.0],"score":0.92,"text":"A"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[260.0,1399.0,1496.0,1401.0,1496.0,1442.0,260.0,1440.0],"score":0.92,"text":"double invrted F-shae patch antea has beendiscussed in this paper for dual band-operation. The measured impedance bandwidths (2 : 1"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1004.0,2049.0,1146.0,2049.0,1146.0,2083.0,1004.0,2083.0],"score":0.96,"text":"View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1433.0,462.0,1433.0,462.0,1467.0,91.0,1467.0],"score":1.0,"text":"VSWR) 2.12 GHz on the upper band and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[554.0,1433.0,1560.0,1433.0,1560.0,1467.0,554.0,1467.0],"score":0.98,"text":"on the lower band with average gains of 7.82 dBi and 5.66 dBi have been achieved belonging to radiation eficiency"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[143.0,1991.0,604.0,1991.0,604.0,2025.0,143.0,2025.0],"score":0.99,"text":" 56, no. 5, pp. 1498-1501, 2008. 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The Ep and"}],"page_info":{"page_no":3,"height":2339,"width":1653}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":1,"poly":[104.66098022460938,73.2553939819336,1560.8763427734375,73.2553939819336,1560.8763427734375,724.37109375,104.66098022460938,724.37109375],"score":0.9987766146659851},{"category_id":13,"poly":[845,115,859,115,859,131,845,131],"score":0.4,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1134,694,1149,694,1149,710,1134,710],"score":0.38,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[905,695,919,695,919,710,905,710],"score":0.37,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1001,346,1014,346,1014,362,1001,362],"score":0.3,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[479,173,493,173,493,188,479,188],"score":0.3,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[421,289,435,289,435,304,421,304],"score":0.25,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,76.0,1542.0,78.0,1542.0,112.0,111.0,110.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 9. C.-M. Su, H-T. Chen, and K.-L. 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