fix many cpp lint errors (#2426)

* fix many cpp lint errors

* indent

* fix bug

* fix more

* fix gpu

* more fixes

include/LightGBM/R_object_helper.h

@@ -123,26 +123,26 @@ typedef struct VECTOR_SER {
 
 typedef union { VECTOR_SER s; double align; } SEXPREC_ALIGN;
 
-#define DATAPTR(x)  (((SEXPREC_ALIGN *) (x)) + 1)
+#define DATAPTR(x)  ((reinterpret_cast<SEXPREC_ALIGN*>(x)) + 1)
 
-#define R_CHAR_PTR(x)     ((char *) DATAPTR(x))
+#define R_CHAR_PTR(x)     (reinterpret_cast<char*>DATAPTR(x))
 
-#define R_INT_PTR(x)  ((int *) DATAPTR(x))
+#define R_INT_PTR(x)  (reinterpret_cast<int*> DATAPTR(x))
 
-#define R_INT64_PTR(x)  ((int64_t *) DATAPTR(x))
+#define R_INT64_PTR(x)  (reinterpret_cast<int64_t*> DATAPTR(x))
 
-#define R_REAL_PTR(x)     ((double *) DATAPTR(x))
+#define R_REAL_PTR(x)     (reinterpret_cast<double*> DATAPTR(x))
 
-#define R_AS_INT(x) (*((int *) DATAPTR(x)))
+#define R_AS_INT(x) (*(reinterpret_cast<int*> DATAPTR(x)))
 
-#define R_AS_INT64(x) (*((int64_t *) DATAPTR(x)))
+#define R_AS_INT64(x) (*(reinterpret_cast<int64_t*> DATAPTR(x)))
 
-#define R_IS_NULL(x) ((*(LGBM_SE)(x)).sxpinfo.type == 0)
+#define R_IS_NULL(x) ((*reinterpret_cast<LGBM_SE>(x)).sxpinfo.type == 0)
 
 // 64bit pointer
 #if INTPTR_MAX == INT64_MAX
 
-#define R_ADDR(x)  ((int64_t *) DATAPTR(x))
+#define R_ADDR(x)  (reinterpret_cast<int64_t*> DATAPTR(x))
 
 inline void R_SET_PTR(LGBM_SE x, void* ptr) {
   if (ptr == nullptr) {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ inline void* R_GET_PTR(LGBM_SE x) {
   if (R_IS_NULL(x)) {
     return nullptr;
   } else {
-    auto ret = (void *)(R_ADDR(x)[0]);
+    auto ret = reinterpret_cast<void*>(R_ADDR(x)[0]);
     if (ret == NULL) {
       ret = nullptr;
     }
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ inline void* R_GET_PTR(LGBM_SE x) {
 
 #else
 
-#define R_ADDR(x)  ((int32_t *) DATAPTR(x))
+#define R_ADDR(x)  (reinterpret_cast<int32_t*> DATAPTR(x))
 
 inline void R_SET_PTR(LGBM_SE x, void* ptr) {
   if (ptr == nullptr) {
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ inline void* R_GET_PTR(LGBM_SE x) {
   if (R_IS_NULL(x)) {
     return nullptr;
   } else {
-    auto ret = (void *)(R_ADDR(x)[0]);
+    auto ret = reinterpret_cast<void*>(R_ADDR(x)[0]);
     if (ret == NULL) {
       ret = nullptr;
     }

include/LightGBM/config.h

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ struct Config {
     const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>& params,
     const std::string& name, bool* out);
 
-  static void KV2Map(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>& params, const char* kv);
+  static void KV2Map(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>* params, const char* kv);
   static std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> Str2Map(const char* parameters);
 
   #pragma region Parameters

include/LightGBM/dataset.h

@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class Dataset {
   LIGHTGBM_EXPORT Dataset(data_size_t num_data);
 
   void Construct(
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BinMapper>>& bin_mappers,
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BinMapper>>* bin_mappers,
     int** sample_non_zero_indices,
     const int* num_per_col,
     size_t total_sample_cnt,
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ class Dataset {
   void ConstructHistograms(const std::vector<int8_t>& is_feature_used,
                            const data_size_t* data_indices, data_size_t num_data,
                            int leaf_idx,
-                           std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OrderedBin>>& ordered_bins,
+                           std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OrderedBin>>* ordered_bins,
                            const score_t* gradients, const score_t* hessians,
                            score_t* ordered_gradients, score_t* ordered_hessians,
                            bool is_constant_hessian,

include/LightGBM/dataset_loader.h

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class DatasetLoader {
   void ConstructBinMappersFromTextData(int rank, int num_machines, const std::vector<std::string>& sample_data, const Parser* parser, Dataset* dataset);
 
   /*! \brief Extract local features from memory */
-  void ExtractFeaturesFromMemory(std::vector<std::string>& text_data, const Parser* parser, Dataset* dataset);
+  void ExtractFeaturesFromMemory(std::vector<std::string>* text_data, const Parser* parser, Dataset* dataset);
 
   /*! \brief Extract local features from file */
   void ExtractFeaturesFromFile(const char* filename, const Parser* parser, const std::vector<data_size_t>& used_data_indices, Dataset* dataset);

include/LightGBM/feature_group.h

@@ -31,15 +31,15 @@ class FeatureGroup {
   * \param sparse_threshold Threshold for treating a feature as a sparse feature
   */
   FeatureGroup(int num_feature,
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BinMapper>>& bin_mappers,
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BinMapper>>* bin_mappers,
     data_size_t num_data, double sparse_threshold, bool is_enable_sparse) : num_feature_(num_feature) {
-    CHECK(static_cast<int>(bin_mappers.size()) == num_feature);
+    CHECK(static_cast<int>(bin_mappers->size()) == num_feature);
     // use bin at zero to store default_bin
     num_total_bin_ = 1;
     bin_offsets_.emplace_back(num_total_bin_);
     int cnt_non_zero = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < num_feature_; ++i) {
-      bin_mappers_.emplace_back(bin_mappers[i].release());
+      bin_mappers_.emplace_back(bin_mappers->at(i).release());
       auto num_bin = bin_mappers_[i]->num_bin();
       if (bin_mappers_[i]->GetDefaultBin() == 0) {
         num_bin -= 1;
@@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ class FeatureGroup {
   }
 
   FeatureGroup(int num_feature,
-               std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BinMapper>>& bin_mappers,
+               std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BinMapper>>* bin_mappers,
                data_size_t num_data, bool is_sparse) : num_feature_(num_feature) {
-    CHECK(static_cast<int>(bin_mappers.size()) == num_feature);
+    CHECK(static_cast<int>(bin_mappers->size()) == num_feature);
     // use bin at zero to store default_bin
     num_total_bin_ = 1;
     bin_offsets_.emplace_back(num_total_bin_);
     for (int i = 0; i < num_feature_; ++i) {
-      bin_mappers_.emplace_back(bin_mappers[i].release());
+      bin_mappers_.emplace_back(bin_mappers->at(i).release());
       auto num_bin = bin_mappers_[i]->num_bin();
       if (bin_mappers_[i]->GetDefaultBin() == 0) {
         num_bin -= 1;

include/LightGBM/network.h

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class Network {
                             const ReduceFunction& reducer);
 
   template<class T>
-  static T GlobalSyncUpByMin(T& local) {
+  static T GlobalSyncUpByMin(T local) {
     T global = local;
     Allreduce(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&local),
               sizeof(local), sizeof(local),
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class Network {
     return global;
   }
   template<class T>
-  static T GlobalSyncUpByMax(T& local) {
+  static T GlobalSyncUpByMax(T local) {
     T global = local;
     Allreduce(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&local),
               sizeof(local), sizeof(local),
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class Network {
   }
 
   template<class T>
-  static T GlobalSyncUpBySum(T& local) {
+  static T GlobalSyncUpBySum(T local) {
     T global = (T)0;
     Allreduce(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&local),
       sizeof(local), sizeof(local),
@@ -235,15 +235,15 @@ class Network {
   }
 
   template<class T>
-  static T GlobalSyncUpByMean(T& local) {
+  static T GlobalSyncUpByMean(T local) {
     return static_cast<T>(GlobalSyncUpBySum(local) / num_machines_);
   }
 
   template<class T>
-  static void GlobalSum(std::vector<T>& local) {
-    std::vector<T> global(local.size(), 0);
-    Allreduce(reinterpret_cast<char*>(local.data()),
-              static_cast<comm_size_t>(sizeof(T) * local.size()), sizeof(T),
+  static std::vector<T> GlobalSum(std::vector<T>* local) {
+    std::vector<T> global(local->size(), 0);
+    Allreduce(reinterpret_cast<char*>(local->data()),
+              static_cast<comm_size_t>(sizeof(T) * local->size()), sizeof(T),
               reinterpret_cast<char*>(global.data()),
               [](const char* src, char* dst, int type_size, comm_size_t len) {
       comm_size_t used_size = 0;
@@ -258,9 +258,7 @@ class Network {
         used_size += type_size;
       }
     });
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < local.size(); ++i) {
-      local[i] = global[i];
-    }
+    return global;
   }
 
  private:

include/LightGBM/tree_learner.h

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class TreeLearner {
   * \return A trained tree
   */
   virtual Tree* Train(const score_t* gradients, const score_t* hessians, bool is_constant_hessian,
-                      Json& forced_split_json) = 0;
+                      const Json& forced_split_json) = 0;
 
   /*!
   * \brief use a existing tree to fit the new gradients and hessians.

include/LightGBM/utils/array_args.h

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class ArrayArgs {
     std::vector<VAL_T>& ref = *arr;
     VAL_T v = ref[end - 1];
     for (;;) {
-      while (ref[++i] > v);
+      while (ref[++i] > v) {}
       while (v > ref[--j]) { if (j == start) { break; } }
       if (i >= j) { break; }
       std::swap(ref[i], ref[j]);

include/LightGBM/utils/common.h

@@ -162,31 +162,6 @@ inline static const char* Atoi(const char* p, T* out) {
   return p;
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-inline void SplitToIntLike(const char *c_str, char delimiter,
-                           std::vector<T> &ret) {
-  CHECK(ret.empty());
-  std::string str(c_str);
-  size_t i = 0;
-  size_t pos = 0;
-  while (pos < str.length()) {
-    if (str[pos] == delimiter) {
-      if (i < pos) {
-        ret.push_back({});
-        Atoi(str.substr(i, pos - i).c_str(), &ret.back());
-      }
-      ++pos;
-      i = pos;
-    } else {
-      ++pos;
-    }
-  }
-  if (i < pos) {
-    ret.push_back({});
-    Atoi(str.substr(i).c_str(), &ret.back());
-  }
-}
-
 template<typename T>
 inline static double Pow(T base, int power) {
   if (power < 0) {
@@ -664,10 +639,10 @@ std::vector<const T*> ConstPtrInVectorWrapper(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<
 }
 
 template<typename T1, typename T2>
-inline static void SortForPair(std::vector<T1>& keys, std::vector<T2>& values, size_t start, bool is_reverse = false) {
+inline static void SortForPair(std::vector<T1>* keys, std::vector<T2>* values, size_t start, bool is_reverse = false) {
   std::vector<std::pair<T1, T2>> arr;
-  for (size_t i = start; i < keys.size(); ++i) {
-    arr.emplace_back(keys[i], values[i]);
+  for (size_t i = start; i < keys->size(); ++i) {
+    arr.emplace_back(keys->at(i), values->at(i));
   }
   if (!is_reverse) {
     std::stable_sort(arr.begin(), arr.end(), [](const std::pair<T1, T2>& a, const std::pair<T1, T2>& b) {
@@ -679,16 +654,16 @@ inline static void SortForPair(std::vector<T1>& keys, std::vector<T2>& values, s
     });
   }
   for (size_t i = start; i < arr.size(); ++i) {
-    keys[i] = arr[i].first;
-    values[i] = arr[i].second;
+    keys->at(i) = arr[i].first;
+    values->at(i) = arr[i].second;
   }
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-inline static std::vector<T*> Vector2Ptr(std::vector<std::vector<T>>& data) {
-  std::vector<T*> ptr(data.size());
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < data.size(); ++i) {
-    ptr[i] = data[i].data();
+inline static std::vector<T*> Vector2Ptr(std::vector<std::vector<T>>* data) {
+  std::vector<T*> ptr(data->size());
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < data->size(); ++i) {
+    ptr[i] = data->at(i).data();
   }
   return ptr;
 }
@@ -715,7 +690,7 @@ inline static double AvoidInf(double x) {
 }
 
 inline static float AvoidInf(float x) {
-  if (std::isnan(x)){
+  if (std::isnan(x)) {
     return 0.0f;
   } else if (x >= 1e38) {
     return 1e38f;
@@ -865,13 +840,13 @@ inline static std::vector<uint32_t> EmptyBitset(int n) {
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-inline static void InsertBitset(std::vector<uint32_t>& vec, const T val) {
+inline static void InsertBitset(std::vector<uint32_t>* vec, const T val) {
     int i1 = val / 32;
     int i2 = val % 32;
-    if (static_cast<int>(vec.size()) < i1 + 1) {
-      vec.resize(i1 + 1, 0);
+    if (static_cast<int>(vec->size()) < i1 + 1) {
+      vec->resize(i1 + 1, 0);
     }
-    vec[i1] |= (1 << i2);
+    vec->at(i1) |= (1 << i2);
 }
 
 template<typename T>

include/LightGBM/utils/random.h

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Random {
   /*!
   * \brief Constructor, with specific seed
   */
-  Random(int seed) {
+  explicit Random(int seed) {
     x = seed;
   }
   /*!

include/LightGBM/utils/text_reader.h

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class TextReader {
     return ret;
   }
 
-  INDEX_T SampleFromFile(Random& random, INDEX_T sample_cnt, std::vector<std::string>* out_sampled_data) {
+  INDEX_T SampleFromFile(Random* random, INDEX_T sample_cnt, std::vector<std::string>* out_sampled_data) {
     INDEX_T cur_sample_cnt = 0;
     return ReadAllAndProcess(
       [&]
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class TextReader {
         out_sampled_data->emplace_back(buffer, size);
         ++cur_sample_cnt;
       } else {
-        const size_t idx = static_cast<size_t>(random.NextInt(0, static_cast<int>(line_idx + 1)));
+        const size_t idx = static_cast<size_t>(random->NextInt(0, static_cast<int>(line_idx + 1)));
         if (idx < static_cast<size_t>(sample_cnt)) {
           out_sampled_data->operator[](idx) = std::string(buffer, size);
         }
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class TextReader {
   }
 
   INDEX_T SampleAndFilterFromFile(const std::function<bool(INDEX_T)>& filter_fun, std::vector<INDEX_T>* out_used_data_indices,
-    Random& random, INDEX_T sample_cnt, std::vector<std::string>* out_sampled_data) {
+    Random* random, INDEX_T sample_cnt, std::vector<std::string>* out_sampled_data) {
     INDEX_T cur_sample_cnt = 0;
     out_used_data_indices->clear();
     INDEX_T total_cnt = ReadAllAndProcess(
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ class TextReader {
           out_sampled_data->emplace_back(buffer, size);
           ++cur_sample_cnt;
         } else {
-          const size_t idx = static_cast<size_t>(random.NextInt(0, static_cast<int>(out_used_data_indices->size())));
+          const size_t idx = static_cast<size_t>(random->NextInt(0, static_cast<int>(out_used_data_indices->size())));
           if (idx < static_cast<size_t>(sample_cnt)) {
             out_sampled_data->operator[](idx) = std::string(buffer, size);
           }

src/application/application.cpp

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Application::~Application() {
 void Application::LoadParameters(int argc, char** argv) {
   std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> params;
   for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
-    Config::KV2Map(params, argv[i]);
+    Config::KV2Map(&params, argv[i]);
   }
   // check for alias
   ParameterAlias::KeyAliasTransform(&params);
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ void Application::LoadParameters(int argc, char** argv) {
         if (line.size() == 0) {
           continue;
         }
-        Config::KV2Map(params, line.c_str());
+        Config::KV2Map(&params, line.c_str());
       }
     } else {
       Log::Warning("Config file %s doesn't exist, will ignore",
@@ -85,7 +85,6 @@ void Application::LoadData() {
   std::unique_ptr<Predictor> predictor;
   // prediction is needed if using input initial model(continued train)
   PredictFunction predict_fun = nullptr;
-  
   // need to continue training
   if (boosting_->NumberOfTotalModel() > 0 && config_.task != TaskType::KRefitTree) {
     predictor.reset(new Predictor(boosting_.get(), -1, true, false, false, false, -1, -1));

src/boosting/gbdt.cpp

@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ void GBDT::Boosting() {
     GetGradients(GetTrainingScore(&num_score), gradients_.data(), hessians_.data());
 }
 
-data_size_t GBDT::BaggingHelper(Random& cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer) {
+data_size_t GBDT::BaggingHelper(Random* cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer) {
   if (cnt <= 0) {
     return 0;
   }
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ data_size_t GBDT::BaggingHelper(Random& cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t
   // random bagging, minimal unit is one record
   for (data_size_t i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) {
     float prob = (bag_data_cnt - cur_left_cnt) / static_cast<float>(cnt - i);
-    if (cur_rand.NextFloat() < prob) {
+    if (cur_rand->NextFloat() < prob) {
       buffer[cur_left_cnt++] = start + i;
     } else {
       right_buffer[cur_right_cnt++] = start + i;
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ data_size_t GBDT::BaggingHelper(Random& cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t
   return cur_left_cnt;
 }
 
-data_size_t GBDT::BalancedBaggingHelper(Random& cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer) {
+data_size_t GBDT::BalancedBaggingHelper(Random* cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer) {
   if (cnt <= 0) {
     return 0;
   }
@@ -192,9 +192,9 @@ data_size_t GBDT::BalancedBaggingHelper(Random& cur_rand, data_size_t start, dat
     bool is_pos = label_ptr[start + i] > 0;
     bool is_in_bag = false;
     if (is_pos) {
-      is_in_bag = cur_rand.NextFloat() < config_->pos_bagging_fraction;
+      is_in_bag = cur_rand->NextFloat() < config_->pos_bagging_fraction;
     } else {
-      is_in_bag = cur_rand.NextFloat() < config_->neg_bagging_fraction;
+      is_in_bag = cur_rand->NextFloat() < config_->neg_bagging_fraction;
     }
     if (is_in_bag) {
       buffer[cur_left_cnt++] = start + i;
@@ -228,9 +228,9 @@ void GBDT::Bagging(int iter) {
       Random cur_rand(config_->bagging_seed + iter * num_threads_ + i);
       data_size_t cur_left_count = 0;
       if (balanced_bagging_) {
-        cur_left_count = BalancedBaggingHelper(cur_rand, cur_start, cur_cnt, tmp_indices_.data() + cur_start);
+        cur_left_count = BalancedBaggingHelper(&cur_rand, cur_start, cur_cnt, tmp_indices_.data() + cur_start);
       } else {
-        cur_left_count = BaggingHelper(cur_rand, cur_start, cur_cnt, tmp_indices_.data() + cur_start);
+        cur_left_count = BaggingHelper(&cur_rand, cur_start, cur_cnt, tmp_indices_.data() + cur_start);
       }
       offsets_buf_[i] = cur_start;
       left_cnts_buf_[i] = cur_left_count;

src/boosting/gbdt.h

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class GBDT : public GBDTBase {
   * \param hessians nullptr for using default objective, otherwise use self-defined boosting
   * \return True if cannot train any more
   */
-  virtual bool TrainOneIter(const score_t* gradients, const score_t* hessians) override;
+  bool TrainOneIter(const score_t* gradients, const score_t* hessians) override;
 
   /*!
   * \brief Rollback one iteration
@@ -177,14 +177,14 @@ class GBDT : public GBDTBase {
   * \param out_len length of returned score
   * \return training score
   */
-  virtual const double* GetTrainingScore(int64_t* out_len) override;
+  const double* GetTrainingScore(int64_t* out_len) override;
 
   /*!
   * \brief Get size of prediction at data_idx data
   * \param data_idx 0: training data, 1: 1st validation data
   * \return The size of prediction
   */
-  virtual int64_t GetNumPredictAt(int data_idx) const override {
+  int64_t GetNumPredictAt(int data_idx) const override {
     CHECK(data_idx >= 0 && data_idx <= static_cast<int>(valid_score_updater_.size()));
     data_size_t num_data = train_data_->num_data();
     if (data_idx > 0) {
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ class GBDT : public GBDTBase {
   * \param filename Filename that want to save to
   * \return is_finish Is training finished or not
   */
-  virtual bool SaveModelToFile(int start_iteration, int num_iterations, const char* filename) const override;
+  bool SaveModelToFile(int start_iteration, int num_iterations, const char* filename) const override;
 
   /*!
   * \brief Save model to string
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class GBDT : public GBDTBase {
   * \param num_iterations Number of model that want to save, -1 means save all
   * \return Non-empty string if succeeded
   */
-  virtual std::string SaveModelToString(int start_iteration, int num_iterations) const override;
+  std::string SaveModelToString(int start_iteration, int num_iterations) const override;
 
   /*!
   * \brief Restore from a serialized buffer
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ class GBDT : public GBDTBase {
   /*!
   * \brief Get Type name of this boosting object
   */
-  virtual const char* SubModelName() const override { return "tree"; }
+  const char* SubModelName() const override { return "tree"; }
 
  protected:
   /*!
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ class GBDT : public GBDTBase {
   * \param buffer output buffer
   * \return count of left size
   */
-  data_size_t BaggingHelper(Random& cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer);
+  data_size_t BaggingHelper(Random* cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer);
 
 
   /*!
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ class GBDT : public GBDTBase {
   * \param buffer output buffer
   * \return count of left size
   */
-  data_size_t BalancedBaggingHelper(Random& cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer);
+  data_size_t BalancedBaggingHelper(Random* cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer);
 
   /*!
   * \brief calculate the object function

src/boosting/gbdt_model_text.cpp

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 namespace LightGBM {
 
-const std::string kModelVersion = "v3";
+const char* kModelVersion = "v3";
 
 std::string GBDT::DumpModel(int start_iteration, int num_iteration) const {
   std::stringstream str_buf;
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ bool GBDT::LoadModelFromString(const char* buffer, size_t len) {
 
   // get monotone_constraints
   if (key_vals.count("monotone_constraints")) {
-    Common::SplitToIntLike(key_vals["monotone_constraints"].c_str(), ' ', monotone_constraints_);
+    monotone_constraints_ = Common::StringToArray<int8_t>(key_vals["monotone_constraints"].c_str(), ' ');
     if (monotone_constraints_.size() != static_cast<size_t>(max_feature_idx_ + 1)) {
       Log::Fatal("Wrong size of monotone_constraints");
       return false;

src/boosting/goss.hpp

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class GOSS: public GBDT {
     bag_data_cnt_ = num_data_;
   }
 
-  data_size_t BaggingHelper(Random& cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer, data_size_t* buffer_right) {
+  data_size_t BaggingHelper(Random* cur_rand, data_size_t start, data_size_t cnt, data_size_t* buffer, data_size_t* buffer_right) {
     if (cnt <= 0) {
       return 0;
     }
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class GOSS: public GBDT {
         data_size_t rest_need = other_k - sampled;
         data_size_t rest_all = (cnt - i) - (top_k - big_weight_cnt);
         double prob = (rest_need) / static_cast<double>(rest_all);
-        if (cur_rand.NextFloat() < prob) {
+        if (cur_rand->NextFloat() < prob) {
           buffer[cur_left_cnt++] = start + i;
           for (int cur_tree_id = 0; cur_tree_id < num_tree_per_iteration_; ++cur_tree_id) {
             size_t idx = static_cast<size_t>(cur_tree_id) * num_data_ + start + i;
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class GOSS: public GBDT {
       data_size_t cur_cnt = inner_size;
       if (cur_start + cur_cnt > num_data_) { cur_cnt = num_data_ - cur_start; }
       Random cur_rand(config_->bagging_seed + iter * num_threads_ + i);
-      data_size_t cur_left_count = BaggingHelper(cur_rand, cur_start, cur_cnt,
+      data_size_t cur_left_count = BaggingHelper(&cur_rand, cur_start, cur_cnt,
                                                  tmp_indices_.data() + cur_start, tmp_indice_right_.data() + cur_start);
       offsets_buf_[i] = cur_start;
       left_cnts_buf_[i] = cur_left_count;

src/boosting/prediction_early_stop.cpp

@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace {
-
-using namespace LightGBM;
+namespace LightGBM {
 
 PredictionEarlyStopInstance CreateNone(const PredictionEarlyStopConfig&) {
   return PredictionEarlyStopInstance{
@@ -74,10 +72,6 @@ PredictionEarlyStopInstance CreateBinary(const PredictionEarlyStopConfig& config
   };
 }
 
-}  // namespace
-
-namespace LightGBM {
-
 PredictionEarlyStopInstance CreatePredictionEarlyStopInstance(const std::string& type,
                                                               const PredictionEarlyStopConfig& config) {
   if (type == "none") {

src/c_api.cpp

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class SingleRowPredictor {
   PredictFunction predict_function;
   int64_t num_pred_in_one_row;
 
-  SingleRowPredictor(int predict_type, Boosting& boosting, const Config& config, int iter) {
+  SingleRowPredictor(int predict_type, Boosting* boosting, const Config& config, int iter) {
     bool is_predict_leaf = false;
     bool is_raw_score = false;
     bool predict_contrib = false;
@@ -71,19 +71,19 @@ class SingleRowPredictor {
     early_stop_freq_ = config.pred_early_stop_freq;
     early_stop_margin_ = config.pred_early_stop_margin;
     iter_ = iter;
-    predictor_.reset(new Predictor(&boosting, iter_, is_raw_score, is_predict_leaf, predict_contrib,
+    predictor_.reset(new Predictor(boosting, iter_, is_raw_score, is_predict_leaf, predict_contrib,
                                    early_stop_, early_stop_freq_, early_stop_margin_));
-    num_pred_in_one_row = boosting.NumPredictOneRow(iter_, is_predict_leaf, predict_contrib);
+    num_pred_in_one_row = boosting->NumPredictOneRow(iter_, is_predict_leaf, predict_contrib);
     predict_function = predictor_->GetPredictFunction();
-    num_total_model_ = boosting.NumberOfTotalModel();
+    num_total_model_ = boosting->NumberOfTotalModel();
   }
   ~SingleRowPredictor() {}
-  bool IsPredictorEqual(const Config& config, int iter, Boosting& boosting) {
+  bool IsPredictorEqual(const Config& config, int iter, Boosting* boosting) {
     return early_stop_ != config.pred_early_stop ||
       early_stop_freq_ != config.pred_early_stop_freq ||
       early_stop_margin_ != config.pred_early_stop_margin ||
       iter_ != iter ||
-      num_total_model_ != boosting.NumberOfTotalModel();
+      num_total_model_ != boosting->NumberOfTotalModel();
   }
 
  private:
@@ -255,8 +255,8 @@ class Booster {
                double* out_result, int64_t* out_len) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
     if (single_row_predictor_[predict_type].get() == nullptr ||
-        !single_row_predictor_[predict_type]->IsPredictorEqual(config, num_iteration, *boosting_.get())) {
-      single_row_predictor_[predict_type].reset(new SingleRowPredictor(predict_type, *boosting_.get(),
+        !single_row_predictor_[predict_type]->IsPredictorEqual(config, num_iteration, boosting_.get())) {
+      single_row_predictor_[predict_type].reset(new SingleRowPredictor(predict_type, boosting_.get(),
                                                                        config, num_iteration));
     }
 
@@ -645,8 +645,8 @@ int LGBM_DatasetCreateFromMats(int32_t nmat,
       }
     }
     DatasetLoader loader(config, nullptr, 1, nullptr);
-    ret.reset(loader.CostructFromSampleData(Common::Vector2Ptr<double>(sample_values).data(),
-                                            Common::Vector2Ptr<int>(sample_idx).data(),
+    ret.reset(loader.CostructFromSampleData(Common::Vector2Ptr<double>(&sample_values).data(),
+                                            Common::Vector2Ptr<int>(&sample_idx).data(),
                                             static_cast<int>(sample_values.size()),
                                             Common::VectorSize<double>(sample_values).data(),
                                             sample_cnt, total_nrow));
@@ -716,8 +716,8 @@ int LGBM_DatasetCreateFromCSR(const void* indptr,
       }
     }
     DatasetLoader loader(config, nullptr, 1, nullptr);
-    ret.reset(loader.CostructFromSampleData(Common::Vector2Ptr<double>(sample_values).data(),
-                                            Common::Vector2Ptr<int>(sample_idx).data(),
+    ret.reset(loader.CostructFromSampleData(Common::Vector2Ptr<double>(&sample_values).data(),
+                                            Common::Vector2Ptr<int>(&sample_idx).data(),
                                             static_cast<int>(sample_values.size()),
                                             Common::VectorSize<double>(sample_values).data(),
                                             sample_cnt, nrow));
@@ -781,8 +781,8 @@ int LGBM_DatasetCreateFromCSRFunc(void* get_row_funptr,
       }
     }
     DatasetLoader loader(config, nullptr, 1, nullptr);
-    ret.reset(loader.CostructFromSampleData(Common::Vector2Ptr<double>(sample_values).data(),
-                                            Common::Vector2Ptr<int>(sample_idx).data(),
+    ret.reset(loader.CostructFromSampleData(Common::Vector2Ptr<double>(&sample_values).data(),
+                                            Common::Vector2Ptr<int>(&sample_idx).data(),
                                             static_cast<int>(sample_values.size()),
                                             Common::VectorSize<double>(sample_values).data(),
                                             sample_cnt, nrow));
@@ -854,8 +854,8 @@ int LGBM_DatasetCreateFromCSC(const void* col_ptr,
     }
     OMP_THROW_EX();
     DatasetLoader loader(config, nullptr, 1, nullptr);
-    ret.reset(loader.CostructFromSampleData(Common::Vector2Ptr<double>(sample_values).data(),
-                                            Common::Vector2Ptr<int>(sample_idx).data(),
+    ret.reset(loader.CostructFromSampleData(Common::Vector2Ptr<double>(&sample_values).data(),
+                                            Common::Vector2Ptr<int>(&sample_idx).data(),
                                             static_cast<int>(sample_values.size()),
                                             Common::VectorSize<double>(sample_values).data(),
                                             sample_cnt, nrow));

src/io/bin.cpp

@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ namespace LightGBM {
                        "Consider renumbering to consecutive integers started from zero");
         }
         // sort by counts
-        Common::SortForPair<int, int>(counts_int, distinct_values_int, 0, true);
+        Common::SortForPair<int, int>(&counts_int, &distinct_values_int, 0, true);
         // avoid first bin is zero
         if (distinct_values_int[0] == 0) {
           if (counts_int.size() == 1) {

src/io/config.cpp

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 namespace LightGBM {
 
-void Config::KV2Map(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>& params, const char* kv) {
+void Config::KV2Map(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>* params, const char* kv) {
   std::vector<std::string> tmp_strs = Common::Split(kv, '=');
   if (tmp_strs.size() == 2 || tmp_strs.size() == 1) {
     std::string key = Common::RemoveQuotationSymbol(Common::Trim(tmp_strs[0]));
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ void Config::KV2Map(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>& params, const
       Log::Fatal("Do not support non-ascii characters in config.");
     }
     if (key.size() > 0) {
-      auto value_search = params.find(key);
-      if (value_search == params.end()) {  // not set
-        params.emplace(key, value);
+      auto value_search = params->find(key);
+      if (value_search == params->end()) {  // not set
+        params->emplace(key, value);
       } else {
         Log::Warning("%s is set=%s, %s=%s will be ignored. Current value: %s=%s",
           key.c_str(), value_search->second.c_str(), key.c_str(), value.c_str(),
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> Config::Str2Map(const char* paramet
   std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> params;
   auto args = Common::Split(parameters, " \t\n\r");
   for (auto arg : args) {
-    KV2Map(params, Common::Trim(arg).c_str());
+    KV2Map(&params, Common::Trim(arg).c_str());
   }
   ParameterAlias::KeyAliasTransform(&params);
   return params;
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ void Config::Set(const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>& params) {
   // generate seeds by seed.
   if (GetInt(params, "seed", &seed)) {
     Random rand(seed);
-    int int_max = std::numeric_limits<short>::max();
+    int int_max = std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max();
     data_random_seed = static_cast<int>(rand.NextShort(0, int_max));
     bagging_seed = static_cast<int>(rand.NextShort(0, int_max));
     drop_seed = static_cast<int>(rand.NextShort(0, int_max));