[R-package] Use `type` argument to control prediction types (#5133)

* switch to single prediction type argument

* linter

* missing piece of code

* comments

* linter

* fix test

* revert incorrect 'fix'

* fix failing test

* fix test again

* modify recently introduced tests after changes here

* rename prediction types

* rebase

* restore tests for prediction type in params

* Update R-package/tests/testthat/test_Predictor.R
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>

R-package/R/lgb.Booster.R

@@ -742,6 +742,26 @@ Booster <- R6::R6Class(
 #' @param object Object of class \code{lgb.Booster}
 #' @param newdata a \code{matrix} object, a \code{dgCMatrix} object or
 #'                a character representing a path to a text file (CSV, TSV, or LibSVM)
+#' @param type Type of prediction to output. Allowed types are:\itemize{
+#'             \item \code{"response"}: will output the predicted score according to the objective function being
+#'                   optimized (depending on the link function that the objective uses), after applying any necessary
+#'                   transformations - for example, for \code{objective="binary"}, it will output class probabilities.
+#'             \item \code{"class"}: for classification objectives, will output the class with the highest predicted
+#'                   probability. For other objectives, will output the same as "response".
+#'             \item \code{"raw"}: will output the non-transformed numbers (sum of predictions from boosting iterations'
+#'                   results) from which the "response" number is produced for a given objective function - for example,
+#'                   for \code{objective="binary"}, this corresponds to log-odds. For many objectives such as
+#'                   "regression", since no transformation is applied, the output will be the same as for "response".
+#'             \item \code{"leaf"}: will output the index of the terminal node / leaf at which each observations falls
+#'                   in each tree in the model, outputted as integers, with one column per tree.
+#'             \item \code{"contrib"}: will return the per-feature contributions for each prediction, including an
+#'                   intercept (each feature will produce one column). If there are multiple classes, each class will
+#'                   have separate feature contributions (thus the number of columns is features+1 multiplied by the
+#'                   number of classes).
+#'             }
+#'
+#'             Note that, if using custom objectives, types "class" and "response" will not be available and will
+#'             default towards using "raw" instead.
 #' @param start_iteration int or None, optional (default=None)
 #'                        Start index of the iteration to predict.
 #'                        If None or <= 0, starts from the first iteration.
@@ -750,11 +770,6 @@ Booster <- R6::R6Class(
 #'                      If None, if the best iteration exists and start_iteration is None or <= 0, the
 #'                      best iteration is used; otherwise, all iterations from start_iteration are used.
 #'                      If <= 0, all iterations from start_iteration are used (no limits).
-#' @param rawscore whether the prediction should be returned in the for of original untransformed
-#'                 sum of predictions from boosting iterations' results. E.g., setting \code{rawscore=TRUE}
-#'                 for logistic regression would result in predictions for log-odds instead of probabilities.
-#' @param predleaf whether predict leaf index instead.
-#' @param predcontrib return per-feature contributions for each record.
 #' @param header only used for prediction for text file. True if text file has header
 #' @param params a list of additional named parameters. See
 #'               \href{https://lightgbm.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Parameters.html#predict-parameters}{
@@ -762,11 +777,13 @@ Booster <- R6::R6Class(
 #'               valid values. Where these conflict with the values of keyword arguments to this function,
 #'               the values in \code{params} take precedence.
 #' @param ... ignored
-#' @return For regression or binary classification, it returns a vector of length \code{nrows(data)}.
-#'         For multiclass classification, it returns a matrix of dimensions \code{(nrows(data), num_class)}.
+#' @return For prediction types that are meant to always return one output per observation (e.g. when predicting
+#'         \code{type="response"} on a binary classification or regression objective), will return a vector with one
+#'         element per row in \code{newdata}.
 #'
-#'         When passing \code{predleaf=TRUE} or \code{predcontrib=TRUE}, the output will always be
-#'         returned as a matrix.
+#'         For prediction types that are meant to return more than one output per observation (e.g. when predicting
+#'         \code{type="response"} on a multi-class objective, or when predicting \code{type="leaf"}, regardless of
+#'         objective), will return a matrix with one row per observation in \code{newdata} and one column per output.
 #'
 #' @examples
 #' \donttest{
@@ -804,11 +821,9 @@ Booster <- R6::R6Class(
 #' @export
 predict.lgb.Booster <- function(object,
                                 newdata,
+                                type = "response",
                                 start_iteration = NULL,
                                 num_iteration = NULL,
-                                rawscore = FALSE,
-                                predleaf = FALSE,
-                                predcontrib = FALSE,
                                 header = FALSE,
                                 params = list(),
                                 ...) {
@@ -819,9 +834,24 @@ predict.lgb.Booster <- function(object,
 
   additional_params <- list(...)
   if (length(additional_params) > 0L) {
-    if ("reshape" %in% names(additional_params)) {
+    additional_params_names <- names(additional_params)
+    if ("reshape" %in% additional_params_names) {
       stop("'reshape' argument is no longer supported.")
     }
+
+    old_args_for_type <- list(
+      "rawscore" = "raw"
+      , "predleaf" = "leaf"
+      , "predcontrib" = "contrib"
+    )
+    for (arg in names(old_args_for_type)) {
+      if (arg %in% additional_params_names) {
+        stop(sprintf("Argument '%s' is no longer supported. Use type='%s' instead."
+                     , arg
+                     , old_args_for_type[[arg]]))
+      }
+    }
+
     warning(paste0(
       "predict.lgb.Booster: Found the following passed through '...': "
       , toString(names(additional_params))
@@ -829,8 +859,23 @@ predict.lgb.Booster <- function(object,
     ))
   }
 
-  return(
-    object$predict(
+  if (!is.null(object$params$objective) && object$params$objective == "none" && type %in% c("class", "response")) {
+    warning("Prediction types 'class' and 'response' are not supported for custom objectives.")
+    type <- "raw"
+  }
+
+  rawscore <- FALSE
+  predleaf <- FALSE
+  predcontrib <- FALSE
+  if (type == "raw") {
+    rawscore <- TRUE
+  } else if (type == "leaf") {
+    predleaf <- TRUE
+  } else if (type == "contrib") {
+    predcontrib <- TRUE
+  }
+
+  pred <- object$predict(
     data = newdata
     , start_iteration = start_iteration
     , num_iteration = num_iteration
@@ -840,7 +885,14 @@ predict.lgb.Booster <- function(object,
     , header = header
     , params = params
   )
-  )
+  if (type == "class") {
+    if (object$params$objective == "binary") {
+      pred <- as.integer(pred >= 0.5)
+    } else if (object$params$objective %in% c("multiclass", "multiclassova")) {
+      pred <- max.col(pred) - 1L
+    }
+  }
+  return(pred)
 }
 
 #' @name print.lgb.Booster

R-package/demo/boost_from_prediction.R

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ param <- list(
 bst <- lgb.train(param, dtrain, 1L, valids = valids)
 
 # Note: we need the margin value instead of transformed prediction in set_init_score
-ptrain <- predict(bst, agaricus.train$data, rawscore = TRUE)
-ptest  <- predict(bst, agaricus.test$data, rawscore = TRUE)
+ptrain <- predict(bst, agaricus.train$data, type = "raw")
+ptest  <- predict(bst, agaricus.test$data, type = "raw")
 
 # set the init_score property of dtrain and dtest
 # base margin is the base prediction we will boost from

R-package/demo/leaf_stability.R

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ new_data <- data.frame(
     X = rowMeans(predict(
         model
         , agaricus.test$data
-        , predleaf = TRUE
+        , type = "leaf"
     ))
     , Y = pmin(
         pmax(
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ new_data2 <- data.frame(
     X = rowMeans(predict(
         model2
         , agaricus.test$data
-        , predleaf = TRUE
+        , type = "leaf"
     ))
     , Y = pmin(
         pmax(
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ new_data3 <- data.frame(
     X = rowMeans(predict(
         model3
         , agaricus.test$data
-        , predleaf = TRUE
+        , type = "leaf"
     ))
     , Y = pmin(
         pmax(

R-package/demo/multiclass.R

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ my_preds <- predict(model, test[, 1L:4L])
 my_preds <- predict(model, test[, 1L:4L])
 
 # We can also get the predicted scores before the Sigmoid/Softmax application
-my_preds <- predict(model, test[, 1L:4L], rawscore = TRUE)
+my_preds <- predict(model, test[, 1L:4L], type = "raw")
 
 # We can also get the leaf index
-my_preds <- predict(model, test[, 1L:4L], predleaf = TRUE)
+my_preds <- predict(model, test[, 1L:4L], type = "leaf")

R-package/demo/multiclass_custom_objective.R

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ model_builtin <- lgb.train(
     , obj = "multiclass"
 )
 
-preds_builtin <- predict(model_builtin, test[, 1L:4L], rawscore = TRUE)
+preds_builtin <- predict(model_builtin, test[, 1L:4L], type = "raw")
 probs_builtin <- exp(preds_builtin) / rowSums(exp(preds_builtin))
 
 # Method 2 of training with custom objective function
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ model_custom <- lgb.train(
     , eval = custom_multiclass_metric
 )
 
-preds_custom <- predict(model_custom, test[, 1L:4L], rawscore = TRUE)
+preds_custom <- predict(model_custom, test[, 1L:4L], type = "raw")
 probs_custom <- exp(preds_custom) / rowSums(exp(preds_custom))
 
 # compare predictions

R-package/man/predict.lgb.Booster.Rd

@@ -7,11 +7,9 @@
 \method{predict}{lgb.Booster}(
   object,
   newdata,
+  type = "response",
   start_iteration = NULL,
   num_iteration = NULL,
-  rawscore = FALSE,
-  predleaf = FALSE,
-  predcontrib = FALSE,
   header = FALSE,
   params = list(),
   ...
@@ -23,6 +21,27 @@
 \item{newdata}{a \code{matrix} object, a \code{dgCMatrix} object or
 a character representing a path to a text file (CSV, TSV, or LibSVM)}
 
+\item{type}{Type of prediction to output. Allowed types are:\itemize{
+            \item \code{"response"}: will output the predicted score according to the objective function being
+                  optimized (depending on the link function that the objective uses), after applying any necessary
+                  transformations - for example, for \code{objective="binary"}, it will output class probabilities.
+            \item \code{"class"}: for classification objectives, will output the class with the highest predicted
+                  probability. For other objectives, will output the same as "response".
+            \item \code{"raw"}: will output the non-transformed numbers (sum of predictions from boosting iterations'
+                  results) from which the "response" number is produced for a given objective function - for example,
+                  for \code{objective="binary"}, this corresponds to log-odds. For many objectives such as
+                  "regression", since no transformation is applied, the output will be the same as for "response".
+            \item \code{"leaf"}: will output the index of the terminal node / leaf at which each observations falls
+                  in each tree in the model, outputted as integers, with one column per tree.
+            \item \code{"contrib"}: will return the per-feature contributions for each prediction, including an
+                  intercept (each feature will produce one column). If there are multiple classes, each class will
+                  have separate feature contributions (thus the number of columns is features+1 multiplied by the
+                  number of classes).
+            }
+
+            Note that, if using custom objectives, types "class" and "response" will not be available and will
+            default towards using "raw" instead.}
+
 \item{start_iteration}{int or None, optional (default=None)
 Start index of the iteration to predict.
 If None or <= 0, starts from the first iteration.}
@@ -33,14 +52,6 @@ If None, if the best iteration exists and start_iteration is None or <= 0, the
 best iteration is used; otherwise, all iterations from start_iteration are used.
 If <= 0, all iterations from start_iteration are used (no limits).}
 
-\item{rawscore}{whether the prediction should be returned in the for of original untransformed
-sum of predictions from boosting iterations' results. E.g., setting \code{rawscore=TRUE}
-for logistic regression would result in predictions for log-odds instead of probabilities.}
-
-\item{predleaf}{whether predict leaf index instead.}
-
-\item{predcontrib}{return per-feature contributions for each record.}
-
 \item{header}{only used for prediction for text file. True if text file has header}
 
 \item{params}{a list of additional named parameters. See
@@ -52,11 +63,13 @@ the values in \code{params} take precedence.}
 \item{...}{ignored}
 }
 \value{
-For regression or binary classification, it returns a vector of length \code{nrows(data)}.
-        For multiclass classification, it returns a matrix of dimensions \code{(nrows(data), num_class)}.
+For prediction types that are meant to always return one output per observation (e.g. when predicting
+        \code{type="response"} on a binary classification or regression objective), will return a vector with one
+        element per row in \code{newdata}.
 
-        When passing \code{predleaf=TRUE} or \code{predcontrib=TRUE}, the output will always be
-        returned as a matrix.
+        For prediction types that are meant to return more than one output per observation (e.g. when predicting
+        \code{type="response"} on a multi-class objective, or when predicting \code{type="leaf"}, regardless of
+        objective), will return a matrix with one row per observation in \code{newdata} and one column per output.
 }
 \description{
 Predicted values based on class \code{lgb.Booster}

R-package/tests/testthat/test_Predictor.R

@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ VERBOSITY <- as.integer(
 
 TOLERANCE <- 1e-6
 
-library(Matrix)
-
 test_that("Predictor$finalize() should not fail", {
     X <- as.matrix(as.integer(iris[, "Species"]), ncol = 1L)
     y <- iris[["Sepal.Length"]]
@@ -85,8 +83,8 @@ test_that("start_iteration works correctly", {
         , early_stopping_rounds = 2L
     )
     expect_true(lgb.is.Booster(bst))
-    pred1 <- predict(bst, newdata = test$data, rawscore = TRUE)
-    pred_contrib1 <- predict(bst, test$data, predcontrib = TRUE)
+    pred1 <- predict(bst, newdata = test$data, type = "raw")
+    pred_contrib1 <- predict(bst, test$data, type = "contrib")
     pred2 <- rep(0.0, length(pred1))
     pred_contrib2 <- rep(0.0, length(pred2))
     step <- 11L
@@ -100,7 +98,7 @@ test_that("start_iteration works correctly", {
         inc_pred <- predict(bst, test$data
             , start_iteration = start_iter
             , num_iteration = n_iter
-            , rawscore = TRUE
+            , type = "raw"
         )
         inc_pred_contrib <- bst$predict(test$data
             , start_iteration = start_iter
@@ -113,8 +111,8 @@ test_that("start_iteration works correctly", {
     expect_equal(pred2, pred1)
     expect_equal(pred_contrib2, pred_contrib1)
 
-    pred_leaf1 <- predict(bst, test$data, predleaf = TRUE)
-    pred_leaf2 <- predict(bst, test$data, start_iteration = 0L, num_iteration = end_iter + 1L, predleaf = TRUE)
+    pred_leaf1 <- predict(bst, test$data, type = "leaf")
+    pred_leaf2 <- predict(bst, test$data, start_iteration = 0L, num_iteration = end_iter + 1L, type = "leaf")
     expect_equal(pred_leaf1, pred_leaf2)
 })
 
@@ -131,20 +129,20 @@ test_that("Feature contributions from sparse inputs produce sparse outputs", {
       , params = list(min_data_in_leaf = 5L)
     )
 
-    pred_dense <- predict(bst, X, predcontrib = TRUE)
+    pred_dense <- predict(bst, X, type = "contrib")
 
     Xcsc <- as(X, "CsparseMatrix")
-    pred_csc <- predict(bst, Xcsc, predcontrib = TRUE)
+    pred_csc <- predict(bst, Xcsc, type = "contrib")
     expect_s4_class(pred_csc, "dgCMatrix")
     expect_equal(unname(pred_dense), unname(as.matrix(pred_csc)))
 
     Xcsr <- as(X, "RsparseMatrix")
-    pred_csr <- predict(bst, Xcsr, predcontrib = TRUE)
+    pred_csr <- predict(bst, Xcsr, type = "contrib")
     expect_s4_class(pred_csr, "dgRMatrix")
     expect_equal(as(pred_csr, "CsparseMatrix"), pred_csc)
 
     Xspv <- as(X[1L, , drop = FALSE], "sparseVector")
-    pred_spv <- predict(bst, Xspv, predcontrib = TRUE)
+    pred_spv <- predict(bst, Xspv, type = "contrib")
     expect_s4_class(pred_spv, "dsparseVector")
     expect_equal(Matrix::t(as(pred_spv, "CsparseMatrix")), unname(pred_csc[1L, , drop = FALSE]))
 })
@@ -164,14 +162,14 @@ test_that("Sparse feature contribution predictions do not take inputs with wrong
 
     X_wrong <- X[, c(1L:10L, 1L:10L)]
     X_wrong <- as(X_wrong, "CsparseMatrix")
-    expect_error(predict(bst, X_wrong, predcontrib = TRUE), regexp = "input data has 20 columns")
+    expect_error(predict(bst, X_wrong, type = "contrib"), regexp = "input data has 20 columns")
 
     X_wrong <- as(X_wrong, "RsparseMatrix")
-    expect_error(predict(bst, X_wrong, predcontrib = TRUE), regexp = "input data has 20 columns")
+    expect_error(predict(bst, X_wrong, type = "contrib"), regexp = "input data has 20 columns")
 
     X_wrong <- as(X_wrong, "CsparseMatrix")
     X_wrong <- X_wrong[, 1L:3L]
-    expect_error(predict(bst, X_wrong, predcontrib = TRUE), regexp = "input data has 3 columns")
+    expect_error(predict(bst, X_wrong, type = "contrib"), regexp = "input data has 3 columns")
 })
 
 test_that("Feature contribution predictions do not take non-general CSR or CSC inputs", {
@@ -192,8 +190,8 @@ test_that("Feature contribution predictions do not take non-general CSR or CSC i
       , params = list(min_data_in_leaf = 5L)
     )
 
-    expect_error(predict(bst, SmatC, predcontrib = TRUE))
-    expect_error(predict(bst, SmatR, predcontrib = TRUE))
+    expect_error(predict(bst, SmatC, type = "contrib"))
+    expect_error(predict(bst, SmatR, type = "contrib"))
 })
 
 test_that("predict() params should override keyword argument for raw-score predictions", {
@@ -220,7 +218,7 @@ test_that("predict() params should override keyword argument for raw-score predi
 
   # check that the predictions from predict.lgb.Booster() really look like raw score predictions
   preds_prob <- predict(bst, X)
-  preds_raw_s3_keyword <- predict(bst, X, rawscore = TRUE)
+  preds_raw_s3_keyword <- predict(bst, X, type = "raw")
   preds_prob_from_raw <- 1.0 / (1.0 + exp(-preds_raw_s3_keyword))
   expect_equal(preds_prob, preds_prob_from_raw, tolerance = TOLERANCE)
   accuracy <- sum(as.integer(preds_prob_from_raw > 0.5) == y) / length(y)
@@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ test_that("predict() params should override keyword argument for leaf-index pred
   )
 
   # check that predictions really look like leaf index predictions
-  preds_leaf_s3_keyword <- predict(bst, X, predleaf = TRUE)
+  preds_leaf_s3_keyword <- predict(bst, X, type = "leaf")
   expect_true(is.matrix(preds_leaf_s3_keyword))
   expect_equal(dim(preds_leaf_s3_keyword), c(nrow(X), bst$current_iter()))
   expect_true(min(preds_leaf_s3_keyword) >= 0L)
@@ -323,7 +321,7 @@ test_that("predict() params should override keyword argument for feature contrib
   )
 
   # check that predictions really look like feature contributions
-  preds_contrib_s3_keyword <- predict(bst, X, predcontrib = TRUE)
+  preds_contrib_s3_keyword <- predict(bst, X, type = "contrib")
   num_features <- ncol(X)
   shap_base_value <- unname(preds_contrib_s3_keyword[, ncol(preds_contrib_s3_keyword)])
   expect_true(is.matrix(preds_contrib_s3_keyword))
@@ -378,11 +376,11 @@ test_that("predict() params should override keyword argument for feature contrib
     # dense matrix with row names
     pred <- predict(bst, X)
     .expect_has_row_names(pred, X)
-    pred <- predict(bst, X, rawscore = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(bst, X, type = "raw")
     .expect_has_row_names(pred, X)
-    pred <- predict(bst, X, predleaf = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(bst, X, type = "leaf")
     .expect_has_row_names(pred, X)
-    pred <- predict(bst, X, predcontrib = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(bst, X, type = "contrib")
     .expect_has_row_names(pred, X)
 
     # dense matrix without row names
@@ -395,13 +393,13 @@ test_that("predict() params should override keyword argument for feature contrib
     Xcsc <- as(X, "CsparseMatrix")
     pred <- predict(bst, Xcsc)
     .expect_has_row_names(pred, Xcsc)
-    pred <- predict(bst, Xcsc, rawscore = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(bst, Xcsc, type = "raw")
     .expect_has_row_names(pred, Xcsc)
-    pred <- predict(bst, Xcsc, predleaf = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(bst, Xcsc, type = "leaf")
     .expect_has_row_names(pred, Xcsc)
-    pred <- predict(bst, Xcsc, predcontrib = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(bst, Xcsc, type = "contrib")
     .expect_has_row_names(pred, Xcsc)
-    pred <- predict(bst, as(Xcsc, "RsparseMatrix"), predcontrib = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(bst, as(Xcsc, "RsparseMatrix"), type = "contrib")
     .expect_has_row_names(pred, Xcsc)
 
     # sparse matrix without row names
@@ -486,7 +484,7 @@ test_that("predictions for regression and binary classification are returned as
     pred <- predict(model, X)
     expect_true(is.vector(pred))
     expect_equal(length(pred), nrow(X))
-    pred <- predict(model, X, rawscore = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(model, X, type = "raw")
     expect_true(is.vector(pred))
     expect_equal(length(pred), nrow(X))
 
@@ -503,7 +501,7 @@ test_that("predictions for regression and binary classification are returned as
     pred <- predict(model, X)
     expect_true(is.vector(pred))
     expect_equal(length(pred), nrow(X))
-    pred <- predict(model, X, rawscore = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(model, X, type = "raw")
     expect_true(is.vector(pred))
     expect_equal(length(pred), nrow(X))
 })
@@ -524,8 +522,52 @@ test_that("predictions for multiclass classification are returned as matrix", {
     expect_true(is.matrix(pred))
     expect_equal(nrow(pred), nrow(X))
     expect_equal(ncol(pred), 3L)
-    pred <- predict(model, X, rawscore = TRUE)
+    pred <- predict(model, X, type = "raw")
     expect_true(is.matrix(pred))
     expect_equal(nrow(pred), nrow(X))
     expect_equal(ncol(pred), 3L)
 })
+
+test_that("predict type='class' returns predicted class for classification objectives", {
+    data(agaricus.train, package = "lightgbm")
+    X <- as.matrix(agaricus.train$data)
+    y <- agaricus.train$label
+    dtrain <- lgb.Dataset(X, label = y, params = list(max_bins = 5L))
+    bst <- lgb.train(
+        data = dtrain
+        , obj = "binary"
+        , nrounds = 5L
+        , verbose = VERBOSITY
+    )
+    pred <- predict(bst, X, type = "class")
+    expect_true(all(pred %in% c(0L, 1L)))
+
+    data(iris)
+    X <- as.matrix(iris[, -5L])
+    y <- as.numeric(iris$Species) - 1.0
+    dtrain <- lgb.Dataset(X, label = y)
+    model <- lgb.train(
+      data = dtrain
+      , obj = "multiclass"
+      , nrounds = 5L
+      , verbose = VERBOSITY
+      , params = list(num_class = 3L)
+    )
+    pred <- predict(model, X, type = "class")
+    expect_true(all(pred %in% c(0L, 1L, 2L)))
+})
+
+test_that("predict type='class' returns values in the target's range for regression objectives", {
+    data(agaricus.train, package = "lightgbm")
+    X <- as.matrix(agaricus.train$data)
+    y <- agaricus.train$label
+    dtrain <- lgb.Dataset(X, label = y, params = list(max_bins = 5L))
+    bst <- lgb.train(
+        data = dtrain
+        , obj = "regression"
+        , nrounds = 5L
+        , verbose = VERBOSITY
+    )
+    pred <- predict(bst, X, type = "class")
+    expect_true(!any(pred %in% c(0.0, 1.0)))
+})

R-package/tests/testthat/test_basic.R

@@ -2969,7 +2969,7 @@ test_that("lightgbm() accepts init_score as function argument", {
     , nrounds = 5L
     , verbose = VERBOSITY
   )
-  pred1 <- predict(bst1, train$data, rawscore = TRUE)
+  pred1 <- predict(bst1, train$data, type = "raw")
 
   bst2 <- lightgbm(
     data = train$data
@@ -2979,7 +2979,7 @@ test_that("lightgbm() accepts init_score as function argument", {
     , nrounds = 5L
     , verbose = VERBOSITY
   )
-  pred2 <- predict(bst2, train$data, rawscore = TRUE)
+  pred2 <- predict(bst2, train$data, type = "raw")
 
   expect_true(any(pred1 != pred2))
 })

R-package/tests/testthat/test_lgb.Booster.R

@@ -293,8 +293,8 @@ test_that("Saving a large model to string should work", {
     )
 
     pred <- predict(bst, train$data)
-    pred_leaf_indx <- predict(bst, train$data, predleaf = TRUE)
-    pred_raw_score <- predict(bst, train$data, rawscore = TRUE)
+    pred_leaf_indx <- predict(bst, train$data, type = "leaf")
+    pred_raw_score <- predict(bst, train$data, type = "raw")
     model_string <- bst$save_model_to_string()
 
     # make sure this test is still producing a model bigger than the default
@@ -312,8 +312,8 @@ test_that("Saving a large model to string should work", {
         model_str = model_string
     )
     pred2 <- predict(bst2, train$data)
-    pred2_leaf_indx <- predict(bst2, train$data, predleaf = TRUE)
-    pred2_raw_score <- predict(bst2, train$data, rawscore = TRUE)
+    pred2_leaf_indx <- predict(bst2, train$data, type = "leaf")
+    pred2_raw_score <- predict(bst2, train$data, type = "raw")
     expect_identical(pred, pred2)
     expect_identical(pred_leaf_indx, pred2_leaf_indx)
     expect_identical(pred_raw_score, pred2_raw_score)