Parameters
==========

This page contains all parameters in LightGBM.

**List of other helpful links**

- `Python API <./Python-API.rst>`__

- `Parameters Tuning <./Parameters-Tuning.rst>`__

**External Links**

- `Laurae++ Interactive Documentation`_

**Update of 08/04/2017**

Default values for the following parameters have changed:

-  ``min_data_in_leaf`` = 100 => 20
-  ``min_sum_hessian_in_leaf`` = 10 => 1e-3
-  ``num_leaves`` = 127 => 31
-  ``num_iterations`` = 10 => 100

Parameters Format
-----------------

The parameters format is ``key1=value1 key2=value2 ...``.
And parameters can be set both in config file and command line.
By using command line, parameters should not have spaces before and after ``=``.
By using config files, one line can only contain one parameter. You can use ``#`` to comment.

If one parameter appears in both command line and config file, LightGBM will use the parameter in command line.

Core Parameters
---------------

-  ``config``, default=\ ``""``, type=string, alias=\ ``config_file``

   -  path of config file

-  ``task``, default=\ ``train``, type=enum, options=\ ``train``, ``prediction``

   -  ``train`` for training

   -  ``prediction`` for prediction.

   -  ``convert_model`` for converting model file into if-else format, see more information in `Convert model parameters <#convert-model-parameters>`__

-  ``application``, default=\ ``regression``, type=enum,
   options=\ ``regression``, ``regression_l2``, ``regression_l1``, ``huber``, ``fair``, ``poisson``, ``binary``, ``lambdarank``, ``multiclass``,
   alias=\ ``objective``, ``app``

   -  ``regression``, regression application

      -  ``regression_l2``, L2 loss, alias=\ ``mean_squared_error``, ``mse``

      -  ``regression_l1``, L1 loss, alias=\ ``mean_absolute_error``, ``mae``

      -  ``huber``, `Huber loss`_

      -  ``fair``, `Fair loss`_

      -  ``poisson``, `Poisson regression`_

   -  ``binary``, binary classification application

   -  ``lambdarank``, `lambdarank`_ application

      -  the label should be ``int`` type in lambdarank tasks, and larger number represent the higher relevance (e.g. 0:bad, 1:fair, 2:good, 3:perfect)

      -  ``label_gain`` can be used to set the gain(weight) of ``int`` label

   -  ``multiclass``, multi-class classification application, ``num_class`` should be set as well

-  ``boosting``, default=\ ``gbdt``, type=enum,
   options=\ ``gbdt``, ``rf``, ``dart``, ``goss``,
   alias=\ ``boost``, ``boosting_type``

   -  ``gbdt``, traditional Gradient Boosting Decision Tree

   -  ``rf``, Random Forest

   -  ``dart``, `Dropouts meet Multiple Additive Regression Trees`_

   -  ``goss``, Gradient-based One-Side Sampling

-  ``data``, default=\ ``""``, type=string, alias=\ ``train``, ``train_data``

   -  training data, LightGBM will train from this data

-  ``valid``, default=\ ``""``, type=multi-string, alias=\ ``test``, ``valid_data``, ``test_data``

   -  validation/test data, LightGBM will output metrics for these data

   -  support multi validation data, separate by ``,``

-  ``num_iterations``, default=\ ``100``, type=int,
   alias=\ ``num_iteration``, ``num_tree``, ``num_trees``, ``num_round``, ``num_rounds``

   -  number of boosting iterations
   -  **Note**: for Python/R package, **this parameter is ignored**,
      use ``num_boost_round`` (Python) or ``nrounds`` (R) input arguments of ``train`` and ``cv`` methods instead

   -  **Note**: internally, LightGBM constructs ``num_class * num_iterations`` trees for ``multiclass`` problems

-  ``learning_rate``, default=\ ``0.1``, type=double, alias=\ ``shrinkage_rate``

   -  shrinkage rate

   -  in ``dart``, it also affects on normalization weights of dropped trees

-  ``num_leaves``, default=\ ``31``, type=int, alias=\ ``num_leaf``

   -  number of leaves in one tree

-  ``tree_learner``, default=\ ``serial``, type=enum, options=\ ``serial``, ``feature``, ``data``

   -  ``serial``, single machine tree learner

   -  ``feature``, feature parallel tree learner

   -  ``data``, data parallel tree learner

   -  refer to `Parallel Learning Guide <./Parallel-Learning-Guide.rst>`__ to get more details

-  ``num_threads``, default=\ ``OpenMP_default``, type=int, alias=\ ``num_thread``, ``nthread``

   -  number of threads for LightGBM

   -  for the best speed, set this to the number of **real CPU cores**,
      not the number of threads (most CPU using `hyper-threading`_ to generate 2 threads per CPU core)

   -  do not set it too large if your dataset is small (do not use 64 threads for a dataset with 10,000 rows for instance)

   -  be aware a task manager or any similar CPU monitoring tool might report cores not being fully utilized. **This is normal**

   -  for parallel learning, should not use full CPU cores since this will cause poor performance for the network

-  ``device``, default=\ ``cpu``, options=\ ``cpu``, ``gpu``

   -  choose device for the tree learning, you can use GPU to achieve the faster learning

   -  **Note**: it is recommended to use the smaller ``max_bin`` (e.g. 63) to get the better speed up

   -  **Note**: for the faster speed, GPU use 32-bit float point to sum up by default, may affect the accuracy for some tasks.
      You can set ``gpu_use_dp=true`` to enable 64-bit float point, but it will slow down the training

   -  **Note**: refer to `Installation Guide <./Installation-Guide.rst#build-gpu-version>`__ to build with GPU

Learning Control Parameters
---------------------------

-  ``max_depth``, default=\ ``-1``, type=int

   -  limit the max depth for tree model. This is used to deal with over-fitting when ``#data`` is small. Tree still grows by leaf-wise

   -  ``< 0`` means no limit

-  ``min_data_in_leaf``, default=\ ``20``, type=int, alias=\ ``min_data_per_leaf`` , ``min_data``

   -  minimal number of data in one leaf. Can be used to deal with over-fitting

-  ``min_sum_hessian_in_leaf``, default=\ ``1e-3``, type=double,
   alias=\ ``min_sum_hessian_per_leaf``, ``min_sum_hessian``, ``min_hessian``

   -  minimal sum hessian in one leaf. Like ``min_data_in_leaf``, it can be used to deal with over-fitting

-  ``feature_fraction``, default=\ ``1.0``, type=double, ``0.0 < feature_fraction < 1.0``, alias=\ ``sub_feature``

   -  LightGBM will randomly select part of features on each iteration if ``feature_fraction`` smaller than ``1.0``.
      For example, if set to ``0.8``, will select 80% features before training each tree

   -  can be used to speed up training

   -  can be used to deal with over-fitting

-  ``feature_fraction_seed``, default=\ ``2``, type=int

   -  random seed for ``feature_fraction``

-  ``bagging_fraction``, default=\ ``1.0``, type=double, ``0.0 < bagging_fraction < 1.0``, alias=\ ``sub_row``

   -  like ``feature_fraction``, but this will randomly select part of data without resampling

   -  can be used to speed up training

   -  can be used to deal with over-fitting

   -  **Note**: To enable bagging, ``bagging_freq`` should be set to a non zero value as well

-  ``bagging_freq``, default=\ ``0``, type=int

   -  frequency for bagging, ``0`` means disable bagging. ``k`` means will perform bagging at every ``k`` iteration

   -  **Note**: to enable bagging, ``bagging_fraction`` should be set as well

-  ``bagging_seed`` , default=\ ``3``, type=int

   -  random seed for bagging

-  ``early_stopping_round``, default=\ ``0``, type=int, alias=\ ``early_stopping_rounds``, ``early_stopping``

   -  will stop training if one metric of one validation data doesn't improve in last ``early_stopping_round`` rounds

-  ``lambda_l1``, default=\ ``0``, type=double

   -  L1 regularization

-  ``lambda_l2``, default=\ ``0``, type=double

   -  L2 regularization

-  ``min_gain_to_split``, default=\ ``0``, type=double

   -  the minimal gain to perform split

-  ``drop_rate``, default=\ ``0.1``, type=double

   -  only used in ``dart``

-  ``skip_drop``, default=\ ``0.5``, type=double

   -  only used in ``dart``, probability of skipping drop

-  ``max_drop``, default=\ ``50``, type=int

   -  only used in ``dart``, max number of dropped trees on one iteration
   
   -  ``<=0`` means no limit

-  ``uniform_drop``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool

   -  only used in ``dart``, set this to ``true`` if want to use uniform drop

-  ``xgboost_dart_mode``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool

   -  only used in ``dart``, set this to ``true`` if want to use xgboost dart mode

-  ``drop_seed``, default=\ ``4``, type=int

   -  only used in ``dart``, random seed to choose dropping models

-  ``top_rate``, default=\ ``0.2``, type=double

   -  only used in ``goss``, the retain ratio of large gradient data

-  ``other_rate``, default=\ ``0.1``, type=int

   -  only used in ``goss``, the retain ratio of small gradient data

-  ``min_data_per_group``, default=\ ``100``, type=int

   -  min number of data per categorical group

-  ``max_cat_threshold``, default=\ ``32``, type=int

   -  use for the categorical features

   -  limit the max threshold points in categorical features

-  ``cat_smooth``, default=\ ``10``, type=double

   -  use for the categorical features

   - this can reduce the effect of noises in categorical features, especially for categories with few data

-  ``cat_l2``, default=\ ``10``, type=double

   -  L2 regularization in categorcial split

-  ``max_cat_to_onehot``, default=\ ``4``, type=int

   -  When number of categories of one feature smaller than or equal to ``max_cat_to_onehot``, will use one-vs-other split algorithm.

IO Parameters
-------------

-  ``max_bin``, default=\ ``255``, type=int

   -  max number of bins that feature values will be bucketed in.
      Small number of bins may reduce training accuracy but may increase general power (deal with over-fitting)

   -  LightGBM will auto compress memory according ``max_bin``.
      For example, LightGBM will use ``uint8_t`` for feature value if ``max_bin=255``

-  ``min_data_in_bin``, default=\ ``3``, type=int

   -  min number of data inside one bin, use this to avoid one-data-one-bin (may over-fitting)

-  ``data_random_seed``, default=\ ``1``, type=int

   -  random seed for data partition in parallel learning (not include feature parallel)

-  ``output_model``, default=\ ``LightGBM_model.txt``, type=string, alias=\ ``model_output``, ``model_out``

   -  file name of output model in training

-  ``input_model``, default=\ ``""``, type=string, alias=\ ``model_input``, ``model_in``

   -  file name of input model

   -  for ``prediction`` task, this model will be used for prediction data

   -  for ``train`` task, training will be continued from this model

-  ``output_result``, default=\ ``LightGBM_predict_result.txt``,
   type=string, alias=\ ``predict_result``, ``prediction_result``

   -  file name of prediction result in ``prediction`` task

-  ``model_format``, default=\ ``text``, type=string

   -  format to save and load model.

   -  ``text``, use text string.

   -  ``proto``, use protocol buffer binary format.

   -  save multiple formats by joining them with comma, like ``text,proto``, in this case, ``model_format`` will be add as suffix after ``output_model``.

   -  not support loading with multiple formats.

   -  Note: you need to cmake with -DUSE_PROTO=ON to use this parameter.

-  ``is_pre_partition``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool

   -  used for parallel learning (not include feature parallel)

   -  ``true`` if training data are pre-partitioned, and different machines use different partitions

-  ``is_sparse``, default=\ ``true``, type=bool, alias=\ ``is_enable_sparse``

   -  used to enable/disable sparse optimization. Set to ``false`` to disable sparse optimization

-  ``two_round``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool, alias=\ ``two_round_loading``, ``use_two_round_loading``

   -  by default, LightGBM will map data file to memory and load features from memory.
      This will provide faster data loading speed. But it may run out of memory when the data file is very big

   -  set this to ``true`` if data file is too big to fit in memory

-  ``save_binary``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool, alias=\ ``is_save_binary``, ``is_save_binary_file``

   -  if ``true`` LightGBM will save the dataset (include validation data) to a binary file.
      Speed up the data loading for the next time

-  ``verbosity``, default=\ ``1``, type=int, alias=\ ``verbose``

   -  ``<0`` = Fatal,
      ``=0`` = Error (Warn),
      ``>0`` = Info

-  ``header``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool, alias=\ ``has_header``

   -  set this to ``true`` if input data has header

-  ``label``, default=\ ``""``, type=string, alias=\ ``label_column``

   -  specify the label column

   -  use number for index, e.g. ``label=0`` means column\_0 is the label

   -  add a prefix ``name:`` for column name, e.g. ``label=name:is_click``

-  ``weight``, default=\ ``""``, type=string, alias=\ ``weight_column``

   -  specify the weight column

   -  use number for index, e.g. ``weight=0`` means column\_0 is the weight

   -  add a prefix ``name:`` for column name, e.g. ``weight=name:weight``

   -  **Note**: index starts from ``0``.
      And it doesn't count the label column when passing type is Index, e.g. when label is column\_0, and weight is column\_1, the correct parameter is ``weight=0``

-  ``query``, default=\ ``""``, type=string, alias=\ ``query_column``, ``group``, ``group_column``

   -  specify the query/group id column

   -  use number for index, e.g. ``query=0`` means column\_0 is the query id

   -  add a prefix ``name:`` for column name, e.g. ``query=name:query_id``

   -  **Note**: data should be grouped by query\_id.
      Index starts from ``0``.
      And it doesn't count the label column when passing type is Index, e.g. when label is column\_0 and query\_id is column\_1, the correct parameter is ``query=0``

-  ``ignore_column``, default=\ ``""``, type=string, alias=\ ``ignore_feature``, ``blacklist``

   -  specify some ignoring columns in training

   -  use number for index, e.g. ``ignore_column=0,1,2`` means column\_0, column\_1 and column\_2 will be ignored

   -  add a prefix ``name:`` for column name, e.g. ``ignore_column=name:c1,c2,c3`` means c1, c2 and c3 will be ignored

   -  **Note**: index starts from ``0``. And it doesn't count the label column

-  ``categorical_feature``, default=\ ``""``, type=string, alias=\ ``categorical_column``, ``cat_feature``, ``cat_column``

   -  specify categorical features

   -  use number for index, e.g. ``categorical_feature=0,1,2`` means column\_0, column\_1 and column\_2 are categorical features

   -  add a prefix ``name:`` for column name, e.g. ``categorical_feature=name:c1,c2,c3`` means c1, c2 and c3 are categorical features

   -  **Note**: only supports categorical with ``int`` type. Index starts from ``0``. And it doesn't count the label column

   -  **Note**: the negative values will be treated as **missing values**

-  ``predict_raw_score``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool, alias=\ ``raw_score``, ``is_predict_raw_score``

   -  only used in ``prediction`` task

   -  set to ``true`` to predict only the raw scores

   -  set to ``false`` to predict transformed scores

-  ``predict_leaf_index``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool, alias=\ ``leaf_index``, ``is_predict_leaf_index``

   -  only used in ``prediction`` task

   -  set to ``true`` to predict with leaf index of all trees

-  ``predict_contrib``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool, alias=\ ``contrib``, ``is_predict_contrib``

   -  only used in ``prediction`` task

   -  set to ``true`` to estimate `SHAP values`_, which represent how each feature contributs to each prediction.
      Produces number of features + 1 values where the last value is the expected value of the model output over the training data

-  ``bin_construct_sample_cnt``, default=\ ``200000``, type=int

   -  number of data that sampled to construct histogram bins

   -  will give better training result when set this larger, but will increase data loading time

   -  set this to larger value if data is very sparse

-  ``num_iteration_predict``, default=\ ``-1``, type=int

   -  only used in ``prediction`` task
   -  use to specify how many trained iterations will be used in prediction

   -  ``<= 0`` means no limit

-  ``pred_early_stop``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool

   -  if ``true`` will use early-stopping to speed up the prediction. May affect the accuracy

-  ``pred_early_stop_freq``, default=\ ``10``, type=int

   -  the frequency of checking early-stopping prediction

-  ``pred_early_stop_margin``, default=\ ``10.0``, type=double

   -  the threshold of margin in early-stopping prediction

-  ``use_missing``, default=\ ``true``, type=bool

   -  set to ``false`` to disable the special handle of missing value

-  ``zero_as_missing``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool

   -  set to ``true`` to treat all zero as missing values (including the unshown values in libsvm/sparse matrics)

   -  set to ``false`` to use ``na`` to represent missing values

-  ``init_score_file``, default=\ ``""``, type=string

   -  path to training initial score file, ``""`` will use ``train_data_file`` + ``.init`` (if exists)

-  ``valid_init_score_file``, default=\ ``""``, type=multi-string

   -  path to validation initial score file, ``""`` will use ``valid_data_file`` + ``.init`` (if exists)

   -  separate by ``,`` for multi-validation data

Objective Parameters
--------------------

-  ``sigmoid``, default=\ ``1.0``, type=double

   -  parameter for sigmoid function. Will be used in ``binary`` classification and ``lambdarank``

-  ``huber_delta``, default=\ ``1.0``, type=double

   -  parameter for `Huber loss`_. Will be used in ``regression`` task

-  ``fair_c``, default=\ ``1.0``, type=double

   -  parameter for `Fair loss`_. Will be used in ``regression`` task

-  ``gaussian_eta``, default=\ ``1.0``, type=double

   -  parameter to control the width of Gaussian function. Will be used in ``regression_l1`` and ``huber`` losses

-  ``poission_max_delta_step``, default=\ ``0.7``, type=double

   -  parameter used to safeguard optimization

-  ``scale_pos_weight``, default=\ ``1.0``, type=double

   -  weight of positive class in ``binary`` classification task

-  ``boost_from_average``, default=\ ``true``, type=bool

   -  only used in ``regression`` task

   -  adjust initial score to the mean of labels for faster convergence

-  ``is_unbalance``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool

   -  used in ``binary`` classification
   
   -  set this to ``true`` if training data are unbalance

-  ``max_position``, default=\ ``20``, type=int

   -  used in ``lambdarank``

   -  will optimize `NDCG`_ at this position

-  ``label_gain``, default=\ ``0,1,3,7,15,31,63,...``, type=multi-double

   -  used in ``lambdarank``

   -  relevant gain for labels. For example, the gain of label ``2`` is ``3`` if using default label gains

   -  separate by ``,``

-  ``num_class``, default=\ ``1``, type=int, alias=\ ``num_classes``

   -  only used in ``multiclass`` classification

Metric Parameters
-----------------

-  ``metric``, default={``l2`` for regression}, {``binary_logloss`` for binary classification}, {``ndcg`` for lambdarank}, type=multi-enum,
   options=\ ``l1``, ``l2``, ``ndcg``, ``auc``, ``binary_logloss``, ``binary_error`` ...

   -  ``l1``, absolute loss, alias=\ ``mean_absolute_error``, ``mae``

   -  ``l2``, square loss, alias=\ ``mean_squared_error``, ``mse``

   -  ``l2_root``, root square loss, alias=\ ``root_mean_squared_error``, ``rmse``

   -  ``huber``, `Huber loss`_

   -  ``fair``, `Fair loss`_

   -  ``poisson``, `Poisson regression`_

   -  ``ndcg``, `NDCG`_

   -  ``map``, `MAP`_

   -  ``auc``, `AUC`_

   -  ``binary_logloss``, `log loss`_

   -  ``binary_error``.
      For one sample: ``0`` for correct classification, ``1`` for error classification

   -  ``multi_logloss``, log loss for mulit-class classification

   -  ``multi_error``, error rate for mulit-class classification

   -  support multi metrics, separated by ``,``

-  ``metric_freq``, default=\ ``1``, type=int

   -  frequency for metric output

-  ``is_training_metric``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool

   -  set this to ``true`` if you need to output metric result of training

-  ``ndcg_at``, default=\ ``1,2,3,4,5``, type=multi-int, alias=\ ``ndcg_eval_at``, ``eval_at``

   -  `NDCG`_ evaluation positions, separated by ``,``

Network Parameters
------------------

Following parameters are used for parallel learning, and only used for base (socket) version.

-  ``num_machines``, default=\ ``1``, type=int, alias=\ ``num_machine``

   -  used for parallel learning, the number of machines for parallel learning application

   -  need to set this in both socket and mpi versions

-  ``local_listen_port``, default=\ ``12400``, type=int, alias=\ ``local_port``

   -  TCP listen port for local machines

   -  you should allow this port in firewall settings before training

-  ``time_out``, default=\ ``120``, type=int

   -  socket time-out in minutes

-  ``machine_list_file``, default=\ ``""``, type=string

   -  file that lists machines for this parallel learning application

   -  each line contains one IP and one port for one machine. The format is ``ip port``, separate by space

GPU Parameters
--------------

-  ``gpu_platform_id``, default=\ ``-1``, type=int

   -  OpenCL platform ID. Usually each GPU vendor exposes one OpenCL platform.

   -  default value is ``-1``, means the system-wide default platform

-  ``gpu_device_id``, default=\ ``-1``, type=int

   -  OpenCL device ID in the specified platform. Each GPU in the selected platform has a unique device ID

   -  default value is ``-1``, means the default device in the selected platform

-  ``gpu_use_dp``, default=\ ``false``, type=bool

   -  set to ``true`` to use double precision math on GPU (default using single precision)
  
Convert Model Parameters
------------------------

This feature is only supported in command line version yet.

-  ``convert_model_language``, default=\ ``""``, type=string

   -  only ``cpp`` is supported yet

   -  if ``convert_model_language`` is set when ``task`` is set to ``train``, the model will also be converted

-  ``convert_model``, default=\ ``"gbdt_prediction.cpp"``, type=string

   -  output file name of converted model

Others
------

Continued Training with Input Score
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

LightGBM supports continued training with initial scores. It uses an additional file to store these initial scores, like the following:

::

    0.5
    -0.1
    0.9
    ...

It means the initial score of the first data row is ``0.5``, second is ``-0.1``, and so on.
The initial score file corresponds with data file line by line, and has per score per line.
And if the name of data file is ``train.txt``, the initial score file should be named as ``train.txt.init`` and in the same folder as the data file.
In this case LightGBM will auto load initial score file if it exists.

Weight Data
~~~~~~~~~~~

LightGBM supporta weighted training. It uses an additional file to store weight data, like the following:

::

    1.0
    0.5
    0.8
    ...

It means the weight of the first data row is ``1.0``, second is ``0.5``, and so on.
The weight file corresponds with data file line by line, and has per weight per line.
And if the name of data file is ``train.txt``, the weight file should be named as ``train.txt.weight`` and in the same folder as the data file.
In this case LightGBM will auto load weight file if it exists.

**update**:
You can specific weight column in data file now. Please refer to parameter ``weight`` in above.

Query Data
~~~~~~~~~~

For LambdaRank learning, it needs query information for training data.
LightGBM use an additional file to store query data, like the following:

::

    27
    18
    67
    ...

It means first ``27`` lines samples belong one query and next ``18`` lines belong to another, and so on.

**Note**: data should be ordered by the query.

If the name of data file is ``train.txt``, the query file should be named as ``train.txt.query`` and in same folder of training data.
In this case LightGBM will load the query file automatically if it exists.

**update**:
You can specific query/group id in data file now. Please refer to parameter ``group`` in above.

.. _Laurae++ Interactive Documentation: https://sites.google.com/view/lauraepp/parameters

.. _Huber loss: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_loss

.. _Fair loss: https://www.kaggle.com/c/allstate-claims-severity/discussion/24520

.. _Poisson regression: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_regression

.. _lambdarank: https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2971-learning-to-rank-with-nonsmooth-cost-functions.pdf

.. _Dropouts meet Multiple Additive Regression Trees: https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.01866

.. _hyper-threading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-threading

.. _SHAP values: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06060

.. _NDCG: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cumulative_gain#Normalized_DCG

.. _MAP: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval#Mean_average_precision

.. _AUC: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic#Area_under_the_curve

.. _log loss: https://www.kaggle.com/wiki/LogLoss
