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# Load schedulers and models

[[open-in-colab]]

Diffusion pipelines are a collection of interchangeable schedulers and models that can be mixed and matched to tailor a pipeline to a specific use case. The scheduler encapsulates the entire denoising process such as the number of denoising steps and the algorithm for finding the denoised sample. A scheduler is not parameterized or trained so they don't take very much memory. The model is usually only concerned with the forward pass of going from a noisy input to a less noisy sample.

This guide will show you how to load schedulers and models to customize a pipeline. You'll use the [stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5](https://hf.co/stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5) checkpoint throughout this guide, so let's load it first.

```py
import torch
from diffusers import DiffusionPipeline

pipeline = DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(
    "stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5", torch_dtype=torch.float16, use_safetensors=True
).to("cuda")
```

You can see what scheduler this pipeline uses with the `pipeline.scheduler` attribute.

```py
pipeline.scheduler
PNDMScheduler {
  "_class_name": "PNDMScheduler",
  "_diffusers_version": "0.21.4",
  "beta_end": 0.012,
  "beta_schedule": "scaled_linear",
  "beta_start": 0.00085,
  "clip_sample": false,
  "num_train_timesteps": 1000,
  "set_alpha_to_one": false,
  "skip_prk_steps": true,
  "steps_offset": 1,
  "timestep_spacing": "leading",
  "trained_betas": null
}
```

## Load a scheduler

Schedulers are defined by a configuration file that can be used by a variety of schedulers. Load a scheduler with the [`SchedulerMixin.from_pretrained`] method, and specify the `subfolder` parameter to load the configuration file into the correct subfolder of the pipeline repository.

For example, to load the [`DDIMScheduler`]:

```py
from diffusers import DDIMScheduler, DiffusionPipeline

ddim = DDIMScheduler.from_pretrained("stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5", subfolder="scheduler")
```

Then you can pass the newly loaded scheduler to the pipeline.

```python
pipeline = DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(
    "stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5", scheduler=ddim, torch_dtype=torch.float16, use_safetensors=True
).to("cuda")
```

## Compare schedulers

Schedulers have their own unique strengths and weaknesses, making it difficult to quantitatively compare which scheduler works best for a pipeline. You typically have to make a trade-off between denoising speed and denoising quality. We recommend trying out different schedulers to find one that works best for your use case. Call the `pipeline.scheduler.compatibles` attribute to see what schedulers are compatible with a pipeline.

Let's compare the [`LMSDiscreteScheduler`], [`EulerDiscreteScheduler`], [`EulerAncestralDiscreteScheduler`], and the [`DPMSolverMultistepScheduler`] on the following prompt and seed.

```py
import torch
from diffusers import DiffusionPipeline

pipeline = DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(
    "stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5", torch_dtype=torch.float16, use_safetensors=True
).to("cuda")

prompt = "A photograph of an astronaut riding a horse on Mars, high resolution, high definition."
generator = torch.Generator(device="cuda").manual_seed(8)
```

To change the pipelines scheduler, use the [`~ConfigMixin.from_config`] method to load a different scheduler's `pipeline.scheduler.config` into the pipeline.

<hfoptions id="schedulers">
<hfoption id="LMSDiscreteScheduler">

[`LMSDiscreteScheduler`] typically generates higher quality images than the default scheduler.

```py
from diffusers import LMSDiscreteScheduler

pipeline.scheduler = LMSDiscreteScheduler.from_config(pipeline.scheduler.config)
image = pipeline(prompt, generator=generator).images[0]
image
```

</hfoption>
<hfoption id="EulerDiscreteScheduler">

[`EulerDiscreteScheduler`] can generate higher quality images in just 30 steps.

```py
from diffusers import EulerDiscreteScheduler

pipeline.scheduler = EulerDiscreteScheduler.from_config(pipeline.scheduler.config)
image = pipeline(prompt, generator=generator).images[0]
image
```

</hfoption>
<hfoption id="EulerAncestralDiscreteScheduler">

[`EulerAncestralDiscreteScheduler`] can generate higher quality images in just 30 steps.

```py
from diffusers import EulerAncestralDiscreteScheduler

pipeline.scheduler = EulerAncestralDiscreteScheduler.from_config(pipeline.scheduler.config)
image = pipeline(prompt, generator=generator).images[0]
image
```

</hfoption>
<hfoption id="DPMSolverMultistepScheduler">

[`DPMSolverMultistepScheduler`] provides a balance between speed and quality and can generate higher quality images in just 20 steps.

```py
from diffusers import DPMSolverMultistepScheduler

pipeline.scheduler = DPMSolverMultistepScheduler.from_config(pipeline.scheduler.config)
image = pipeline(prompt, generator=generator).images[0]
image
```

</hfoption>
</hfoptions>

<div class="flex gap-4">
  <div>
    <img class="rounded-xl" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/patrickvonplaten/images/resolve/main/diffusers_docs/astronaut_lms.png" />
    <figcaption class="mt-2 text-center text-sm text-gray-500">LMSDiscreteScheduler</figcaption>
  </div>
  <div>
    <img class="rounded-xl" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/patrickvonplaten/images/resolve/main/diffusers_docs/astronaut_euler_discrete.png" />
    <figcaption class="mt-2 text-center text-sm text-gray-500">EulerDiscreteScheduler</figcaption>
  </div>
</div>
<div class="flex gap-4">
  <div>
    <img class="rounded-xl" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/patrickvonplaten/images/resolve/main/diffusers_docs/astronaut_euler_ancestral.png" />
    <figcaption class="mt-2 text-center text-sm text-gray-500">EulerAncestralDiscreteScheduler</figcaption>
  </div>
  <div>
    <img class="rounded-xl" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/patrickvonplaten/images/resolve/main/diffusers_docs/astronaut_dpm.png" />
    <figcaption class="mt-2 text-center text-sm text-gray-500">DPMSolverMultistepScheduler</figcaption>
  </div>
</div>

Most images look very similar and are comparable in quality. Again, it often comes down to your specific use case so a good approach is to run multiple different schedulers and compare the results.

### Flax schedulers

To compare Flax schedulers, you need to additionally load the scheduler state into the model parameters. For example, let's change the default scheduler in [`FlaxStableDiffusionPipeline`] to use the super fast [`FlaxDPMSolverMultistepScheduler`].

> [!WARNING]
> The [`FlaxLMSDiscreteScheduler`] and [`FlaxDDPMScheduler`] are not compatible with the [`FlaxStableDiffusionPipeline`] yet.

```py
import jax
import numpy as np
from flax.jax_utils import replicate
from flax.training.common_utils import shard
from diffusers import FlaxStableDiffusionPipeline, FlaxDPMSolverMultistepScheduler

scheduler, scheduler_state = FlaxDPMSolverMultistepScheduler.from_pretrained(
    "stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5",
    subfolder="scheduler"
)
pipeline, params = FlaxStableDiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(
    "stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5",
    scheduler=scheduler,
    variant="bf16",
    dtype=jax.numpy.bfloat16,
)
params["scheduler"] = scheduler_state
```

Then you can take advantage of Flax's compatibility with TPUs to generate a number of images in parallel. You'll need to make a copy of the model parameters for each available device and then split the inputs across them to generate your desired number of images.

```py
# Generate 1 image per parallel device (8 on TPUv2-8 or TPUv3-8)
prompt = "A photograph of an astronaut riding a horse on Mars, high resolution, high definition."
num_samples = jax.device_count()
prompt_ids = pipeline.prepare_inputs([prompt] * num_samples)

prng_seed = jax.random.PRNGKey(0)
num_inference_steps = 25

# shard inputs and rng
params = replicate(params)
prng_seed = jax.random.split(prng_seed, jax.device_count())
prompt_ids = shard(prompt_ids)

images = pipeline(prompt_ids, params, prng_seed, num_inference_steps, jit=True).images
images = pipeline.numpy_to_pil(np.asarray(images.reshape((num_samples,) + images.shape[-3:])))
```

## Models

Models are loaded from the [`ModelMixin.from_pretrained`] method, which downloads and caches the latest version of the model weights and configurations. If the latest files are available in the local cache, [`~ModelMixin.from_pretrained`] reuses files in the cache instead of re-downloading them.

Models can be loaded from a subfolder with the `subfolder` argument. For example, the model weights for [stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5](https://hf.co/stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5) are stored in the [unet](https://hf.co/stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5/tree/main/unet) subfolder.

```python
from diffusers import UNet2DConditionModel

unet = UNet2DConditionModel.from_pretrained("stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5", subfolder="unet", use_safetensors=True)
```

They can also be directly loaded from a [repository](https://huggingface.co/google/ddpm-cifar10-32/tree/main).

```python
from diffusers import UNet2DModel

unet = UNet2DModel.from_pretrained("google/ddpm-cifar10-32", use_safetensors=True)
```

To load and save model variants, specify the `variant` argument in [`ModelMixin.from_pretrained`] and [`ModelMixin.save_pretrained`].

```python
from diffusers import UNet2DConditionModel

unet = UNet2DConditionModel.from_pretrained(
    "stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5", subfolder="unet", variant="non_ema", use_safetensors=True
)
unet.save_pretrained("./local-unet", variant="non_ema")
```

Use the `torch_dtype` argument in [`~ModelMixin.from_pretrained`] to specify the dtype to load a model in.

```py
from diffusers import AutoModel

unet = AutoModel.from_pretrained(
    "stabilityai/stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0", subfolder="unet", torch_dtype=torch.float16
)
```

You can also use the [torch.Tensor.to](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.Tensor.to.html) method to convert to the specified dtype on the fly. It converts *all* weights unlike the `torch_dtype` argument that respects the `_keep_in_fp32_modules`. This is important for models whose layers must remain in fp32 for numerical stability and best generation quality (see example [here](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/blob/f864a9a352fa4a220d860bfdd1782e3e5af96382/src/diffusers/models/transformers/transformer_wan.py#L374)).
