This question refers to the following information.<n>In order to make the title of this discourse generally intelligible, I have translated the term "Protoplasm," which is the scientific name of the substance of which I am about to speak, by the words "the physical basis of life." I suppose that, to many, the idea that there is such a thing as a physical basis, or matter, of life may be novel—so widely spread is the conception of life as something which works through matter. … Thus the matter of life, so far as we know it (and we have no right to speculate on any other), breaks up, in consequence of that continual death which is the condition of its manifesting vitality, into carbonic acid, water, and nitrogenous compounds, which certainly possess no properties but those of ordinary matter.<n>Thomas Henry Huxley, "The Physical Basis of Life," 1868<n>From the passage, one may infer that Huxley argued that "life" was<n>A.a force that works through matter<n>B.essentially a philosophical notion<n>C.merely a property of a certain kind of matter<n>D.a supernatural phenomenon[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following quotation to answer questions.<n>The various modes of worship which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true; by the philosopher as equally false; and by the magistrate as equally useful.<n>Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776–1788<n>Gibbon's interpretation of the state of religious worship in ancient Rome could be summarized as<n>A.In ancient Rome, religious worship was decentralized and tended to vary with one's social position.<n>B.In ancient Rome, religious worship was the source of much social tension and turmoil.<n>C.In ancient Rome, religious worship was homogeneous and highly centralized.<n>D.In ancient Rome, religious worship was revolutionized by the introduction of Christianity.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following quote is from Voltaire in response to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.<n>My dear sir, nature is very cruel. One would find it hard to imagine how the laws of movement cause such frightful disasters in the best of possible worlds. A hundred thousand ants, our fellows, crushed all at once in our ant-hill, and half of them perishing, no doubt in unspeakable agony, beneath the wreckage from which they cannot be drawn. Families ruined all over Europe, the fortune of a hundred businessmen, your compatriots, swallowed up in the ruins of Lisbon. What a wretched gamble is the game of human life! What will the preachers say, especially if the palace of the Inquisition is still standing? I flatter myself that at least the reverend father inquisitors have been crushed like others. That ought to teach men not to persecute each other, for while a few holy scoundrels burn a few fanatics, the earth swallows up one and all.<n>—Voltaire, in a letter, 1755<n>The ideas expressed by Voltaire, above, best illustrate which of the following characteristics of Enlightenment intellectuals?<n>A.Many were accomplished scientists, who added important pieces to human understanding of the universe.<n>B.They utilized new methods of communicating their ideas, such as salons and inexpensive printed pamphlets.<n>C.Most rejected religion altogether and adopted atheism as the only credo of a rational man.<n>D.Many believed that the new scientific discoveries justified a more tolerant and objective approach to social and cultural issues.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following memoir.<n>Not only did he expect all persons of distinction to be in continual attendance at Court, but he was quick to notice the absence of those of inferior degree; at his lever, his couches, his meals, in the gardens of Versailles (the only place where the courtiers in general were allowed to follow him), he used to cast his eyes to right and left; nothing escaped him[;] he saw everybody. If anyone habitually living at Court absented himself he insisted on knowing the reason; those who came there only for flying visits had also to give a satisfactory explanation; anyone who seldom or never appeared there was certain to incur his displeasure. If asked to bestow a favor on such persons he would reply haughtily: "I do not know him"; of such as rarely presented themselves he would say, "He is a man I never see"; and from these judgments there was no appeal.<n>No one understood better than Louis XIV the art of enhancing the value of a favor by his manner of bestowing it; he knew how to make the most of a word, a smile, even of a glance.<n>He loved splendor, magnificence, and profusion in all things, and encouraged similar tastes in his Court; to spend money freely on equipages and buildings, on feasting and at cards, was a sure way to gain his favor, perhaps to obtain the honor of a word from him. Motives of policy had something to do with this; by making expensive habits the fashion, and, for people in a certain position, a necessity, he compelled his courtiers to live beyond their income, and gradually reduced them to depend on his bounty for the means of subsistence.<n>—Duke Saint-Simon, Memoirs of Louis XIV and His Court and His Regency, c. 1750<n>Which of the following is the best explanation of the bias found in the document above?<n>A.The duke, as a member of the French nobility, is sympathetic to King Louis.<n>B.The duke, as a member of the French nobility, is biased against the king because of his suppression of the nobility.<n>C.The duke, as a member of the French nobility, supported the extension of the administrative, financial, military, and religious control of the central state over the French population.<n>D.The duke, as a member of the French nobility, supported King Louis's preservation of the aristocracy's social position and legal privileges, while he removed their power.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>For the catastrophe of 1914 the Germans are responsible. … Germany, in this matter, was unfortunate enough to allow herself (in spite of her skill at dissimulation) to be betrayed into an excess of candour by her characteristic tendency to go to extremes. Deutschland über alles. Germany above everything! … There you have the ultimate framework of an old but childish race.<n>Georges Clemenceau, Grandeur and Misery of Victory, 1930<n>From the passage, one may infer that Clemenceau believed<n>A.that the lyrics from the popular song Deutschland über alles (which eventually became the German national anthem) were the reason Germany started the war<n>B.that the lyrics from the popular song Deutschland über alles (which eventually became the German national anthem) were evidence of Germany's aggressive attitude<n>C.that the reason Germany lost the war was that it was betrayed from within<n>D.that Germany provided the ultimate framework for modern warfare[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>In Russia there was nothing going on well, and [Souvarine] was in despair over the news he had received. His old companions were all turning to the politicians; the famous Nihilists who made Europe tremble-sons of village priests, of the lower middle class, of tradesmen-could not rise above the idea of national liberation, and seemed to believe that the world would be delivered-when they had killed their despot&…<n>"Foolery! They'll never get out of it with their foolery."<n>Then, lowering his voice still more, in a few bitter words he described his old dream of fraternity. He had renounced his rank and his fortune; he had gone among workmen, only in the hope of seeing at last the foundation of a new society of labour in common. All the sous in his pockets had long gone to the urchins of the settlement; he had been as tender as a brother with the colliers, smiling at their suspicion, winning them over by his quiet workmanlike ways and his dislike of chattering. But decidedly the fusion had not taken place.<n>His voice changed, his eyes grew bright, he fixed them on étienne, directly addressing him:<n>"Now, do you understand that? These hatworkers at Marseilles who have won the great lottery prize of a hundred thousand francs have gone off at once and invested it, declaring that they are going to live without doing anything! Yes, that is your idea, all of you French workmen; you want to unearth a treasure in order to devour it alone afterwards in some lazy, selfish corner. You may cry out as much as you like against the rich, you haven't got courage enough to give back to the poor the money that luck brings you. You will never be worthy of happiness as long as you own anything, and your hatred of the bourgeois proceeds solely from an angry desire to be bourgeois yourselves in their place."<n>émile Zola, French writer, Germinal, 1885<n>A nineteenth-century Russian historian evaluating this passage would probably be most interested in<n>A.the Russian interest in French culture<n>B.the spirit of camaraderie amongst the miners<n>C.the sense of continual class struggle<n>D.the need for noblesse oblige[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Florence is more beautiful and five hundred forty years older than your Venice. … We have round about us thirty thousand estates, owned by nobleman and merchants, citizens and craftsman, yielding us yearly bread and meat, wine and oil, vegetables and cheese, hay and wood, to the value of nine thousand ducats in cash. … We have two trades greater than any four of yours in Venice put together—the trades wool and silk. … Our beautiful Florence contains within the city … two hundred seventy shops belonging to the wool merchant's guild, from whence their wares are sent to Rome and the Marches, Naples and Sicily, Constantinople … and the whole of Turkey. It contains also eighty-three rich and splendid warehouses of the silk merchant's guild.<n>Benedetto Dei, "Letter to a Venetian," 1472<n>From the passage, one may argue that wealth in Renaissance Italy was measured in<n>A.the size of landed estates<n>B.the number of estates owned by an individual<n>C.the monetary value of goods<n>D.the amount of gold held[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The pair of excerpts below is written by explorer Christopher Columbus and the Dominican Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, Bartholomew de las Casas.<n>Source 1<n>Indians would give whatever the seller required. . . . Thus they bartered, like idiots, cotton and gold for fragments of bows, glasses, bottles, and jars; which I forbad as being unjust, and myself gave them many beautiful and acceptable articles which I had brought with me, taking nothing from them in return; I did this in order that I might the more easily conciliate them, that they might be led to become Christians, and be inclined to entertain a regard for the King and Queen, our Princes and all Spaniards, and that I might induce them to take an interest in seeking out, and collecting and delivering to us such things as they possessed in abundance, but which we greatly needed.<n>—Christopher Columbus: letter to Raphael Sanchez, 1493<n>Source 2<n>It was upon these gentle lambs . . . that from the very first day they clapped eyes on them the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. The pattern established at the outset has remained unchanged to this day, and the Spaniards still do nothing save tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery, suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying and persecuting them mercilessly. We shall in due course describe some of the many ingenious methods of torture they have invented and refined for this purpose, but one can get some idea of the effectiveness of their methods from the figures alone. When the Spanish first journeyed there, the indigenous population of the island of Hispaniola stood at some three million; today only two hundred survive. Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits.<n>—Bartholomew de las Casas: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542<n>Which of the following would best account for the differences between the interactions of the Spaniards and the natives as described in the two accounts?<n>A.De las Casas was exaggerating to support the start of African slavery.<n>B.Columbus was biased in favor of himself in his writings.<n>C.Columbus's men were nicer to the natives than were later expeditions.<n>D.De las Casas wanted the Spanish to leave the Americas.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following petition to answer questions.<n>The Scribbling-Machines have thrown thousands of your petitioners out of employ, whereby they are brought into great distress, and are not able to procure a maintenance for their families, and deprived them of the opportunity of bringing up their children to labour. … The number of Scribbling-Machines extending about seventeen miles south-west of Leeds exceed all belief, being no less than one hundred and seventy! And as each machine will do as much work in twelve hours, as ten men can in that time do by hand, … [And, as the machines do] as much work in one day as would otherwise employ twenty men, … [a] full four thousand men are left to shift for a living how they can, and must of course fall to the Parish, if not timely relieved. … How are those men, thus thrown out of employ to provide for their families; and what are they to put their children apprentice to, that the rising generation may have something to keep them at work, in order that they may not be like vagabonds strolling about in idleness? … Many more evils we could enumerate, but we would hope, that the sensible part of mankind, who are not biased by interest, must see the dreadful tendency of their continuance; a depopulation must be the consequence; trade being then lost, the landed interest will have no other satisfaction but that of being last devoured.<n>Leeds Woolen Workers Petition, 1786<n>This document can be used as evidence for<n>A.the spread of revolutionary ideas among the British working class in the eighteenth century<n>B.the rise of the Luddite movement in Britain in the eighteenth century<n>C.the replacing of traditional laborers by machines in the industrialization of Britain in the eighteenth century<n>D.an increase in the use of child labor in eighteenth-century Britain[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Florence is more beautiful and five hundred forty years older than your Venice. … We have round about us thirty thousand estates, owned by nobleman and merchants, citizens and craftsman, yielding us yearly bread and meat, wine and oil, vegetables and cheese, hay and wood, to the value of nine thousand ducats in cash. … We have two trades greater than any four of yours in Venice put together—the trades wool and silk. … Our beautiful Florence contains within the city … two hundred seventy shops belonging to the wool merchant's guild, from whence their wares are sent to Rome and the Marches, Naples and Sicily, Constantinople … and the whole of Turkey. It contains also eighty-three rich and splendid warehouses of the silk merchant's guild.<n>Benedetto Dei, "Letter to a Venetian," 1472<n>The passage may be used as evidence for the existence of which of the following Renaissance cultural characteristics?<n>A.Pride in the mastery of the military arts<n>B.Chivalry<n>C.Civic pride<n>D.Patronage of the arts[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The assumption by a government of the office of Reliever-general to the poor is necessarily forbidden by the principle that a government cannot rightly do anything more than protect. In demanding from a citizen contributions for the mitigation of distress … the state is … reversing its function. … To enforce the fundamental law—to take care that every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man. … [But that] is quite a separate thing from insuring him satisfaction. …<n>The poverty of the incapable, the distresses that come upon the imprudent, the starvation of the idle, and those shoulderings aside of the weak by the strong … are the decrees of a large, farseeing benevolence. … When regarded not separately, but in connection with the interests of universal humanity, these harsh fatalities are seen to be full of the highest beneficence.<n>Herbert Spencer, Social Statistics: Survival of the Fittest Applied to Humankind, 1851<n>From the passage, one may infer that Spencer advocated which social philosophy?<n>A.Utopian socialism<n>B.Social conservatism<n>C.Romanticism<n>D.Social Darwinism[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following governmental regulation.<n>Press Law<n>So long as this decree shall remain in force no publication which appears in the form of daily issues, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall go to press in any state of the union without the previous knowledge and approval of the state officials. Writings which do not belong to one of the above-mentioned classes shall be treated according to the laws now in force, or which may be enacted, in the individual states of the union. . . . Each state of the union is responsible, not only to the state against which the offense is directly committed, but to the whole Confederation, for every publication appearing under its supervision in which the honor or security of other states is infringed or their constitution or administration attacked. . . .<n>—Carlsbad Resolutions adopted by the Germanic States, 1819<n>The Carlsbad Resolutions were another of Metternich's schemes, like the Concert of Europe, which aimed to accomplish which of the following?<n>A.Establish control of European states by democracy in the tradition of the Enlightenment.<n>B.Suppress all voices in government other than his own and control all aspects of his citizens' lives.<n>C.Suppress all nationalist revolutions across the continent.<n>D.Suppress all speech but that of monarchs and the churches that they approve of.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>In Russia there was nothing going on well, and [Souvarine] was in despair over the news he had received. His old companions were all turning to the politicians; the famous Nihilists who made Europe tremble-sons of village priests, of the lower middle class, of tradesmen-could not rise above the idea of national liberation, and seemed to believe that the world would be delivered-when they had killed their despot&…<n>"Foolery! They'll never get out of it with their foolery."<n>Then, lowering his voice still more, in a few bitter words he described his old dream of fraternity. He had renounced his rank and his fortune; he had gone among workmen, only in the hope of seeing at last the foundation of a new society of labour in common. All the sous in his pockets had long gone to the urchins of the settlement; he had been as tender as a brother with the colliers, smiling at their suspicion, winning them over by his quiet workmanlike ways and his dislike of chattering. But decidedly the fusion had not taken place.<n>His voice changed, his eyes grew bright, he fixed them on étienne, directly addressing him:<n>"Now, do you understand that? These hatworkers at Marseilles who have won the great lottery prize of a hundred thousand francs have gone off at once and invested it, declaring that they are going to live without doing anything! Yes, that is your idea, all of you French workmen; you want to unearth a treasure in order to devour it alone afterwards in some lazy, selfish corner. You may cry out as much as you like against the rich, you haven't got courage enough to give back to the poor the money that luck brings you. You will never be worthy of happiness as long as you own anything, and your hatred of the bourgeois proceeds solely from an angry desire to be bourgeois yourselves in their place."<n>émile Zola, French writer, Germinal, 1885<n>The radical movement known as anarchism, alluded to in the first paragraph, had been related to all of the following EXCEPT<n>A.the International Workingman's Association<n>B.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon<n>C.the Congress of Vienna<n>D.the Paris Commune[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the documents below.<n>Source 1<n>If then by the Use of Machines, the Manufacture of Cotton, an Article which we import, and are supplied with from other Countries, and which can everywhere be procured on equal Terms, has met with such amazing Success, may not greater Advantages be reasonably expected from cultivating to the utmost the Manufacture of Wool, the Produce of our own Island, an Article in Demand in all Countries, almost the universal Clothing of Mankind?<n>In the Manufacture of Woollens, the Scribbling Mill, the Spinning Frame, and the Fly Shuttle, have reduced manual Labour nearly One third, and each of them at its-first Introduction carried an Alarm to the Work People, yet each has contributed to advance the Wages and to increase the Trade, so that if an Attempt was now made to deprive us of the Use of them, there is no Doubt, but every Person engaged in the Business, would exert himself to defend them.<n>—Statement by the Cloth Merchants of Leeds, 1791<n>Source 2<n>Come, cropper lads of high renown,<n>Who love to drink good ale that's brown,<n>And strike each haughty tyrant down,<n>With hatchet, pike, and gun!<n>Oh, the cropper lads for me,<n>The gallant lads for me,<n>Who with lusty stroke,<n>The shear frames broke,<n>The cropper lads for me!<n>What though the specials still advance,<n>And soldiers nightly round us prance;<n>The cropper lads still lead the dance,<n>With hatchet, pike, and gun!<n>Oh, the cropper lads for me,<n>The gallant lads for me,<n>Who with lusty stroke<n>The shear frames broke,<n>The cropper lads for me!<n>—Luddite Song, The Cropper's Song, c. 1812<n>Which of the following economic theories is Source 1 above referencing in support of the expansion and use of machines?<n>A.Laissez-faire capitalism<n>B.Mercantilism<n>C.Industrialization<n>D.Bullionism[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"A specter is haunting Europe-the specter of Communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this specter; Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French radicals and German police spies.<n>Two things result from this fact.<n>I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be in itself a power.<n>II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Specter of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself."<n>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848<n>In this passage, Marx and Engels seem to be chiefly preoccupied with<n>A.provoking fear to drive their readers to action<n>B.attacking the extreme communists who threatened to sink the entire movement<n>C.demonstrating the understanding of the others in point of fact<n>D.explaining the reasons for debunking opponents of communism[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>As with a Commander of the Army, or leader of any enterprise, so it is with the mistress of the house. Her spirit will be seen through the whole establishment; and just in proportion as she performs her duties intelligently and thoroughly, so will her domestics follow in her path. Of all of those acquirements, which more particularly belong to the feminine character, there are none which take a higher rank, in our estimation, than such as enter into a knowledge of household duties; for on these are perpetually dependent the happiness, comfort, and well-being of the family.<n>Isabella Beeton, Book of Household Management, 1861<n>From the passage, one may infer that the subject of Beeton's book was<n>A.the role of women in army regiments<n>B.the running of a school for domestic servants<n>C.the running of a school for girls<n>D.the role of a woman in running her own domestic household[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>First we must remark that the cosmos is spherical in form, partly because this form being a perfect whole requiring no joints, is the most complete of all, partly because it makes the most capacious form, which is best suited to contain and preserve everything; or again because all the constituent parts of the universe, that is the sun, moon and the planets appear in this form; or because everything strives to attain this form, as appears in the case of drops of water and other fluid bodies if they attempt to define themselves. So no one will doubt that this form belongs to the heavenly bodies. …<n>That the earth is also spherical is therefore beyond question, because it presses from all sides upon its center. Although by reason of the elevations of the mountains and the depressions of the valleys a perfect circle cannot be understood, yet this does not affect the general spherical nature of the earth. …<n>As it has been already shown that the earth has the form of a sphere, we must consider whether a movement also coincides with this form, and what place the earth holds in the universe. … The great majority of authors of course agree that the earth stands still in the center of the universe, and consider it inconceivable and ridiculous to suppose the opposite. But if the matter is carefully weighed, it will be seen that the question is not yet settled and therefore by no means to be regarded lightly. Every change of place which is observed is due, namely, to a movement of the observed object or of the observer, or to movements of both. … Now it is from the earth that the revolution of the heavens is observed and it is produced for our eyes. Therefore if the earth undergoes no movement this movement must take place in everything outside of the earth, but in the opposite direction than if everything on the earth moved, and of this kind is the daily revolution. So this appears to affect the whole universe, that is, everything outside the earth with the single exception of the earth itself. If, however, one should admit that this movement was not peculiar to the heavens, but that the earth revolved from west to east, and if this was carefully considered in regard to the apparent rising and setting of the sun, the moon and the stars, it would be discovered that this was the real situation."<n>Nicolas Copernicus, The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543<n>From the passage, one may say that Copernicus's argument for a spherical cosmos was based on<n>A.observation and induction<n>B.ancient textual authority<n>C.experimentation<n>D.deduction from first principles[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Buckingham Palace, 10th May 1839.<n>The Queen forgot to ask Lord Melbourne if he thought there would be any harm in her writing to the Duke of Cambridge that she really was fearful of fatiguing herself, if she went out to a party at Gloucester House on Tuesday, an Ancient Concert on Wednesday, and a ball at Northumberland House on Thursday, considering how much she had to do these last four days. If she went to the Ancient Concert on Wednesday, having besides a concert of her own here on Monday, it would be four nights of fatigue, really exhausted as the Queen is.<n>But if Lord Melbourne thinks that as there are only to be English singers at the Ancient Concert, she ought to go, she could go there for one act; but she would much rather, if possible, get out of it, for it is a fatiguing time&….<n>As the negotiations with the Tories are quite at an end, and Lord Melbourne has been here, the Queen hopes Lord Melbourne will not object to dining with her on Sunday?"<n>The Letters of Queen Victoria, Volume 1 (of 3), 1837-1843: A Selection from Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861<n>A similar fondness for entertainment amongst the nobility was taken to its most outrageous degree in which of the following eras and places?<n>A.Sixteenth-century Spain<n>B.Seventeenth-century Netherlands<n>C.Eighteenth-century France<n>D.Nineteenth-century Prussia[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The pair of excerpts below is written by explorer Christopher Columbus and the Dominican Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, Bartholomew de las Casas.<n>Source 1<n>Indians would give whatever the seller required. . . . Thus they bartered, like idiots, cotton and gold for fragments of bows, glasses, bottles, and jars; which I forbad as being unjust, and myself gave them many beautiful and acceptable articles which I had brought with me, taking nothing from them in return; I did this in order that I might the more easily conciliate them, that they might be led to become Christians, and be inclined to entertain a regard for the King and Queen, our Princes and all Spaniards, and that I might induce them to take an interest in seeking out, and collecting and delivering to us such things as they possessed in abundance, but which we greatly needed.<n>—Christopher Columbus: letter to Raphael Sanchez, 1493<n>Source 2<n>It was upon these gentle lambs . . . that from the very first day they clapped eyes on them the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. The pattern established at the outset has remained unchanged to this day, and the Spaniards still do nothing save tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery, suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying and persecuting them mercilessly. We shall in due course describe some of the many ingenious methods of torture they have invented and refined for this purpose, but one can get some idea of the effectiveness of their methods from the figures alone. When the Spanish first journeyed there, the indigenous population of the island of Hispaniola stood at some three million; today only two hundred survive. Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits.<n>—Bartholomew de las Casas: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542<n>Which of the following motives for exploration is de las Casas most likely to think is most important in Source 2?<n>A.Converting the natives to Christianity<n>B.Financial gain<n>C.Personal glory<n>D.Finding new mates[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>For a long time, educated Germans answered it in the positive, initially by laying claim to a special German mission, then, after the collapse of 1945, by criticizing Germany's deviation from the West. Today, the negative view is predominant. Germany did not, according to the now prevailing opinion, differ from the great European nations to an extent that would justify speaking of a "unique German path." And, in any case, no country on earth ever took what can be described as the "normal path."<n>Heinrich August Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, Volume 1, 2006<n>From this passage, one may infer that the belief that Germany had a unique mission in history<n>A.resulted from Germany's defeat in World War II<n>B.was unaffected by Germany's defeat in World War II<n>C.was proven correct by Germany's defeat in World War II<n>D.was discredited by Germany's defeat in World War II[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>I am of opinion that the principal and true profession of the Courtier ought to be that of arms; which I would have him follow actively above all else, and be known among others as bold and strong, and loyal to whomsoever he serves. . . .<n>I would have him well built and shapely of limb, and would have him show strength and lightness and suppleness, and know all bodily exercises that befit a man of war; whereof I think the first should be to handle every sort of weapon well on foot and on horse, to understand the advantages of each, and especially to be familiar with those weapons that are ordinarily used among gentlemen. . . .<n>Our Courtier then will be esteemed excellent and will attain grace in everything, particularly in speaking. . . .<n>I would have him more than passably accomplished in letters, at least in those studies that are called the humanities, and conversant not only with the Latin language but with the Greek, for the sake of the many different things that have been admirably written therein. Let him be well versed in the poets, and not less in the orators and historians, and also proficient in writing verse and prose, especially in this vulgar [vernacular] tongue of ours. . . .<n>You must know that I am not content with the Courtier unless he be also a musician and unless, besides understanding and being able to read notes, he can play upon divers instruments. . . .<n>I wish our Courtier to guard against getting the name of a liar or a boaster, which sometimes befalls even those who do not deserve it.<n>—From Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, 1528<n>Which of the following skills that Castiglione recommends for a courtier would be valued LEAST by a European gentleman at the end of the twentieth century?<n>A.Expertise with multiple languages<n>B.Being strong and attractive<n>C.Expertise with many kinds of weapons<n>D.Ability to write poetry and prose[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>At last it seems to me that I have come to understand why man is the most fortunate of all creatures and consequently worthy of all admiration. … The nature of all other beings is limited. … Imagine! The great generosity of God! The happiness of man! To man it is allowed to be whatever he chooses to be!<n>Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man, 1486<n>From the passage, one may infer that Pico was participating in which cultural movement?<n>A.The Renaissance<n>B.The Reformation<n>C.The Scientific Revolution<n>D.The Enlightenment[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The substitution of Plato for the scholastic Aristotle was hastened by contact with Byzantine scholarship. Already at the Council of Ferrera (1438), which nominally reunited the Eastern and Western churches, there was a debate in which the Byzantines maintained the superiority of Plato to Aristotle. Cosimo and Lorenzo de Medici were both addicted to Plato; Cosimo founded and Lorenzo continued the Florentine Academy, which was largely devoted to the study of Plato&…The humanists of the time, however, were too busy acquiring knowledge of antiquity to be able to produce anything of value."<n>Bertrand Russell, British philosopher, History of Western Philosophy, 1946<n>In what way does this passage best exemplify the view of twentieth-century philosophers and thinkers?<n>A.Faced with an unprecedented number of social and technological changes, the twentieth century embraced innovation as one of the most valued characteristics of life.<n>B.Overwhelmed by the unprecedented number of social and technological changes, the twentieth century sought refuge in the longstanding traditions of the past.<n>C.After the devastation of World Wars I and II erased the possibility of finding a unified meaning to life, philosophers occupied themselves with finding small differences between the philosophies of past thinkers.<n>D.Nihilists typically find ways to doubt the postulations of those who came before them.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>As a Jew, I have never believed in collective guilt. Only the guilty were guilty.<n>Children of killers are not killers but children. I have neither the desire nor the authority to judge today's generation for the unspeakable crimes committed by the generation of Hitler.<n>But we may—and we must—hold it responsible, not for the past, but for the way it remembers the past. And for what it does with the memory of the past. In remembering, you will help your own people vanquish the ghosts that hover over its history. Remember: a community that does not come to terms with the dead will continue to traumatize the living.<n>We remember Auschwitz and all that it symbolizes because we believe that, in spite of the past and its horrors, the world is worthy of salvation; and salvation, like redemption, can be found only in memory.<n>Elie Wiesel, "Reflections of a Survivor," 1987<n>From the passage, one may infer that Wiesel believed that the current generation of Germans<n>A.shared their ancestors' guilt for the Holocaust<n>B.had a responsibility to remember the Holocaust<n>C.shared in the responsibility for the Holocaust<n>D.had no responsibility where the Holocaust was concerned[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Government of the German Reich and The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics desirous of strengthening the cause of peace between Germany and the U.S.S.R., and proceeding from the fundamental provisions of the Neutrality Agreement concluded in April, 1926 between Germany and the U.S.S.R., have reached the following Agreement:<n>Article I. Both High Contracting Parties obligate themselves to desist from any act of violence, any aggressive action, and any attack on each other, either individually or jointly with other Powers.<n>Article II. Should one of the High Contracting Parties become the object of belligerent action by a third Power, the other High Contracting Party shall in no manner lend its support to this third Power.<n>Article III. The Governments of the two High Contracting Parties shall in the future maintain continual contact with one another for the purpose of consultation in order to exchange information on problems affecting their common interests.<n>Article IV. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties shall participate in any grouping of Powers whatsoever that is directly or indirectly aimed at the other party.<n>Article V. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties over problems of one kind or another, both parties shall settle these disputes or conflicts exclusively through friendly exchange of opinion or, if necessary, through the establishment of arbitration commissions."<n>Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939<n>This agreement allowed both nations involved to freely invade which country?<n>A.Denmark<n>B.Finland<n>C.France<n>D.Poland[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"XI. As the present sciences are useless for the discovery of effects, so the present system of logic is useless for the discovery of the sciences.<n>XIX. There are and can exist but two ways of investigating and discovering truth. The one hurries on rapidly from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from them, as principles and their supposed indisputable truth, derives and discovers the intermediate axioms. This is the way now in use. The other constructs its axioms from the senses and particulars, by ascending continually and gradually, till it finally arrives at the most general axioms, which is the true but unattempted way.<n>XXII. Each of these two ways begins from the senses and particulars, and ends in the greatest generalities&…<n>XXXVI. We have but one simple method of delivering our sentiments, namely, we must bring men to particulars and their regular series and order, and they must for a while renounce their notions, and begin to form an acquaintance with things."<n>Francis Bacon, English philosopher and essayist, Novum Organum, 1620<n>By the 1800s, the method of empirical reasoning reflected in the passage had undergone which of the following changes?<n>A.It had weakened to the point of irrelevance.<n>B.It had become a core principle of European culture.<n>C.It had been refined and changed by so many people that it had become unrecognizable to those such as Bacon who had pioneered it.<n>D.It had stagnated to the point that the common person had begun to search for a new organizing principle of life.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following entries are in the diary of Napoleon Bonaparte.<n>Paris has a short memory. If I remain longer doing nothing, I am lost. In this great Babylon one reputation quickly succeeds another. After I have been seen three times at the theatre, I shall not be looked at again. I shall therefore not go very frequently. (diary, 1798)<n>If the press is not bridled, I shall not remain three days in power. (diary, 1799)<n>The presence of a general is necessary; he is the head, he is the all in all of an army. It was not the Roman army that conquered Gaul, it was Caesar, it was not the Carthaginians that made the armies of the Roman republic tremble at the very gates of Rome, it was Hannibal. (diary, 1801)<n>My power proceeds from my reputation, and my reputation from the victories I have won. My power would fall if I were not to support it with more glory and more victories. Conquest has made me what I am; only conquest can maintain me. (diary, 1802)<n>The revolution in France is over and now there is only one party in France and I shall never allow the newspapers to say anything contrary to my interests. They may publish a few little articles with just a bit of poison in them, but one fine day I shall shut their mouths forever. (diary, 1805)<n>While Napoleon was often praised for implementing his Napoleonic Code and a meritocracy in the army, the domestic issue that he was most often criticized for was which of the following?<n>A.Placing his relatives on foreign thrones<n>B.Changing the criminal code of France<n>C.Financial mismanagement<n>D.Curtailment of citizens' rights[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>As a Jew, I have never believed in collective guilt. Only the guilty were guilty.<n>Children of killers are not killers but children. I have neither the desire nor the authority to judge today's generation for the unspeakable crimes committed by the generation of Hitler.<n>But we may—and we must—hold it responsible, not for the past, but for the way it remembers the past. And for what it does with the memory of the past. In remembering, you will help your own people vanquish the ghosts that hover over its history. Remember: a community that does not come to terms with the dead will continue to traumatize the living.<n>We remember Auschwitz and all that it symbolizes because we believe that, in spite of the past and its horrors, the world is worthy of salvation; and salvation, like redemption, can be found only in memory.<n>Elie Wiesel, "Reflections of a Survivor," 1987<n>From the passage, one may infer that Wiesel asserted that remembering the Holocaust<n>A.was necessary for the German people to become reconciled to their own history<n>B.hindered the healing process for the German people<n>C.would ensure that it never occurred again<n>D.would allow the Jews to forgive the German people[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following governmental report.<n>Of the 450 sick persons whom the inhabitants were unable to relieve, 200 were turned out, and these we saw die one by one as they lay on the roadside. A large number still remain, and to each of them it is only possible to dole out the least scrap of bread. We only give bread to those who would otherwise die. The staple dish here consists of mice, which the inhabitants hunt, so desperate are they from hunger. They devour roots which the animals cannot eat; one can, in fact, not put into words the things one sees. . . . This narrative, far from exaggerating, rather understates the horror of the case, for it does not record the hundredth part of the misery in this district. Those who have not witnessed it with their own eyes cannot imagine how great it is. Not a day passes but at least 200 people die of famine in the two provinces. We certify to having ourselves seen herds, not of cattle, but of men and women, wandering about the fields between Rheims and Rhétel, turning up the earth like pigs to find a few roots; and as they can only find rotten ones, and not half enough of them, they become so weak that they have not strength left to seek food. The parish priest at Boult, whose letter we enclose, tells us he has buried three of his parishioners who died of hunger. The rest subsisted on chopped straw mixed with earth, of which they composed a food which cannot be called bread. Other persons in the same place lived on the bodies of animals which had died of disease, and which the curé, otherwise unable to help his people, allowed them to roast at the presbytery fire.<n>—Report of the Estates of Normandy, 1651<n>Which of the following would be most responsible for ending the problems of hunger mentioned above?<n>A.The elimination of the Black Plague in Europe during the seventeenth century<n>B.The elimination of fallow fields through the agricultural revolution during the seventeenth century<n>C.The creation of a strong putting-out system that allowed people to be paid for their work<n>D.A declining population during the seventeenth century that led to better food yields and less hunger as Europe urbanized[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"But you, my dear Pangloss," said Candide, "how can it be that I behold you again?"<n>"It is true," said Pangloss, "that you saw me hanged&….A surgeon purchased my body, carried home, and dissected me. He began with making a crucial incision on me from the navel to the clavicula. One could not have been worse hanged than I was. The executioner of the Holy Inquisition was a sub-deacon, and knew how to burn people marvellously well, but he was not accustomed to hanging. The cord was wet and did not slip properly, and besides it was badly tied; in short, I still drew my breath, when the crucial incision made me give such a frightful scream that my surgeon fell flat upon his back&…[At length he] sewed up my wounds; his wife even nursed me. I was upon my legs at the end of fifteen days&….<n>One day I took it into my head to step into a mosque, where I saw an old Iman and a very pretty young devotee who was saying her paternosters&….She dropped her bouquet; I picked it up, and presented it to her with a profound reverence. I was so long in delivering it that the Iman began to get angry, and seeing that I was a Christian he called out for help. They carried me before the cadi, who ordered me a hundred lashes on the soles of the feet and sent me to the galleys. I was chained to the very same galley and the same bench as the young Baron. On board this galley there were four young men from Marseilles, five Neapolitan priests, and two monks from Corfu, who told us similar adventures happened daily. The Baron maintained that he had suffered greater injustice than I&….We were continually disputing, and received twenty lashes with a bull's pizzle when the concatenation of universal events brought you to our galley, and you were good enough to ransom us."<n>"Well, my dear Pangloss," said Candide to him, "when you had been hanged, dissected, whipped, and were tugging at the oar, did you always think that everything happens for the best?"<n>"I am still of my first opinion," answered Pangloss, "for I am a philosopher and I cannot retract, especially as Leibnitz could never be wrong; and besides, the pre-established harmony is the finest thing in the world, and so is his plenum and materia subtilis."<n>Voltaire, French Enlightenment writer, Candide, 1759<n>The themes of the passage and the mode in which Pangloss tells them show the influence of<n>A.Medievalism<n>B.Empiricism<n>C.Rationalism<n>D.Romanticism[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>About the year 1645, while I lived in London … I had the opportunity of being acquainted with diverse worthy persons, inquisitive into natural philosophy, and other parts of human learning; and particularly of what has been called the "New Philosophy" or "Experimental Philosophy." We did by agreements … meet weekly in London on a certain day, to treat and discourse of such affairs. … Our business was (precluding matters of theology and state affairs), to discourse and consider of Philosophical Enquiries, and such as related thereunto: as physic, anatomy, geometry, astronomy, navigation, statics, magnetics, chemics, mechanics, and natural experiments; with the state of these studies, as then cultivated at home and abroad. We then discoursed of the circulation of the blood, the valves in the veins, the venae lactae, the lymphatic vessels, the Copernican hypothesis, the nature of comets and new stars, the satellites of Jupiter, the oval shape (as it then appeared) of Saturn, the spots in the sun, and its turning on its own axis, the inequalities and selenography of the moon, the several phases of Venus and Mercury, the improvement of telescopes, and grinding of glasses for that purpose, the weight of air, the possibility, or impossibility of vacuities, and nature's abhorrence thereof, the Torricellian experiment in quicksilver, the descent of heavy bodies, and the degrees of acceleration therein; and divers other things of like nature. Some of which were then but new discoveries, and others not so generally known and embraced, as now they are. …<n>We barred all discourses of divinity, of state affairs, and of news, other than what concerned our business of Philosophy. These meetings we removed soon after to the Bull Head in Cheapside, and in term-time to Gresham College, where we met weekly at Mr. Foster's lecture (then Astronomy Professor there), and, after the lecture ended, repaired, sometimes to Mr. Foster's lodgings, sometimes to some other place not far distant, where we continued such enquiries, and our numbers increased.<n>Dr. John Wallis, Account of Some Passages of his Life, 1700<n>The passage may be used as evidence for the development of<n>A.an independent society for the study of natural philosophy in the seventeenth century<n>B.the study of natural philosophy in the royal courts in the seventeenth century<n>C.new universities for the study of natural philosophy in the seventeenth century<n>D.the study of natural philosophy in the Church in the seventeenth century[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"In 1500 that work appeared which Erasmus had written after his misfortune at Dover, and had dedicated to Mountjoy, the Adagiorum Collectanea. It was a collection of about eight hundred proverbial sayings drawn from the Latin authors of antiquity and elucidated for the use of those who aspired to write an elegant Latin style. In the dedication Erasmus pointed out the profit an author may derive, both in ornamenting his style and in strengthening his argumentation, from having at his disposal a good supply of sentences hallowed by their antiquity. He proposes to offer such a help to his readers. What he actually gave was much more. He familiarized a much wider circle than the earlier humanists had reached with the spirit of antiquity.<n>Until this time the humanists had, to some extent, monopolized the treasures of classic culture, in order to parade their knowledge of which the multitude remained destitute, and so to become strange prodigies of learning and elegance. With his irresistible need of teaching and his sincere love for humanity and its general culture, Erasmus introduced the classic spirit, in so far as it could be reflected in the soul of a sixteenth-century Christian, among the people. Not he alone; but none more extensively and more effectively. Not among all the people, it is true, for by writing in Latin he limited his direct influence to the educated classes, which in those days were the upper classes.<n>Erasmus made current the classic spirit. Humanism ceased to be the exclusive privilege of a few. According to Beatus Rhenanus he had been reproached by some humanists, when about to publish the Adagia, for divulging the mysteries of their craft. But he desired that the book of antiquity should be open to all."<n>Johan Huizinga, twentieth-century Dutch philosopher, Erasmus and the Age of Reformation, 1924<n>According to Huizinga, Erasmus's legacy was more significant than that of earlier humanists because<n>A.he had more support from the Church<n>B.he wrote in a language that was understandable to the masses, unlike his predecessors<n>C.he wrote exclusively about religious matters<n>D.he valued educating the masses more than his predecessors had[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the excerpts below.<n>This corruption is repeatedly designated by Paul by the term sin . . . such as adultery, fornication, theft, hatred, murder, revellings, he terms, in the same way, the fruits of sin, though in various passages of Scripture . . . we are, merely on account of such corruption, deservedly condemned by God, to whom nothing is acceptable but righteousness, innocence, and purity.<n>—John Calvin, from The Institutes of Christian Religion, Book 2: Chapter 1, 1545<n>The covenant of life is not preached equally to all, and among those to whom it is preached, does not always meet with the same reception. This diversity displays the unsearchable depth of the divine judgment, and is without doubt subordinate to God's purpose of eternal election. But if it is plainly owing to the mere pleasure of God that salvation is spontaneously offered to some, while others have no access to it, great and difficult questions immediately arise, questions which are inexplicable, when just views are not entertained concerning election and predestination[,] . . . the grace of God being illustrated by the contrast, viz., that he does not adopt all promiscuously to the hope of salvation, but gives to some what he denies to others.<n>—John Calvin, from The Institutes of Christian Religion, Book 3: Chapter 21, 1545<n>Which of the following is the biggest contrast between the ideas of Calvinists when compared to their fellow Protestant Lutherans?<n>A.Calvinists believed that the state is absolutely subordinate to the religious organization.<n>B.Calvinists believed in consubstantiation while Lutherans believed in transubstantiation.<n>C.Lutherans used the reformed faith to their political advantage to break free from domination from the pope and the Holy Roman Empire.<n>D.Lutherans insisted upon maintaining all of the seven sacraments while the Calvinists chose to honor only two of them.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The substitution of Plato for the scholastic Aristotle was hastened by contact with Byzantine scholarship. Already at the Council of Ferrera (1438), which nominally reunited the Eastern and Western churches, there was a debate in which the Byzantines maintained the superiority of Plato to Aristotle. Cosimo and Lorenzo de Medici were both addicted to Plato; Cosimo founded and Lorenzo continued the Florentine Academy, which was largely devoted to the study of Plato&…The humanists of the time, however, were too busy acquiring knowledge of antiquity to be able to produce anything of value."<n>Bertrand Russell, British philosopher, History of Western Philosophy, 1946<n>It can be inferred from the passage that the Council of Ferrera<n>A.laid the foundation for the Florentine Academy<n>B.permanently reconciled the differences between the Eastern and Western churches<n>C.accelerated the rediscovery of classical philosophy in Western Europe<n>D.allowed the Byzantines to learn from Florentine scholarship[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"But you, my dear Pangloss," said Candide, "how can it be that I behold you again?"<n>"It is true," said Pangloss, "that you saw me hanged&….A surgeon purchased my body, carried home, and dissected me. He began with making a crucial incision on me from the navel to the clavicula. One could not have been worse hanged than I was. The executioner of the Holy Inquisition was a sub-deacon, and knew how to burn people marvellously well, but he was not accustomed to hanging. The cord was wet and did not slip properly, and besides it was badly tied; in short, I still drew my breath, when the crucial incision made me give such a frightful scream that my surgeon fell flat upon his back&…[At length he] sewed up my wounds; his wife even nursed me. I was upon my legs at the end of fifteen days&….<n>One day I took it into my head to step into a mosque, where I saw an old Iman and a very pretty young devotee who was saying her paternosters&….She dropped her bouquet; I picked it up, and presented it to her with a profound reverence. I was so long in delivering it that the Iman began to get angry, and seeing that I was a Christian he called out for help. They carried me before the cadi, who ordered me a hundred lashes on the soles of the feet and sent me to the galleys. I was chained to the very same galley and the same bench as the young Baron. On board this galley there were four young men from Marseilles, five Neapolitan priests, and two monks from Corfu, who told us similar adventures happened daily. The Baron maintained that he had suffered greater injustice than I&….We were continually disputing, and received twenty lashes with a bull's pizzle when the concatenation of universal events brought you to our galley, and you were good enough to ransom us."<n>"Well, my dear Pangloss," said Candide to him, "when you had been hanged, dissected, whipped, and were tugging at the oar, did you always think that everything happens for the best?"<n>"I am still of my first opinion," answered Pangloss, "for I am a philosopher and I cannot retract, especially as Leibnitz could never be wrong; and besides, the pre-established harmony is the finest thing in the world, and so is his plenum and materia subtilis."<n>Voltaire, French Enlightenment writer, Candide, 1759<n>Candide's statement that "everything always happens for the best" can be seen as a reflection of the Enlightenment belief that<n>A.society can be perfected if you apply the scientific method to it<n>B.a people without a strong central authority are doomed to live in a state of nature<n>C.the only purpose of a government is to secure the rights of life, liberty, and property<n>D.only free markets can lead nations to wealth and happiness[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The excerpts below are from the Navigation Acts of 1651.<n>[A]fter the first day of December, one thousand six hundred fifty and one, and from thence forwards, no goods or commodities whatsoever of the growth, production or manufacture of Asia, Africa or America, or of any part thereof; or of any islands belonging to them, or which are described or laid down in the usual maps or cards of those places, as well of the English plantations as others, shall be imported or brought into this Commonwealth of England, or into Ireland, or any other lands, islands, plantations, or territories to this Commonwealth belonging, or in their possession, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but only in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of this Commonwealth, or the plantations thereof, as the proprietors or right owners thereof; and whereof the master and mariners are also of the people of this Commonwealth, under the penalty of the forfeiture and loss of all the goods that shall be imported contrary to this act, , , ,<n>[N]o goods or commodities of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe, or of any part thereof, shall after the first day of December, one thousand six hundred fifty and one, be imported or brought into this Commonwealth of England, or any other lands or territories to this Commonwealth belonging, or in their possession, in any ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of this Commonwealth, and in no other, except only such foreign ships and vessels as do truly and properly belong to the people of that country or place, of which the said goods are the growth, production or manufacture.<n>Which of the following was the desired outcome of the above legislation by the Rump Parliament of England in 1651?<n>A.To prevent England's colonies from being bombarded with cheap goods manufactured by their mainland European competitors<n>B.To reclaim domination of the slave trade from Portugal in order to meet the growing need for slaves for sugar plantations in the English Caribbean colonies<n>C.To end Dutch domination of maritime trade by limiting their ability to move goods between England and her colonies as well as goods to and from England from other countries<n>D.To extricate the French from the Atlantic sea trade as well as the cod and whaling industries which at this time were dominated by the French[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Apart from the desire to produce beautiful things, the leading passion of my life has been and is hatred of modern civilization. What shall I say of it now, when the words are put into my mouth, my hope of its destruction—what shall I say of its supplanting by Socialism?<n>What shall I say concerning its mastery of and its waste of mechanical power, its commonwealth so poor, its enemies of the commonwealth so rich, its stupendous organization—for the misery of life! Its contempt of simple pleasures which everyone could enjoy but for its folly? Its eyeless vulgarity which has destroyed art, the one certain solace of labor? All this I felt then as now, but I did not know why it was so. The hope of the past times was gone, the struggles of mankind for many ages had produced nothing but this sordid, aimless, ugly confusion; the immediate future seemed to me likely to intensify all the present evils by sweeping away the last survivals of the days before the dull squalor of civilization had settled down on the world.<n>This was a bad lookout indeed, and, if I may mention myself as a personality and not as a mere type, especially so to a man of my disposition, careless of metaphysics and religion, as well as of scientific analysis, but with a deep love of the earth and the life on it, and a passion for the history of the past of mankind.<n>William Morris, How I Became a Socialist, 1896<n>From the passage, one may infer that Morris<n>A.chose to become a socialist because he was appalled by the great waste of resources and general misery caused by modern society<n>B.chose to become a socialist because of the persuasiveness of Marx's arguments<n>C.rejected socialism because it produced nothing but ugly confusion<n>D.rejected socialism because of a deep love of the Earth and the life on it[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The pair of excerpts below is written by explorer Christopher Columbus and the Dominican Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, Bartholomew de las Casas.<n>Source 1<n>Indians would give whatever the seller required. . . . Thus they bartered, like idiots, cotton and gold for fragments of bows, glasses, bottles, and jars; which I forbad as being unjust, and myself gave them many beautiful and acceptable articles which I had brought with me, taking nothing from them in return; I did this in order that I might the more easily conciliate them, that they might be led to become Christians, and be inclined to entertain a regard for the King and Queen, our Princes and all Spaniards, and that I might induce them to take an interest in seeking out, and collecting and delivering to us such things as they possessed in abundance, but which we greatly needed.<n>—Christopher Columbus: letter to Raphael Sanchez, 1493<n>Source 2<n>It was upon these gentle lambs . . . that from the very first day they clapped eyes on them the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. The pattern established at the outset has remained unchanged to this day, and the Spaniards still do nothing save tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery, suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying and persecuting them mercilessly. We shall in due course describe some of the many ingenious methods of torture they have invented and refined for this purpose, but one can get some idea of the effectiveness of their methods from the figures alone. When the Spanish first journeyed there, the indigenous population of the island of Hispaniola stood at some three million; today only two hundred survive. Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits.<n>—Bartholomew de las Casas: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542<n>Which of the following motives for exploration does de las Casas seem to be criticizing in Source 2?<n>A.Converting the natives to Christianity<n>B.Financial gain<n>C.Personal glory<n>D.Finding new mates[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following excerpt.<n>Never were talents of the highest genius of the most exalted kind, more profusely bestowed upon a human being. The genius of Napoleon is astounding. All branches of human knowledge seemed alike familiar to his gigantic mind. His conversations at St. Helena, scattered through the numerous and voluminous memorials of those who gleaned them, are replete with intensest interest. During the long agony of his imprisonment and his death, he conversed with perfect freedom upon the events of his marvelous career, and upon all those subjects or morals, politics, and religion, which most deeply concern the welfare of our race. There is no mind which will not be invigorated by familiarity with these profound thoughts, expressed with so much glow of feeling and energy of diction.<n>—John S. C. Abbott, historian, Napoleon at St. Helena, 1855<n>Which of the following features of the French empire under Napoleon does Abbott seem most impressed with?<n>A.Napoleon's secret police<n>B.Napoleon's domestic reforms<n>C.Napoleon's suppression of women's rights<n>D.Napoleon's military tactics[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following quote.<n>I had now decided beyond all question that there existed in the heavens three stars wandering about Jupiter as do Venus and Mercury about the sun, and this became plainer than daylight from observations on similar occasions which followed. Nor were there just three such stars; four wanderers complete their revolutions about Jupiter, and of their alterations as observed more precisely later on we shall give a description here. Also I measured the distances between them by means of the telescope. . . .<n>Such are the observations concerning the four Medicean planets recently first discovered by me, and although from this data their periods have not yet been reconstructed in numerical form, it is legitimate at least to put in evidence some facts worthy of note. Above all, since they sometimes follow and sometimes precede Jupiter by the same intervals, and they remain within very limited distances either to east or west of Jupiter, accompanying that planet in both its retrograde and direct movements in a constant manner, no one can doubt that they complete their revolutions about Jupiter and at the same time effect all together a twelve-year period about the center of the universe.<n>—Galileo Galilei, 1610<n>Which of the following Polish thinkers was most likely the person whose ideas convinced Galileo to have written the statement above?<n>A.Nicolaus Copernicus<n>B.Johannes Kepler<n>C.Galileo Galilei<n>D.Josef Pilsudski[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following quote is from Voltaire in response to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.<n>My dear sir, nature is very cruel. One would find it hard to imagine how the laws of movement cause such frightful disasters in the best of possible worlds. A hundred thousand ants, our fellows, crushed all at once in our ant-hill, and half of them perishing, no doubt in unspeakable agony, beneath the wreckage from which they cannot be drawn. Families ruined all over Europe, the fortune of a hundred businessmen, your compatriots, swallowed up in the ruins of Lisbon. What a wretched gamble is the game of human life! What will the preachers say, especially if the palace of the Inquisition is still standing? I flatter myself that at least the reverend father inquisitors have been crushed like others. That ought to teach men not to persecute each other, for while a few holy scoundrels burn a few fanatics, the earth swallows up one and all.<n>—Voltaire, in a letter, 1755<n>Which of the following Enlightenment philosophes questioned reliance on reason and began the Romantic Movement for the rationale given?<n>A.Jean-Jacques Rousseau because he thought society corrupted noble souls.<n>B.Baron Montesquieu because he thought that governments were not capable of being fair.<n>C.Mary Wollstonecraft because she railed against the subjugation of women emotionally.<n>D.Adam Smith because he stated that reason could not be used to understand how another feels.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following poem to answer questions.<n>Take up the White Man's burden—<n>Send forth the best ye breed—<n>Go bind your sons to exile<n>To serve your captives' need;<n>To wait in heavy harness,<n>On fluttered folk and wild—<n>Your new-caught, sullen peoples,<n>Half-devil and half-child.<n>...<n>Take up the White Man's burden—<n>The savage wars of peace—<n>Fill full the mouth of Famine<n>And bid the sickness cease;<n>And when your goal is nearest<n>The end for others sought…<n>Watch sloth and heathen Folly<n>Bring all your hopes to naught.<n>Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899<n>The poem describes which kind of attitude toward the native peoples who were under the rule or influence of the British Empire?<n>A.They are "exiled sons" of the British race.<n>B.While "savage," they fight wars for the sake of a lasting peace.<n>C.They are ready for conversion to Christianity.<n>D.They are the product of a less-civilized and less-developed civilization.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The excerpts below are from the Navigation Acts of 1651.<n>[A]fter the first day of December, one thousand six hundred fifty and one, and from thence forwards, no goods or commodities whatsoever of the growth, production or manufacture of Asia, Africa or America, or of any part thereof; or of any islands belonging to them, or which are described or laid down in the usual maps or cards of those places, as well of the English plantations as others, shall be imported or brought into this Commonwealth of England, or into Ireland, or any other lands, islands, plantations, or territories to this Commonwealth belonging, or in their possession, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but only in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of this Commonwealth, or the plantations thereof, as the proprietors or right owners thereof; and whereof the master and mariners are also of the people of this Commonwealth, under the penalty of the forfeiture and loss of all the goods that shall be imported contrary to this act, , , ,<n>[N]o goods or commodities of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe, or of any part thereof, shall after the first day of December, one thousand six hundred fifty and one, be imported or brought into this Commonwealth of England, or any other lands or territories to this Commonwealth belonging, or in their possession, in any ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of this Commonwealth, and in no other, except only such foreign ships and vessels as do truly and properly belong to the people of that country or place, of which the said goods are the growth, production or manufacture.<n>The aforementioned 1651 Navigation Acts above conflict with which of the following economic philosopher's theories and beliefs?<n>A.Thomas Malthus<n>B.Josiah Child<n>C.Adam Smith<n>D.Jean-Baptiste Colbert[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Perestroika [Restructuring] is an urgent necessity arising from the profound processes of development in our socialist society. This society is ripe for change. It has long been yearning for it. Any delay in beginning perestroika could have led to an exacerbated internal situation in the near future, which, to put it bluntly, would have been fraught with serious social, economic, and political crises.<n>Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World, 1987<n>From the passage, one may infer that Gorbachev argued that<n>A.a restructuring of the socialist society of the Soviet Union was inevitable<n>B.a restructuring of the socialist society of the Soviet Union would exacerbate the current situation<n>C.a restructuring of the socialist society of the Soviet Union was necessary in order to avoid a crisis<n>D.a restructuring of socialist society was necessary in order to avoid the collapse of the Soviet Union[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>From this moment until that in which the enemy shall have been driven from the soil of the Republic, all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the service of the armies. The young men shall go to battle; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothing and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old linen into lint; the aged shall betake themselves to the public places in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach the hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic. …<n>The Committee of Public Safety is charged to take all necessary measures to set up without delay an extraordinary manufacture of arms of every sort which corresponds with the ardor and energy of the French people. It is, accordingly, authorized to form all the establishments, factories, workshops, and mills which shall be deemed necessary for the carrying on of these works, as well as to put in requisition, within the entire extent of the Republic, the artists and workingmen who can contribute to their success.<n>The representatives of the people sent out for the execution of the present law shall have the same authority in their respective districts, acting in concert with the Committee of Public Safety; they are invested with the unlimited powers assigned to the representatives of the people to the armies.<n>The Levée en Masse, August 23, 1793<n>It could be argued that the passage represents a turning point in the history of warfare in modern European history because<n>A.it represented the introduction of weaponry produced by large-scale industrialization<n>B.it advocated the total extinction of a nation's enemies<n>C.it was war run by a committee<n>D.it advocated total war[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following excerpt.<n>If civilized education developed in every child its natural inclinations, we should see nearly all rich children enamored of various very plebeian occupations, such as that of the mason, the carpenter, the smith, the saddler. I have instanced Louis the XVI, who loved the trade of locksmith; an Infanta of Spain preferred that of shoemaker; a certain king of Denmark gratified himself by manufacturing syringes; the former king of Naples loved to sell the fish he had caught in the market-place himself; the prince of Parma, whom Condillac had trained in metaphysical subtitles, in the understanding of intuition, of cognition, had no taste but for the occupation of church-warden and lay-brother.<n>The great majority of wealthy children would follow these plebeian tastes, if civilized education did not oppose the development of them; and if the filthiness of the workshops and the coarseness of the workmen did not arouse a repugnance stronger than the attraction. What child of a prince is there who has no taste for one of the four occupations I have just mentioned, that of mason, carpenter, smith, saddler, and who would not advance in them if he beheld from an early age the work carried on in blight workshops, by refined people, who would always arrange a miniature workshop for children, with little implements and light labor?<n>—Charles Fourier, On Education, 1838<n>Many in Fourier's circles advocated for universal male suffrage, which was propagated most by which of the following groups?<n>A.Luddites<n>B.Liberals<n>C.Benthamites<n>D.Chartists[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>I am of opinion that the principal and true profession of the Courtier ought to be that of arms; which I would have him follow actively above all else, and be known among others as bold and strong, and loyal to whomsoever he serves. . . .<n>I would have him well built and shapely of limb, and would have him show strength and lightness and suppleness, and know all bodily exercises that befit a man of war; whereof I think the first should be to handle every sort of weapon well on foot and on horse, to understand the advantages of each, and especially to be familiar with those weapons that are ordinarily used among gentlemen. . . .<n>Our Courtier then will be esteemed excellent and will attain grace in everything, particularly in speaking. . . .<n>I would have him more than passably accomplished in letters, at least in those studies that are called the humanities, and conversant not only with the Latin language but with the Greek, for the sake of the many different things that have been admirably written therein. Let him be well versed in the poets, and not less in the orators and historians, and also proficient in writing verse and prose, especially in this vulgar [vernacular] tongue of ours. . . .<n>You must know that I am not content with the Courtier unless he be also a musician and unless, besides understanding and being able to read notes, he can play upon divers instruments. . . .<n>I wish our Courtier to guard against getting the name of a liar or a boaster, which sometimes befalls even those who do not deserve it.<n>—From Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, 1528<n>Which of the following themes of the Renaissance era is the above writing most connected to?<n>A.Secularism<n>B.Individualism<n>C.Humanism<n>D.Perspective[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following excerpt.<n>The revolutionary seed had penetrated into every country and spread more or less. It was greatly developed under the régime of the military despotism of Bonaparte. His conquests displaced a number of laws, institutions, and customs; broke through bonds sacred among all nations, strong enough to resist time itself; which is more than can be said of certain benefits conferred by these innovators.<n>The monarchs will fulfil the duties imposed upon them by Him who, by entrusting them with power, has charged them to watch over the maintenance of justice, and the rights of all, to avoid the paths of error, and tread firmly in the way of truth. Placed beyond the passions which agitate society, it is in days of trial chiefly that they are called upon to despoil realities of their false appearances, and to show themselves as they are, fathers invested with the authority belonging by right to the heads of families, to prove that, in days of mourning, they know how to be just, wise, and therefore strong, and that they will not abandon the people whom they ought to govern to be the sport of factions, to error and its consequences, which must involve the loss of society.<n>Union between the monarchs is the basis of the policy which must now be followed to save society from total ruin. . . .<n>Let them not confound concessions made to parties with the good they ought to do for their people, in modifying, according to their recognized needs, such branches of the administration as require it.<n>Let them be just, but strong; beneficent, but strict.<n>Let them maintain religious principles in all their purity, and not allow the faith to be attacked and morality interpreted according to the social contract or the visions of foolish sectarians.<n>Let them suppress Secret Societies; that gangrene of society.<n>—Klemens von Metternich, Political Confession of Faith, 1820<n>The final result of the negotiations led by Metternich during the Congress of Vienna is being referenced in the document above in which of the following ways?<n>A.Metternich's statement about the military despotism of Bonaparte led to the elimination of all empires in Europe.<n>B.Metternich's statement about fulfilling duties indicated his support for the Holy Alliance that controlled the fate of Europe.<n>C.Metternich's statement about the unity of monarchs alludes to the creation of the Concert of Europe.<n>D.Metternich's disgust for secret societies led to the creation of the Carlsbad Decrees.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The assumption by a government of the office of Reliever-general to the poor is necessarily forbidden by the principle that a government cannot rightly do anything more than protect. In demanding from a citizen contributions for the mitigation of distress … the state is … reversing its function. … To enforce the fundamental law—to take care that every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man. … [But that] is quite a separate thing from insuring him satisfaction. …<n>The poverty of the incapable, the distresses that come upon the imprudent, the starvation of the idle, and those shoulderings aside of the weak by the strong … are the decrees of a large, farseeing benevolence. … When regarded not separately, but in connection with the interests of universal humanity, these harsh fatalities are seen to be full of the highest beneficence.<n>Herbert Spencer, Social Statistics: Survival of the Fittest Applied to Humankind, 1851<n>From the passage, one may infer that Spencer was an advocate of which nineteenth-century political philosophy?<n>A.Conservatism<n>B.Anarchism<n>C.Liberalism<n>D.Socialism[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the list of complaints below.<n>Article 3: Frenchmen should regard as laws of the kingdom those alone which have been prepared by the national assembly and sanctioned by the king.<n>Article 11: Personal liberty, proprietary rights and the security of citizens shall be established in a clear, precise and irrevocable manner. All lettres de cachet shall be abolished forever, subject to certain modifications which the States General may see fit to impose.<n>Article 12: And to remove forever the possibility of injury to the personal and proprietary rights of Frenchmen, the jury system shall be introduced in all criminal cases, and in civil cases for the determination of fact, in all the courts of the realm.<n>Article 17: All distinctions in penalties shall be abolished; and crimes committed by citizens of the different orders shall be punished irrespectively, according to the same forms of law and in the same manner. The States General shall seek to bring it about that the effects of transgression shall be confined to the individual and shall not be reflected upon the relatives of the transgressor, themselves innocent of all participation.<n>Article 21: No tax shall be legal unless accepted by the representatives of the people and sanctioned by the king.<n>—Cahiers of the Third Estate of Versailles, 1789<n>Which of the following was NOT one of the problems in France that caused the French Revolution referenced in the document above?<n>A.Financial problems caused by debts and low revenues.<n>B.The legal system of France was not equitable.<n>C.The proliferation of Enlightenment ideals.<n>D.There was a lot of social and political inequality in France in 1789.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following quotation to answer questions.<n>1848 was the decisive year of German, and so of European, history: it recapitulated Germany's past and inspired Germany's future. … Never has there been a revolution so inspired by a limitless faith in the power of ideas; never has a revolution so discredited the power of ideas in its result. The success of the revolution discredited conservative ideas; the failure of the revolution discredited liberal ideas. After it, nothing remained but the idea of Force, and this idea stood at the helm of German history from then on. For the first time since 1521, the German people stepped on to the centre of the German stage only to miss their cue once more. German history reached its turning-point and failed to turn. This was the fateful essence of 1848.<n>A. J. P. Taylor, The Course of German History, 1945<n>From the quotation, one may infer that Taylor argues that the most important effect of the political revolutions of 1848 was<n>A.the failure to bring about a change in the ruling class<n>B.the demonstration of the power of ideas<n>C.the discrediting of both conservative and liberal political ideology<n>D.the creation of the idea of a modern police force[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Addison's Act had been conceived in the belief that, unless working-class aspirations were quickly met after the war, Britain might experience a revolution similar to that in Russia. By 1920 that fear was beginning to recede and Addison's policy was being regarded as extravagant. An immediate victim of the new attitude was the Borough's Kingfield Street scheme, provisional plans for which were approved in September 1920. Much to the Council's surprise, the Government's Housing Board deferred the scheme, "having regard to the Council's present commitments and the money available at the present time, and in May 1921 the Government announced a drastic curtailment of the housing programme, cutting the housing target by half.<n>—Excerpt from a work by English historian Hermione Hobhouse Public Housing in Poplar: The Inter-war Years, 1994<n>Which of the following is the best description of the plans being changed above?<n>A.Welfare programs were questioned after the First World War.<n>B.Housing was a large part of the British budget.<n>C.Workers were threatening communist revolution.<n>D.The government Housing Board wanted to build more houses.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following quotation to answer questions.<n>1848 was the decisive year of German, and so of European, history: it recapitulated Germany's past and inspired Germany's future. … Never has there been a revolution so inspired by a limitless faith in the power of ideas; never has a revolution so discredited the power of ideas in its result. The success of the revolution discredited conservative ideas; the failure of the revolution discredited liberal ideas. After it, nothing remained but the idea of Force, and this idea stood at the helm of German history from then on. For the first time since 1521, the German people stepped on to the centre of the German stage only to miss their cue once more. German history reached its turning-point and failed to turn. This was the fateful essence of 1848.<n>A. J. P. Taylor, The Course of German History, 1945<n>Why might it be important to note that Taylor was writing his analysis in 1945?<n>A.A historian writing at the end of World War II might be inclined to look for, and find, the origins of perceived German belligerence.<n>B.A historian writing in 1945 would be dead now, and therefore, his analysis is irrelevant.<n>C.Historical analysis written in 1945 is "out of date," and one should look for a more recent book.<n>D.A historian writing at the end of World War II would be looking for the origins of the Cold War.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>We have, by this perpetual and irrevocable edict, established and proclaimed:<n>"First, that the recollection of everything done be one party or the other … during all the preceding period of troubles, remain obliterated and forgotten, as if no such things had ever happened. …<n>"We ordain that the Catholic Apostolic and Roman religion shall be restored and reestablished in all places and localities of this our kingdom and countries subject to our sway, where the exercise of the same has been interrupted, in order that it may be peaceably and freely exercised, without any trouble or hindrance. …<n>"And in order to leave no occasion for troubles or differences between our subjects, we have permitted, and herewith permit, those of the said religion called Reformed to live and abide in all the cities and places of this our kingdom and countries of our sway, and without being annoyed, molested, or compelled to do anything in the matter of religion contrary to their consciences. …"<n>Henry IV of France, The Edict of Nantes, 1598<n>From the passage, one may infer that<n>A.Henry IV was a Catholic<n>B.Henry IV was a Protestant<n>C.prior to 1598, France had been free of religious conflict<n>D.prior to 1598, France was stricken with religious conflict[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>In order to make the title of this discourse generally intelligible, I have translated the term "Protoplasm," which is the scientific name of the substance of which I am about to speak, by the words "the physical basis of life." I suppose that, to many, the idea that there is such a thing as a physical basis, or matter, of life may be novel—so widely spread is the conception of life as something which works through matter. … Thus the matter of life, so far as we know it (and we have no right to speculate on any other), breaks up, in consequence of that continual death which is the condition of its manifesting vitality, into carbonic acid, water, and nitrogenous compounds, which certainly possess no properties but those of ordinary matter.<n>Thomas Henry Huxley, "The Physical Basis of Life," 1868<n>From the passage, one may infer that Huxley's view is representative of the nineteenth-century ideology known as<n>A.anarchism<n>B.materialism<n>C.conservatism<n>D.romanticism[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Under the name of Chartist well-meaning inconsiderate men and other misled men have in very many cases, all over the country from the extreme west to the extreme east and from Brighton in the south to nearly the extreme north of Scotland, denounced every man who is not a working man, applied to him, the grossest epithets and most atrocious intentions and conduct, have threatened them with vengeance and in some places, have proposed plans for the seizure and division of their property—numbers of misled men and others of bad character, under the self-denomination of Chartists have gone from place to place and in the most violent manner disturbed and dispersed meetings of various kinds. Your Committee object to the words Household Suffrage since under any honest definition of the words—they would exclude a large majority of the men of these kingdoms—and because they have become reasonably obnoxious to the political portion of the working people.<n>—Excerpt of a letter from British social reformer Francis Place, written in 1842<n>The primary goal of the Chartist movement was which of the following?<n>A.Universal suffrage<n>B.Universal male suffrage<n>C.Universal health care<n>D.Social security and unemployment insurance[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>From this moment until that in which the enemy shall have been driven from the soil of the Republic, all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the service of the armies. The young men shall go to battle; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothing and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old linen into lint; the aged shall betake themselves to the public places in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach the hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic. …<n>The Committee of Public Safety is charged to take all necessary measures to set up without delay an extraordinary manufacture of arms of every sort which corresponds with the ardor and energy of the French people. It is, accordingly, authorized to form all the establishments, factories, workshops, and mills which shall be deemed necessary for the carrying on of these works, as well as to put in requisition, within the entire extent of the Republic, the artists and workingmen who can contribute to their success.<n>The representatives of the people sent out for the execution of the present law shall have the same authority in their respective districts, acting in concert with the Committee of Public Safety; they are invested with the unlimited powers assigned to the representatives of the people to the armies.<n>The Levée en Masse, August 23, 1793<n>This passage established<n>A.the French Republic<n>B.the Committee of Public Safety<n>C.war against the Coalition<n>D.mass conscription[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"In 1500 that work appeared which Erasmus had written after his misfortune at Dover, and had dedicated to Mountjoy, the Adagiorum Collectanea. It was a collection of about eight hundred proverbial sayings drawn from the Latin authors of antiquity and elucidated for the use of those who aspired to write an elegant Latin style. In the dedication Erasmus pointed out the profit an author may derive, both in ornamenting his style and in strengthening his argumentation, from having at his disposal a good supply of sentences hallowed by their antiquity. He proposes to offer such a help to his readers. What he actually gave was much more. He familiarized a much wider circle than the earlier humanists had reached with the spirit of antiquity.<n>Until this time the humanists had, to some extent, monopolized the treasures of classic culture, in order to parade their knowledge of which the multitude remained destitute, and so to become strange prodigies of learning and elegance. With his irresistible need of teaching and his sincere love for humanity and its general culture, Erasmus introduced the classic spirit, in so far as it could be reflected in the soul of a sixteenth-century Christian, among the people. Not he alone; but none more extensively and more effectively. Not among all the people, it is true, for by writing in Latin he limited his direct influence to the educated classes, which in those days were the upper classes.<n>Erasmus made current the classic spirit. Humanism ceased to be the exclusive privilege of a few. According to Beatus Rhenanus he had been reproached by some humanists, when about to publish the Adagia, for divulging the mysteries of their craft. But he desired that the book of antiquity should be open to all."<n>Johan Huizinga, twentieth-century Dutch philosopher, Erasmus and the Age of Reformation, 1924<n>The type of humanism attributed to Erasmus in this passage is most similar to what Southern Renaissance movement?<n>A.Neoplatonism<n>B.Antitrinitarianism<n>C.Pietism<n>D.Rationalism[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees, that British subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purposes of carrying on their mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint, at the cities and towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochowfoo, Ningpo, and Shanghai; and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, &c., will appoint Superintendents, or Consular officers, to reside at each of the above-named cities or towns, to be the medium of communication between the Chinese authorities and the said merchants, and to see that the just duties and other dues of the Chinese Government, as hereafter provided for, are duly discharged by Her Britannic Majesty's subjects."<n>Treaty of Nanjing, 1839<n>This treaty was the conclusion of a series of events that began with<n>A.the Boxer Rebellion<n>B.a treaty between China and colonial India<n>C.the elimination of British Corn Laws<n>D.the British forcing the Chinese to participate in the opium trade[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following account of the Paris Exposition of 1889.<n>"The opportunities to study the natural history of man in Paris during the Exposition, and especially in August, when the great Congresses and the French Association held their sessions, were unparalleled in the history of anthropology. At any time the French capital affords rare advantages to the anthropologist. The Musée and Laboratoire Broca, the anthropometric operations of Bertillon in the Palais de Justice, the courses of lectures in the école d'Anthropologie, the collections in the Jardin de Plantes, the facilities for original work in the écoles de Medicine, and the hospitals give to the comparative anatomist and biologist abundant employment."<n>Otis T. Mason, American ethnologist and curator, 1889<n>It can be inferred from the text that at the time of the Paris Exposition, the scientific community was changing due to<n>A.the inclusion of women<n>B.an increase in funding from officials in the French capital<n>C.the development of universal public education in many European countries<n>D.the development of new, specialized fields[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The assumption by a government of the office of Reliever-general to the poor is necessarily forbidden by the principle that a government cannot rightly do anything more than protect. In demanding from a citizen contributions for the mitigation of distress … the state is … reversing its function. … To enforce the fundamental law—to take care that every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man. … [But that] is quite a separate thing from insuring him satisfaction. …<n>The poverty of the incapable, the distresses that come upon the imprudent, the starvation of the idle, and those shoulderings aside of the weak by the strong … are the decrees of a large, farseeing benevolence. … When regarded not separately, but in connection with the interests of universal humanity, these harsh fatalities are seen to be full of the highest beneficence.<n>Herbert Spencer, Social Statistics: Survival of the Fittest Applied to Humankind, 1851<n>From the passage, one may infer that Spencer<n>A.opposed the use of tax money to provide aid to the poor<n>B.challenged the government's right to tax the people<n>C.believed that the government should do more than merely protect its people<n>D.believed that working people should unite for a common cause[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>At last it seems to me that I have come to understand why man is the most fortunate of all creatures and consequently worthy of all admiration. … The nature of all other beings is limited. … Imagine! The great generosity of God! The happiness of man! To man it is allowed to be whatever he chooses to be!<n>Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man, 1486<n>From the passage, one may infer that Pico rejected the notion<n>A.that man was a unique kind of creature<n>B.that God intended man to strive to achieve<n>C.that man is unworthy of admiration<n>D.that humans are God's equals[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>For the catastrophe of 1914 the Germans are responsible. … Germany, in this matter, was unfortunate enough to allow herself (in spite of her skill at dissimulation) to be betrayed into an excess of candour by her characteristic tendency to go to extremes. Deutschland über alles. Germany above everything! … There you have the ultimate framework of an old but childish race.<n>Georges Clemenceau, Grandeur and Misery of Victory, 1930<n>From the passage, one may infer that Clemenceau<n>A.blamed Germany for the Great Depression<n>B.blamed Germany for World War I<n>C.blamed Germany for World War II<n>D.blamed Germany for the Franco-Prussian War[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following letter.<n>It happened . . . that a Spaniard saw an Indian . . . eating a piece of flesh taken from the body of an Indian who had been killed. . . . I had the culprit burned, explaining that the cause was his having killed that Indian and eaten him[,] which was prohibited by Your Majesty, and by me in Your Royal name. I further made the chief understand that all the people . . . must abstain from this custom. . . . I came . . . to protect their lives as well as their property, and to teach them that they were to adore but one God[,] . . . that they must turn from their idols, and the rites they had practiced until then, for these were lies and deceptions which the devil . . . had invented. . . . I, likewise, had come to teach them that Your Majesty, by the will of Divine Providence, rules the universe, and that they also must submit themselves to the imperial yoke, and do all that we who are Your Majesty's ministers here might order them.<n>—Hernan Cortez, Fifth Letter to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, 1521<n>Which of the following superior technologies was most crucial to the Europeans' success in the New World?<n>A.New sailing technologies like the compass and the astrolabe<n>B.New ships like the carrack and caravel<n>C.Weapons like cannon and war horses<n>D.Better educational systems that taught navigation and warfare[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following letter.<n>It happened . . . that a Spaniard saw an Indian . . . eating a piece of flesh taken from the body of an Indian who had been killed. . . . I had the culprit burned, explaining that the cause was his having killed that Indian and eaten him[,] which was prohibited by Your Majesty, and by me in Your Royal name. I further made the chief understand that all the people . . . must abstain from this custom. . . . I came . . . to protect their lives as well as their property, and to teach them that they were to adore but one God[,] . . . that they must turn from their idols, and the rites they had practiced until then, for these were lies and deceptions which the devil . . . had invented. . . . I, likewise, had come to teach them that Your Majesty, by the will of Divine Providence, rules the universe, and that they also must submit themselves to the imperial yoke, and do all that we who are Your Majesty's ministers here might order them.<n>—Hernan Cortez, Fifth Letter to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, 1521<n>Which of the following motivations for exploration is most evident from the document above?<n>A.The rise of mercantilism gave the state a new role in promoting commercial development and the acquisition of colonies overseas.<n>B.European states sought direct access to gold and spices and luxury goods as a means to enhance personal wealth and state power.<n>C.Individual captains sought great glory and wealth.<n>D.Christianity served as a stimulus for exploration as governments and religious authorities sought to spread the faith and counter Islam, and as a justification for the physical and cultural subjugation of indigenous civilizations.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the list of complaints below.<n>Article 3: Frenchmen should regard as laws of the kingdom those alone which have been prepared by the national assembly and sanctioned by the king.<n>Article 11: Personal liberty, proprietary rights and the security of citizens shall be established in a clear, precise and irrevocable manner. All lettres de cachet shall be abolished forever, subject to certain modifications which the States General may see fit to impose.<n>Article 12: And to remove forever the possibility of injury to the personal and proprietary rights of Frenchmen, the jury system shall be introduced in all criminal cases, and in civil cases for the determination of fact, in all the courts of the realm.<n>Article 17: All distinctions in penalties shall be abolished; and crimes committed by citizens of the different orders shall be punished irrespectively, according to the same forms of law and in the same manner. The States General shall seek to bring it about that the effects of transgression shall be confined to the individual and shall not be reflected upon the relatives of the transgressor, themselves innocent of all participation.<n>Article 21: No tax shall be legal unless accepted by the representatives of the people and sanctioned by the king.<n>—Cahiers of the Third Estate of Versailles, 1789<n>During the radical phase of the revolution, which of the following changes instituted by Robespierre was LEAST beneficial to the defense of France?<n>A.The conscription of huge armies<n>B.Fixing prices and wages<n>C.Pursuing a policy of de-Christianization<n>D.Promoting soldiers based upon their merits in the field[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>About the year 1645, while I lived in London … I had the opportunity of being acquainted with diverse worthy persons, inquisitive into natural philosophy, and other parts of human learning; and particularly of what has been called the "New Philosophy" or "Experimental Philosophy." We did by agreements … meet weekly in London on a certain day, to treat and discourse of such affairs. … Our business was (precluding matters of theology and state affairs), to discourse and consider of Philosophical Enquiries, and such as related thereunto: as physic, anatomy, geometry, astronomy, navigation, statics, magnetics, chemics, mechanics, and natural experiments; with the state of these studies, as then cultivated at home and abroad. We then discoursed of the circulation of the blood, the valves in the veins, the venae lactae, the lymphatic vessels, the Copernican hypothesis, the nature of comets and new stars, the satellites of Jupiter, the oval shape (as it then appeared) of Saturn, the spots in the sun, and its turning on its own axis, the inequalities and selenography of the moon, the several phases of Venus and Mercury, the improvement of telescopes, and grinding of glasses for that purpose, the weight of air, the possibility, or impossibility of vacuities, and nature's abhorrence thereof, the Torricellian experiment in quicksilver, the descent of heavy bodies, and the degrees of acceleration therein; and divers other things of like nature. Some of which were then but new discoveries, and others not so generally known and embraced, as now they are. …<n>We barred all discourses of divinity, of state affairs, and of news, other than what concerned our business of Philosophy. These meetings we removed soon after to the Bull Head in Cheapside, and in term-time to Gresham College, where we met weekly at Mr. Foster's lecture (then Astronomy Professor there), and, after the lecture ended, repaired, sometimes to Mr. Foster's lodgings, sometimes to some other place not far distant, where we continued such enquiries, and our numbers increased.<n>Dr. John Wallis, Account of Some Passages of his Life, 1700<n>From the passage, one may infer that the main interest of Wallis's group was<n>A.undermining of the traditional worldview<n>B.creating of a secular science to challenge the Church<n>C.ascertaining the state of the New Philosophy in England and abroad<n>D.the regulation of new knowledge so as not to undermine traditional values[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"It's come! It's posted at the district mayor's office," a passerby shouted at me as he ran. I reached the Rue Drout in one leap. … I read the message at a glance. … "The First Day of Mobilization Will Be Sunday, August 2 [1914]." … It was an announcement to a million and a half Frenchmen. … War! … Dead tired but exhilarated, I got back to [my newspaper's office] and burst into the office of Georges Clemenceau, our chief. "What is Paris saying?" he asked me. "It's singing, sir!" "It will be all right then[," Clemenceau replied].<n>Roland Doregelès, After 50 Years, c. 1965<n>From the passage, one may infer that Doregelès recalled that<n>A.mobilization for war in 1914 was greeted with great skepticism in Paris<n>B.mobilization for war in 1914 was greeted with great skepticism all across Europe<n>C.mobilization for war in 1914 was greeted with great enthusiasm all across Europe<n>D.mobilization for war in 1914 was greeted with great enthusiasm in Paris[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following excerpt.<n>Never were talents of the highest genius of the most exalted kind, more profusely bestowed upon a human being. The genius of Napoleon is astounding. All branches of human knowledge seemed alike familiar to his gigantic mind. His conversations at St. Helena, scattered through the numerous and voluminous memorials of those who gleaned them, are replete with intensest interest. During the long agony of his imprisonment and his death, he conversed with perfect freedom upon the events of his marvelous career, and upon all those subjects or morals, politics, and religion, which most deeply concern the welfare of our race. There is no mind which will not be invigorated by familiarity with these profound thoughts, expressed with so much glow of feeling and energy of diction.<n>—John S. C. Abbott, historian, Napoleon at St. Helena, 1855<n>Which of the following actions of Napoleon does the author seem to be ignoring the hypocrisy of in his examination of the high mindedness and praiseworthiness of Napoleon?<n>A.The invasion of Haiti to stop a slave revolt there<n>B.The creation of the Napoleonic Code<n>C.Promoting soldiers and government workers based upon their merits only<n>D.His conquest of Europe and use of the Continental System[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Confidential—For Your Excellency's personal information and guidance<n>The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador yesterday delivered to the [German] Emperor [Wilhelm II] a confidential personal letter from the Emperor Francis Joseph [of Austria-Hungary], which depicts the present situation from the Austro-Hungarian point of view, and describes the measures which Vienna has in view. A copy is now being forwarded to Your Excellency. …<n>His Majesty desires to say that he is not blind to the danger which threatens Austria-Hungary and thus the Triple Alliance as a result of the Russian and Serbian Pan-Slavic agitation. … His Majesty will, furthermore, make an effort at Bucharest, according to the wishes of the Emperor Franz Joseph, to influence King Carol to the fulfilment of the duties of his alliance, to the renunciation of Serbia, and to the suppression of the Rumanian agitations directed against Austria-Hungary.<n>Finally, as far as concerns Serbia, His Majesty, of course, cannot interfere in the dispute now going on between Austria-Hungary and that country, as it is a matter not within his competence. The Emperor Franz Joseph may, however, rest assured that His Majesty will faithfully stand by Austria-Hungary, as is required by the obligations of his alliance and of his ancient friendship.<n>Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (chancellor of Germany), telegram to the German ambassador at Vienna, July 6, 1914<n>From the passage, one may infer that Bethmann-Hollweg's telegram is often referred to as Germany's "blank check" because<n>A.it pledged Germany to join the Triple Alliance and support Austria-Hungary against the Triple Entente<n>B.it was understood to give Austria an unlimited scope of response to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, to Serbia, and Pan-Slavism within the Austro-Hungarian Empire<n>C.it pledged Germany's unlimited support to Franz Joseph in his efforts to succeed the recently assassinated Franz Ferdinand<n>D.it offered nothing in terms of real support to Franz Joseph and Austria-Hungary[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>First we must remark that the cosmos is spherical in form, partly because this form being a perfect whole requiring no joints, is the most complete of all, partly because it makes the most capacious form, which is best suited to contain and preserve everything; or again because all the constituent parts of the universe, that is the sun, moon and the planets appear in this form; or because everything strives to attain this form, as appears in the case of drops of water and other fluid bodies if they attempt to define themselves. So no one will doubt that this form belongs to the heavenly bodies. …<n>That the earth is also spherical is therefore beyond question, because it presses from all sides upon its center. Although by reason of the elevations of the mountains and the depressions of the valleys a perfect circle cannot be understood, yet this does not affect the general spherical nature of the earth. …<n>As it has been already shown that the earth has the form of a sphere, we must consider whether a movement also coincides with this form, and what place the earth holds in the universe. … The great majority of authors of course agree that the earth stands still in the center of the universe, and consider it inconceivable and ridiculous to suppose the opposite. But if the matter is carefully weighed, it will be seen that the question is not yet settled and therefore by no means to be regarded lightly. Every change of place which is observed is due, namely, to a movement of the observed object or of the observer, or to movements of both. … Now it is from the earth that the revolution of the heavens is observed and it is produced for our eyes. Therefore if the earth undergoes no movement this movement must take place in everything outside of the earth, but in the opposite direction than if everything on the earth moved, and of this kind is the daily revolution. So this appears to affect the whole universe, that is, everything outside the earth with the single exception of the earth itself. If, however, one should admit that this movement was not peculiar to the heavens, but that the earth revolved from west to east, and if this was carefully considered in regard to the apparent rising and setting of the sun, the moon and the stars, it would be discovered that this was the real situation."<n>Nicolas Copernicus, The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543<n>The passage may be used as evidence that Copernicus differed from the traditional, Aristotelian natural philosophers of his day because he suggested that<n>A.the cosmos is spherical<n>B.the Earth is spherical<n>C.the cosmos is geostatic<n>D.the Earth is not stationary[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees, that British subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purposes of carrying on their mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint, at the cities and towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochowfoo, Ningpo, and Shanghai; and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, &c., will appoint Superintendents, or Consular officers, to reside at each of the above-named cities or towns, to be the medium of communication between the Chinese authorities and the said merchants, and to see that the just duties and other dues of the Chinese Government, as hereafter provided for, are duly discharged by Her Britannic Majesty's subjects."<n>Treaty of Nanjing, 1839<n>The concessions offered in this treaty most directly created British<n>A.colonies<n>B.spheres of influence<n>C.protectorates<n>D.businesses[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>First we must remark that the cosmos is spherical in form, partly because this form being a perfect whole requiring no joints, is the most complete of all, partly because it makes the most capacious form, which is best suited to contain and preserve everything; or again because all the constituent parts of the universe, that is the sun, moon and the planets appear in this form; or because everything strives to attain this form, as appears in the case of drops of water and other fluid bodies if they attempt to define themselves. So no one will doubt that this form belongs to the heavenly bodies. …<n>That the earth is also spherical is therefore beyond question, because it presses from all sides upon its center. Although by reason of the elevations of the mountains and the depressions of the valleys a perfect circle cannot be understood, yet this does not affect the general spherical nature of the earth. …<n>As it has been already shown that the earth has the form of a sphere, we must consider whether a movement also coincides with this form, and what place the earth holds in the universe. … The great majority of authors of course agree that the earth stands still in the center of the universe, and consider it inconceivable and ridiculous to suppose the opposite. But if the matter is carefully weighed, it will be seen that the question is not yet settled and therefore by no means to be regarded lightly. Every change of place which is observed is due, namely, to a movement of the observed object or of the observer, or to movements of both. … Now it is from the earth that the revolution of the heavens is observed and it is produced for our eyes. Therefore if the earth undergoes no movement this movement must take place in everything outside of the earth, but in the opposite direction than if everything on the earth moved, and of this kind is the daily revolution. So this appears to affect the whole universe, that is, everything outside the earth with the single exception of the earth itself. If, however, one should admit that this movement was not peculiar to the heavens, but that the earth revolved from west to east, and if this was carefully considered in regard to the apparent rising and setting of the sun, the moon and the stars, it would be discovered that this was the real situation."<n>Nicolas Copernicus, The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543<n>From the passage, one could argue that Copernicus was working in<n>A.the Aristotelian tradition<n>B.the natural magic tradition<n>C.the skeptical tradition<n>D.the Platonic/Pythagorean tradition[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following memoir.<n>Not only did he expect all persons of distinction to be in continual attendance at Court, but he was quick to notice the absence of those of inferior degree; at his lever, his couches, his meals, in the gardens of Versailles (the only place where the courtiers in general were allowed to follow him), he used to cast his eyes to right and left; nothing escaped him[;] he saw everybody. If anyone habitually living at Court absented himself he insisted on knowing the reason; those who came there only for flying visits had also to give a satisfactory explanation; anyone who seldom or never appeared there was certain to incur his displeasure. If asked to bestow a favor on such persons he would reply haughtily: "I do not know him"; of such as rarely presented themselves he would say, "He is a man I never see"; and from these judgments there was no appeal.<n>No one understood better than Louis XIV the art of enhancing the value of a favor by his manner of bestowing it; he knew how to make the most of a word, a smile, even of a glance.<n>He loved splendor, magnificence, and profusion in all things, and encouraged similar tastes in his Court; to spend money freely on equipages and buildings, on feasting and at cards, was a sure way to gain his favor, perhaps to obtain the honor of a word from him. Motives of policy had something to do with this; by making expensive habits the fashion, and, for people in a certain position, a necessity, he compelled his courtiers to live beyond their income, and gradually reduced them to depend on his bounty for the means of subsistence.<n>—Duke Saint-Simon, Memoirs of Louis XIV and His Court and His Regency, c. 1750<n>Louis XIV was aided by many able advisors, but which of the following advisors helped him to reorganize France and make it into a world power?<n>A.Jean Martinet, his chief military advisor<n>B.Cardinal Mazarin, his regent and foreign policy advisor<n>C.Jean Baptiste Colbert, his finance minister<n>D.the Duke of Burgundy[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Italian nation has been at last united in our own days, and we all rejoiced in its union. Yet we may be allowed to doubt whether the union was not a little too speedy and a little too thorough. It is surely carrying unity too far to wipe out all traces of the independent being, for most purposes to wipe out the very name, of such a land as Sicily. It jars on our feelings to find that, while Ireland at least forms part of the royal style of its sovereign, Sicily is no longer even a geographical expression. The island realm of Roger has sunk to be seven provinces of the kingdom on the mainland. And there is another result of Italian unity, a result in which we may rejoice without drawbacks, but which still has somewhat of sadness about it as finally ending that great phase of the history of Europe with which we have throughout been dealing. Never were ties with the past so fully snapped as when the army of Italy entered liberated Rome. Of all novelties in European history the greatest was when Rome became the centre of a dominion with acknowledged metes and bounds, the head in short of a local Italian kingdom. "Rome the capital of Italy" was a formula which might well gladden our hearts; but it was a formula which formally swept away the œcumenical position, the œcumenical traditions, of Rome&….<n>But the kingdom of Italy is not an appendage to Rome; Rome is the head of the kingdom. The whole is greater than its part; Rome, by her own free will and by the free will of Italy, has become less than Italy. By becoming the willing head of an Italian kingdom she has formally cast aside her Imperial traditions as they were not cast aside when brute force made her the head of a French department."<n>Edward A. Freeman, British historian and politician, The Chief Periods of European History, 1885<n>According to the author, Italy's connections to its history and traditions were most "fully snapped" when<n>A.Sicily ceased to be an independent kingdom.<n>B.Italians liberated Rome.<n>C.Rome became the head of a French Department.<n>D.French troops abandoned Rome to fight in the Franco-Prussian War.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles. … The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.<n>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848<n>The Communist Manifesto can be understood as an example of the influence of which mode of modern European thinking?<n>A.The Oxford Movement<n>B.Materialism and economic determinism<n>C.Hegelian idealism<n>D.The rationalism of the Scottish Enlightenment[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following memoir.<n>Not only did he expect all persons of distinction to be in continual attendance at Court, but he was quick to notice the absence of those of inferior degree; at his lever, his couches, his meals, in the gardens of Versailles (the only place where the courtiers in general were allowed to follow him), he used to cast his eyes to right and left; nothing escaped him[;] he saw everybody. If anyone habitually living at Court absented himself he insisted on knowing the reason; those who came there only for flying visits had also to give a satisfactory explanation; anyone who seldom or never appeared there was certain to incur his displeasure. If asked to bestow a favor on such persons he would reply haughtily: "I do not know him"; of such as rarely presented themselves he would say, "He is a man I never see"; and from these judgments there was no appeal.<n>No one understood better than Louis XIV the art of enhancing the value of a favor by his manner of bestowing it; he knew how to make the most of a word, a smile, even of a glance.<n>He loved splendor, magnificence, and profusion in all things, and encouraged similar tastes in his Court; to spend money freely on equipages and buildings, on feasting and at cards, was a sure way to gain his favor, perhaps to obtain the honor of a word from him. Motives of policy had something to do with this; by making expensive habits the fashion, and, for people in a certain position, a necessity, he compelled his courtiers to live beyond their income, and gradually reduced them to depend on his bounty for the means of subsistence.<n>—Duke Saint-Simon, Memoirs of Louis XIV and His Court and His Regency, c. 1750<n>Which of the following was the greatest weakness and regret of the rule of King Louis XIV?<n>A.His domination of the nobility left him without friends and allies.<n>B.He was so concerned with ceremonies and appearances that he did not rule his country well.<n>C.He left the administration of his kingdom to professional bureaucrats known as intendants.<n>D.He was at war for 2/3 of his reign and united the other major powers against him.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Government of the German Reich and The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics desirous of strengthening the cause of peace between Germany and the U.S.S.R., and proceeding from the fundamental provisions of the Neutrality Agreement concluded in April, 1926 between Germany and the U.S.S.R., have reached the following Agreement:<n>Article I. Both High Contracting Parties obligate themselves to desist from any act of violence, any aggressive action, and any attack on each other, either individually or jointly with other Powers.<n>Article II. Should one of the High Contracting Parties become the object of belligerent action by a third Power, the other High Contracting Party shall in no manner lend its support to this third Power.<n>Article III. The Governments of the two High Contracting Parties shall in the future maintain continual contact with one another for the purpose of consultation in order to exchange information on problems affecting their common interests.<n>Article IV. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties shall participate in any grouping of Powers whatsoever that is directly or indirectly aimed at the other party.<n>Article V. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties over problems of one kind or another, both parties shall settle these disputes or conflicts exclusively through friendly exchange of opinion or, if necessary, through the establishment of arbitration commissions."<n>Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939<n>The agreement described in the text is most similar to the<n>A.Triple Entente (1907)<n>B.Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)<n>C.Lateran Treaty (1929)<n>D.Munich Agreement (1938)[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following poem to answer questions.<n>Take up the White Man's burden—<n>Send forth the best ye breed—<n>Go bind your sons to exile<n>To serve your captives' need;<n>To wait in heavy harness,<n>On fluttered folk and wild—<n>Your new-caught, sullen peoples,<n>Half-devil and half-child.<n>...<n>Take up the White Man's burden—<n>The savage wars of peace—<n>Fill full the mouth of Famine<n>And bid the sickness cease;<n>And when your goal is nearest<n>The end for others sought…<n>Watch sloth and heathen Folly<n>Bring all your hopes to naught.<n>Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899<n>Based on this poem, Kipling's conception of the British imperial mission could best be summed up as<n>A.a difficult but necessary task<n>B.a ruthless exercise of power<n>C.a glorious, religious responsibility<n>D.a hopeless task with no purpose[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"A specter is haunting Europe-the specter of Communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this specter; Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French radicals and German police spies.<n>Two things result from this fact.<n>I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be in itself a power.<n>II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Specter of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself."<n>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848<n>By 1917, which idea in this pamphlet had become a reality in Russia?<n>A.The avoidance of entangling foreign alliances<n>B.The violent overthrow of the bourgeois by the proletariat<n>C.The establishment of a powerful Russian Parliament<n>D.The adoption of free education for all children in public schools[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles. … The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.<n>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848<n>A follower of Marx and Engels's view of history would argue that an all-out war between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat classes was<n>A.a destructive development that could be avoided through the study of philosophy<n>B.a possibility which should be encouraged in order to foster progress<n>C.an inevitable result of fundamental economic change<n>D.an example of history repeating itself[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the documents below.<n>Source 1<n>If then by the Use of Machines, the Manufacture of Cotton, an Article which we import, and are supplied with from other Countries, and which can everywhere be procured on equal Terms, has met with such amazing Success, may not greater Advantages be reasonably expected from cultivating to the utmost the Manufacture of Wool, the Produce of our own Island, an Article in Demand in all Countries, almost the universal Clothing of Mankind?<n>In the Manufacture of Woollens, the Scribbling Mill, the Spinning Frame, and the Fly Shuttle, have reduced manual Labour nearly One third, and each of them at its-first Introduction carried an Alarm to the Work People, yet each has contributed to advance the Wages and to increase the Trade, so that if an Attempt was now made to deprive us of the Use of them, there is no Doubt, but every Person engaged in the Business, would exert himself to defend them.<n>—Statement by the Cloth Merchants of Leeds, 1791<n>Source 2<n>Come, cropper lads of high renown,<n>Who love to drink good ale that's brown,<n>And strike each haughty tyrant down,<n>With hatchet, pike, and gun!<n>Oh, the cropper lads for me,<n>The gallant lads for me,<n>Who with lusty stroke,<n>The shear frames broke,<n>The cropper lads for me!<n>What though the specials still advance,<n>And soldiers nightly round us prance;<n>The cropper lads still lead the dance,<n>With hatchet, pike, and gun!<n>Oh, the cropper lads for me,<n>The gallant lads for me,<n>Who with lusty stroke<n>The shear frames broke,<n>The cropper lads for me!<n>—Luddite Song, The Cropper's Song, c. 1812<n>Which of the following best describes the governmental reactions to complaints such as those seen in Source 2 before 1850?<n>A.Governments did little to address problems of industrialization before 1850.<n>B.Reform movements led to the creation of regulations on work hours and ages and gender of workers.<n>C.The implementation of running water and sewers was begun in England.<n>D.The government created a national health-care system.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>At last it seems to me that I have come to understand why man is the most fortunate of all creatures and consequently worthy of all admiration. … The nature of all other beings is limited. … Imagine! The great generosity of God! The happiness of man! To man it is allowed to be whatever he chooses to be!<n>Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man, 1486<n>From the passage, one may infer that Pico believed that humankind was unique because<n>A.human beings have a soul<n>B.human beings know that they will die<n>C.it is possible for human beings to go to heaven<n>D.the potential of the human being is unlimited[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The substitution of Plato for the scholastic Aristotle was hastened by contact with Byzantine scholarship. Already at the Council of Ferrera (1438), which nominally reunited the Eastern and Western churches, there was a debate in which the Byzantines maintained the superiority of Plato to Aristotle. Cosimo and Lorenzo de Medici were both addicted to Plato; Cosimo founded and Lorenzo continued the Florentine Academy, which was largely devoted to the study of Plato&…The humanists of the time, however, were too busy acquiring knowledge of antiquity to be able to produce anything of value."<n>Bertrand Russell, British philosopher, History of Western Philosophy, 1946<n>The cultural diffusion described by Bertrand Russell most directly influenced the composition of which text?<n>A.Oration on the Dignity of Man<n>B.The Decameron<n>C.Handbook of the Christian Knight<n>D.Utopia[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Buckingham Palace, 10th May 1839.<n>The Queen forgot to ask Lord Melbourne if he thought there would be any harm in her writing to the Duke of Cambridge that she really was fearful of fatiguing herself, if she went out to a party at Gloucester House on Tuesday, an Ancient Concert on Wednesday, and a ball at Northumberland House on Thursday, considering how much she had to do these last four days. If she went to the Ancient Concert on Wednesday, having besides a concert of her own here on Monday, it would be four nights of fatigue, really exhausted as the Queen is.<n>But if Lord Melbourne thinks that as there are only to be English singers at the Ancient Concert, she ought to go, she could go there for one act; but she would much rather, if possible, get out of it, for it is a fatiguing time&….<n>As the negotiations with the Tories are quite at an end, and Lord Melbourne has been here, the Queen hopes Lord Melbourne will not object to dining with her on Sunday?"<n>The Letters of Queen Victoria, Volume 1 (of 3), 1837-1843: A Selection from Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861<n>The long evenings of entertainment for Queen Victoria suggest what about the nature of the English monarchy in the nineteenth century?<n>A.That true political power lay elsewhere<n>B.That she was very fond of attending balls and concerts<n>C.That important political progress could only be made by attending social events<n>D.That with England's nineteenth-century economic success came more leisure time for the upper classes[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Government of the German Reich and The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics desirous of strengthening the cause of peace between Germany and the U.S.S.R., and proceeding from the fundamental provisions of the Neutrality Agreement concluded in April, 1926 between Germany and the U.S.S.R., have reached the following Agreement:<n>Article I. Both High Contracting Parties obligate themselves to desist from any act of violence, any aggressive action, and any attack on each other, either individually or jointly with other Powers.<n>Article II. Should one of the High Contracting Parties become the object of belligerent action by a third Power, the other High Contracting Party shall in no manner lend its support to this third Power.<n>Article III. The Governments of the two High Contracting Parties shall in the future maintain continual contact with one another for the purpose of consultation in order to exchange information on problems affecting their common interests.<n>Article IV. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties shall participate in any grouping of Powers whatsoever that is directly or indirectly aimed at the other party.<n>Article V. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties over problems of one kind or another, both parties shall settle these disputes or conflicts exclusively through friendly exchange of opinion or, if necessary, through the establishment of arbitration commissions."<n>Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939<n>It can be inferred from the text that Germany and the Soviet Union<n>A.had some degree of a nonaggression agreement since at least 1926<n>B.created their first peace agreement in 1926<n>C.had technically been in a state of war since 1926<n>D.previously held a peace agreement that expired in 1926[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Addison's Act had been conceived in the belief that, unless working-class aspirations were quickly met after the war, Britain might experience a revolution similar to that in Russia. By 1920 that fear was beginning to recede and Addison's policy was being regarded as extravagant. An immediate victim of the new attitude was the Borough's Kingfield Street scheme, provisional plans for which were approved in September 1920. Much to the Council's surprise, the Government's Housing Board deferred the scheme, "having regard to the Council's present commitments and the money available at the present time, and in May 1921 the Government announced a drastic curtailment of the housing programme, cutting the housing target by half.<n>—Excerpt from a work by English historian Hermione Hobhouse Public Housing in Poplar: The Inter-war Years, 1994<n>Which of the following attitudes prevalent after the First World War is evident in the passage above?<n>A.Women's suffrage should increase<n>B.Democratization of society<n>C.Increased disillusionment and cynicism<n>D.The rise of communism as a world power[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following quote.<n>I had now decided beyond all question that there existed in the heavens three stars wandering about Jupiter as do Venus and Mercury about the sun, and this became plainer than daylight from observations on similar occasions which followed. Nor were there just three such stars; four wanderers complete their revolutions about Jupiter, and of their alterations as observed more precisely later on we shall give a description here. Also I measured the distances between them by means of the telescope. . . .<n>Such are the observations concerning the four Medicean planets recently first discovered by me, and although from this data their periods have not yet been reconstructed in numerical form, it is legitimate at least to put in evidence some facts worthy of note. Above all, since they sometimes follow and sometimes precede Jupiter by the same intervals, and they remain within very limited distances either to east or west of Jupiter, accompanying that planet in both its retrograde and direct movements in a constant manner, no one can doubt that they complete their revolutions about Jupiter and at the same time effect all together a twelve-year period about the center of the universe.<n>—Galileo Galilei, 1610<n>Which of the following is best demonstrated by the passage about intellectual thought at the time?<n>A.It led to better scientific tools, which led to a rise in the standard of living during the seventeenth century across Europe.<n>B.The ideas of the ancient Greeks guided all of their ideas.<n>C.It used information obtained through experimentation to conceptualize the universe.<n>D.It provided experimental proof of the theories of ancient thinkers, such as Aristotle, on how the universe worked.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>As with a Commander of the Army, or leader of any enterprise, so it is with the mistress of the house. Her spirit will be seen through the whole establishment; and just in proportion as she performs her duties intelligently and thoroughly, so will her domestics follow in her path. Of all of those acquirements, which more particularly belong to the feminine character, there are none which take a higher rank, in our estimation, than such as enter into a knowledge of household duties; for on these are perpetually dependent the happiness, comfort, and well-being of the family.<n>Isabella Beeton, Book of Household Management, 1861<n>From the passage, one may infer that Beeton believed that<n>A.women held considerable power and responsibility in the public sphere of social life<n>B.women were denied power and responsibility in the public sphere of social life<n>C.women held considerable power and responsibility within the domestic sphere of social life<n>D.women were denied power and responsibility within the domestic sphere of social life[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following quotation to answer questions.<n>What is tolerance? … We are full of weakness and errors; let us mutually pardon our follies. This is the last law of nature. … Of all religions, the Christian ought doubtless to inspire the most tolerance, although hitherto the Christians have been the most intolerant of all men.<n>Voltaire, Letters on the English Nation, 1733<n>From the quotation, one can infer that<n>A.Voltaire was an atheist<n>B.tolerance was a value of the Enlightenment<n>C.Voltaire believed tolerance violated the laws of nature<n>D.Voltaire believed tolerance was uniquely English[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following excerpt is from a speech by Vladimir I. Lenin.<n>The independence of our country cannot be upheld unless we have an adequate industrial basis for defense. And such an industrial basis cannot be created if our industry is not more highly developed technically. That is why a fast rate of development of our industry is necessary and imperative. We cannot go on indefinitely, that is, for too long a period, basing the Soviet regime and socialist construction on two different foundations, the foundation of the most large-scale and united socialist industry and the foundation of the most scattered and backward, small commodity economy of the peasants. We must gradually, but systematically and persistently, place our agriculture on a new technical basis, the basis of large-scale production, and bring it up to the level of socialist industry. Either we accomplish this task—in which case the final victory of socialism in our country will be assured, or we turn away from it and do not accomplish it—in which case a return to capitalism may become inevitable.<n>—Vladimir I. Lenin Industrialization of the Country and the Right Deviation in the C.P.S.U., November 19,1928<n>Which of the following policies of Joseph Stalin was NOT used to correct the problem cited by Lenin above?<n>A.Collectivization<n>B.Persecution of the better-off peasants<n>C.The Berlin blockade<n>D.The five-year plans[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following petition to answer questions.<n>The Scribbling-Machines have thrown thousands of your petitioners out of employ, whereby they are brought into great distress, and are not able to procure a maintenance for their families, and deprived them of the opportunity of bringing up their children to labour. … The number of Scribbling-Machines extending about seventeen miles south-west of Leeds exceed all belief, being no less than one hundred and seventy! And as each machine will do as much work in twelve hours, as ten men can in that time do by hand, … [And, as the machines do] as much work in one day as would otherwise employ twenty men, … [a] full four thousand men are left to shift for a living how they can, and must of course fall to the Parish, if not timely relieved. … How are those men, thus thrown out of employ to provide for their families; and what are they to put their children apprentice to, that the rising generation may have something to keep them at work, in order that they may not be like vagabonds strolling about in idleness? … Many more evils we could enumerate, but we would hope, that the sensible part of mankind, who are not biased by interest, must see the dreadful tendency of their continuance; a depopulation must be the consequence; trade being then lost, the landed interest will have no other satisfaction but that of being last devoured.<n>Leeds Woolen Workers Petition, 1786<n>The sentiments expressed by the Leeds woolen workers illustrate which of the following historical trends?<n>A.The social effects of industrialization<n>B.The rise of nationalism<n>C.Imperial expansion<n>D.Cultural changes in a material age[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Florence is more beautiful and five hundred forty years older than your Venice. … We have round about us thirty thousand estates, owned by nobleman and merchants, citizens and craftsman, yielding us yearly bread and meat, wine and oil, vegetables and cheese, hay and wood, to the value of nine thousand ducats in cash. … We have two trades greater than any four of yours in Venice put together—the trades wool and silk. … Our beautiful Florence contains within the city … two hundred seventy shops belonging to the wool merchant's guild, from whence their wares are sent to Rome and the Marches, Naples and Sicily, Constantinople … and the whole of Turkey. It contains also eighty-three rich and splendid warehouses of the silk merchant's guild.<n>Benedetto Dei, "Letter to a Venetian," 1472<n>From the passage, one may infer that the economy of Renaissance Florence was primarily based on<n>A.banking<n>B.the export of agricultural goods<n>C.war and conquest<n>D.the manufacture and export of wool and silk products[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Perestroika [Restructuring] is an urgent necessity arising from the profound processes of development in our socialist society. This society is ripe for change. It has long been yearning for it. Any delay in beginning perestroika could have led to an exacerbated internal situation in the near future, which, to put it bluntly, would have been fraught with serious social, economic, and political crises.<n>Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World, 1987<n>From the passage, one may infer that Gorbachev believed that<n>A.the problems that required perestroika were the fault of capitalist enemies of socialism<n>B.the problems that required perestroika were internal to the development of socialist society<n>C.a socialist society could not work<n>D.a socialist society could not coexist with capitalism[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The text below is the government proclamation.<n>On the basis of the above-mentioned new arrangements, the serfs will receive in time the full rights of free rural inhabitants.<n>The nobles, while retaining their property rights to all the lands belonging to them, grant the peasants perpetual use of their household plots in return for a specified obligation[; . . . the nobles] grant them a portion of arable land fixed by the said arrangements as well as other property. . . . While enjoying these land allotments, the peasants are obliged, in return, to fulfill obligations to the noblemen fixed by the same arrangements. In this status, which is temporary, the peasants are temporarily bound. . . .<n>[T]hey are granted the right to purchase their household plots, and, with the consent of the nobles, they may acquire in full ownership the arable lands and other properties which are allotted them for permanent use. Following such acquisition of full ownership of land, the peasants will be freed from their obligations to the nobles for the land thus purchased and will become free peasant landowners.<n>WE have deemed it advisable:<n>3. To organize Peace Offices on the estates of the nobles, leaving the village communes as they are, and to open cantonal offices in the large villages and unite small village communes.<n>4. To formulate, verify, and confirm in each village commune or estate a charter which will specify, on the basis of local conditions, the amount of land allotted to the peasants for permanent use, and the scope of their obligations to the nobleman for the land.<n>6. Until that time, peasants and household serfs must be obedient towards their nobles, and scrupulously fulfill their former obligations.<n>7. The nobles will continue to keep order on their estates, with the right of jurisdiction and of police, until the organization of cantons and of cantonal courts.<n>—Alexander II, "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia," Manifesto of February 19, 1861<n>Which of the following best describes the long-term effects of Tsar Alexander II's emancipation?<n>A.Food production soared, which allowed Russians to export agricultural goods while investing the profits into their industrial sector.<n>B.The program was a complete disaster as agricultural output plummeted until Pyotr Stolypin's reforms made privatized Russian farming profitable.<n>C.The emancipation terms relegated former serfs to communal farming, thus keeping them in perpetual poverty, and made wealthy conservatives nervous.<n>D.No longer tied to the land, former serfs moved to the cities, thus spurning the commencement of an industrial revolution in Russia.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following governmental regulation.<n>Press Law<n>So long as this decree shall remain in force no publication which appears in the form of daily issues, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall go to press in any state of the union without the previous knowledge and approval of the state officials. Writings which do not belong to one of the above-mentioned classes shall be treated according to the laws now in force, or which may be enacted, in the individual states of the union. . . . Each state of the union is responsible, not only to the state against which the offense is directly committed, but to the whole Confederation, for every publication appearing under its supervision in which the honor or security of other states is infringed or their constitution or administration attacked. . . .<n>—Carlsbad Resolutions adopted by the Germanic States, 1819<n>According to the above-mentioned decrees, the German confederated states most feared which of the following?<n>A.The effect liberal, young students would have on an impressionable faculty and the surrounding communities, where they would surely spread their message.<n>B.The dissemination of liberal ideas by the media and the sharing of nationalist or liberal ideas at the university in the classroom or in secret.<n>C.The dissolution of the union of German states that they had just created.<n>D.Support of Bonapartism, which was growing in strength prior to the passage of these Carlsbad Resolutions and preceeding Napoleon's invasion.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"It's come! It's posted at the district mayor's office," a passerby shouted at me as he ran. I reached the Rue Drout in one leap. … I read the message at a glance. … "The First Day of Mobilization Will Be Sunday, August 2 [1914]." … It was an announcement to a million and a half Frenchmen. … War! … Dead tired but exhilarated, I got back to [my newspaper's office] and burst into the office of Georges Clemenceau, our chief. "What is Paris saying?" he asked me. "It's singing, sir!" "It will be all right then[," Clemenceau replied].<n>Roland Doregelès, After 50 Years, c. 1965<n>From the passage, one may infer that Clemenceau<n>A.was disgusted to hear that Paris was reacting with joy at the advent of war<n>B.had grave doubts about France's ability to win a war against Germany<n>C.would one day serve as prime minister of France<n>D.was relieved to hear that Paris was reacting with joy at the advent of war[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following excerpt is from a speech by Vladimir I. Lenin.<n>The independence of our country cannot be upheld unless we have an adequate industrial basis for defense. And such an industrial basis cannot be created if our industry is not more highly developed technically. That is why a fast rate of development of our industry is necessary and imperative. We cannot go on indefinitely, that is, for too long a period, basing the Soviet regime and socialist construction on two different foundations, the foundation of the most large-scale and united socialist industry and the foundation of the most scattered and backward, small commodity economy of the peasants. We must gradually, but systematically and persistently, place our agriculture on a new technical basis, the basis of large-scale production, and bring it up to the level of socialist industry. Either we accomplish this task—in which case the final victory of socialism in our country will be assured, or we turn away from it and do not accomplish it—in which case a return to capitalism may become inevitable.<n>—Vladimir I. Lenin Industrialization of the Country and the Right Deviation in the C.P.S.U., November 19,1928<n>Which of the following events was most likely the greatest influence on Lenin in his desire to industrialize his new nation?<n>A.His exile in Switzerland and other places led him to see how the industrialization of the West was needed in the Soviet Union.<n>B.Russia had a large percentage of its population working in factories before the revolution occurred, and he wanted to build on that.<n>C.Trotsky was able to lead the Bolshevik revolt in 1917 because he had control of the rail and telegraph stations.<n>D.The humiliating defeat of Russia during the First World War had led to his rise to power and he knew another defeat would spell his doom.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm in their convocations, yet nevertheless, for corroboration and confirmation thereof, and for increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and extirpate all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same, be it enacted, by authority of this present Parliament, that the king, our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicans Ecclesia; and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof, as all honors, dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity of the supreme head of the same Church belonging and appertaining; and that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, record, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offenses, contempts, and enormities, whatsoever they be, which by any manner of spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered, redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended, most to the pleasure of Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for the conservation of the peace, unity, and tranquility of this realm; any usage, foreign land, foreign authority, prescription, or any other thing or things to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.<n>English Parliament, Act of Supremacy, 1534<n>The passage can be used as evidence for which of the following historical trends of the time period?<n>A.The consolidation of the power of the monarchy<n>B.The increased power of the Catholic Church<n>C.The increased piety of the nobility<n>D.The increasing religiosity of the masses[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"But you, my dear Pangloss," said Candide, "how can it be that I behold you again?"<n>"It is true," said Pangloss, "that you saw me hanged&….A surgeon purchased my body, carried home, and dissected me. He began with making a crucial incision on me from the navel to the clavicula. One could not have been worse hanged than I was. The executioner of the Holy Inquisition was a sub-deacon, and knew how to burn people marvellously well, but he was not accustomed to hanging. The cord was wet and did not slip properly, and besides it was badly tied; in short, I still drew my breath, when the crucial incision made me give such a frightful scream that my surgeon fell flat upon his back&…[At length he] sewed up my wounds; his wife even nursed me. I was upon my legs at the end of fifteen days&….<n>One day I took it into my head to step into a mosque, where I saw an old Iman and a very pretty young devotee who was saying her paternosters&….She dropped her bouquet; I picked it up, and presented it to her with a profound reverence. I was so long in delivering it that the Iman began to get angry, and seeing that I was a Christian he called out for help. They carried me before the cadi, who ordered me a hundred lashes on the soles of the feet and sent me to the galleys. I was chained to the very same galley and the same bench as the young Baron. On board this galley there were four young men from Marseilles, five Neapolitan priests, and two monks from Corfu, who told us similar adventures happened daily. The Baron maintained that he had suffered greater injustice than I&….We were continually disputing, and received twenty lashes with a bull's pizzle when the concatenation of universal events brought you to our galley, and you were good enough to ransom us."<n>"Well, my dear Pangloss," said Candide to him, "when you had been hanged, dissected, whipped, and were tugging at the oar, did you always think that everything happens for the best?"<n>"I am still of my first opinion," answered Pangloss, "for I am a philosopher and I cannot retract, especially as Leibnitz could never be wrong; and besides, the pre-established harmony is the finest thing in the world, and so is his plenum and materia subtilis."<n>Voltaire, French Enlightenment writer, Candide, 1759<n>The critiques offered by Voltaire through Candide are most closely shared by what other philosopher?<n>A.Cesare Baccaria<n>B.Jean-Jacques Rousseau<n>C.Adam Smith<n>D.David Hume[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"After all the slaves had been brought together and severally marked with the letter G, the emperor's fifths and then Cortés' were deducted before we were aware of it; and, besides this, on the night preceding, the finest of the Indian females had been secretly set apart, so that when it came to a division among us soldiers, we found none left but old and ugly women&….Another soldier asked Cortés if the division he had made of the gold in Mexico was not a sufficient imposition, for, at first, he had merely spoken of 300,000 pesos, but when we were obliged to retreat from the city, it was estimated at 700,000 pesos. And now he was going to deprive the poor soldier, who had undergone so many hardships, and suffered from innumerable wounds, of this small remuneration, and not even allow him a pretty Indian female for a companion&…<n>[Later], when Cortés learnt that there were still a great many bars of gold among the men, and heavy gambling in consequence, (for, according to the old saying, gold and love cannot lie long concealed,) he made known, under threats of severe punishment, that everyone should produce the gold he had obtained on the night of our retreat, of which one third was to be returned to him; but that anyone who refused to pay this, should have the whole taken from him. Many of our men refused downright to comply with this; yet Cortés managed to extort a good deal of it under the pretence of a loan&…"<n>The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo, 1568<n>The motivations described in the text are most similar to those of which explorer?<n>A.Christopher Columbus<n>B.Vasco de Gama<n>C.Francisco Pizarro<n>D.Bartholomew Dias[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is written by John Calvin.<n>If we need to be recalled to the origin of election, to prove that we obtain salvation from no other source than the mere goodness of God, they who desire to extinguish this principle, do all they can to obscure what ought to be magnificently and loudly celebrated, and to pluck up humility by the roots. In ascribing the salvation of the remnant of the people to the election of grace, Paul clearly testifies, that it is then only known that God saves whom upon which there can be no claim. They who shut the gates to prevent anyone from presuming to approach and taste this doctrine, do no less injury to man than to God; for nothing else will be sufficient to produce in us suitable humility, or to impress us with a due sense of our great obligations to God. Nor is there any other basis for solid confidence, even according to the authority of Christ, who, to deliver us from all fear, and render us invincible amidst so many dangers, snares, and deadly conflicts, promises to preserve in safety all whom the Father has committed to His care.<n>—John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1559<n>Which of the following religions that started around the same time as Calvinism was destroyed for supporting adult baptism and pacifism?<n>A.Huguenots<n>B.Lutherans<n>C.Presbyterians<n>D.Anabaptists[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"After all the slaves had been brought together and severally marked with the letter G, the emperor's fifths and then Cortés' were deducted before we were aware of it; and, besides this, on the night preceding, the finest of the Indian females had been secretly set apart, so that when it came to a division among us soldiers, we found none left but old and ugly women&….Another soldier asked Cortés if the division he had made of the gold in Mexico was not a sufficient imposition, for, at first, he had merely spoken of 300,000 pesos, but when we were obliged to retreat from the city, it was estimated at 700,000 pesos. And now he was going to deprive the poor soldier, who had undergone so many hardships, and suffered from innumerable wounds, of this small remuneration, and not even allow him a pretty Indian female for a companion&…<n>[Later], when Cortés learnt that there were still a great many bars of gold among the men, and heavy gambling in consequence, (for, according to the old saying, gold and love cannot lie long concealed,) he made known, under threats of severe punishment, that everyone should produce the gold he had obtained on the night of our retreat, of which one third was to be returned to him; but that anyone who refused to pay this, should have the whole taken from him. Many of our men refused downright to comply with this; yet Cortés managed to extort a good deal of it under the pretence of a loan&…"<n>The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo, 1568<n>The encomienda system, which is described in the text and was used during the colonization of the Americas to regulate the indigenous people, was NOT ended by which of the following?<n>A.The protests of the Catholic missionaries against abuses of forced labor<n>B.The lack of new land to assign to well-connected Spaniards and conquistadores<n>C.The Spanish royal crown's desire to control the estates more directly<n>D.An increase in the number of mestizos, who by law were forbidden from working on the encomiendas[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>[T]he the end and measure of this power, when in every man's hands in the state of nature, being the preservation of all of his society, that is, all mankind in general, it can have no other end or measure, when in the hands of the magistrate, but to preserve the members of that society in their lives, liberties, and possessions, and so cannot be an absolute, arbitrary power over their lives and fortunes, which are as much as possible to be preserved, but a power to make law, and annex such penalties to them, as may tend to the preservation of the whole by cutting off those parts, and those only, which are so corrupt that they threaten the sound and healthy, without which no severity is lawful. And this power has its original only from compact, and agreement, and the mutual consent of those who make up the community. …<n>Whensoever, therefore, the legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society; and either by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, endeavor to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends.<n>John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690<n>Based on the passage, one could argue that Locke was an advocate of<n>A.divine right monarchy<n>B.absolutism<n>C.constitutionalism<n>D.socialism[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the excerpts below.<n>This corruption is repeatedly designated by Paul by the term sin . . . such as adultery, fornication, theft, hatred, murder, revellings, he terms, in the same way, the fruits of sin, though in various passages of Scripture . . . we are, merely on account of such corruption, deservedly condemned by God, to whom nothing is acceptable but righteousness, innocence, and purity.<n>—John Calvin, from The Institutes of Christian Religion, Book 2: Chapter 1, 1545<n>The covenant of life is not preached equally to all, and among those to whom it is preached, does not always meet with the same reception. This diversity displays the unsearchable depth of the divine judgment, and is without doubt subordinate to God's purpose of eternal election. But if it is plainly owing to the mere pleasure of God that salvation is spontaneously offered to some, while others have no access to it, great and difficult questions immediately arise, questions which are inexplicable, when just views are not entertained concerning election and predestination[,] . . . the grace of God being illustrated by the contrast, viz., that he does not adopt all promiscuously to the hope of salvation, but gives to some what he denies to others.<n>—John Calvin, from The Institutes of Christian Religion, Book 3: Chapter 21, 1545<n>Which of the following justifications used by Protestant reformers such as Calvin is alluded to above?<n>A.They believed that their church should not be subordinate to the state.<n>B.The corruption of the Roman Catholic Church and its leaders meant that reform was needed.<n>C.Religion was used to challenge the authority of earthly monarchs.<n>D.The concept that salvation comes from faith alone rather than through good works is supported.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"But you, my dear Pangloss," said Candide, "how can it be that I behold you again?"<n>"It is true," said Pangloss, "that you saw me hanged&….A surgeon purchased my body, carried home, and dissected me. He began with making a crucial incision on me from the navel to the clavicula. One could not have been worse hanged than I was. The executioner of the Holy Inquisition was a sub-deacon, and knew how to burn people marvellously well, but he was not accustomed to hanging. The cord was wet and did not slip properly, and besides it was badly tied; in short, I still drew my breath, when the crucial incision made me give such a frightful scream that my surgeon fell flat upon his back&…[At length he] sewed up my wounds; his wife even nursed me. I was upon my legs at the end of fifteen days&….<n>One day I took it into my head to step into a mosque, where I saw an old Iman and a very pretty young devotee who was saying her paternosters&….She dropped her bouquet; I picked it up, and presented it to her with a profound reverence. I was so long in delivering it that the Iman began to get angry, and seeing that I was a Christian he called out for help. They carried me before the cadi, who ordered me a hundred lashes on the soles of the feet and sent me to the galleys. I was chained to the very same galley and the same bench as the young Baron. On board this galley there were four young men from Marseilles, five Neapolitan priests, and two monks from Corfu, who told us similar adventures happened daily. The Baron maintained that he had suffered greater injustice than I&….We were continually disputing, and received twenty lashes with a bull's pizzle when the concatenation of universal events brought you to our galley, and you were good enough to ransom us."<n>"Well, my dear Pangloss," said Candide to him, "when you had been hanged, dissected, whipped, and were tugging at the oar, did you always think that everything happens for the best?"<n>"I am still of my first opinion," answered Pangloss, "for I am a philosopher and I cannot retract, especially as Leibnitz could never be wrong; and besides, the pre-established harmony is the finest thing in the world, and so is his plenum and materia subtilis."<n>Voltaire, French Enlightenment writer, Candide, 1759<n>The mockery of the Inquisition executioner who failed to hang Pangloss reflects the era's<n>A.personal experience at the hands of Torquemada<n>B.embrace of the Islamic way of life<n>C.general rejection of Catholic dogma<n>D.insistence on even stricter forms of religious discipline[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"In 1500 that work appeared which Erasmus had written after his misfortune at Dover, and had dedicated to Mountjoy, the Adagiorum Collectanea. It was a collection of about eight hundred proverbial sayings drawn from the Latin authors of antiquity and elucidated for the use of those who aspired to write an elegant Latin style. In the dedication Erasmus pointed out the profit an author may derive, both in ornamenting his style and in strengthening his argumentation, from having at his disposal a good supply of sentences hallowed by their antiquity. He proposes to offer such a help to his readers. What he actually gave was much more. He familiarized a much wider circle than the earlier humanists had reached with the spirit of antiquity.<n>Until this time the humanists had, to some extent, monopolized the treasures of classic culture, in order to parade their knowledge of which the multitude remained destitute, and so to become strange prodigies of learning and elegance. With his irresistible need of teaching and his sincere love for humanity and its general culture, Erasmus introduced the classic spirit, in so far as it could be reflected in the soul of a sixteenth-century Christian, among the people. Not he alone; but none more extensively and more effectively. Not among all the people, it is true, for by writing in Latin he limited his direct influence to the educated classes, which in those days were the upper classes.<n>Erasmus made current the classic spirit. Humanism ceased to be the exclusive privilege of a few. According to Beatus Rhenanus he had been reproached by some humanists, when about to publish the Adagia, for divulging the mysteries of their craft. But he desired that the book of antiquity should be open to all."<n>Johan Huizinga, twentieth-century Dutch philosopher, Erasmus and the Age of Reformation, 1924<n>What was the primary impact of "Humanism ceas[ing] to be the exclusive privilege of the few"?<n>A.The populous demanded rights from the state.<n>B.People could begin to question the Church on a wider scale.<n>C.Latin replaced many of the vulgar languages throughout Europe.<n>D.European literature stagnated due to widespread interest in the writings of antiquity.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"In 1500 that work appeared which Erasmus had written after his misfortune at Dover, and had dedicated to Mountjoy, the Adagiorum Collectanea. It was a collection of about eight hundred proverbial sayings drawn from the Latin authors of antiquity and elucidated for the use of those who aspired to write an elegant Latin style. In the dedication Erasmus pointed out the profit an author may derive, both in ornamenting his style and in strengthening his argumentation, from having at his disposal a good supply of sentences hallowed by their antiquity. He proposes to offer such a help to his readers. What he actually gave was much more. He familiarized a much wider circle than the earlier humanists had reached with the spirit of antiquity.<n>Until this time the humanists had, to some extent, monopolized the treasures of classic culture, in order to parade their knowledge of which the multitude remained destitute, and so to become strange prodigies of learning and elegance. With his irresistible need of teaching and his sincere love for humanity and its general culture, Erasmus introduced the classic spirit, in so far as it could be reflected in the soul of a sixteenth-century Christian, among the people. Not he alone; but none more extensively and more effectively. Not among all the people, it is true, for by writing in Latin he limited his direct influence to the educated classes, which in those days were the upper classes.<n>Erasmus made current the classic spirit. Humanism ceased to be the exclusive privilege of a few. According to Beatus Rhenanus he had been reproached by some humanists, when about to publish the Adagia, for divulging the mysteries of their craft. But he desired that the book of antiquity should be open to all."<n>Johan Huizinga, twentieth-century Dutch philosopher, Erasmus and the Age of Reformation, 1924<n>Huizinga's apparent support of Erasmus' belief in the "book of antiquity" being "open to all" is most likely a product of<n>A.the author's life as a member of twentieth-century Europe, which prized such characteristics<n>B.the longevity of Erasmus' works<n>C.the Dutch reverence for the works of Erasmus<n>D.the typical unflinching support of one philosopher for another philosopher's work[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>[T]he the end and measure of this power, when in every man's hands in the state of nature, being the preservation of all of his society, that is, all mankind in general, it can have no other end or measure, when in the hands of the magistrate, but to preserve the members of that society in their lives, liberties, and possessions, and so cannot be an absolute, arbitrary power over their lives and fortunes, which are as much as possible to be preserved, but a power to make law, and annex such penalties to them, as may tend to the preservation of the whole by cutting off those parts, and those only, which are so corrupt that they threaten the sound and healthy, without which no severity is lawful. And this power has its original only from compact, and agreement, and the mutual consent of those who make up the community. …<n>Whensoever, therefore, the legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society; and either by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, endeavor to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends.<n>John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690<n>From the passage, one may infer that Locke argued that society and its legitimate government held power over the members of society by virtue of<n>A.divine right<n>B.the consent of those members of society<n>C.a covenant between the members of society<n>D.conquest[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following account of the Paris Exposition of 1889.<n>"The opportunities to study the natural history of man in Paris during the Exposition, and especially in August, when the great Congresses and the French Association held their sessions, were unparalleled in the history of anthropology. At any time the French capital affords rare advantages to the anthropologist. The Musée and Laboratoire Broca, the anthropometric operations of Bertillon in the Palais de Justice, the courses of lectures in the école d'Anthropologie, the collections in the Jardin de Plantes, the facilities for original work in the écoles de Medicine, and the hospitals give to the comparative anatomist and biologist abundant employment."<n>Otis T. Mason, American ethnologist and curator, 1889<n>The scientists described in the account of the Paris Exposition would have been most influenced by the work of which scientific pioneer?<n>A.Einstein<n>B.Planck<n>C.Nobel<n>D.Darwin[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The pair of excerpts below is written by explorer Christopher Columbus and the Dominican Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, Bartholomew de las Casas.<n>Source 1<n>Indians would give whatever the seller required. . . . Thus they bartered, like idiots, cotton and gold for fragments of bows, glasses, bottles, and jars; which I forbad as being unjust, and myself gave them many beautiful and acceptable articles which I had brought with me, taking nothing from them in return; I did this in order that I might the more easily conciliate them, that they might be led to become Christians, and be inclined to entertain a regard for the King and Queen, our Princes and all Spaniards, and that I might induce them to take an interest in seeking out, and collecting and delivering to us such things as they possessed in abundance, but which we greatly needed.<n>—Christopher Columbus: letter to Raphael Sanchez, 1493<n>Source 2<n>It was upon these gentle lambs . . . that from the very first day they clapped eyes on them the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. The pattern established at the outset has remained unchanged to this day, and the Spaniards still do nothing save tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery, suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying and persecuting them mercilessly. We shall in due course describe some of the many ingenious methods of torture they have invented and refined for this purpose, but one can get some idea of the effectiveness of their methods from the figures alone. When the Spanish first journeyed there, the indigenous population of the island of Hispaniola stood at some three million; today only two hundred survive. Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits.<n>—Bartholomew de las Casas: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542<n>The free flow of plants and animals, as well as trade goods, between Europe and the Americas is referred to by historians as the Columbian Exchange, and affected the natives in which of the following ways?<n>A.Economic opportunities were reduced.<n>B.They were subjugated and destroyed.<n>C.Economic opportunities were created.<n>D.They were enriched through trade in agricultural goods.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>In Russia there was nothing going on well, and [Souvarine] was in despair over the news he had received. His old companions were all turning to the politicians; the famous Nihilists who made Europe tremble-sons of village priests, of the lower middle class, of tradesmen-could not rise above the idea of national liberation, and seemed to believe that the world would be delivered-when they had killed their despot&…<n>"Foolery! They'll never get out of it with their foolery."<n>Then, lowering his voice still more, in a few bitter words he described his old dream of fraternity. He had renounced his rank and his fortune; he had gone among workmen, only in the hope of seeing at last the foundation of a new society of labour in common. All the sous in his pockets had long gone to the urchins of the settlement; he had been as tender as a brother with the colliers, smiling at their suspicion, winning them over by his quiet workmanlike ways and his dislike of chattering. But decidedly the fusion had not taken place.<n>His voice changed, his eyes grew bright, he fixed them on étienne, directly addressing him:<n>"Now, do you understand that? These hatworkers at Marseilles who have won the great lottery prize of a hundred thousand francs have gone off at once and invested it, declaring that they are going to live without doing anything! Yes, that is your idea, all of you French workmen; you want to unearth a treasure in order to devour it alone afterwards in some lazy, selfish corner. You may cry out as much as you like against the rich, you haven't got courage enough to give back to the poor the money that luck brings you. You will never be worthy of happiness as long as you own anything, and your hatred of the bourgeois proceeds solely from an angry desire to be bourgeois yourselves in their place."<n>émile Zola, French writer, Germinal, 1885<n>In European industry, the mining industry as discussed in the passage grew in importance following the invention of<n>A.the water frame<n>B.the spinning jenny<n>C.the steam engine<n>D.the internal combustion engine[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following excerpt is from a speech by Vladimir I. Lenin.<n>The independence of our country cannot be upheld unless we have an adequate industrial basis for defense. And such an industrial basis cannot be created if our industry is not more highly developed technically. That is why a fast rate of development of our industry is necessary and imperative. We cannot go on indefinitely, that is, for too long a period, basing the Soviet regime and socialist construction on two different foundations, the foundation of the most large-scale and united socialist industry and the foundation of the most scattered and backward, small commodity economy of the peasants. We must gradually, but systematically and persistently, place our agriculture on a new technical basis, the basis of large-scale production, and bring it up to the level of socialist industry. Either we accomplish this task—in which case the final victory of socialism in our country will be assured, or we turn away from it and do not accomplish it—in which case a return to capitalism may become inevitable.<n>—Vladimir I. Lenin Industrialization of the Country and the Right Deviation in the C.P.S.U., November 19,1928<n>Which of the following compromises of his New Economic Policy is Lenin saying needs to be fixed in the speech above?<n>A.Compromising with free markets in rural areas after the civil war<n>B.Sharing power with the provisional government<n>C.Giving the government too much power to further communism<n>D.Freeing the peasants from their landlords in exchange for their support[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following quote is from Voltaire in response to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.<n>My dear sir, nature is very cruel. One would find it hard to imagine how the laws of movement cause such frightful disasters in the best of possible worlds. A hundred thousand ants, our fellows, crushed all at once in our ant-hill, and half of them perishing, no doubt in unspeakable agony, beneath the wreckage from which they cannot be drawn. Families ruined all over Europe, the fortune of a hundred businessmen, your compatriots, swallowed up in the ruins of Lisbon. What a wretched gamble is the game of human life! What will the preachers say, especially if the palace of the Inquisition is still standing? I flatter myself that at least the reverend father inquisitors have been crushed like others. That ought to teach men not to persecute each other, for while a few holy scoundrels burn a few fanatics, the earth swallows up one and all.<n>—Voltaire, in a letter, 1755<n>Voltaire is best known for supporting which of the following demands of the Enlightenment philosophes?<n>A.Deism should be adopted by all as the only logical religion.<n>B.Religious toleration leads to the destruction of social unity.<n>C.Skepticism is not a reliable way of examining information.<n>D.Religious toleration should be given to all people of all religions.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the list of complaints below.<n>Article 3: Frenchmen should regard as laws of the kingdom those alone which have been prepared by the national assembly and sanctioned by the king.<n>Article 11: Personal liberty, proprietary rights and the security of citizens shall be established in a clear, precise and irrevocable manner. All lettres de cachet shall be abolished forever, subject to certain modifications which the States General may see fit to impose.<n>Article 12: And to remove forever the possibility of injury to the personal and proprietary rights of Frenchmen, the jury system shall be introduced in all criminal cases, and in civil cases for the determination of fact, in all the courts of the realm.<n>Article 17: All distinctions in penalties shall be abolished; and crimes committed by citizens of the different orders shall be punished irrespectively, according to the same forms of law and in the same manner. The States General shall seek to bring it about that the effects of transgression shall be confined to the individual and shall not be reflected upon the relatives of the transgressor, themselves innocent of all participation.<n>Article 21: No tax shall be legal unless accepted by the representatives of the people and sanctioned by the king.<n>—Cahiers of the Third Estate of Versailles, 1789<n>Which of the following changes brought on by the French Revolution was most approved of by the peasants of France?<n>A.Creation of a constitutional monarchy<n>B.The abolition of feudal dues and rents<n>C.Increased popular participation in politics<n>D.Nationalization of religion[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following governmental report.<n>Of the 450 sick persons whom the inhabitants were unable to relieve, 200 were turned out, and these we saw die one by one as they lay on the roadside. A large number still remain, and to each of them it is only possible to dole out the least scrap of bread. We only give bread to those who would otherwise die. The staple dish here consists of mice, which the inhabitants hunt, so desperate are they from hunger. They devour roots which the animals cannot eat; one can, in fact, not put into words the things one sees. . . . This narrative, far from exaggerating, rather understates the horror of the case, for it does not record the hundredth part of the misery in this district. Those who have not witnessed it with their own eyes cannot imagine how great it is. Not a day passes but at least 200 people die of famine in the two provinces. We certify to having ourselves seen herds, not of cattle, but of men and women, wandering about the fields between Rheims and Rhétel, turning up the earth like pigs to find a few roots; and as they can only find rotten ones, and not half enough of them, they become so weak that they have not strength left to seek food. The parish priest at Boult, whose letter we enclose, tells us he has buried three of his parishioners who died of hunger. The rest subsisted on chopped straw mixed with earth, of which they composed a food which cannot be called bread. Other persons in the same place lived on the bodies of animals which had died of disease, and which the curé, otherwise unable to help his people, allowed them to roast at the presbytery fire.<n>—Report of the Estates of Normandy, 1651<n>Which of the following contributed the LEAST to the health and hunger problems faced by the French people in the seventeenth century?<n>A.Low-productivity agricultural practices<n>B.Adverse weather<n>C.Low taxes on the peasants and middle class<n>D.Poor transportation[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following poem to answer questions.<n>Take up the White Man's burden—<n>Send forth the best ye breed—<n>Go bind your sons to exile<n>To serve your captives' need;<n>To wait in heavy harness,<n>On fluttered folk and wild—<n>Your new-caught, sullen peoples,<n>Half-devil and half-child.<n>...<n>Take up the White Man's burden—<n>The savage wars of peace—<n>Fill full the mouth of Famine<n>And bid the sickness cease;<n>And when your goal is nearest<n>The end for others sought…<n>Watch sloth and heathen Folly<n>Bring all your hopes to naught.<n>Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899<n>It is generally acknowledged that Kipling fashioned White Man's Burden to address the subject of the American colonization of the Philippines, which the United States had recently won from Spain in the Spanish-American War. With that information in mind, what message can Kipling be said to be offering the Americans in this excerpt?<n>A.A reminder of the responsibility of advanced civilizations to bring the benefits of modern civilization to less-developed peoples<n>B.A warning to avoid the war and hardships of imperialism<n>C.An exhortation to Christianize the heathen peoples of the world<n>D.An ironic presentation of the sheer folly of imperialism[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Government of the German Reich and The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics desirous of strengthening the cause of peace between Germany and the U.S.S.R., and proceeding from the fundamental provisions of the Neutrality Agreement concluded in April, 1926 between Germany and the U.S.S.R., have reached the following Agreement:<n>Article I. Both High Contracting Parties obligate themselves to desist from any act of violence, any aggressive action, and any attack on each other, either individually or jointly with other Powers.<n>Article II. Should one of the High Contracting Parties become the object of belligerent action by a third Power, the other High Contracting Party shall in no manner lend its support to this third Power.<n>Article III. The Governments of the two High Contracting Parties shall in the future maintain continual contact with one another for the purpose of consultation in order to exchange information on problems affecting their common interests.<n>Article IV. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties shall participate in any grouping of Powers whatsoever that is directly or indirectly aimed at the other party.<n>Article V. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties over problems of one kind or another, both parties shall settle these disputes or conflicts exclusively through friendly exchange of opinion or, if necessary, through the establishment of arbitration commissions."<n>Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939<n>The Soviets were most strongly motivated to create this agreement because<n>A.Germany promised to help regain Soviet land lost in the First World War<n>B.the attempt by the Soviets to form an alliance with Britain and France had failed<n>C.they wanted to assist the Germans in seizing land from Czechoslovakia<n>D.they held debt to Germany stemming from the First World War[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Confidential—For Your Excellency's personal information and guidance<n>The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador yesterday delivered to the [German] Emperor [Wilhelm II] a confidential personal letter from the Emperor Francis Joseph [of Austria-Hungary], which depicts the present situation from the Austro-Hungarian point of view, and describes the measures which Vienna has in view. A copy is now being forwarded to Your Excellency. …<n>His Majesty desires to say that he is not blind to the danger which threatens Austria-Hungary and thus the Triple Alliance as a result of the Russian and Serbian Pan-Slavic agitation. … His Majesty will, furthermore, make an effort at Bucharest, according to the wishes of the Emperor Franz Joseph, to influence King Carol to the fulfilment of the duties of his alliance, to the renunciation of Serbia, and to the suppression of the Rumanian agitations directed against Austria-Hungary.<n>Finally, as far as concerns Serbia, His Majesty, of course, cannot interfere in the dispute now going on between Austria-Hungary and that country, as it is a matter not within his competence. The Emperor Franz Joseph may, however, rest assured that His Majesty will faithfully stand by Austria-Hungary, as is required by the obligations of his alliance and of his ancient friendship.<n>Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (chancellor of Germany), telegram to the German ambassador at Vienna, July 6, 1914<n>The best description of the context of Bethmann-Hollweg's telegram is<n>A.Germany's collaboration with Austria-Hungary during Germany's unification process<n>B.the Balkan Question and the Triple Alliance<n>C.Germany's rearmament in violation of the Treaty of Paris<n>D.Germany's negotiations with Austria-Hungary and Italy to create the Triple Alliance[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Under the name of Chartist well-meaning inconsiderate men and other misled men have in very many cases, all over the country from the extreme west to the extreme east and from Brighton in the south to nearly the extreme north of Scotland, denounced every man who is not a working man, applied to him, the grossest epithets and most atrocious intentions and conduct, have threatened them with vengeance and in some places, have proposed plans for the seizure and division of their property—numbers of misled men and others of bad character, under the self-denomination of Chartists have gone from place to place and in the most violent manner disturbed and dispersed meetings of various kinds. Your Committee object to the words Household Suffrage since under any honest definition of the words—they would exclude a large majority of the men of these kingdoms—and because they have become reasonably obnoxious to the political portion of the working people.<n>—Excerpt of a letter from British social reformer Francis Place, written in 1842<n>Which of the following is the political reaction led by Klemens von Metternich that occurred as a result of the Chartists, the French Revolution, and other liberal movements?<n>A.Liberalism<n>B.Radicalism<n>C.Nationalism<n>D.Conservatism[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees, that British subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purposes of carrying on their mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint, at the cities and towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochowfoo, Ningpo, and Shanghai; and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, &c., will appoint Superintendents, or Consular officers, to reside at each of the above-named cities or towns, to be the medium of communication between the Chinese authorities and the said merchants, and to see that the just duties and other dues of the Chinese Government, as hereafter provided for, are duly discharged by Her Britannic Majesty's subjects."<n>Treaty of Nanjing, 1839<n>How did the Boxers of the early twentieth century react to the legacy of this treaty?<n>A.They initiated an armed resistance against Western interests in Northern China.<n>B.They formed an alliance with Japan to stop Western businesses from operating in China.<n>C.They ran for local political offices on a platform to expand the treaty.<n>D.They defended the treaty from the opposition of Chinese rebels.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following excerpt is from a speech by Vladimir I. Lenin.<n>The independence of our country cannot be upheld unless we have an adequate industrial basis for defense. And such an industrial basis cannot be created if our industry is not more highly developed technically. That is why a fast rate of development of our industry is necessary and imperative. We cannot go on indefinitely, that is, for too long a period, basing the Soviet regime and socialist construction on two different foundations, the foundation of the most large-scale and united socialist industry and the foundation of the most scattered and backward, small commodity economy of the peasants. We must gradually, but systematically and persistently, place our agriculture on a new technical basis, the basis of large-scale production, and bring it up to the level of socialist industry. Either we accomplish this task—in which case the final victory of socialism in our country will be assured, or we turn away from it and do not accomplish it—in which case a return to capitalism may become inevitable.<n>—Vladimir I. Lenin Industrialization of the Country and the Right Deviation in the C.P.S.U., November 19,1928<n>What was the result of Stalin's attempt to fix this problem?<n>A.The Soviet Union saw steady growth in both industry and agriculture.<n>B.The Soviet Union saw steady growth in industry and a decline in agriculture.<n>C.The Soviet Union saw steady growth in agriculture but industrial production fell behind.<n>D.The Soviet Union saw steady decline in both industry and agriculture.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles. … The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.<n>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848<n>Marx and Engels would be most inclined to view which of the following developments as a significant event in European history?<n>A.The War of the Roses<n>B.The French Revolution of 1789 to 1793<n>C.The Seven Years' War<n>D.Britain's Glorious Revolution of 1688[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following excerpt is from a pamphlet.<n>You will do me the justice to remember, that I have always strenuously supported the Right of every man to his own opinion, however different that opinion might be to mine. He who denies to another this right, makes a slave of himself to his present opinion, because he precludes himself the right of changing it.<n>The most formidable weapon against errors of every kind is Reason. I have never used any other, and I trust I never shall.<n>The circumstance that has now taken place in France of the total abolition of the whole national order of priesthood, and of everything appertaining to compulsive systems of religion, and compulsive articles of faith, has not only precipitated my intention, but rendered a work of this kind exceedingly necessary, lest in the general wreck of superstition, of false systems of government, and false theology, we lose sight of morality, of humanity, and of the theology that is true.<n>I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life.<n>I believe in the equality of man; and I believe that religious duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and endeavoring to make our fellow-creatures happy.<n>I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church.<n>All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.<n>I do not mean by this declaration to condemn those who believe otherwise; they have the same right to their belief as I have to mine.<n>—Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason, 1794–1795<n>Paine's statement in the last sentence, criticizing persecution, was most likely influenced by which of the following?<n>A.New concepts of legal equity and individual rights expressed by Locke and Rousseau<n>B.Europeans gaining a more thorough understanding of the rich cultural diversity through trade and travel<n>C.New concepts of a deterministic mechanical universe based upon the discovery of Newton's mathematical laws<n>D.Challenges to the monopoly on truth held by the Roman Catholic Church on multiple fronts[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>We have, by this perpetual and irrevocable edict, established and proclaimed:<n>"First, that the recollection of everything done be one party or the other … during all the preceding period of troubles, remain obliterated and forgotten, as if no such things had ever happened. …<n>"We ordain that the Catholic Apostolic and Roman religion shall be restored and reestablished in all places and localities of this our kingdom and countries subject to our sway, where the exercise of the same has been interrupted, in order that it may be peaceably and freely exercised, without any trouble or hindrance. …<n>"And in order to leave no occasion for troubles or differences between our subjects, we have permitted, and herewith permit, those of the said religion called Reformed to live and abide in all the cities and places of this our kingdom and countries of our sway, and without being annoyed, molested, or compelled to do anything in the matter of religion contrary to their consciences. …"<n>Henry IV of France, The Edict of Nantes, 1598<n>From the passage, one may infer that Henry IV decided<n>A.to ban the Catholic Church in France<n>B.that the Catholic Church should exist in France<n>C.that the Catholic Church is the one true Church<n>D.that the Catholic Church caused too much trouble and hindrance in France[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"After all the slaves had been brought together and severally marked with the letter G, the emperor's fifths and then Cortés' were deducted before we were aware of it; and, besides this, on the night preceding, the finest of the Indian females had been secretly set apart, so that when it came to a division among us soldiers, we found none left but old and ugly women&….Another soldier asked Cortés if the division he had made of the gold in Mexico was not a sufficient imposition, for, at first, he had merely spoken of 300,000 pesos, but when we were obliged to retreat from the city, it was estimated at 700,000 pesos. And now he was going to deprive the poor soldier, who had undergone so many hardships, and suffered from innumerable wounds, of this small remuneration, and not even allow him a pretty Indian female for a companion&…<n>[Later], when Cortés learnt that there were still a great many bars of gold among the men, and heavy gambling in consequence, (for, according to the old saying, gold and love cannot lie long concealed,) he made known, under threats of severe punishment, that everyone should produce the gold he had obtained on the night of our retreat, of which one third was to be returned to him; but that anyone who refused to pay this, should have the whole taken from him. Many of our men refused downright to comply with this; yet Cortés managed to extort a good deal of it under the pretence of a loan&…"<n>The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo, 1568<n>As described by the author, the driving philosophy behind the conquistadores' search for gold was the economic policy known as<n>A.protectionism<n>B.laissez-faire<n>C.mercantilism<n>D.supply-side[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>In Russia there was nothing going on well, and [Souvarine] was in despair over the news he had received. His old companions were all turning to the politicians; the famous Nihilists who made Europe tremble-sons of village priests, of the lower middle class, of tradesmen-could not rise above the idea of national liberation, and seemed to believe that the world would be delivered-when they had killed their despot&…<n>"Foolery! They'll never get out of it with their foolery."<n>Then, lowering his voice still more, in a few bitter words he described his old dream of fraternity. He had renounced his rank and his fortune; he had gone among workmen, only in the hope of seeing at last the foundation of a new society of labour in common. All the sous in his pockets had long gone to the urchins of the settlement; he had been as tender as a brother with the colliers, smiling at their suspicion, winning them over by his quiet workmanlike ways and his dislike of chattering. But decidedly the fusion had not taken place.<n>His voice changed, his eyes grew bright, he fixed them on étienne, directly addressing him:<n>"Now, do you understand that? These hatworkers at Marseilles who have won the great lottery prize of a hundred thousand francs have gone off at once and invested it, declaring that they are going to live without doing anything! Yes, that is your idea, all of you French workmen; you want to unearth a treasure in order to devour it alone afterwards in some lazy, selfish corner. You may cry out as much as you like against the rich, you haven't got courage enough to give back to the poor the money that luck brings you. You will never be worthy of happiness as long as you own anything, and your hatred of the bourgeois proceeds solely from an angry desire to be bourgeois yourselves in their place."<n>émile Zola, French writer, Germinal, 1885<n>The conflict referred to in the final paragraph of the passage was best described in which book?<n>A.On Liberty, by John Stuart Mill<n>B.The Communist Manifesto, by Marx and Engels<n>C.Protocols of the Elders of Zion<n>D.Looking Backward, by Edward Bellamy[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The text below is the government proclamation.<n>On the basis of the above-mentioned new arrangements, the serfs will receive in time the full rights of free rural inhabitants.<n>The nobles, while retaining their property rights to all the lands belonging to them, grant the peasants perpetual use of their household plots in return for a specified obligation[; . . . the nobles] grant them a portion of arable land fixed by the said arrangements as well as other property. . . . While enjoying these land allotments, the peasants are obliged, in return, to fulfill obligations to the noblemen fixed by the same arrangements. In this status, which is temporary, the peasants are temporarily bound. . . .<n>[T]hey are granted the right to purchase their household plots, and, with the consent of the nobles, they may acquire in full ownership the arable lands and other properties which are allotted them for permanent use. Following such acquisition of full ownership of land, the peasants will be freed from their obligations to the nobles for the land thus purchased and will become free peasant landowners.<n>WE have deemed it advisable:<n>3. To organize Peace Offices on the estates of the nobles, leaving the village communes as they are, and to open cantonal offices in the large villages and unite small village communes.<n>4. To formulate, verify, and confirm in each village commune or estate a charter which will specify, on the basis of local conditions, the amount of land allotted to the peasants for permanent use, and the scope of their obligations to the nobleman for the land.<n>6. Until that time, peasants and household serfs must be obedient towards their nobles, and scrupulously fulfill their former obligations.<n>7. The nobles will continue to keep order on their estates, with the right of jurisdiction and of police, until the organization of cantons and of cantonal courts.<n>—Alexander II, "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia," Manifesto of February 19, 1861<n>Which of the following was a major impetus in convincing Tsar Alexander II of the necessity of freeing the serfs?<n>A.Recent defeat in the Crimean War convinced the tsar some domestic reforms were necessary.<n>B.Enlightened rulers in Prussia and Austria had recently done the same, which pressured Alexander II to act.<n>C.The Decembrist Revolt and its aftermath had convinced the young tsar to make reforms.<n>D.A labor force to complete the Trans-Siberian Railroad was needed as well as military recruits.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>We have, by this perpetual and irrevocable edict, established and proclaimed:<n>"First, that the recollection of everything done be one party or the other … during all the preceding period of troubles, remain obliterated and forgotten, as if no such things had ever happened. …<n>"We ordain that the Catholic Apostolic and Roman religion shall be restored and reestablished in all places and localities of this our kingdom and countries subject to our sway, where the exercise of the same has been interrupted, in order that it may be peaceably and freely exercised, without any trouble or hindrance. …<n>"And in order to leave no occasion for troubles or differences between our subjects, we have permitted, and herewith permit, those of the said religion called Reformed to live and abide in all the cities and places of this our kingdom and countries of our sway, and without being annoyed, molested, or compelled to do anything in the matter of religion contrary to their consciences. …"<n>Henry IV of France, The Edict of Nantes, 1598<n>From the passage, one may infer that Henry IV<n>A.was banning Protestants from France<n>B.intended for Protestants to be able to live peacefully in his kingdom<n>C.was converting to Catholicism<n>D.was converting to Protestantism[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is written by John Calvin.<n>If we need to be recalled to the origin of election, to prove that we obtain salvation from no other source than the mere goodness of God, they who desire to extinguish this principle, do all they can to obscure what ought to be magnificently and loudly celebrated, and to pluck up humility by the roots. In ascribing the salvation of the remnant of the people to the election of grace, Paul clearly testifies, that it is then only known that God saves whom upon which there can be no claim. They who shut the gates to prevent anyone from presuming to approach and taste this doctrine, do no less injury to man than to God; for nothing else will be sufficient to produce in us suitable humility, or to impress us with a due sense of our great obligations to God. Nor is there any other basis for solid confidence, even according to the authority of Christ, who, to deliver us from all fear, and render us invincible amidst so many dangers, snares, and deadly conflicts, promises to preserve in safety all whom the Father has committed to His care.<n>—John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1559<n>Which of the following beliefs, supported first by Calvin, does this passage seem to best support?<n>A.Salvation<n>B.Predestination<n>C.Divinity of Jesus<n>D.Simony[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following quotation to answer questions.<n>What is tolerance? … We are full of weakness and errors; let us mutually pardon our follies. This is the last law of nature. … Of all religions, the Christian ought doubtless to inspire the most tolerance, although hitherto the Christians have been the most intolerant of all men.<n>Voltaire, Letters on the English Nation, 1733<n>From the passage, one may infer that Voltaire was participating in what cultural movement?<n>A.The Scientific Revolution<n>B.The Reformation<n>C.The Enlightenment<n>D.The Romantic Movement[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>[T]he the end and measure of this power, when in every man's hands in the state of nature, being the preservation of all of his society, that is, all mankind in general, it can have no other end or measure, when in the hands of the magistrate, but to preserve the members of that society in their lives, liberties, and possessions, and so cannot be an absolute, arbitrary power over their lives and fortunes, which are as much as possible to be preserved, but a power to make law, and annex such penalties to them, as may tend to the preservation of the whole by cutting off those parts, and those only, which are so corrupt that they threaten the sound and healthy, without which no severity is lawful. And this power has its original only from compact, and agreement, and the mutual consent of those who make up the community. …<n>Whensoever, therefore, the legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society; and either by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, endeavor to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends.<n>John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690<n>From the passage, one may infer that Locke believed a government loses its legitimacy when<n>A.it is weak and can be overthrown<n>B.when the people wish to change governors<n>C.when it becomes corrupt<n>D.it tries to exercise absolute power[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following letter.<n>It happened . . . that a Spaniard saw an Indian . . . eating a piece of flesh taken from the body of an Indian who had been killed. . . . I had the culprit burned, explaining that the cause was his having killed that Indian and eaten him[,] which was prohibited by Your Majesty, and by me in Your Royal name. I further made the chief understand that all the people . . . must abstain from this custom. . . . I came . . . to protect their lives as well as their property, and to teach them that they were to adore but one God[,] . . . that they must turn from their idols, and the rites they had practiced until then, for these were lies and deceptions which the devil . . . had invented. . . . I, likewise, had come to teach them that Your Majesty, by the will of Divine Providence, rules the universe, and that they also must submit themselves to the imperial yoke, and do all that we who are Your Majesty's ministers here might order them.<n>—Hernan Cortez, Fifth Letter to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, 1521<n>Which of the following was NOT a result of the European conquest of the Americas realized by the end of the seventeenth century?<n>A.Europeans established overseas colonies on the coasts of the Americas and throughout the continent of Africa.<n>B.Europe's colonial expansion led to a global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices, and diseases.<n>C.Europeans created vast global trade networks that allowed them to gain large accumulations of wealth.<n>D.Europeans expanded the African slave trade in response to the establishment of a plantation economy in the Americas and to demographic catastrophes among indigenous peoples.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm in their convocations, yet nevertheless, for corroboration and confirmation thereof, and for increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and extirpate all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same, be it enacted, by authority of this present Parliament, that the king, our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicans Ecclesia; and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof, as all honors, dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity of the supreme head of the same Church belonging and appertaining; and that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, record, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offenses, contempts, and enormities, whatsoever they be, which by any manner of spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered, redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended, most to the pleasure of Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for the conservation of the peace, unity, and tranquility of this realm; any usage, foreign land, foreign authority, prescription, or any other thing or things to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.<n>English Parliament, Act of Supremacy, 1534<n>From the passage and its historical context, one may infer that the Act was, in part,<n>A.an attempt to prevent the spread of Protestantism in England<n>B.a solution to Henry VIII's financial difficulties<n>C.an attempt to legitimize Henry VIII's only heir<n>D.an attempt to ally England with the Holy Roman Emperor[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following excerpt is from a pamphlet.<n>You will do me the justice to remember, that I have always strenuously supported the Right of every man to his own opinion, however different that opinion might be to mine. He who denies to another this right, makes a slave of himself to his present opinion, because he precludes himself the right of changing it.<n>The most formidable weapon against errors of every kind is Reason. I have never used any other, and I trust I never shall.<n>The circumstance that has now taken place in France of the total abolition of the whole national order of priesthood, and of everything appertaining to compulsive systems of religion, and compulsive articles of faith, has not only precipitated my intention, but rendered a work of this kind exceedingly necessary, lest in the general wreck of superstition, of false systems of government, and false theology, we lose sight of morality, of humanity, and of the theology that is true.<n>I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life.<n>I believe in the equality of man; and I believe that religious duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and endeavoring to make our fellow-creatures happy.<n>I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church.<n>All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.<n>I do not mean by this declaration to condemn those who believe otherwise; they have the same right to their belief as I have to mine.<n>—Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason, 1794–1795<n>The ideas expressed by Paine above best illustrate which of the following characteristics of Enlightenment intellectuals?<n>A.Many were accomplished scientists who added important pieces to the human understanding of the universe.<n>B.They utilized new methods of communicating their ideas, such as salons and inexpensive printed pamphlets.<n>C.Most rejected religion altogether and adopted atheism as the only credo of a rational person.<n>D.Many believed that the new scientific discoveries would allow humans to solve all problems.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The substitution of Plato for the scholastic Aristotle was hastened by contact with Byzantine scholarship. Already at the Council of Ferrera (1438), which nominally reunited the Eastern and Western churches, there was a debate in which the Byzantines maintained the superiority of Plato to Aristotle. Cosimo and Lorenzo de Medici were both addicted to Plato; Cosimo founded and Lorenzo continued the Florentine Academy, which was largely devoted to the study of Plato&…The humanists of the time, however, were too busy acquiring knowledge of antiquity to be able to produce anything of value."<n>Bertrand Russell, British philosopher, History of Western Philosophy, 1946<n>According to the information in the text, the schools founded by the Medici family most favored a philosophy known as<n>A.Neoclassicism<n>B.Scholasticism<n>C.Renaissance humanism<n>D.Neoplatonism[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"But you, my dear Pangloss," said Candide, "how can it be that I behold you again?"<n>"It is true," said Pangloss, "that you saw me hanged&….A surgeon purchased my body, carried home, and dissected me. He began with making a crucial incision on me from the navel to the clavicula. One could not have been worse hanged than I was. The executioner of the Holy Inquisition was a sub-deacon, and knew how to burn people marvellously well, but he was not accustomed to hanging. The cord was wet and did not slip properly, and besides it was badly tied; in short, I still drew my breath, when the crucial incision made me give such a frightful scream that my surgeon fell flat upon his back&…[At length he] sewed up my wounds; his wife even nursed me. I was upon my legs at the end of fifteen days&….<n>One day I took it into my head to step into a mosque, where I saw an old Iman and a very pretty young devotee who was saying her paternosters&….She dropped her bouquet; I picked it up, and presented it to her with a profound reverence. I was so long in delivering it that the Iman began to get angry, and seeing that I was a Christian he called out for help. They carried me before the cadi, who ordered me a hundred lashes on the soles of the feet and sent me to the galleys. I was chained to the very same galley and the same bench as the young Baron. On board this galley there were four young men from Marseilles, five Neapolitan priests, and two monks from Corfu, who told us similar adventures happened daily. The Baron maintained that he had suffered greater injustice than I&….We were continually disputing, and received twenty lashes with a bull's pizzle when the concatenation of universal events brought you to our galley, and you were good enough to ransom us."<n>"Well, my dear Pangloss," said Candide to him, "when you had been hanged, dissected, whipped, and were tugging at the oar, did you always think that everything happens for the best?"<n>"I am still of my first opinion," answered Pangloss, "for I am a philosopher and I cannot retract, especially as Leibnitz could never be wrong; and besides, the pre-established harmony is the finest thing in the world, and so is his plenum and materia subtilis."<n>Voltaire, French Enlightenment writer, Candide, 1759<n>The "concatenation of universal events" that brought the men together on the ship illustrates the eighteenth-century fondness of<n>A.demonstrating high social status through large vocabulary<n>B.exploiting naval power to European nation-states<n>C.drawing universal conclusions from a wide range of concrete data<n>D.using cause-and-effect to systematize the understanding of human behavior[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The situation is critical in the extreme. In fact it is now absolutely clear that to delay the uprising would be fatal.<n>With all my might I urge comrades to realize that everything now hangs by a thread; that we are confronted by problems which are not to be solved by conferences or congresses (even congresses of Soviets), but exclusively by peoples, by the masses, by the struggle of the armed people. …<n>Who must take power? That is not important at present. Let the Revolutionary Military Committee do it, or "some other institution" which will declare that it will relinquish power only to the true representatives of the interests of the people, the interests of the army, the interests of the peasants, the interests of the starving.<n>All districts, all regiments, all forces must be mobilized at once and must immediately send their delegations to the Revolutionary Military Committee and to the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks with the insistent demand that under no circumstances should power be left in the hands of Kerensky [and his colleagues], … not under any circumstances; the matter must be decided without fail this very evening, or this very night.<n>Vladmir Illyich Lenin, "Call to Power," 1917<n>From the passage, one may infer that the immediate context for Lenin's "Call to Power" was<n>A.Russia's entrance into World War I<n>B.the onset of the February Revolution<n>C.Russia's exit from World War I<n>D.the onset of the October Revolution[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following excerpt.<n>If civilized education developed in every child its natural inclinations, we should see nearly all rich children enamored of various very plebeian occupations, such as that of the mason, the carpenter, the smith, the saddler. I have instanced Louis the XVI, who loved the trade of locksmith; an Infanta of Spain preferred that of shoemaker; a certain king of Denmark gratified himself by manufacturing syringes; the former king of Naples loved to sell the fish he had caught in the market-place himself; the prince of Parma, whom Condillac had trained in metaphysical subtitles, in the understanding of intuition, of cognition, had no taste but for the occupation of church-warden and lay-brother.<n>The great majority of wealthy children would follow these plebeian tastes, if civilized education did not oppose the development of them; and if the filthiness of the workshops and the coarseness of the workmen did not arouse a repugnance stronger than the attraction. What child of a prince is there who has no taste for one of the four occupations I have just mentioned, that of mason, carpenter, smith, saddler, and who would not advance in them if he beheld from an early age the work carried on in blight workshops, by refined people, who would always arrange a miniature workshop for children, with little implements and light labor?<n>—Charles Fourier, On Education, 1838<n>What nation experimented with utilizing the ideas of Fourier and others like him to create national workshops in 1848?<n>A.Germany<n>B.France<n>C.Great Britain<n>D.Austria[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following quote.<n>I had now decided beyond all question that there existed in the heavens three stars wandering about Jupiter as do Venus and Mercury about the sun, and this became plainer than daylight from observations on similar occasions which followed. Nor were there just three such stars; four wanderers complete their revolutions about Jupiter, and of their alterations as observed more precisely later on we shall give a description here. Also I measured the distances between them by means of the telescope. . . .<n>Such are the observations concerning the four Medicean planets recently first discovered by me, and although from this data their periods have not yet been reconstructed in numerical form, it is legitimate at least to put in evidence some facts worthy of note. Above all, since they sometimes follow and sometimes precede Jupiter by the same intervals, and they remain within very limited distances either to east or west of Jupiter, accompanying that planet in both its retrograde and direct movements in a constant manner, no one can doubt that they complete their revolutions about Jupiter and at the same time effect all together a twelve-year period about the center of the universe.<n>—Galileo Galilei, 1610<n>Which of the following intellectual hallmarks of the Renaissance seem most in conflict with the questioning of the ancient philosophers, such as Aristotle, through experimentation in natural philosophy?<n>A.Humanism<n>B.Secularism<n>C.Individualism<n>D.Arête[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Government of the German Reich and The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics desirous of strengthening the cause of peace between Germany and the U.S.S.R., and proceeding from the fundamental provisions of the Neutrality Agreement concluded in April, 1926 between Germany and the U.S.S.R., have reached the following Agreement:<n>Article I. Both High Contracting Parties obligate themselves to desist from any act of violence, any aggressive action, and any attack on each other, either individually or jointly with other Powers.<n>Article II. Should one of the High Contracting Parties become the object of belligerent action by a third Power, the other High Contracting Party shall in no manner lend its support to this third Power.<n>Article III. The Governments of the two High Contracting Parties shall in the future maintain continual contact with one another for the purpose of consultation in order to exchange information on problems affecting their common interests.<n>Article IV. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties shall participate in any grouping of Powers whatsoever that is directly or indirectly aimed at the other party.<n>Article V. Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties over problems of one kind or another, both parties shall settle these disputes or conflicts exclusively through friendly exchange of opinion or, if necessary, through the establishment of arbitration commissions."<n>Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939<n>The article listed above that was violated by Operation Barbarossa was<n>A.Article I<n>B.Article II<n>C.Article III<n>D.Article IV[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The pair of excerpts below is written by explorer Christopher Columbus and the Dominican Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, Bartholomew de las Casas.<n>Source 1<n>Indians would give whatever the seller required. . . . Thus they bartered, like idiots, cotton and gold for fragments of bows, glasses, bottles, and jars; which I forbad as being unjust, and myself gave them many beautiful and acceptable articles which I had brought with me, taking nothing from them in return; I did this in order that I might the more easily conciliate them, that they might be led to become Christians, and be inclined to entertain a regard for the King and Queen, our Princes and all Spaniards, and that I might induce them to take an interest in seeking out, and collecting and delivering to us such things as they possessed in abundance, but which we greatly needed.<n>—Christopher Columbus: letter to Raphael Sanchez, 1493<n>Source 2<n>It was upon these gentle lambs . . . that from the very first day they clapped eyes on them the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. The pattern established at the outset has remained unchanged to this day, and the Spaniards still do nothing save tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery, suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying and persecuting them mercilessly. We shall in due course describe some of the many ingenious methods of torture they have invented and refined for this purpose, but one can get some idea of the effectiveness of their methods from the figures alone. When the Spanish first journeyed there, the indigenous population of the island of Hispaniola stood at some three million; today only two hundred survive. Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits.<n>—Bartholomew de las Casas: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542<n>The free flow of plants and animals, as well as trade goods, between Europe and the Americas is referred to by historians as the Columbian Exchange, and affected the Europeans in which of the following ways?<n>A.Economic opportunities were reduced.<n>B.They were subjugated and destroyed.<n>C.Economic opportunities were created.<n>D.They were enriched through trade in Native American slaves.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The text below is the government proclamation.<n>On the basis of the above-mentioned new arrangements, the serfs will receive in time the full rights of free rural inhabitants.<n>The nobles, while retaining their property rights to all the lands belonging to them, grant the peasants perpetual use of their household plots in return for a specified obligation[; . . . the nobles] grant them a portion of arable land fixed by the said arrangements as well as other property. . . . While enjoying these land allotments, the peasants are obliged, in return, to fulfill obligations to the noblemen fixed by the same arrangements. In this status, which is temporary, the peasants are temporarily bound. . . .<n>[T]hey are granted the right to purchase their household plots, and, with the consent of the nobles, they may acquire in full ownership the arable lands and other properties which are allotted them for permanent use. Following such acquisition of full ownership of land, the peasants will be freed from their obligations to the nobles for the land thus purchased and will become free peasant landowners.<n>WE have deemed it advisable:<n>3. To organize Peace Offices on the estates of the nobles, leaving the village communes as they are, and to open cantonal offices in the large villages and unite small village communes.<n>4. To formulate, verify, and confirm in each village commune or estate a charter which will specify, on the basis of local conditions, the amount of land allotted to the peasants for permanent use, and the scope of their obligations to the nobleman for the land.<n>6. Until that time, peasants and household serfs must be obedient towards their nobles, and scrupulously fulfill their former obligations.<n>7. The nobles will continue to keep order on their estates, with the right of jurisdiction and of police, until the organization of cantons and of cantonal courts.<n>—Alexander II, "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia," Manifesto of February 19, 1861<n>Which of the following best articulates the new conditions for the recently emancipated serfs of Russia as stated in the above passage?<n>A.The tsar's manifesto allowed for a heterogeneous class of farmers to emerge, with many former serfs becoming quite prosperous while others struggled.<n>B.The manifesto was mostly ineffective in improving the economic condition of former serfs, but paved the way for local self-rule and, soon after, a national legislature.<n>C.The tsar's insistence on cooperation between the nobility and recently emancipated people limited the financial potential of all impacted by the manifesto.<n>D.The manifesto, although emancipating the serfs, saddled them with financial responsibilities and other restrictions, while the aristocracy retained too many of their former rights.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following quotation to answer questions.<n>The various modes of worship which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true; by the philosopher as equally false; and by the magistrate as equally useful.<n>Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776–1788<n>The interpretation of the state of religious belief in ancient Rome by the eighteenth-century English historian Edward Gibbon might be offered as evidence for<n>A.the clergy's monopoly on academic scholarship in eighteenth-century Britain<n>B.the hatred of all things Roman by British scholars in the eighteenth century<n>C.the spread of religious skepticism among the educated elite of Britain in the eighteenth century<n>D.the lack of sources available to the eighteenth-century scholar for the study of ancient Roman civilization[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Italian nation has been at last united in our own days, and we all rejoiced in its union. Yet we may be allowed to doubt whether the union was not a little too speedy and a little too thorough. It is surely carrying unity too far to wipe out all traces of the independent being, for most purposes to wipe out the very name, of such a land as Sicily. It jars on our feelings to find that, while Ireland at least forms part of the royal style of its sovereign, Sicily is no longer even a geographical expression. The island realm of Roger has sunk to be seven provinces of the kingdom on the mainland. And there is another result of Italian unity, a result in which we may rejoice without drawbacks, but which still has somewhat of sadness about it as finally ending that great phase of the history of Europe with which we have throughout been dealing. Never were ties with the past so fully snapped as when the army of Italy entered liberated Rome. Of all novelties in European history the greatest was when Rome became the centre of a dominion with acknowledged metes and bounds, the head in short of a local Italian kingdom. "Rome the capital of Italy" was a formula which might well gladden our hearts; but it was a formula which formally swept away the œcumenical position, the œcumenical traditions, of Rome&….<n>But the kingdom of Italy is not an appendage to Rome; Rome is the head of the kingdom. The whole is greater than its part; Rome, by her own free will and by the free will of Italy, has become less than Italy. By becoming the willing head of an Italian kingdom she has formally cast aside her Imperial traditions as they were not cast aside when brute force made her the head of a French department."<n>Edward A. Freeman, British historian and politician, The Chief Periods of European History, 1885<n>The author laments the loss of which Roman traditions?<n>A.Lingual<n>B.Religious<n>C.Economic<n>D.Artistic[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>From this moment until that in which the enemy shall have been driven from the soil of the Republic, all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the service of the armies. The young men shall go to battle; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothing and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old linen into lint; the aged shall betake themselves to the public places in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach the hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic. …<n>The Committee of Public Safety is charged to take all necessary measures to set up without delay an extraordinary manufacture of arms of every sort which corresponds with the ardor and energy of the French people. It is, accordingly, authorized to form all the establishments, factories, workshops, and mills which shall be deemed necessary for the carrying on of these works, as well as to put in requisition, within the entire extent of the Republic, the artists and workingmen who can contribute to their success.<n>The representatives of the people sent out for the execution of the present law shall have the same authority in their respective districts, acting in concert with the Committee of Public Safety; they are invested with the unlimited powers assigned to the representatives of the people to the armies.<n>The Levée en Masse, August 23, 1793<n>The passage can be used as one example of the way in which the Committee of Public Safety<n>A.revamped the economy of the new French Republic<n>B.successfully harnessed the human resources of the new French Republic<n>C.reformed the religious rituals of the Church in the new French Republic<n>D.brought about its own destruction[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Buckingham Palace, 10th May 1839.<n>The Queen forgot to ask Lord Melbourne if he thought there would be any harm in her writing to the Duke of Cambridge that she really was fearful of fatiguing herself, if she went out to a party at Gloucester House on Tuesday, an Ancient Concert on Wednesday, and a ball at Northumberland House on Thursday, considering how much she had to do these last four days. If she went to the Ancient Concert on Wednesday, having besides a concert of her own here on Monday, it would be four nights of fatigue, really exhausted as the Queen is.<n>But if Lord Melbourne thinks that as there are only to be English singers at the Ancient Concert, she ought to go, she could go there for one act; but she would much rather, if possible, get out of it, for it is a fatiguing time&….<n>As the negotiations with the Tories are quite at an end, and Lord Melbourne has been here, the Queen hopes Lord Melbourne will not object to dining with her on Sunday?"<n>The Letters of Queen Victoria, Volume 1 (of 3), 1837-1843: A Selection from Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861<n>The phrase "negotiations with the Tories" suggests that what historical transition had been made complete?<n>A.The switch from a liberal-dominated to a conservative-dominated Parliament<n>B.The conversion from male-dominated politics to female-dominated politics<n>C.The change from a divinely-ordained monarch to a constitutionally-approved monarch<n>D.An end to war and the creation of a lasting peace[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>I am of opinion that the principal and true profession of the Courtier ought to be that of arms; which I would have him follow actively above all else, and be known among others as bold and strong, and loyal to whomsoever he serves. . . .<n>I would have him well built and shapely of limb, and would have him show strength and lightness and suppleness, and know all bodily exercises that befit a man of war; whereof I think the first should be to handle every sort of weapon well on foot and on horse, to understand the advantages of each, and especially to be familiar with those weapons that are ordinarily used among gentlemen. . . .<n>Our Courtier then will be esteemed excellent and will attain grace in everything, particularly in speaking. . . .<n>I would have him more than passably accomplished in letters, at least in those studies that are called the humanities, and conversant not only with the Latin language but with the Greek, for the sake of the many different things that have been admirably written therein. Let him be well versed in the poets, and not less in the orators and historians, and also proficient in writing verse and prose, especially in this vulgar [vernacular] tongue of ours. . . .<n>You must know that I am not content with the Courtier unless he be also a musician and unless, besides understanding and being able to read notes, he can play upon divers instruments. . . .<n>I wish our Courtier to guard against getting the name of a liar or a boaster, which sometimes befalls even those who do not deserve it.<n>—From Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, 1528<n>Which of the following reforms would Castiglione most likely want to institute?<n>A.The creation of coeducational public high schools paid for by the state<n>B.The creation of male-only public high schools paid for by the state<n>C.The creation of public universities without tuition where all students of both genders could learn<n>D.The creation of private high schools for elite young men with many extracurricular activities[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"XI. As the present sciences are useless for the discovery of effects, so the present system of logic is useless for the discovery of the sciences.<n>XIX. There are and can exist but two ways of investigating and discovering truth. The one hurries on rapidly from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from them, as principles and their supposed indisputable truth, derives and discovers the intermediate axioms. This is the way now in use. The other constructs its axioms from the senses and particulars, by ascending continually and gradually, till it finally arrives at the most general axioms, which is the true but unattempted way.<n>XXII. Each of these two ways begins from the senses and particulars, and ends in the greatest generalities&…<n>XXXVI. We have but one simple method of delivering our sentiments, namely, we must bring men to particulars and their regular series and order, and they must for a while renounce their notions, and begin to form an acquaintance with things."<n>Francis Bacon, English philosopher and essayist, Novum Organum, 1620<n>The method of inquiry elucidated by Francis Bacon in the passage is known as<n>A.humanism<n>B.deduction<n>C.empiricism<n>D.scientific socialism[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"After all the slaves had been brought together and severally marked with the letter G, the emperor's fifths and then Cortés' were deducted before we were aware of it; and, besides this, on the night preceding, the finest of the Indian females had been secretly set apart, so that when it came to a division among us soldiers, we found none left but old and ugly women&….Another soldier asked Cortés if the division he had made of the gold in Mexico was not a sufficient imposition, for, at first, he had merely spoken of 300,000 pesos, but when we were obliged to retreat from the city, it was estimated at 700,000 pesos. And now he was going to deprive the poor soldier, who had undergone so many hardships, and suffered from innumerable wounds, of this small remuneration, and not even allow him a pretty Indian female for a companion&…<n>[Later], when Cortés learnt that there were still a great many bars of gold among the men, and heavy gambling in consequence, (for, according to the old saying, gold and love cannot lie long concealed,) he made known, under threats of severe punishment, that everyone should produce the gold he had obtained on the night of our retreat, of which one third was to be returned to him; but that anyone who refused to pay this, should have the whole taken from him. Many of our men refused downright to comply with this; yet Cortés managed to extort a good deal of it under the pretence of a loan&…"<n>The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo, 1568<n>The events described in the passage most likely occurred in which modern-day country?<n>A.Argentina<n>B.South Africa<n>C.Mexico<n>D.Peru[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following excerpt is from a pamphlet.<n>You will do me the justice to remember, that I have always strenuously supported the Right of every man to his own opinion, however different that opinion might be to mine. He who denies to another this right, makes a slave of himself to his present opinion, because he precludes himself the right of changing it.<n>The most formidable weapon against errors of every kind is Reason. I have never used any other, and I trust I never shall.<n>The circumstance that has now taken place in France of the total abolition of the whole national order of priesthood, and of everything appertaining to compulsive systems of religion, and compulsive articles of faith, has not only precipitated my intention, but rendered a work of this kind exceedingly necessary, lest in the general wreck of superstition, of false systems of government, and false theology, we lose sight of morality, of humanity, and of the theology that is true.<n>I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life.<n>I believe in the equality of man; and I believe that religious duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and endeavoring to make our fellow-creatures happy.<n>I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church.<n>All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.<n>I do not mean by this declaration to condemn those who believe otherwise; they have the same right to their belief as I have to mine.<n>—Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason, 1794–1795<n>The document above supports which of the following demands of the Enlightenment philosophes?<n>A.Deism should be adopted by all as the only logical religion.<n>B.Religious toleration leads to the destruction of social unity.<n>C.Skepticism is not a reliable way of examining information.<n>D.Religious toleration should be given to all people of all religions.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the the following quotation to answer questions.<n>1848 was the decisive year of German, and so of European, history: it recapitulated Germany's past and inspired Germany's future. … Never has there been a revolution so inspired by a limitless faith in the power of ideas; never has a revolution so discredited the power of ideas in its result. The success of the revolution discredited conservative ideas; the failure of the revolution discredited liberal ideas. After it, nothing remained but the idea of Force, and this idea stood at the helm of German history from then on. For the first time since 1521, the German people stepped on to the centre of the German stage only to miss their cue once more. German history reached its turning-point and failed to turn. This was the fateful essence of 1848.<n>A. J. P. Taylor, The Course of German History, 1945<n>The subject of Taylor's analysis in this quotation is<n>A.the industrial revolution in the context of German history<n>B.the failure of the revolutions of 1848<n>C.the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany<n>D.the importance of the revolutions of 1848 in modern German history[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>ARTICLE I: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey for the one part, and Russia for the other part, declare that the state of war between them has ceased. They are resolved to live henceforth in peace and amity with one another. …<n>ARTICLE III: The territories lying to the west of the line agreed upon by the contracting parties, which formerly belonged to Russia, will no longer be subject to Russian sovereignty; the line agreed upon is traced on the map submitted as an essential part of this treaty of peace. The exact fixation of the line will be established by a Russo-German commission.<n>Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 14, 1918<n>The result of Article III of the treaty was<n>A.the surrender of the western part of the German Empire to the Russian Empire<n>B.the surrender of the eastern part of the German Empire to the Russian Empire<n>C.the surrender of the western part of the Russian Empire to the German Empire<n>D.the surrender of the eastern part of the Russian Empire to the German Empire[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Italian nation has been at last united in our own days, and we all rejoiced in its union. Yet we may be allowed to doubt whether the union was not a little too speedy and a little too thorough. It is surely carrying unity too far to wipe out all traces of the independent being, for most purposes to wipe out the very name, of such a land as Sicily. It jars on our feelings to find that, while Ireland at least forms part of the royal style of its sovereign, Sicily is no longer even a geographical expression. The island realm of Roger has sunk to be seven provinces of the kingdom on the mainland. And there is another result of Italian unity, a result in which we may rejoice without drawbacks, but which still has somewhat of sadness about it as finally ending that great phase of the history of Europe with which we have throughout been dealing. Never were ties with the past so fully snapped as when the army of Italy entered liberated Rome. Of all novelties in European history the greatest was when Rome became the centre of a dominion with acknowledged metes and bounds, the head in short of a local Italian kingdom. "Rome the capital of Italy" was a formula which might well gladden our hearts; but it was a formula which formally swept away the œcumenical position, the œcumenical traditions, of Rome&….<n>But the kingdom of Italy is not an appendage to Rome; Rome is the head of the kingdom. The whole is greater than its part; Rome, by her own free will and by the free will of Italy, has become less than Italy. By becoming the willing head of an Italian kingdom she has formally cast aside her Imperial traditions as they were not cast aside when brute force made her the head of a French department."<n>Edward A. Freeman, British historian and politician, The Chief Periods of European History, 1885<n>The author expresses bittersweet feelings about the results of what major European political movement of the nineteenth century?<n>A.Romanticism<n>B.Socialism<n>C.Conservatism<n>D.Nationalism[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"After all the slaves had been brought together and severally marked with the letter G, the emperor's fifths and then Cortés' were deducted before we were aware of it; and, besides this, on the night preceding, the finest of the Indian females had been secretly set apart, so that when it came to a division among us soldiers, we found none left but old and ugly women&….Another soldier asked Cortés if the division he had made of the gold in Mexico was not a sufficient imposition, for, at first, he had merely spoken of 300,000 pesos, but when we were obliged to retreat from the city, it was estimated at 700,000 pesos. And now he was going to deprive the poor soldier, who had undergone so many hardships, and suffered from innumerable wounds, of this small remuneration, and not even allow him a pretty Indian female for a companion&…<n>[Later], when Cortés learnt that there were still a great many bars of gold among the men, and heavy gambling in consequence, (for, according to the old saying, gold and love cannot lie long concealed,) he made known, under threats of severe punishment, that everyone should produce the gold he had obtained on the night of our retreat, of which one third was to be returned to him; but that anyone who refused to pay this, should have the whole taken from him. Many of our men refused downright to comply with this; yet Cortés managed to extort a good deal of it under the pretence of a loan&…"<n>The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo, 1568<n>Upon the return of Cortés's expedition, which of the following was a consequence of the actions described in the memoir?<n>A.A decentralized political state<n>B.A strengthened agricultural sector<n>C.An increased rate of inflation<n>D.Less tolerance for Jews and Muslims[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following excerpt.<n>Never were talents of the highest genius of the most exalted kind, more profusely bestowed upon a human being. The genius of Napoleon is astounding. All branches of human knowledge seemed alike familiar to his gigantic mind. His conversations at St. Helena, scattered through the numerous and voluminous memorials of those who gleaned them, are replete with intensest interest. During the long agony of his imprisonment and his death, he conversed with perfect freedom upon the events of his marvelous career, and upon all those subjects or morals, politics, and religion, which most deeply concern the welfare of our race. There is no mind which will not be invigorated by familiarity with these profound thoughts, expressed with so much glow of feeling and energy of diction.<n>—John S. C. Abbott, historian, Napoleon at St. Helena, 1855<n>Napoleon helped make the French Revolution an international movement in the areas he conquered<n>A.By imposing a universal currency based on the French franc<n>B.By the brutal suppression of guerrilla resistance<n>C.By abolishing feudalism and manorialism<n>D.By encouraging the use of French as the universal language[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following entries are in the diary of Napoleon Bonaparte.<n>Paris has a short memory. If I remain longer doing nothing, I am lost. In this great Babylon one reputation quickly succeeds another. After I have been seen three times at the theatre, I shall not be looked at again. I shall therefore not go very frequently. (diary, 1798)<n>If the press is not bridled, I shall not remain three days in power. (diary, 1799)<n>The presence of a general is necessary; he is the head, he is the all in all of an army. It was not the Roman army that conquered Gaul, it was Caesar, it was not the Carthaginians that made the armies of the Roman republic tremble at the very gates of Rome, it was Hannibal. (diary, 1801)<n>My power proceeds from my reputation, and my reputation from the victories I have won. My power would fall if I were not to support it with more glory and more victories. Conquest has made me what I am; only conquest can maintain me. (diary, 1802)<n>The revolution in France is over and now there is only one party in France and I shall never allow the newspapers to say anything contrary to my interests. They may publish a few little articles with just a bit of poison in them, but one fine day I shall shut their mouths forever. (diary, 1805)<n>Napoleon's entry from 1802 indicates that his conquest of most of Europe was due in part to which of the following?<n>A.Napoleon's fear that if he did not continue to win military victories, he would lose power.<n>B.Napoleon's belief that he must conquer all of Europe to conquer the press.<n>C.Napoleon's confidence that he will be the greatest leader Europe has ever seen.<n>D.Napoleon's appreciation of his soldiers and their collective efforts.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the documents below.<n>Source 1<n>If then by the Use of Machines, the Manufacture of Cotton, an Article which we import, and are supplied with from other Countries, and which can everywhere be procured on equal Terms, has met with such amazing Success, may not greater Advantages be reasonably expected from cultivating to the utmost the Manufacture of Wool, the Produce of our own Island, an Article in Demand in all Countries, almost the universal Clothing of Mankind?<n>In the Manufacture of Woollens, the Scribbling Mill, the Spinning Frame, and the Fly Shuttle, have reduced manual Labour nearly One third, and each of them at its-first Introduction carried an Alarm to the Work People, yet each has contributed to advance the Wages and to increase the Trade, so that if an Attempt was now made to deprive us of the Use of them, there is no Doubt, but every Person engaged in the Business, would exert himself to defend them.<n>—Statement by the Cloth Merchants of Leeds, 1791<n>Source 2<n>Come, cropper lads of high renown,<n>Who love to drink good ale that's brown,<n>And strike each haughty tyrant down,<n>With hatchet, pike, and gun!<n>Oh, the cropper lads for me,<n>The gallant lads for me,<n>Who with lusty stroke,<n>The shear frames broke,<n>The cropper lads for me!<n>What though the specials still advance,<n>And soldiers nightly round us prance;<n>The cropper lads still lead the dance,<n>With hatchet, pike, and gun!<n>Oh, the cropper lads for me,<n>The gallant lads for me,<n>Who with lusty stroke<n>The shear frames broke,<n>The cropper lads for me!<n>—Luddite Song, The Cropper's Song, c. 1812<n>Source 2 was motivated most by which of the following changes brought on by industrialization?<n>A.The movement of many agricultural workers to the new industrial cities increased urbanization.<n>B.Industrialization was promoting significant population growth, as it was applied to many fields.<n>C.Parliament supported industrialization for its own interests.<n>D.Socioeconomic changes created divisions of labor that led to the development of self-conscious classes.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following quote.<n>I had now decided beyond all question that there existed in the heavens three stars wandering about Jupiter as do Venus and Mercury about the sun, and this became plainer than daylight from observations on similar occasions which followed. Nor were there just three such stars; four wanderers complete their revolutions about Jupiter, and of their alterations as observed more precisely later on we shall give a description here. Also I measured the distances between them by means of the telescope. . . .<n>Such are the observations concerning the four Medicean planets recently first discovered by me, and although from this data their periods have not yet been reconstructed in numerical form, it is legitimate at least to put in evidence some facts worthy of note. Above all, since they sometimes follow and sometimes precede Jupiter by the same intervals, and they remain within very limited distances either to east or west of Jupiter, accompanying that planet in both its retrograde and direct movements in a constant manner, no one can doubt that they complete their revolutions about Jupiter and at the same time effect all together a twelve-year period about the center of the universe.<n>—Galileo Galilei, 1610<n>Which of the following conclusions drawn in part from the observations above was the most revolutionary over time?<n>A.There were four smaller stars that seemed to move around Jupiter.<n>B.The Earth is not the center of the universe.<n>C.The heavens are occupied by bodies revolving around each other rather than by God alone.<n>D.The Earth is but one tiny planet in an infinite universe or even multiverse.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Perestroika [Restructuring] is an urgent necessity arising from the profound processes of development in our socialist society. This society is ripe for change. It has long been yearning for it. Any delay in beginning perestroika could have led to an exacerbated internal situation in the near future, which, to put it bluntly, would have been fraught with serious social, economic, and political crises.<n>Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World, 1987<n>From the passage, one may infer that Gorbachev argued that<n>A.the need for perestroika had come upon Soviet society suddenly<n>B.the need for perestroika had been exaggerated<n>C.the need for perestroika was long in the making<n>D.the time for perestroika had passed[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"A specter is haunting Europe-the specter of Communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this specter; Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French radicals and German police spies.<n>Two things result from this fact.<n>I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be in itself a power.<n>II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Specter of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself."<n>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848<n>To modern historians, the publication of this pamphlet is remembered for coinciding with which of the following events?<n>A.A series of revolutions that gripped Europe in the same year<n>B.The Ottoman Empire's increasing pressure upon the Greek Peninsula<n>C.A new system of underground pamphlet distribution<n>D.The re-emergence of anti-Semitism as a potent European force[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>ARTICLE I: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey for the one part, and Russia for the other part, declare that the state of war between them has ceased. They are resolved to live henceforth in peace and amity with one another. …<n>ARTICLE III: The territories lying to the west of the line agreed upon by the contracting parties, which formerly belonged to Russia, will no longer be subject to Russian sovereignty; the line agreed upon is traced on the map submitted as an essential part of this treaty of peace. The exact fixation of the line will be established by a Russo-German commission.<n>Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 14, 1918<n>The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk can best be described as the result of<n>A.the Bolsheviks' need to end the Russian war effort in order to consolidate their revolutionary gains<n>B.corruption on the part of Bolshevik leaders and collaboration with Russian business interests<n>C.the breaking up of the Triple Entente<n>D.French and British aid being given to the so-called White Russians who opposed the Bolshevik government[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following account of the Paris Exposition of 1889.<n>"The opportunities to study the natural history of man in Paris during the Exposition, and especially in August, when the great Congresses and the French Association held their sessions, were unparalleled in the history of anthropology. At any time the French capital affords rare advantages to the anthropologist. The Musée and Laboratoire Broca, the anthropometric operations of Bertillon in the Palais de Justice, the courses of lectures in the école d'Anthropologie, the collections in the Jardin de Plantes, the facilities for original work in the écoles de Medicine, and the hospitals give to the comparative anatomist and biologist abundant employment."<n>Otis T. Mason, American ethnologist and curator, 1889<n>The field primarily described in this passage was born when<n>A.scientific societies needed new ways of attracting members who were less interested in the study of the natural world<n>B.there arose a sudden interest in expanding human rights throughout the French colonies<n>C.scientific principles were applied to other cultures as a result of the sudden expansion of European dominance across large parts of the globe<n>D.a large influx of immigrants from Africa and Asia arrived in Europe[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>For a long time, educated Germans answered it in the positive, initially by laying claim to a special German mission, then, after the collapse of 1945, by criticizing Germany's deviation from the West. Today, the negative view is predominant. Germany did not, according to the now prevailing opinion, differ from the great European nations to an extent that would justify speaking of a "unique German path." And, in any case, no country on earth ever took what can be described as the "normal path."<n>Heinrich August Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, Volume 1, 2006<n>From this passage, one may infer that<n>A.the notion of a unique German path in history has never been the prevailing public opinion in Germany<n>B.Winkler advocates a Marxist view of German history<n>C.there has been a longstanding debate in Germany about the existence of a unique German path in history<n>D.the question of a unique German path in history has been answered once and for all[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Read the following governmental regulation.<n>Press Law<n>So long as this decree shall remain in force no publication which appears in the form of daily issues, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall go to press in any state of the union without the previous knowledge and approval of the state officials. Writings which do not belong to one of the above-mentioned classes shall be treated according to the laws now in force, or which may be enacted, in the individual states of the union. . . . Each state of the union is responsible, not only to the state against which the offense is directly committed, but to the whole Confederation, for every publication appearing under its supervision in which the honor or security of other states is infringed or their constitution or administration attacked. . . .<n>—Carlsbad Resolutions adopted by the Germanic States, 1819<n>Which of the following nineteenth-century figures would have been the LEAST likely to oppose those liberals described in the above decrees?<n>A.Pope Pius IX<n>B.Klemens Von Metternich<n>C.Giuseppe Mazzini<n>D.William Frederick I[SEP]C
