This question refers to the following information.<n>No task is more urgent than that of preserving peace. Without peace our independence means little. The rehabilitation and upbuilding of our countries will have little meaning. Our revolutions will not be allowed to run their course. What can we do? We can do much! We can inject the voice of reason into world affairs. We can mobilize all the spiritual, all the moral, all the political strength of Asia and Africa on the side of peace. Yes, we! We, the peoples of Asia and Africa, 1.4 billion strong.<n>Indonesian leader Sukarno, keynote address to the Bandung Conference, 1955<n>The passage above is most associated with which of the following developments?<n>A.The formation of the non-aligned movement<n>B.Global disarmanent and nuclear non-proliferation<n>C.The Green Revolution in agriculture<n>D.Mobilization of pan-Asian ideology[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Gunpowder Weaponry: Europe vs. China<n>In Western Europe during the 1200s through the 1400s, early cannons, as heavy and as slow to fire as they were, proved useful enough in the protracted sieges that dominated warfare during this period that governments found it sufficiently worthwhile to pay for them and for the experimentation that eventually produced gunpowder weapons that were both more powerful and easier to move. By contrast, China, especially after the mid-1300s, was threatened mainly by highly mobile steppe nomads, against whom early gunpowder weapons, with their unwieldiness, proved of little utility. It therefore devoted its efforts to the improvement of horse archer units who could effectively combat the country's deadliest foe.<n>The argument in this passage most closely relates to which of the following large-scale questions about global history?<n>A.How societies shared strategically important technologies with each other<n>B.Why European states went on to attain military superiority over non-Western powers in the modern era<n>C.Why Silk Road commerce dwindled across the breadth of Eurasia after 1500 C.E.<n>D.How the medieval climatic optimum affected the process of cultural diffusion[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The city of Ghana consists of two towns. One is inhabited by Muslims and has twelve mosques, salaried imams and muezzins, and jurists and scholars. In the environs are wells with sweet water, from which they drink and with which they grow vegetables. . . . The king's interpreters, the official in charge of his treasury and the majority of his ministers are Muslims. Only royalty may wear sewn clothes. All other people wear robes of cotton, silk, or brocade, according to their means. . . . The king adorns himself like a woman, wearing necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms. . . . He sits . . . in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses. When people who profess the same religion as the king approach him they fall on their knees and sprinkle dust on their heads, for this is their way of greeting him. As for the Muslims, they greet him only by clapping their hands. [The people's] religion is paganism and the worship of idols. . . . On every donkey-load of salt when it is brought into the country their king levies one golden dinar, and two dinars when it is sent out. From a load of copper the king's due is five mithqals, and from a load of other goods ten mithqals. . . . The nuggets found in all the mines of his country are reserved for the king, only this gold dust being left for the people. But for this the people would accumulate gold until it lost its value. Beyond this country lies another called Malal, the king of which was sincerely attached to Islam, while the common people of his kingdom remained polytheists. Since then their rulers have been given the title of al-musulmani .<n>—The Book of Routes and Realms , by Abu Ubaydallah al-Bakri, eleventh-century Muslim historian and geographer<n>What evidence is there in the passage that Ghanians were engaged, directly or indirectly, in trade with Asia?<n>A.They kept horses in their court, which would have come from the Mongols.<n>B.The Ghanian king had adopted the Chinese tradition of the kow-tow .<n>C.The king adorned himself with gold and jewels, probably from India.<n>D.The people in his court wore silk robes.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>No task is more urgent than that of preserving peace. Without peace our independence means little. The rehabilitation and upbuilding of our countries will have little meaning. Our revolutions will not be allowed to run their course. What can we do? We can do much! We can inject the voice of reason into world affairs. We can mobilize all the spiritual, all the moral, all the political strength of Asia and Africa on the side of peace. Yes, we! We, the peoples of Asia and Africa, 1.4 billion strong.<n>Indonesian leader Sukarno, keynote address to the Bandung Conference, 1955<n>Like numerous other leaders in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, Sukarno attempted, but did not completely succeed, in maintaining a neutral stance during<n>A.the Arab-Israeli conflict.<n>B.the Korean War.<n>C.the Cold War.<n>D.the Vietnam conflicts.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Bonesteel's prime consideration was to establish a surrender zone as far north as he thought the Soviets would accept. He knew that the Russian troops could reach the southern tip of Korea before American troops could arrive. He also knew that the Russians were on the verge of moving into Korea, or were already there. The nearest American troops to Korea were on Okinawa, 600 miles away. His problem, therefore, was to compose a surrender arrangement which, while acceptable to the Russians, would at the same time prevent them from seizing all of Korea. If they refused to confine their advance to north Korea, the United States would be unable to stop them. . . . He decided to use the 38th parallel as a hypothetical line dividing the zones within which Japanese forces in Korea would surrender to appointed American and Russian authorities.<n>—Adapted from U.S. Army Lt. Paul C. McGrath's account of Colonel Bonesteel's decision in the 1940s<n>How did the events depicted here affect Koreans?<n>A.They became a part of Japan’s territory.<n>B.The Americans established freedom for all Koreans.<n>C.The Korean economy never recovered.<n>D.Korea remains divided into two nations near the 38th parallel.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Both authors below were speaking of the French Revolution.<n>It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.<n>There were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face, on the throne of England; there were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a fair face, on the throne of France. In both countries it was clearer than crystal . . . that things in general were settled for ever.<n>—A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens<n>Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive. But to be young was very heaven.<n>—The Prelude, by William Wordsworth<n>Dickens's and Wordsworth's differing views about the French Revolution can be described, respectively, by which of the following adjectives?<n>A.Optimistic, encouraged<n>B.Understanding, accepting<n>C.Cynical, enthusiastic<n>D.Sincere, resigned[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Woman, wake up; the bell of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. Enslaved man has multiplied his strength, [but] having become free, he has become unjust to his companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain. If our leaders persist, courageously oppose the force of reason to their empty pretentions of superiority. Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves!<n>Olympe de Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," 1791<n>The independence? Nothing of what I hoped for was achieved. I had expected that my children would be able to have an education, but they did not get it. We were poor peasants then, we are poor peasants now. Nothing has changed. Everything is the same. The only thing is that we are free, the war is over, we work without fear—but apart from that, nothing has changed.<n>Halima Ghomri, interviewed in the 1970s, after Algeria's war of independence<n>Which of the following observations about revolutions and gender is best supported by the first passage?<n>A.Revolutionary progressivism does not always concern itself with gender equality.<n>B.Women typically assume leadership roles during times of revolution.<n>C.Women rarely support revolutions and therefore receive little benefit from them.<n>D.Revolutionary movements are generally uninterested in women's rights.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The question as to who, and what, is responsible for African underdevelopment can be answered at two levels. Firstly, the answer is that the operation of the imperialist system bears major responsibility for African economic retardation by draining African wealth and by making it impossible to develop more rapidly the resources of the continent. Secondly, one has to deal with those who manipulate the system and those who are either agents or unwitting accomplices of the said system. The capitalists of Western Europe were the ones who actively extended their exploitation from inside Europe to cover the whole of Africa."<n>Walter Rodney, historian, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 1974<n>Which of the following best explains the importance of trading contacts with Europeans for Sub-Saharan Africans in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.?<n>A.Sub-Saharan Africans relied on European merchants to sustain population growth through the constant importation of New World foodstuffs.<n>B.Sub-Saharan Africans consolidated new states and kingdoms by trading with the Europeans for firearms.<n>C.Sub-Saharan Africans depended on European merchants as the sole purchasers of slaves.<n>D.Sub-Saharan Africans allied with European powers to evict Muslim and Arab merchant princes from encroaching on their sovereignty.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"It is impossible to demand that an impossible position should be cleared up by peaceful revision and at the same time constantly reject peaceful revision. It is also impossible to say that he who undertakes to carry out these revisions for himself transgresses a law, since the Versailles "Diktat" is not law to us. A signature was forced out of us with pistols at our head and with the threat of hunger for millions of people. And then this document, with our signature, obtained by force, was proclaimed as a solemn law."<n>Adolf Hitler, speech to the Reichstag, September 1, 1939<n>Source 2:<n>"We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender."<n>Winston Churchill, speech before Parliament, June 4, 1940<n>What is the historical background for Adolf Hitler's condemnation of the Treaty of Versailles mentioned in Source 1?<n>A.Hitler's belief that Poland's territorial borders should not be violated<n>B.A rising intolerance of ethnic and political minority groups<n>C.A widespread belief in Germany that it had been unfairly treated at the end of World War I<n>D.Hitler's attempted collaboration with Italian leader Benito Mussolini[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>In fact, the peculiar aggravation of the Cawnpore massacres was this, that the deed was done by a subject race — by black men who dared to shed the blood of their masters, and that of poor helpless ladies and children. Here we had not only a servile war, but we had a war of religion, a war of race, and a war of revenge, of hope, of national promptings to shake off the yoke of a stranger, and to re-establish the full power of native chiefs, and the full sway of native religions. Whatever the causes of the mutiny and the revolt, it is clear enough that one of the modes by which the leaders, as if by common instinct, determined to effect their end was, the destruction of every white man, woman or child who fell into their hands.<n>British journalist William Howard Russell, My Indian Mutlny Diary, 1860<n>Violence, it must be emphasized, was an essential component of the British presence in India. A dominant power is always uneasy with violence directed against it. The right to violence is, therefore, everywhere a privilege that authority enjoys and refuses to share with those under it: power always insists on violence as its exclusive monopoly. British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shattered that monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonized. The bodies of the British had acquired certain dignities in India that were predestined by birth and by the colour of their skin. This was the condition of their domination, of their superiority: rulers and ruled were arranged hierarchically as superior and inferior races, as civilized and uncivilized. And this superiority manifested itself by denying to the Indians a "humanness"; by treating them and conceiving of them as animals.<n>Rudrangshu Mukherjee, "The Kanpur [Cawnpore] Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857," 1990<n>According to the second passage, the Cawnpore Massacre<n>A.was justifiable according to local military custom, even if it violated Western military norms.<n>B.can be viewed as a reaction to the systemic brute force with which the British governed India.<n>C.should be praised as a brave patriotic blow against British colonial oppression.<n>D.seems to have been the product of a well-organized and long-premeditated conspiracy.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is taken from testimony before Parliament.<n>Joshua Drake, called in; and Examined.<n>You say you would prefer moderate labour and lower wages; are you pretty comfortable upon your present wages?<n>—I have no wages, but two days a week at present; but when I am working at some jobs we can make a little, and at others we do very poorly.<n>When a child gets 3s. a week, does that go much towards its subsistence?<n>—No, it will not keep it as it should do.<n>Why do you allow your children to go to work at those places where they are ill-treated or over-worked?<n>—Necessity compels a man that has children to let them work.<n>Then you would not allow your children to go to those factories under the present system, if it was not from necessity?<n>—No.<n>—Testimony given before the Sadler Committee, 1831–32<n>According to the passage, why does the witness allow his children to work in a place where they will be ill-treated?<n>A.A factory owner is forcing him to do so.<n>B.He doesn’t earn enough on his own.<n>C.The children need discipline.<n>D.Their labor is only moderately difficult.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Bonesteel's prime consideration was to establish a surrender zone as far north as he thought the Soviets would accept. He knew that the Russian troops could reach the southern tip of Korea before American troops could arrive. He also knew that the Russians were on the verge of moving into Korea, or were already there. The nearest American troops to Korea were on Okinawa, 600 miles away. His problem, therefore, was to compose a surrender arrangement which, while acceptable to the Russians, would at the same time prevent them from seizing all of Korea. If they refused to confine their advance to north Korea, the United States would be unable to stop them. . . . He decided to use the 38th parallel as a hypothetical line dividing the zones within which Japanese forces in Korea would surrender to appointed American and Russian authorities.<n>—Adapted from U.S. Army Lt. Paul C. McGrath's account of Colonel Bonesteel's decision in the 1940s<n>Which best describes the relationship between the United States and the Soviets as depicted in the passage?<n>A.Uneasy allies<n>B.Comrades-in-arms<n>C.Mortal enemies<n>D.Distant strangers[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"My little homestead in the city, which I recently insured for ￡2,000 would no doubt have shared the common fate, as the insurance companies will not make good that which is destroyed by the Queen's enemies. And although I have a farm of 50 acres close to the town, no doubt the crops and premises would have been destroyed. In fact, this has already partly been the case, and I am now suing the Government for damages done by a contingent of 1,500 natives that have recently encamped not many hundred yards from the place, who have done much damage all around."<n>Letter from a British citizen to his sister during the Anglo-Zulu War, South Africa, 1879<n>Incidents such as those described by the author of the letter were used by the British government to do which of the following?<n>A.Issue a casus belli to go to war with the Kingdom of Zulu<n>B.Tax the Zulu kingdom to cover damages attributed to them<n>C.Sever its responsibility to protect citizens who chose to live in South Africa<n>D.Liberate the Zulus from British colonialism[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The greatest contribution that Africa can make to the peace of the world is to avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity, by creating a political union which will also by its success, stand as an example to a divided world. A Union of African states will project more effectively the African personality. It will command respect from a world that has regard only for size and influence. The scant attention paid to African opposition to the French atomic tests in the Sahara, and the ignominious spectacle of the U.N. in the Congo quibbling about constitutional niceties while the Republic was tottering into anarchy, are evidence of the callous disregard of African Independence by the Great Powers."<n>Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanian leader, 1961<n>Nkrumah's argument in the passage most clearly supports which of the following ideologies?<n>A.Pan-Africanism<n>B.Communism<n>C.African socialism<n>D.Neocolonialism[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The spontaneous forces of capitalism have been steadily growing in the countryside in recent years, with new rich peasants springing up everywhere and many well-to-do middle peasants striving to become rich peasants. On the other hand, many poor peasants are still living in poverty for lack of sufficient means of production, with some in debt and others selling or renting out their land. If this tendency goes unchecked, the polarization in the countryside will inevitably be aggravated day by day. Those peasants who lose their land and those who remain in poverty will complain that we are doing nothing to save them from ruin or to help them overcome their difficulties. Nor will the well-to-do middle peasants who are heading in the capitalist direction be pleased with us, for we shall never be able to satisfy their demands unless we intend to take the capitalist road. Can the worker-peasant alliance continue to stand in these circumstances? Obviously not! There is no solution to this problem except on a new basis. And that means to bring about, step by step, the socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture simultaneously with the gradual realization of socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce; in other words, it means to carry out co-operation and eliminate the rich-peasant economy and the individual economy in the countryside so that all the rural people will become increasingly well off together. We maintain that this is the only way to consolidate the worker-peasant alliance."<n>Mao Zedong, On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation, 1955<n>Which of the following best explains Mao's concept of the "socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture" in China?<n>A.Agriculture fueled industrialization in cities as excess labor flowed from the countryside to urban centers.<n>B.Agricultural surpluses allowed the state to invest more heavily in modernizing agricultural production.<n>C.Agricultural efficiency reduced prices of basic commodities, raising the standard of living across the whole of China.<n>D.Agriculture was collectivized, with the result that entire communities shared fields instead of individuals owning the land as private property.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The condition of foreign states is not what it once was; they have invented the steamship, and introduced radical changes in the art of navigation. They have also built up their armies to a state of great efficiency and are possessed of war implements of great power and precision, in short have license to be formidable powers. If, therefore, we persistently cling to our antiquated systems, heaven only knows what a mighty calamity may befall our Empire.<n>—Adapted from a letter written by Lord Ii to Lord Tokugawa, 1847<n>Which event or period in Japan's history best reflects Lord Ii's concerns?<n>A.The expulsion of Christian missionaries from Japan<n>B.The adoption of Chinese imperial customs in the Japanese court<n>C.The annexation of Manchuria by the Japanese<n>D.Commodore Perry forcing Japan to open its ports to trade[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The real grievance of the worker is the insecurity of his existence; he is not sure that he will always have work, he is not sure that he will always be healthy, and he foresees that he will one day be old and unfit to work. If he falls into poverty, even if only through a prolonged illness, he is then completely helpless, exam_ins to his own devices, and society does not currently recognize any real obligation towards him beyond the usual help for the poor, even if he has been working all the time ever so faithfully and diligently. The usual help for the poor, however, leaves a lot to be desired, especially in large cities, where it is very much worse than in the country."<n>Otto von Bismarck, 1884<n>The long-term effects of Otto von Bismarck's speech include which of the following?<n>A.Development of socialized programs throughout much of Europe<n>B.Disunity of the German states<n>C.Communist overhaul of the eastern parts of Germany<n>D.A decrease in German economic output[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>This ruler of Syria made me spend many years as commander of his army,<n>Every land to which I turned<n>I overcame.<n>I destroyed its green fields and its wells,<n>I captured its cattle, I took captive its inhabitants, I deprived them of their provisions,<n>and I slew [many] people…by my sword, my bow, my marchings, and my good devices.<n>Thus my excellence was in his heart; he loved me and he knew my valor;<n>…he set me at the head of his sons, when he saw the success of my handiwork.<n>There came a champion of Syria<n>to defy me in my tent;<n>a bold man without equal, for he had vanquished all his rivals.<n>He said, "Let Sanehat fight with me."<n>He thought to overcome me; he designed to take my cattle, thus being counseled by his tribe.<n>The Tale of Sanehat, Egyptian poem written during the Middle Kingdom, ca.1800 B.C.E.<n>The text of this passage is best seen as evidence of which of the following in Egyptian society?<n>A.Meritocratic appointments by rulers to their bureaucracies<n>B.Long-distance contact between Egypt and other lands<n>C.The clan as the basic political unit<n>D.A lack of emphasis on martial ability[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>I walk alongside the column, ask what's going on.<n>A soldier says simply: "They call up more every day.<n>"Some of us were sent north to the Yellow River at age fifteen,<n>And now at forty we're heading off to the garrisons in the west.<n>On our first tour, the village headman had to tie our bandannas for us.<n>When we came back, our hair was white, but still there's more unrest.<n>The frontier garrisons run with blood, enough to fill an ocean,<n>But the Martial Emperor's territorial ambitions have yet to crest.<n>In the hundred districts east of the mountains, throughout the land of Han,<n>There must be ten thousand villages that brambles now infest.<n>Even if wives are strong enough to handle a hoe and plow,<n>The crops grow every which way, the fields are all a mess.<n>It's hardest for the Shanxi men, with their reputations as fighters:<n>They're rounded up like dogs or chickens, every male impressed.<n>"But sir, though it's good of you to ask,<n>Complaining isn't part of the soldier's task.<n>We can only shake our heads. Take this winter:<n>The Shanxi troops were never sent home.<n>The District Officers are demanding the land tax,<n>But where will it come from? You can't get blood from a stone!<n>I honestly think it's bad luck to bear a son now,<n>It's better to have a daughter: at least she can marry<n>And live with the neighbors next door.<n>But a son will end up lying on some distant prairie."<n>Du Fu, "Ballad of the Army Carts," ca. 750 C.E.<n>Based on the poem and your knowledge of history, Tang relations with western nomadic peoples and frontier peoples relied on which of the following?<n>A.Adroit diplomacy and establishment of client relationships with bordering nomads<n>B.The ability of the Tang emperor to project military power on the frontier in order to impose his will<n>C.The permanent settlement of Han Chinese in frontier zones<n>D.The payment of tribute to nomadic rulers[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>At the peak of their power, the domains of the Mongol khans, or rulers, made up a vast realm in which once-hostile peoples lived together in peace and virtually all religions were tolerated. . . . The law code first promulgated by Chinggis Khan ordered human interaction. The result was an important new stage in international contact. From eastern Europe to southern China, merchants and travelers could move across the well-policed Mongol domains without fear for their lives or property. The great swath of Mongol territory that covered or connected most of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East served as a bridge between the civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere. The caravans and embassies that crossed the Mongol lands transmitted new food, inventions, and ideas from one civilized pool to others and from civilized pools to the nomadic peoples who served as intermediaries. Secure trade routes made for prosperous merchants and wealthy, cosmopolitan cities. They also facilitated the spread of foods [and] inventions . . . a major force for economic and social development and the enhancement of civilized life.<n>—Robert Guisepi, 1992<n>The Mongol empire used which of the following to integrate its vast, geographically diverse area?<n>A.Emphasis on trade networks<n>B.Expansion of bureaucracy to reinforce dominance<n>C.The use of state-sponsored religion to legitimize the government<n>D.Expansion of an interregional canal system[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>This great purity of the French Revolution is precisely what causes both our strength and our weakness. Our strength, because it gives to us rights of the public interest over private interests; our weakness, because it rallies all vicious men against us. We must smother the internal and external enemies of the Republic or perish with it; now in this situation, the first maxim of your policy ought to be to lead the people by reason and the people's enemies by terror. Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue; it is not so much a special principle as it is a consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to our country's most urgent needs.<n>French revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre, 1794<n>With which of the following threats does the speaker in the passage above seem most concerned?<n>A.Counterrevolutionary opponents<n>B.Foreign invaders<n>C.Communist agitators<n>D.Transnational corporations[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Bonesteel's prime consideration was to establish a surrender zone as far north as he thought the Soviets would accept. He knew that the Russian troops could reach the southern tip of Korea before American troops could arrive. He also knew that the Russians were on the verge of moving into Korea, or were already there. The nearest American troops to Korea were on Okinawa, 600 miles away. His problem, therefore, was to compose a surrender arrangement which, while acceptable to the Russians, would at the same time prevent them from seizing all of Korea. If they refused to confine their advance to north Korea, the United States would be unable to stop them. . . . He decided to use the 38th parallel as a hypothetical line dividing the zones within which Japanese forces in Korea would surrender to appointed American and Russian authorities.<n>—Adapted from U.S. Army Lt. Paul C. McGrath's account of Colonel Bonesteel's decision in the 1940s<n>Which U.S. cold war policy, developed later, is consistent with the U.S. concern over limiting how much Korean territory the Soviet Union would occupy?<n>A.Détente<n>B.Mutual Assured Destruction<n>C.Dollar Diplomacy<n>D.Containment[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"You may well ask: "Why direct action? Why sit-ins, marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?" You are quite right in calling, for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored. My citing the creation of tension as part of the work of the nonviolent-resister may sound rather shocking. But I must confess that I am not afraid of the word "tension." I have earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth. Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, we must we see the need for nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in society that will help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood."<n>Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1966<n>Source 2:<n>"We, men and women, who hereby constitute ourselves as the National Organization for Women, believe that the time has come for a new movement toward true equality for all women in America, and toward a fully equal partnership of the sexes, as part of the world-wide revolution of human rights now taking place within and beyond our national borders.<n>The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men.<n>We believe the time has come to move beyond the abstract argument, discussion and symposia over the status and special nature of women which has raged in America in recent years; the time has come to confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings."<n>National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose, 1966<n>Source 3:<n>"The long-term goal of Gay Liberation, which inevitably brings us into conflict with the institutionalized sexism of this society, is to rid society of the gender-role system which is at the root of our oppression. This can only be achieved by eliminating the social pressures on men and women to conform to narrowly defined gender roles. It is particularly important that children and young people be encouraged to develop their own talents and interests and to express their own individuality rather than act out stereotyped parts alien to their nature.<n>As we cannot carry out this revolutionary change alone, and as the abolition of gender rotes is also a necessary condition of women's liberation, we will work to form a strategic alliance with the women's liberation movement, aiming to develop our ideas and our practice in close inter-relation. In order to build this alliance, the brothers in gay liberation will have to be prepared to sacrifice that degree of male chauvinism and male privilege that they still all possess."<n>Gay Liberation Front, Manifesto, 1971<n>The author of Source 1 endorses which of the following tactics as a means of achieving his aims?<n>A.Violent overthrow of the government<n>B.Nonviolent resistance<n>C.Appeasement<n>D.Legal action[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The invaders had brought in wheat and other Eurasian and African grains; peach, pear, orange, and lemon trees; chick-peas, grape vines, melons, onions, radishes, and much more. A Spanish nobleman come to America could require his Indians to furnish his table with the fruits of his ancestors.<n>—Alfred Crosby, historian, 1972<n>What economic practice is referred to by the phrase "his Indians" in the quote?<n>A.Slavery<n>B.Indentured servitude<n>C.The encomienda system<n>D.The apprentice system[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"I travelled thence to 'Aden, the port of Yemen, on the coast of the ocean. It is surrounded by mountains and can be approached from one side only; it has no crops, trees, or water, but has reservoirs in which rainwater is collected. The Arabs often cut off the inhabitants from their supply of drinking-water until the they buy them off with money and pieces of cloth. It is an exceedingly hot place. It is the port of the Indians, and to it come large vessels from Kinbayat [Cambay], Kawlam [Quilon], Calicut and many other Malabar ports [on the south-west coast of India]. There are Indian merchants living there, as well as Egyptian merchants. Its inhabitants are all either merchants, porters, or fishermen. Some of the merchants are immensely rich, so rich that sometimes a single merchant is sole owner of a large ship with all it contains, and this is a subject of ostentation and rivalry amongst them. In spite of that they are pious, humble, upright, and generous in character, treat strangers well, give liberally to devotees, and pay in full the tithes due to God."<n>Ibn Battuta, ca. 1325–1354 C.E.<n>Which of the following led directly to the development of the economic system described in the journal?<n>A.Military campaigns<n>B.Meteorological phenomena<n>C.Competition with European trade networks<n>D.The presence of highly developed port cities[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>While some theorists in the Middle Ages argued that the jihad was a defensive war… most authorities held that the obligation of jihad did not lapse until all the world was brought under the sway of Islam. The Bahr [al-Fava'id, or "Sea of Precious Virtues," written in the 1150s or 1160s] insists that the first duty of a Muslim ruler is to prosecute the jihad and bring about the victory of Islam, and if he does not do so and he makes peace with the infidel, that ruler would be better dead than alive, for he would be corrupting the world.<n>Robert Irwin, "Islam and the Crusades," 1995<n>It is strange how the Christians round Mount Lebanon, when they see any Muslim hermits, bring them food and treat them kindly, saying that these men are dedicated to the Great and Glorious God and that they should therefore share with them. Likewise, not one Christian merchant was stopped or hindered in Muslim territories.<n>Ibn Jubayr, Muslim scholar, traveling to Mecca and Jerusalem, ca. 1185<n>These two passages are best understood in the context of which of the following?<n>A.The influence of religion on interaction between cultures<n>B.The use of religion to justify armed violence<n>C.The syncretic fusion of different religious traditions<n>D.The attempt of a religious group to proselytize to those following another faith[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The question as to who, and what, is responsible for African underdevelopment can be answered at two levels. Firstly, the answer is that the operation of the imperialist system bears major responsibility for African economic retardation by draining African wealth and by making it impossible to develop more rapidly the resources of the continent. Secondly, one has to deal with those who manipulate the system and those who are either agents or unwitting accomplices of the said system. The capitalists of Western Europe were the ones who actively extended their exploitation from inside Europe to cover the whole of Africa."<n>Walter Rodney, historian, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 1974<n>Which of the following would best support the author's assertion that Western European capitalists were responsible for African underdevelopment?<n>A.The aggressive expansion of the slave trade to provide labor for Caribbean sugar plantations<n>B.The continuous sale of African slaves by Arabian merchants into the Mediterranean market<n>C.The establishment of Cape Colony by the Dutch East India Company<n>D.The growth of trade links between Europe and Ethiopia[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>In fact, the peculiar aggravation of the Cawnpore massacres was this, that the deed was done by a subject race — by black men who dared to shed the blood of their masters, and that of poor helpless ladies and children. Here we had not only a servile war, but we had a war of religion, a war of race, and a war of revenge, of hope, of national promptings to shake off the yoke of a stranger, and to re-establish the full power of native chiefs, and the full sway of native religions. Whatever the causes of the mutiny and the revolt, it is clear enough that one of the modes by which the leaders, as if by common instinct, determined to effect their end was, the destruction of every white man, woman or child who fell into their hands.<n>British journalist William Howard Russell, My Indian Mutlny Diary, 1860<n>Violence, it must be emphasized, was an essential component of the British presence in India. A dominant power is always uneasy with violence directed against it. The right to violence is, therefore, everywhere a privilege that authority enjoys and refuses to share with those under it: power always insists on violence as its exclusive monopoly. British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shattered that monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonized. The bodies of the British had acquired certain dignities in India that were predestined by birth and by the colour of their skin. This was the condition of their domination, of their superiority: rulers and ruled were arranged hierarchically as superior and inferior races, as civilized and uncivilized. And this superiority manifested itself by denying to the Indians a "humanness"; by treating them and conceiving of them as animals.<n>Rudrangshu Mukherjee, "The Kanpur [Cawnpore] Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857," 1990<n>In the short term, the events discussed in both passages led to which of the following outcomes?<n>A.The expulsion of the British East India Company and partial home rule for India<n>B.British victory over Indian rebels and the strengthening of the British East India Company<n>C.Indian military success and the attainment of full independence from British authority<n>D.The defeat of Indian rebels and the imposition of direct rule by the British government[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to duties; let her nor dread tasks by day or by night. Let her not refuse to perform domestic duties whether easy or difficult. That which must be done, let her finish completely, tidily, and systematically, When a woman follows such rules as these, then she may be said to be industrious.<n>Let a woman be correct in manner and upright in character in order to serve her husband. Let her live in purity and quietness of spirit, and attend to her own affairs. Let her love not gossip and silly laughter. Let her cleanse and purify and arrange in order the wine and the food for the offerings to the ancestors. When a woman observes such principles as these, then she may be said to continue ancestral worship.<n>No woman who observes these three fundamentals of life has ever had a bad reputation or has fallen into disgrace. If a woman fail to observe them, how can her name be honored; how can she but bring disgrace upon herself?"<n>© The East Asian Library and the Gest Collection, Princeton University.<n>Ban Zhao, Lessons for a Woman, ca. 80 C.E.<n>Which of the following is expressed as an expectation for women in ancient China, according to the passage?<n>A.That they obediently fulfill their obligations within the home<n>B.That they collaborate with their husbands on domestic tasks<n>C.That they pursue education in order to find meaningful employment<n>D.That they speak their minds boldly[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following poem refers to an incident in Sharpeville, South Africa, in 1960. To protest the requirement that they carry papers documenting their identity and residence, black South Africans gathered in front of police stations without their papers. Though other protests ended peacefully, in Sharpeville, police fired into the crowd.<n>What is important<n>about Sharpeville<n>is not that seventy died:<n>nor even that they were shot in the back<n>retreating, unarmed, defenceless<n>and certainty not<n>the heavy caliber slug<n>that tore through a mother's back<n>and ripped through the child in her arms<n>killing it<n>Remember Sharpeville<n>bullet-in-the-back day<n>Because it epitomized oppression<n>and the nature of society<n>More clearly than anything else;<n>it was the classic event<n>Nowhere is racial dominance<n>more clearly defined<n>nowhere the will to oppress<n>more clearly demonstrated<n>What the world whispers<n>apartheid declares with snarling guns<n>the blood the rich lust after<n>South Africa spills dust<n>Remember Sharpeville<n>Remember bullet-in-the-back day<n>And remember the unquenchable will for freedom<n>Remember the dead<n>and be glad<n>—Dennis Brutus, 1973<n>The discriminatory system referred to in the poem was known as<n>A.Jim Crow.<n>B.spheres of influence.<n>C.Boer division.<n>D.apartheid.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Both authors below were speaking of the French Revolution.<n>It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.<n>There were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face, on the throne of England; there were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a fair face, on the throne of France. In both countries it was clearer than crystal . . . that things in general were settled for ever.<n>—A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens<n>Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive. But to be young was very heaven.<n>—The Prelude, by William Wordsworth<n>The intellectual foundations of the eighteenth-century political revolutions were based on<n>A.the Reformation<n>B.mercantilism<n>C.the Enlightenment<n>D.the Reconquista[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>While some theorists in the Middle Ages argued that the jihad was a defensive war… most authorities held that the obligation of jihad did not lapse until all the world was brought under the sway of Islam. The Bahr [al-Fava'id, or "Sea of Precious Virtues," written in the 1150s or 1160s] insists that the first duty of a Muslim ruler is to prosecute the jihad and bring about the victory of Islam, and if he does not do so and he makes peace with the infidel, that ruler would be better dead than alive, for he would be corrupting the world.<n>Robert Irwin, "Islam and the Crusades," 1995<n>It is strange how the Christians round Mount Lebanon, when they see any Muslim hermits, bring them food and treat them kindly, saying that these men are dedicated to the Great and Glorious God and that they should therefore share with them. Likewise, not one Christian merchant was stopped or hindered in Muslim territories.<n>Ibn Jubayr, Muslim scholar, traveling to Mecca and Jerusalem, ca. 1185<n>The first passage tends to support which of the following traditional historical assumptions?<n>A.That the majority of Muslims were more peaceful than Christians during the crusading era<n>B.That most Muslims were interested only in protecting their own territory during the crusading era<n>C.That many Muslims during the crusading era were driven by Islamic faith to be inherently violent<n>D.That the ideology of holy war was taken seriously by Muslim elites during the crusading era[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth and very frequently has been brought to our ears, namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race utterly alienated from God, a generation forsooth which has not directed its heart and has not entrusted its spirit to God, has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by the sword, pillage and fire; it has led away a part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion….The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismembered by them and deprived of territory so vast in extent that it cannot be traversed in a march of two months. On whom therefore is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you? You, upon whom above other nations God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to humble the hairy scalp of those who resist you.<n>Let the deeds of your ancestors move you and incite your minds to manly achievements; the glory and greatness of king Charles the Great, and of his son Louis, and of your other kings, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the pagans, and extended in these lands the territory of the holy church. Let the holy sepulchre of the Lord our Savior, which is possessed by unclean nations, especially incite you, and the holy places which are now treated with ignominy and irreverently polluted with their filthiness. Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, be not degenerate, but recall the valor of your progenitors.<n>Jerusalem is the navel of the world; the land is fruitful above others, like another paradise of delights. This the Redeemer of the human race has made illustrious by His advent, has beautified by residence, has consecrated by suffering, has redeemed by death, has glorified by burial. This royal city, therefore, situated at the center of the world, is now held captive by His enemies, and is in subjection to those who do not know God, to the worship of the heathens. She seeks therefore and desires to be liberated and does not cease to implore you to come to her aid. From you especially she asks succor, because, as we have already said, God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven."<n>Pope Urban II, Speech at the Council of Clermont as recorded by Robert the Monk, 1095 C.E.<n>Which of the following events most directly inspired Urban's invocation of Constantinople in the first paragraph?<n>A.The conquest of Constantinople by the armies of the Abbasid Caliphate<n>B.The invasion of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks<n>C.The invasion of the Balkans by the Avars and Bulgars<n>D.The conversion of the people of Constantinople to Catholic Christianity[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Oh, shame on you, poor Winter King!<n>What's this that you have done?<n>Is 't not a very naughty thing<n>To snatch the kaiser's crown?<n>Now you will have to stay away<n>Alike from Rhine and Prague,<n>And more than that-shame and dismay<n>Your days and nights will plague.<n>Right well you knew, and all the world,<n>Right well they know this thing,<n>That Ferdinand alone can be<n>Bohemia's lawful king.<n>So come, dear Fritz, rouse up and go<n>To Ferdinand, your king,<n>And beg him graciously to show<n>Full pardon for your sin.<n>"Poor Winter King," seventeenth-century song<n>Which of the following is an important underlying issue in this song?<n>A.Rules of royal succession<n>B.Religious conflict<n>C.Military stalemate<n>D.Social class conflicts[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Al-Zawawi also said 'This sultan Musa told me that at a town called ZKRY he has a copper mine from which ingots are brought to BYTY. "There is nothing in my kingdom, Musa said, on which a duty is levied except this crude copper which is brought in. Duty is collected on this and on nothing else. We send it to the land of the pagan Sudan and sell it for two-thirds of its weight in gold, so that we sell 100 measures of this copper for 66 2/3 measures of gold.' He also stated that there are pagan nations in his kingdom from whom he does not collect the tribute (jizya) but whom he simply employs in extracting the gold from its deposits. The gold is extracted by digging pits about a man's height in depth and the gold is found embedded in the sides of the pits or sometimes collected at the bottom of them."<n>From N. Levtzion & J.F.P. Hopkins, eds. Corpus of Early<n>Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge<n>University Press, 1981. Reprinted with permission of<n>Cambridge University Press.<n>Al' Umari, ca. 1300–1384<n>Which of the following statements about the period 600–1450 C.E. is supported by the passage?<n>A.Religions were often spread through warfare during the period.<n>B.International trade connections were still being developed in the period.<n>C.Diseases spread along trade routes.<n>D.Nomadic migrations created powerful empires during the period.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>In fact, the peculiar aggravation of the Cawnpore massacres was this, that the deed was done by a subject race — by black men who dared to shed the blood of their masters, and that of poor helpless ladies and children. Here we had not only a servile war, but we had a war of religion, a war of race, and a war of revenge, of hope, of national promptings to shake off the yoke of a stranger, and to re-establish the full power of native chiefs, and the full sway of native religions. Whatever the causes of the mutiny and the revolt, it is clear enough that one of the modes by which the leaders, as if by common instinct, determined to effect their end was, the destruction of every white man, woman or child who fell into their hands.<n>British journalist William Howard Russell, My Indian Mutlny Diary, 1860<n>Violence, it must be emphasized, was an essential component of the British presence in India. A dominant power is always uneasy with violence directed against it. The right to violence is, therefore, everywhere a privilege that authority enjoys and refuses to share with those under it: power always insists on violence as its exclusive monopoly. British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shattered that monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonized. The bodies of the British had acquired certain dignities in India that were predestined by birth and by the colour of their skin. This was the condition of their domination, of their superiority: rulers and ruled were arranged hierarchically as superior and inferior races, as civilized and uncivilized. And this superiority manifested itself by denying to the Indians a "humanness"; by treating them and conceiving of them as animals.<n>Rudrangshu Mukherjee, "The Kanpur [Cawnpore] Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857," 1990<n>The passages above can best be connected with which of the following forms of violence?<n>A.Banditry due to socio-economic breakdown<n>B.Killing of civilians during wartime<n>C.Collateral damage caused by weapons of mass destruction<n>D.State-sponsored campaigns of genocide[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Although in Protestant Europe, [Peter the Great] was surrounded by evidence of the new civil and political rights of individual men embodied in constitutions, bills of rights and parliaments, he did not return to Russia determined to share power with his people. On the contrary, he returned not only determined to change his country but also convinced that if Russia was to be transformed, it was he who must provide both the direction and the motive force. He would try to lead; but where education and persuasion were not enough, he could drive—and if necessary flog—the backward nation forward.<n>—Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World<n>Based on the above passage, what kinds of reforms did Peter the Great embrace?<n>A.Creation of an elected assembly<n>B.Declarations of human rights<n>C.Development of a constitutional monarchy<n>D.Reduction of aristocratic influence[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls round themselves, with which they have hitherto protected themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly.<n>Firstly, if pressed by the temporal power, they have affirmed and maintained that the temporal power has no jurisdiction over them, but, on the contrary, that the spiritual power is above the temporal.<n>Secondly, if it were proposed to admonish them with the Scriptures, they objected that no one may interpret the Scriptures but the Pope.<n>Thirdly, if they are threatened with a council, they pretend that no one may call a council but the Pope…<n>…The second wall is even more tottering and weak: that they alone pretend to be considered masters of the Scriptures; although they learn nothing of them all their life. They assume authority, and juggle before us with impudent words, saying that the Pope cannot err in matters of faith, whether he be evil or good, albeit they cannot prove it by a single letter. That is why the canon law contains so many heretical and unchristian, nay unnatural, laws; but of these we need not speak now. For whereas they imagine the Holy Ghost never leaves them, however unlearned and wicked they may be, they grow bold enough to decree whatever they like. But were this true, where were the need and use of the Holy Scriptures? Let us burn them, and content ourselves with the unlearned gentlemen at Rome, in whom the Holy Ghost dwells, who, however, can dwell in pious souls only. If I had not read it, I could never have believed that the devil should have put forth such follies at Rome and find a following."<n>Martin Luther, Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, 1520<n>When the author of the passage above discusses the "second wall," to what is he referring?<n>A.The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate definition of "Holy Ghost"<n>B.The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate use and interpretation of biblical texts<n>C.The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate theological belief about the divinity of Jesus<n>D.The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate method of baptism[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"My little homestead in the city, which I recently insured for ￡2,000 would no doubt have shared the common fate, as the insurance companies will not make good that which is destroyed by the Queen's enemies. And although I have a farm of 50 acres close to the town, no doubt the crops and premises would have been destroyed. In fact, this has already partly been the case, and I am now suing the Government for damages done by a contingent of 1,500 natives that have recently encamped not many hundred yards from the place, who have done much damage all around."<n>Letter from a British citizen to his sister during the Anglo-Zulu War, South Africa, 1879<n>The inclusion of the author's pending litigation with the British government serves to do which of the following?<n>A.Highlight the extent of the author's property losses<n>B.Express his opposition to the ongoing war<n>C.Belittle British officials<n>D.Place blame on both his home country as well as the Zulus[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Every two months His Majesty sends from Lima 60,000 pesos to pay for the mita of the Indians. Up on the Huanacavelica range there are 3,000 or 4,000 Indians working in the mercury mine, with picks and hammers, breaking up the ore. And when they have filled up their little sacks, the poor fellows, loaded down, climb up those ladders and rigging, so distressing that a man can hardly get up them. That is the way they work in this mine, with many lights and the loud noise of the pounding and great confusion. Nor is that the greatest evil; that is due to thievish and undisciplined superintendents. According to His Majesty's warrant, the mine owners at Potosí have a right to the mita of 13,300 Indians. These mita Indians earn each day 4 reals. Besides these there are others not under obligation, who hire themselves out voluntarily: these each get from 12 to 16 reals, and some up to 24, according to how well they wield their picks or their reputation for knowing how to get the ore out.<n>Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa, report on mining in Huanacavelica and Potosí, 1620s<n>The third principal reason the local Yakut and Tungus natives are ruined is that from the time they first came under Russian control, they have been forced to pay yasak tribute. Some have paid in sables, others in red foxes, still others in cash. At first there were plenty of furbearing animals there, but now there are no sables and not many foxes in those lands, from the shores of the Arctic Ocean all the way south to the great Lena River. Moreover, almost half the natives cannot hunt because they no longer have horses, many of which have been pawned to the yasak collectors.<n>Heinrich von Füch, "On the Treatment of Natives in Northeast Siberia," 1744<n>According to the second passage, which of the following contributed most to the burden faced by native Siberians attempting to fulfill their tribute obligations?<n>A.Interference by Russian Orthodox missionaries<n>B.Native inexperience in hunting deep into the subarctic tundra<n>C.Competition from Russian hunters and trappers<n>D.Overhunting and depletion of furbearing animals[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to duties; let her nor dread tasks by day or by night. Let her not refuse to perform domestic duties whether easy or difficult. That which must be done, let her finish completely, tidily, and systematically, When a woman follows such rules as these, then she may be said to be industrious.<n>Let a woman be correct in manner and upright in character in order to serve her husband. Let her live in purity and quietness of spirit, and attend to her own affairs. Let her love not gossip and silly laughter. Let her cleanse and purify and arrange in order the wine and the food for the offerings to the ancestors. When a woman observes such principles as these, then she may be said to continue ancestral worship.<n>No woman who observes these three fundamentals of life has ever had a bad reputation or has fallen into disgrace. If a woman fail to observe them, how can her name be honored; how can she but bring disgrace upon herself?"<n>© The East Asian Library and the Gest Collection, Princeton University.<n>Ban Zhao, Lessons for a Woman, ca. 80 C.E.<n>In what way were women's lives in the period 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. generally more restricted than women's lives had been globally before the advent of sedentary societies?<n>A.Women were increasingly thought of as primary earners for the family.<n>B.Women were increasingly responsible for the care of their children.<n>C.Women's power increasingly fell within the private sphere.<n>D.Women's power increasingly fell within the public sphere.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is the Chinese emperor's response to English King George III's diplomatic envoys, who were seeking expanded trading privileges (1793).<n>Strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. . . . As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures. It behooves you, O King, to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity.<n>According to the passage, what was the Chinese reaction to the British goods?<n>A.Awe at their technological superiority<n>B.Fascination with their strangeness<n>C.Offense at a perceived bribe<n>D.Interpreting them as an act of submission[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"To slacken the tempo would mean falling behind. And those who fall behind get beaten. But we do not want to be beaten. No, we refuse to be beaten! One feature of the history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered because of her backwardness. She was beaten by the Mongol khans. She was beaten by the Turkish beys. She was beaten by the Swedish feudal lords. She was beaten by the Polish and Lithuanian gentry. She was beaten by the British and French capitalists. She was beaten by the Japanese barons. All beat her––because of her backwardness, because of her military backwardness, cultural backwardness, political backwardness, industrial backwardness, agricultural backwardness. They beat her because it was profitable and could be done with impunity. You remember the words of the pre-revolutionary poet: "You are poor and abundant, mighty and impotent, Mother Russia." Those gentlemen were quite familiar with the verses of the old poet. They beat her, saying: "You are abundant," so one can enrich oneself at your expense. They beat her, saying: "You are poor and impotent," so you can be beaten and plundered with impunity. Such is the law of the exploiters––to beat the backward and the weak. It is the jungle law of capitalism. You are backward, you are weak––therefore you are wrong; hence you can be beaten and enslaved. You are mighty––therefore you are right; hence we must be wary of you.<n>That is why we must no longer lag behind."<n>Joseph Stalin, speech delivered at the first All-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry, February 4, 1931<n>The speech as a whole is best understood in the context of which of the following historical developments?<n>A.Stalin's drive to motivate Soviet industry for the Winter War with Finland<n>B.Stalin's push to make the Soviet Union a nuclear nation<n>C.Stalin's implementation of five-year plans for the Soviet economy<n>D.Stalin's purges of dissidents and other political prisoners[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"My little homestead in the city, which I recently insured for ￡2,000 would no doubt have shared the common fate, as the insurance companies will not make good that which is destroyed by the Queen's enemies. And although I have a farm of 50 acres close to the town, no doubt the crops and premises would have been destroyed. In fact, this has already partly been the case, and I am now suing the Government for damages done by a contingent of 1,500 natives that have recently encamped not many hundred yards from the place, who have done much damage all around."<n>Letter from a British citizen to his sister during the Anglo-Zulu War, South Africa, 1879<n>Which of the following reasons explains why European citizens moved in large numbers to Zulu lands in 1867?<n>A.The British crown offered incentives to those who would establish homesteads in the unsettled lands of South Africa.<n>B.The Zulu created attractive trade ports along the Indian Ocean.<n>C.The Berlin Conference clarified boundaries, thus making it logistically sound for Europeans to move to the African colonies.<n>D.A diamond rush ensued following the discovery of diamonds on Zulu lands.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the capital of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way as to impoverish the less developed.<n>Non-alignment, as practiced by Ghana and many other countries, is based on co-operation with all States whether they be capitalist, socialist or have a mixed economy. Such a policy, therefore, involves foreign investment from capitalist countries, but it must be invested in accordance with a national plan drawn up by the government of the non-aligned State with its own interests in mind. The issue is not what return the foreign investor receives on his investments…The question is one of power. A State in the grip of neo-colonialism is not master of its own destiny."<n>Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism, 1965<n>Which of the following most inspired the national plan advanced by Nkrumah in the second paragraph?<n>A.Fascism<n>B.Social Darwinism<n>C.Classical liberalism<n>D.Socialism[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"It is impossible to demand that an impossible position should be cleared up by peaceful revision and at the same time constantly reject peaceful revision. It is also impossible to say that he who undertakes to carry out these revisions for himself transgresses a law, since the Versailles "Diktat" is not law to us. A signature was forced out of us with pistols at our head and with the threat of hunger for millions of people. And then this document, with our signature, obtained by force, was proclaimed as a solemn law."<n>Adolf Hitler, speech to the Reichstag, September 1, 1939<n>Source 2:<n>"We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender."<n>Winston Churchill, speech before Parliament, June 4, 1940<n>Winston Churchill's speech in Source 2 is best understood in the context of which of the following?<n>A.British support for growing resistance movements in Eastern Europe<n>B.British trade deals with American manufacturers of military hardware<n>C.British appeasement of the Axis powers<n>D.British fears about a possible invasion attempt by Nazi Germany[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The spontaneous forces of capitalism have been steadily growing in the countryside in recent years, with new rich peasants springing up everywhere and many well-to-do middle peasants striving to become rich peasants. On the other hand, many poor peasants are still living in poverty for lack of sufficient means of production, with some in debt and others selling or renting out their land. If this tendency goes unchecked, the polarization in the countryside will inevitably be aggravated day by day. Those peasants who lose their land and those who remain in poverty will complain that we are doing nothing to save them from ruin or to help them overcome their difficulties. Nor will the well-to-do middle peasants who are heading in the capitalist direction be pleased with us, for we shall never be able to satisfy their demands unless we intend to take the capitalist road. Can the worker-peasant alliance continue to stand in these circumstances? Obviously not! There is no solution to this problem except on a new basis. And that means to bring about, step by step, the socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture simultaneously with the gradual realization of socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce; in other words, it means to carry out co-operation and eliminate the rich-peasant economy and the individual economy in the countryside so that all the rural people will become increasingly well off together. We maintain that this is the only way to consolidate the worker-peasant alliance."<n>Mao Zedong, On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation, 1955<n>Which of the following later developments would most undermine the hopes expressed by Mao in the second-to-last line of the passage?<n>A.The development of Special Economic Zones along the Chinese coast brought economic growth to China.<n>B.Political friction with the Soviet Union pushed China into the orbit of the United States during the Cold War.<n>C.The cooperatives of peasants on the farmland and an emphasis on countryside steel production brought famine and poverty to the Chinese peasantry.<n>D.Opposition voices in the Communist Party led by men such as Deng Xiaopeng were rooted out and silenced during the Cultural Revolution.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us! And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity. This is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have this injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land! Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.<n>Lin Zexu, Chinese trade commissioner, letter to Queen Victoria, 1839<n>Which of the following most likely prompted the complaint voiced in the passage?<n>A.British sale of opium in China<n>B.British exports of tobacco to China<n>C.British introduction of gunpowder to China<n>D.British encouragement of heroin use to China[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Gunpowder Weaponry: Europe vs. China<n>In Western Europe during the 1200s through the 1400s, early cannons, as heavy and as slow to fire as they were, proved useful enough in the protracted sieges that dominated warfare during this period that governments found it sufficiently worthwhile to pay for them and for the experimentation that eventually produced gunpowder weapons that were both more powerful and easier to move. By contrast, China, especially after the mid-1300s, was threatened mainly by highly mobile steppe nomads, against whom early gunpowder weapons, with their unwieldiness, proved of little utility. It therefore devoted its efforts to the improvement of horse archer units who could effectively combat the country's deadliest foe.<n>According to this passage, why did the Chinese, despite inventing gunpowder, fail to lead in the innovation of gunpowder weaponry?<n>A.They were discouraged by Confucian traditionalism from doing so.<n>B.They put too much faith in the numerical strength of their existing armed forces.<n>C.They logically decided to develop weapons better suited to their immediate military needs.<n>D.They could not afford the initial expense of converting to a new military technology.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The condition of foreign states is not what it once was; they have invented the steamship, and introduced radical changes in the art of navigation. They have also built up their armies to a state of great efficiency and are possessed of war implements of great power and precision, in short have license to be formidable powers. If, therefore, we persistently cling to our antiquated systems, heaven only knows what a mighty calamity may befall our Empire.<n>—Adapted from a letter written by Lord Ii to Lord Tokugawa, 1847<n>How did Japan respond to the concerns raised by Lord Ii during this era?<n>A.The government dismantled the Chinese-style civil service system.<n>B.The government undertook a program of conquest in the Pacific.<n>C.The country sent emissaries to study western democracies and industry.<n>D.The country turned inward and closed its ports to all foreigners.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>At the peak of their power, the domains of the Mongol khans, or rulers, made up a vast realm in which once-hostile peoples lived together in peace and virtually all religions were tolerated. . . . The law code first promulgated by Chinggis Khan ordered human interaction. The result was an important new stage in international contact. From eastern Europe to southern China, merchants and travelers could move across the well-policed Mongol domains without fear for their lives or property. The great swath of Mongol territory that covered or connected most of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East served as a bridge between the civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere. The caravans and embassies that crossed the Mongol lands transmitted new food, inventions, and ideas from one civilized pool to others and from civilized pools to the nomadic peoples who served as intermediaries. Secure trade routes made for prosperous merchants and wealthy, cosmopolitan cities. They also facilitated the spread of foods [and] inventions . . . a major force for economic and social development and the enhancement of civilized life.<n>—Robert Guisepi, 1992<n>Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the Mongol conquest of Russia in the 1200s?<n>A.Russia was excluded from Western European developments (like the Renaissance).<n>B.Russia benefited by becoming the administrative center of Mongol political activity.<n>C.Islam became the dominant religion of Russia.<n>D.Russia developed a centralized bureaucracy.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>An Act to place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of Prohibited Immigrants.<n>…<n>3. The immigration into the Commonwealth of the persons described in any of the following paragraphs in this section (hereinafter called "prohibited immigrants") is prohibited, namely<n>(a) Any person who when asked to do so by an officer fails to write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer;<n>(b) Any person in the opinion of the Minister or of an officer to become a charge upon the public or upon any public or charitable organisation;<n>…<n>(g) Any persons under a contract or agreement to perform manual labour within the Commonwealth: Provided that this paragraph shall not apply to workmen exempted by the Minister for special skill required by Australia…<n>Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 (Australia)<n>Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof;<n>Therefore,<n>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or having so come after the expiration of said ninety days to remain within the United States.<n>SEC. 2. That the master of every vessel who shall knowingly bring within the United States on such vessel, and land or permit to be landed, any Chinese laborer, from any foreign port or place, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars for each and every such Chinese laborer so brought, and may be also imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year….<n>Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (United States)<n>The passages are best seen as examples of which prominent social or economic trend from the 1800s?<n>A.The rise of anti-Semitic ideologies<n>B.Trade protectionism<n>C.A growing desire to attract skilled labor from abroad<n>D.Hardening of anti-immigrant sentiment[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"And then Shapur, King of Kings, passed away. Then his son Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Hormizd, King of Kings, conferred on me cap and belt and created for me a higher rank and dignity, and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, throughout the whole empire he gave me more authority and power in matters of the divine services, and created for me the title "Kerdir, Ahura Mazda's [Chief Priest]" after the name of Ahura Mazda, the Deity. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence, and many Warham fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…<n>And then Hormizd, King of Kings, passed away. Then Bahram, King of Kings, son of Shapur, King of Kings, and brother of Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Bahram, King of Kings, also held me in high honor and dignity and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, gave me authority and power for divine services of every sort. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence and many Warharan fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…<n>And in kingdom after kingdom and place after place throughout the whole empire the services of Ahura Mazda and the gods became preeminent, and great dignity came to the Mazdayanian religion and the magi in the empire, and the gods and water and fire and small cattle in the empire attained great satisfaction, while Ahriman [the evil counterpart to Ahura Mazda] and the demons were punished and rebuked, and the teachings of Ahriman and the demons departed from the empire and were abandoned. And Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, Nasoreans [Orthodox Christians], Christians, Maktak [Baptists], and Manichaeans in the empire were smitten, and destruction of idols and scattering of the stores of the demons and god-seats and nests was abandoned."<n>Excerpt from the inscription of Kerdir at Naqsh-e-Rustam, Persia, late third century C.E.<n>Which of the following best describes Persia's relationship with Arabia in the period 600–1450 C.E.?<n>A.Persian armies were largely in control of Arabia throughout the period.<n>B.Persia and Arabia interacted infrequently throughout the period.<n>C.Persia supported Arabian client states throughout the period.<n>D.Persia was brought into the Arabian orbit over the course of the period.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>New York! I say New York, let black blood flow into your blood.<n>Let it wash the rust from your steel joints, like an oil of life<n>Let it give your bridges the curve of hips and supple vines…<n>See your rivers stirring with musk alligators<n>And sea cows with mirage eyes…<n>Just open your eyes to the April rainbow<n>And your eyes, especially your ears, to God<n>Who in one burst of saxophone laughter<n>Created heaven and earth in six days,<n>And on the seventh slept a deep Negro sleep.<n>Senegalese poet Léopold Sédar Senghor, "To New York," 1956<n>Which of the following best explains the phenomenon of an African poet writing so lyrically about New York?<n>A.Outmigration from Africa due to political violence<n>B.Stronger transatlantic influences linking art in Afro-Eurasia with that in the Americas<n>C.Preference on the part of African intellectuals for Western cultural advancements<n>D.Lack of a rich indigenous artistic tradition in Africa[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth and very frequently has been brought to our ears, namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race utterly alienated from God, a generation forsooth which has not directed its heart and has not entrusted its spirit to God, has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by the sword, pillage and fire; it has led away a part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion….The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismembered by them and deprived of territory so vast in extent that it cannot be traversed in a march of two months. On whom therefore is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you? You, upon whom above other nations God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to humble the hairy scalp of those who resist you.<n>Let the deeds of your ancestors move you and incite your minds to manly achievements; the glory and greatness of king Charles the Great, and of his son Louis, and of your other kings, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the pagans, and extended in these lands the territory of the holy church. Let the holy sepulchre of the Lord our Savior, which is possessed by unclean nations, especially incite you, and the holy places which are now treated with ignominy and irreverently polluted with their filthiness. Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, be not degenerate, but recall the valor of your progenitors.<n>Jerusalem is the navel of the world; the land is fruitful above others, like another paradise of delights. This the Redeemer of the human race has made illustrious by His advent, has beautified by residence, has consecrated by suffering, has redeemed by death, has glorified by burial. This royal city, therefore, situated at the center of the world, is now held captive by His enemies, and is in subjection to those who do not know God, to the worship of the heathens. She seeks therefore and desires to be liberated and does not cease to implore you to come to her aid. From you especially she asks succor, because, as we have already said, God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven."<n>Pope Urban II, Speech at the Council of Clermont as recorded by Robert the Monk, 1095 C.E.<n>The speech above is best understood in context of which of the following?<n>A.The Mongol invasions of the Middle East<n>B.The Protestant Reformation<n>C.The Age of Discovery<n>D.The Crusades[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>I have, in conformity without resolve, put together some few points concerning the reformation of the Christian estate, with the intent of placing the same before the Christian nobility of the German nation. . . . It is not out of mere arrogance and perversity that I, an individual poor man, have taken upon me to address your lordships. The distress and misery that oppress all the Christian estates, more especially in Germany, have led not only myself, but every one else, to cry aloud and to ask for help. . . . These Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls around themselves, with which they have hitherto protected themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly. . . . That the Temporal Power Has no Jurisdiction over the Spirituality . . . That No One May Interpret the Scriptures but the Pope . . . That No One May Call a Council but the Pope. . . . Let us now consider the matters which should be treated in the councils, and with which popes, cardinals, bishops, and all learned men should occupy themselves day and night. . . . It is a distressing and terrible thing to see that the head of Christendom, who boasts of being the vicar of Christ and the successor of St. Peter, lives in a worldly pomp that no king or emperor can equal. What is the use in Christendom of the people called "cardinals"? I will tell you. In Italy and Germany there are many rich convents, endowments, fiefs, and benefices, and as the best way of getting these into the hands of Rome, they created cardinals, and gave them the sees, convents, and prelacies, and thus destroyed the service of God.<n>—Martin Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation<n>Which of the following reformers expressed views similar to those expressed by Martin Luther in his letter above?<n>A.Ulrich Zwingli<n>B.Sir Thomas More<n>C.Erasmus<n>D.John Wycliffe[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.<n>When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."<n>Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.<n>The description in the second paragraph of the procedures that Portuguese and other foreigners followed when trading in China supports which of the following inferences about trade policy in the later Ming Dynasty?<n>A.The Ming Dynasty was very supportive of and welcoming to all commercial enterprise.<n>B.The Ming Dynasty sought to regulate trade strictly to limit contact with foreigners and ease collection of taxes.<n>C.The Ming Dynasty was too busy battling pirates along its coast to pay any attention to regular merchant activity.<n>D.The Ming Dynasty only allowed Portugal to trade with China through Canton, permitting only one boat a year.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Is it not unity alone that can weld us into an effective force, capable of creating our own progress and making our valuable contribution to world peace? Which independent African state will claim that its financial structure and banking institutions are fully harnessed to its national development? Which will claim that its material resources and human energies are available for its own national aspirations? We are fast learning that political independence is not enough to rid us of the consequences of colonial rule. We have been too busy nursing our separate states to understand fully the basic need for union, rooted in common purpose, common planning and common endeavour.<n>Ghana's president, Kwame Nkrumah, addressing the Organization of African Unity, 1963<n>The speaker in the passage above is espousing which of the following causes?<n>A.Nationalism<n>B.Socialism<n>C.Pan-Africanism<n>D.Neocolonialism[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us! And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity. This is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have this injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land! Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.<n>Lin Zexu, Chinese trade commissioner, letter to Queen Victoria, 1839<n>On which of the following arguments does the author of the passage principally base his appeal?<n>A.It is hypocritical to sell one country a substance banned as harmful in one's own.<n>B.Confucian teachings forbid the use of all narcotics as inherently immoral.<n>C.Addiction is causing China to suffer an unfavorable balance of trade.<n>D.Britain is unwise to risk the wrath of a militarily more powerful state.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"My little homestead in the city, which I recently insured for ￡2,000 would no doubt have shared the common fate, as the insurance companies will not make good that which is destroyed by the Queen's enemies. And although I have a farm of 50 acres close to the town, no doubt the crops and premises would have been destroyed. In fact, this has already partly been the case, and I am now suing the Government for damages done by a contingent of 1,500 natives that have recently encamped not many hundred yards from the place, who have done much damage all around."<n>Letter from a British citizen to his sister during the Anglo-Zulu War, South Africa, 1879<n>A historian researching nineteenth-century conflicts in South Africa would most likely find this letter a useful source for information about which of the following?<n>A.The diffusion of cultural practices throughout South Africa<n>B.Economic boons present in British colonies<n>C.Daily challenges of Afrikaners during the colonial period<n>D.Unforeseen consequences of British imperialism[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"In Northern India the existence of separate States at this period is usually little more than a question of words. A zamindar who paid revenue to the Mogul was clearly in a position of dependence, and if he wished to establish a claim to sovereignty, the first step was to refuse, or omit to pay revenue. Such an omission might, however, arise from various other causes, and it is probable that in Rajputana, Central India, and Chota Nagpur there were numerous chiefs and tribes occupying what constitutional lawyers would regard as an anomalous position, sometimes paying the stipulated revenue, sometimes in open rebellion, and sometimes enjoying practical independence because the Mogul authorities found it inconvenient to undertake active measures of coercion."<n>W.H. Moreland, India at the Death of Akbar, 1920<n>Zamindars had an ability "to establish a claim to sovereignty" largely due to the Mughal Empire's policy of<n>A.religious toleration<n>B.universal taxation<n>C.martial law<n>D.suffrage[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Yi Yin sacrificed to the former king, and presented the heir-king reverently before the shrine of his grandfather. . . . Yi Yin then clearly described the virtue of the Meritorious Ancestor for the instruction of the young king.<n>"Oh! of old the former kings of Xia cultivated earnestly their virtue, and then there were no calamities from Heaven. The spirits of the hills and rivers were all in tranquility; and the birds and beasts enjoyed their existence according to their nature. But their descendant did not follow their example, and Heaven sent down calamities, using our ruler, who possessed of its favor. The attack on Xia may be traced to the orgies in Ming Tiao. . . . Our king of Shang brilliantly displayed his sagely prowess; for oppression he substituted his generous gentleness. Now your Majesty is entering on the inheritance of his virtue; all depends on how you commence your reign.<n>"Oh! the former king began with careful attention to the bonds that hold men together. . . . Revere these warnings in your person. . . . The ways of Heaven are not invariable: on the good-doer it sends down all blessings, and on the evil-doer it sends down all miseries. If you not be virtuous, be it in large things or in small, it will bring the ruin of your ancestral temple."<n>—Excerpted and adapted from the Shu Jing, 6th century BCE, China<n>What does the phrase below tell us about the ruler?<n>A.He had the Mandate of Heaven.<n>B.He was an absolute monarch.<n>C.He had lost the blessing of the gods.<n>D.He was killed as a result of natural disasters.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>But the decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. . . . The victorious legions, who, in distant wars, acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries, first oppressed the freedom of the republic, and afterwards violated the majesty of the purple. The emperors, anxious for their personal safety and the public peace, were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy; the vigour of the military . . . was relaxed . . . ; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians.<n>—Adapted from Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon<n>Most classical empires shared which of the following traits?<n>A.They required the cultural assimilation of conquered peoples to limit diversity within the empire.<n>B.They provided state support of foreign religions to improve support of the government.<n>C.They embarked on widespread public works projects to integrate their empires.<n>D.They had government bureaucracies based on the merit principle.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls round themselves, with which they have hitherto protected themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly.<n>Firstly, if pressed by the temporal power, they have affirmed and maintained that the temporal power has no jurisdiction over them, but, on the contrary, that the spiritual power is above the temporal.<n>Secondly, if it were proposed to admonish them with the Scriptures, they objected that no one may interpret the Scriptures but the Pope.<n>Thirdly, if they are threatened with a council, they pretend that no one may call a council but the Pope…<n>…The second wall is even more tottering and weak: that they alone pretend to be considered masters of the Scriptures; although they learn nothing of them all their life. They assume authority, and juggle before us with impudent words, saying that the Pope cannot err in matters of faith, whether he be evil or good, albeit they cannot prove it by a single letter. That is why the canon law contains so many heretical and unchristian, nay unnatural, laws; but of these we need not speak now. For whereas they imagine the Holy Ghost never leaves them, however unlearned and wicked they may be, they grow bold enough to decree whatever they like. But were this true, where were the need and use of the Holy Scriptures? Let us burn them, and content ourselves with the unlearned gentlemen at Rome, in whom the Holy Ghost dwells, who, however, can dwell in pious souls only. If I had not read it, I could never have believed that the devil should have put forth such follies at Rome and find a following."<n>Martin Luther, Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, 1520<n>How is the "temporal power" mentioned in the passage best understood contextually?<n>A.A clerical or ecclesiastical authority<n>B.A legal or scholarly authority<n>C.A state or secular authority<n>D.A business or economic authority[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Literacy rates among the Russian-speaking population of late Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, 1897–1955<n>Literacy Rate<n>1897  24%<n>1917  45%<n>1926  56%<n>1937  75%<n>1939  81.10%<n>1955  99.90%<n>Source: Census data and Soviet Ministry of Education<n>Which of the following segments of the Russian/Soviet population would probably have benefited most from the rising literacy rates depicted in the chart?<n>A.The rural peasantry<n>B.Members of the Russian Orthodox clergy<n>C.The urban middle class<n>D.Officers in the armed forces[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>O ye who believe! Strong drink and games of chance and idols… are only an infamy of Satan's handiwork. Leave it aside in order that ye may succeed.<n>the Qur'an, Sura 5: 89<n>When once you hear the roses are in bloom,<n>Then is the time, my love, to pour the wine.<n>the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám<n>A comparison of both verses would best support which of the following conclusions?<n>A.Many Muslims inclined toward atheism in the premodern era.<n>B.Religious restrictions were not universally observed by all Muslims.<n>C.Christian missionaries were steadily winning converts among Muslim populations.<n>D.Muslim intellectuals were generally hostile to traditional religious practice.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The real grievance of the worker is the insecurity of his existence; he is not sure that he will always have work, he is not sure that he will always be healthy, and he foresees that he will one day be old and unfit to work. If he falls into poverty, even if only through a prolonged illness, he is then completely helpless, exam_ins to his own devices, and society does not currently recognize any real obligation towards him beyond the usual help for the poor, even if he has been working all the time ever so faithfully and diligently. The usual help for the poor, however, leaves a lot to be desired, especially in large cities, where it is very much worse than in the country."<n>Otto von Bismarck, 1884<n>How would twentieth-century economist John Maynard Keynes suggest that society address Otto von Bismarck's evaluation of workers in Germany?<n>A.Keynes would recommend government intervention in order to maintain aggregate demand.<n>B.Keynes would suggest helping elderly workers, but claim that the government should not intervene in most circumstances.<n>C.Keynes would caution against government intervention in personal economic matters.<n>D.Keynes would advocate doing nothing because he felt poverty in rural areas was actually more severe than it was in cities.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Seizing me, he led me down to the House of Darkness…<n>To the house where those who enter do not come out,<n>Along the road of no return,<n>To the house where those who dwell, do without light,<n>Where dirt is their drink, their food is of clay…<n>Where light cannot be seen. They dwell in the dark,<n>And upon the door and bolt, there lies dust.<n>from Tablet VII, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumeria, ca. 2100 B.C.E.<n>Truth is good and its worth is lasting.<n>It has not been disturbed since the day of its creator,<n>Whereas he who transgresses its ordinances is punished.<n>It lies as a path in front of even him who knows nothing.<n>Wrongdoing has never yet brought its venture to port…<n>Those whom the gods guide cannot lose themselves.<n>Those to whom they forbid passage will not be able to cross the river of life.<n>from The Maxims of Ptahhotep, Egypt, ca. 2400 B.C.E.<n>The two texts best support which of the following conclusions?<n>A.Ancient Egyptians had a less gloomy view of the afterlife than ancient Sumerians.<n>B.Ancient Egyptians were more inclined than ancient Sumerians to view political obedience as morally proper.<n>C.Ancient Egyptians were more patriarchal in their gender relations than ancient Sumerians.<n>D.Ancient Egyptians suffered under a more rigid social hierarchy than ancient Sumerians.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"When the gods fashioned Gilgamesh*, to him they gave a perfect form. The glorious sun Shamash bestowed upon him glory; Adad the terrible god of storms bestowed upon him courage. The great gods perfected his magnificence beyond all others, terrible like the great wild bull. Two thirds god they made him; one third man they made him.<n>Of Uruk, its great rampart he built, and the wall of the sacred Eanna temple, the holy sanctuary. Behold the outer walls which gleam with the brilliance of copper; see the inner wall which none might rival. Touch the threshold stone—it is from ancient days. Goest thou into the Eanna temple, yea, the dwelling place of Ishtar, the like of which no subsequent king or living man might equal. Ascend and walk about on the wall of Uruk, inspect the corner-stone, and examine its brick-work, whether its wall is not made of burned brick, and its foundation laid by the Seven Sages. One third for city, one third for garden, one third for field, and a precinct for the temple of Ishtar. These parts and the precinct comprise Uruk."<n>The Epic of Gilgamesh, ca. 2100 B.C.E.<n>*Gilgamesh was a king of Uruk.<n>Which of the following best describes the origins of epic poetry such as the Epic of Gilgamesh?<n>A.The rise of a literate class of scribes in cities who could record poems<n>B.The rise of a merchant class in cities who could sponsor the creation of original art<n>C.The rise of a religious caste dedicated to solely recording the deeds of God-Kings<n>D.The rise of a warrior elite whose deeds were worthy of praise and recording[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>I walk alongside the column, ask what's going on.<n>A soldier says simply: "They call up more every day.<n>"Some of us were sent north to the Yellow River at age fifteen,<n>And now at forty we're heading off to the garrisons in the west.<n>On our first tour, the village headman had to tie our bandannas for us.<n>When we came back, our hair was white, but still there's more unrest.<n>The frontier garrisons run with blood, enough to fill an ocean,<n>But the Martial Emperor's territorial ambitions have yet to crest.<n>In the hundred districts east of the mountains, throughout the land of Han,<n>There must be ten thousand villages that brambles now infest.<n>Even if wives are strong enough to handle a hoe and plow,<n>The crops grow every which way, the fields are all a mess.<n>It's hardest for the Shanxi men, with their reputations as fighters:<n>They're rounded up like dogs or chickens, every male impressed.<n>"But sir, though it's good of you to ask,<n>Complaining isn't part of the soldier's task.<n>We can only shake our heads. Take this winter:<n>The Shanxi troops were never sent home.<n>The District Officers are demanding the land tax,<n>But where will it come from? You can't get blood from a stone!<n>I honestly think it's bad luck to bear a son now,<n>It's better to have a daughter: at least she can marry<n>And live with the neighbors next door.<n>But a son will end up lying on some distant prairie."<n>Du Fu, "Ballad of the Army Carts," ca. 750 C.E.<n>Which of the following does the poem provide direct evidence for in its discussion of taxation in the third stanza?<n>A.The Tang Dynasty's strong bureaucracy at the local level<n>B.The Tang Dynasty's large, standing professional army with no need of conscription<n>C.Relatively advanced Tang agricultural technologies<n>D.The relatively high level of urbanization in Tang China[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.<n>When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."<n>Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.<n>In addition to the sources of silver mentioned in the first paragraph, the greatest volume of additional silver came to China from which of the following regions?<n>A.Central Asia<n>B.Europe<n>C.The Middle East<n>D.The New World[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>But the decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. . . . The victorious legions, who, in distant wars, acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries, first oppressed the freedom of the republic, and afterwards violated the majesty of the purple. The emperors, anxious for their personal safety and the public peace, were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy; the vigour of the military . . . was relaxed . . . ; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians.<n>—Adapted from Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon<n>The reasons given in the above passage for the fall of the Roman Empire could also be applied to which other classical empires?<n>A.Tang and Ottoman<n>B.Ming and Aztec<n>C.Han and Gupta<n>D.Qin and Etruscan[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Woman, wake up; the bell of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. Enslaved man has multiplied his strength, [but] having become free, he has become unjust to his companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain. If our leaders persist, courageously oppose the force of reason to their empty pretentions of superiority. Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves!<n>Olympe de Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," 1791<n>The independence? Nothing of what I hoped for was achieved. I had expected that my children would be able to have an education, but they did not get it. We were poor peasants then, we are poor peasants now. Nothing has changed. Everything is the same. The only thing is that we are free, the war is over, we work without fear—but apart from that, nothing has changed.<n>Halima Ghomri, interviewed in the 1970s, after Algeria's war of independence<n>Which of the following factors is likeliest to have prevented the sort of progress hoped for by the speaker in the second passage?<n>A.Failure to eradicate Islamic traditionalism<n>B.Lack of industrial assets or infrastructure<n>C.Hostility to women's rights on the part of new elites<n>D.Prioritization of national liberation over social reform[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"And then Shapur, King of Kings, passed away. Then his son Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Hormizd, King of Kings, conferred on me cap and belt and created for me a higher rank and dignity, and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, throughout the whole empire he gave me more authority and power in matters of the divine services, and created for me the title "Kerdir, Ahura Mazda's [Chief Priest]" after the name of Ahura Mazda, the Deity. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence, and many Warham fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…<n>And then Hormizd, King of Kings, passed away. Then Bahram, King of Kings, son of Shapur, King of Kings, and brother of Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Bahram, King of Kings, also held me in high honor and dignity and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, gave me authority and power for divine services of every sort. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence and many Warharan fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…<n>And in kingdom after kingdom and place after place throughout the whole empire the services of Ahura Mazda and the gods became preeminent, and great dignity came to the Mazdayanian religion and the magi in the empire, and the gods and water and fire and small cattle in the empire attained great satisfaction, while Ahriman [the evil counterpart to Ahura Mazda] and the demons were punished and rebuked, and the teachings of Ahriman and the demons departed from the empire and were abandoned. And Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, Nasoreans [Orthodox Christians], Christians, Maktak [Baptists], and Manichaeans in the empire were smitten, and destruction of idols and scattering of the stores of the demons and god-seats and nests was abandoned."<n>Excerpt from the inscription of Kerdir at Naqsh-e-Rustam, Persia, late third century C.E.<n>The source best supports which of the following inferences about sources of political authority in the period circa 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.?<n>A.Rulers derived legitimacy for their rule by their sponsorship of religion and chief priests.<n>B.Rulers were limited in their political authority by powerful religious figures.<n>C.Rulers derived legitimacy for their rule through victories over foreign peoples.<n>D.Rulers derived legitimacy for their rule through the consent of those they governed.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Al-Zawawi also said 'This sultan Musa told me that at a town called ZKRY he has a copper mine from which ingots are brought to BYTY. "There is nothing in my kingdom, Musa said, on which a duty is levied except this crude copper which is brought in. Duty is collected on this and on nothing else. We send it to the land of the pagan Sudan and sell it for two-thirds of its weight in gold, so that we sell 100 measures of this copper for 66 2/3 measures of gold.' He also stated that there are pagan nations in his kingdom from whom he does not collect the tribute (jizya) but whom he simply employs in extracting the gold from its deposits. The gold is extracted by digging pits about a man's height in depth and the gold is found embedded in the sides of the pits or sometimes collected at the bottom of them."<n>From N. Levtzion & J.F.P. Hopkins, eds. Corpus of Early<n>Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge<n>University Press, 1981. Reprinted with permission of<n>Cambridge University Press.<n>Al' Umari, ca. 1300–1384<n>Based on your knowledge of world history and the passage, Mansa Musa's assertion about the lack of duties levied on goods in his kingdom most strongly reflects which of the following about the kingdom of Mali?<n>A.Mali's wealth came in large part from its exploitation of minerals.<n>B.Mali's wealth came in large part from its conquest of pagan neighbors.<n>C.Mali's wealth came in large part from large agricultural estates.<n>D.Mali's wealth came in large part from the exploitation of the slave trade.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.<n>When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."<n>Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.<n>The description of the route Portuguese sailors took in the first paragraph most directly supports which of the following historical developments?<n>A.Chinese merchants' domination of East Asian trade<n>B.Competition between Dutch and Portuguese traders for markets in Japan<n>C.European participation in East Asian trade patterns<n>D.Jesuit missionary work in Japan and China[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The spontaneous forces of capitalism have been steadily growing in the countryside in recent years, with new rich peasants springing up everywhere and many well-to-do middle peasants striving to become rich peasants. On the other hand, many poor peasants are still living in poverty for lack of sufficient means of production, with some in debt and others selling or renting out their land. If this tendency goes unchecked, the polarization in the countryside will inevitably be aggravated day by day. Those peasants who lose their land and those who remain in poverty will complain that we are doing nothing to save them from ruin or to help them overcome their difficulties. Nor will the well-to-do middle peasants who are heading in the capitalist direction be pleased with us, for we shall never be able to satisfy their demands unless we intend to take the capitalist road. Can the worker-peasant alliance continue to stand in these circumstances? Obviously not! There is no solution to this problem except on a new basis. And that means to bring about, step by step, the socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture simultaneously with the gradual realization of socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce; in other words, it means to carry out co-operation and eliminate the rich-peasant economy and the individual economy in the countryside so that all the rural people will become increasingly well off together. We maintain that this is the only way to consolidate the worker-peasant alliance."<n>Mao Zedong, On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation, 1955<n>Mao's quotation is best understood in the context of which of the following?<n>A.Governments in communist countries implementing liberal political and economic reforms to mitigate social unrest<n>B.Governments promoting collectivization of the land to reduce inequality between sectors of the population<n>C.Governments promoting policies intended to hasten industrialization<n>D.Governments promoting capitalist policies to reduce inequality between sectors of the population[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>As for their men there is no sexual jealousy in them. And none of them derives his genealogy from his father but, on the contrary, from his maternal uncle. A man does not pass on inheritance except to the sons of his sister to the exclusion of his own sons. . . . They are Muslims keeping to the prayers, studying fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and learning the Qur'an by heart. With regard to their women, they are not modest in the presence of men; they do not veil themselves in spite of their perseverance in the prayers. He who wishes to marry among them can marry, but the women do not travel with the husband, and if one of them wanted to do that, she would be prevented by her family. The women there have friends and companions amongst men outside the prohibited degrees of marriage [i.e., other than brothers, fathers, etc.]. Likewise for the men, there are companions from amongst women outside the prohibited degrees. One of them would enter his house to find his wife with her companion and would not disapprove of that conduct.<n>—Adapted from an account by Ibn Battuta of his travels in Mali during the 1300s<n>What evidence is there in the passage that the Malians take their Muslim faith seriously?<n>A.The genealogy is derived from the maternal side.<n>B.They study Islamic law faithfully.<n>C.The men do not yield to sexual jealousy.<n>D.They enjoy friendship with all, regardless of gender.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The spontaneous forces of capitalism have been steadily growing in the countryside in recent years, with new rich peasants springing up everywhere and many well-to-do middle peasants striving to become rich peasants. On the other hand, many poor peasants are still living in poverty for lack of sufficient means of production, with some in debt and others selling or renting out their land. If this tendency goes unchecked, the polarization in the countryside will inevitably be aggravated day by day. Those peasants who lose their land and those who remain in poverty will complain that we are doing nothing to save them from ruin or to help them overcome their difficulties. Nor will the well-to-do middle peasants who are heading in the capitalist direction be pleased with us, for we shall never be able to satisfy their demands unless we intend to take the capitalist road. Can the worker-peasant alliance continue to stand in these circumstances? Obviously not! There is no solution to this problem except on a new basis. And that means to bring about, step by step, the socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture simultaneously with the gradual realization of socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce; in other words, it means to carry out co-operation and eliminate the rich-peasant economy and the individual economy in the countryside so that all the rural people will become increasingly well off together. We maintain that this is the only way to consolidate the worker-peasant alliance."<n>Mao Zedong, On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation, 1955<n>Mao's view of the cooperation of peasant labor most directly reflects the influence of which of the following?<n>A.The ideals of communism as stated by Joseph Stalin<n>B.The ideals of the Enlightenment as stated by political revolutionaries such as Maximilian Robespierre<n>C.The ideals of classical liberalism as stated by Adam Smith<n>D.The ideals of globalization as evidenced by multinational trade blocs such as NAFTA or the European Union[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"After the Tencteri came, in former days, the Bructeri; but the general account now is, that the Chamavi and Angrivarii entered their settlements, drove them out and utterly exterminated them with the common help of the [neighboring] tribes, either from hatred of their tyranny, or from the attractions of plunder, or from heaven's [favorable] regard for us. It did not even grudge us the spectacle of the conflict. More than sixty thousand fell, not beneath the Roman arms and weapons, but, grander far, before our delighted eyes. May the tribes, I pray, ever retain if not love for us, at least hatred for each other; for while the destinies of empire hurry us on, fortune can give no greater boon than discord among our foes."<n>Germania, Publius Cornelius Tacitus, ca. 98 C.E.<n>The views expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence of which of the following in Roman society?<n>A.Disgust for barbarian peoples<n>B.Concern about barbarian attacks<n>C.Absence of Stoicism among the aristocracy<n>D.Maintenance of large armies[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>I have, in conformity without resolve, put together some few points concerning the reformation of the Christian estate, with the intent of placing the same before the Christian nobility of the German nation. . . . It is not out of mere arrogance and perversity that I, an individual poor man, have taken upon me to address your lordships. The distress and misery that oppress all the Christian estates, more especially in Germany, have led not only myself, but every one else, to cry aloud and to ask for help. . . . These Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls around themselves, with which they have hitherto protected themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly. . . . That the Temporal Power Has no Jurisdiction over the Spirituality . . . That No One May Interpret the Scriptures but the Pope . . . That No One May Call a Council but the Pope. . . . Let us now consider the matters which should be treated in the councils, and with which popes, cardinals, bishops, and all learned men should occupy themselves day and night. . . . It is a distressing and terrible thing to see that the head of Christendom, who boasts of being the vicar of Christ and the successor of St. Peter, lives in a worldly pomp that no king or emperor can equal. What is the use in Christendom of the people called "cardinals"? I will tell you. In Italy and Germany there are many rich convents, endowments, fiefs, and benefices, and as the best way of getting these into the hands of Rome, they created cardinals, and gave them the sees, convents, and prelacies, and thus destroyed the service of God.<n>—Martin Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation<n>In his letter, Martin Luther avoided speaking about which of the following topics?<n>A.The wealth of the church<n>B.The power of the clergy<n>C.The sale of indulgences<n>D.The political nature of the church[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"MAHATMA GANDHI'S MESSAGE.<n>REMAIN NON-VIOLENT<n>The following message was sent by Mahatma Gandhi from Waltair:—<n>Maulana Mohamed AH was arrested at Waltair under sections 107 and 108 to be called upon to give security, to be of good behaviour for one year. The place and date of trial is unknown.<n>The Begum Saheba and Mr. Hayat were permitted to see him after arrest.<n>He and I were going to address a meeting outside the station. He was arrested. I continued going to the meeting and addressed them. There is no cause for sorrow, but every cause for congratulation. There should be no hartal. Perfect peace and calmness should be observed. I regard the arrest as a prelude to Swaraj and the redress of the Khilafat and the Punjab wrongs, if we can remain non-violent. Retain Hindu-Muslim Unity despite the madness of some Moplahs, and fulfil the Swadeshi programme.<n>I hope every Indian, man or woman, will completely boycott foreign cloth and take up spinning or weaving during every spare minute.<n>By striving like the Maulana, be insistent on religious and national rights.<n>Let us earn imprisonment. I am conscious of the Maulana's innocence and I am sure the imprisonment of the innocent will enable the nation to reach the cherished goal."<n>Mohandas Gandhi, The Pilgrims' March, 1921<n>The instructions indicated in the fourth paragraph to remain nonviolent most likely inspired which of the following historical developments?<n>A.The Zionist movement that created the modern state of Israel<n>B.The independence movements that freed the states of southeast Asia from colonial rule<n>C.The civil rights movements that changed the legal status of minorities in the United States<n>D.The communist movement that changed the government of Cuba[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>An Act to place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of Prohibited Immigrants.<n>…<n>3. The immigration into the Commonwealth of the persons described in any of the following paragraphs in this section (hereinafter called "prohibited immigrants") is prohibited, namely<n>(a) Any person who when asked to do so by an officer fails to write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer;<n>(b) Any person in the opinion of the Minister or of an officer to become a charge upon the public or upon any public or charitable organisation;<n>…<n>(g) Any persons under a contract or agreement to perform manual labour within the Commonwealth: Provided that this paragraph shall not apply to workmen exempted by the Minister for special skill required by Australia…<n>Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 (Australia)<n>Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof;<n>Therefore,<n>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or having so come after the expiration of said ninety days to remain within the United States.<n>SEC. 2. That the master of every vessel who shall knowingly bring within the United States on such vessel, and land or permit to be landed, any Chinese laborer, from any foreign port or place, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars for each and every such Chinese laborer so brought, and may be also imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year….<n>Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (United States)<n>Which of the following economic activities did the most to drive the rising levels of immigration that led to the enactment of the law described in the second passage?<n>A.Railroad construction<n>B.Fertilizer harvesting<n>C.Sugarcane production<n>D.Gold mining[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The quicksilver mines of Huancavelica are where the poor Indians are so harshly punished, where they are tortured and so many Indians die; it is there that the noble caciques [headmen] of this kingdom are finished off and tortured. The same is true in all the other mines: the silver mines of Potosi [and others]….The owners and stewards of the mines, whether Spaniards, mestizos, or Indians, are such tyrants, with no fear of God or Justice, because they are not audited and are not inspected twice a year….<n>And they are not paid for the labor of traveling to and from the mines or for the time they spend at the mines. The Indians, under the pretext of mining chores, are made to spend their workdays herding cattle and conveying goods; they are sent off to the plains, and the Indians die. These Indians are not paid for their labor, and their work is kept hidden.<n>And [the mine owners] keep Indian cooking women in their residences; they use cooking as a pretext for taking concubines….And they oblige the Indians to accept corn or meat or chicha [corn beer]…at their own expense, and they deduct the price from their labor and their workdays. In this way, the Indians end up very poor and deep in debt, and they have no way to pay their tribute.<n>There is no remedy for all this, because any [colonial official] who enters comes to an agreement with the mine owners, and all the owners join forces in bribing him….Even the protector of the Indians is useless;…he [does not] warn Your Majesty or your royal Audiencia [court] about the harms done to the poor Indians."<n>Excerpt from The First New Chronicle and Good Government [abridged], by Felipe Guaman Poma de Alaya. Selected, translated, and annotated by David Frye. Copyright 2006 Hackett Publishing Company. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.<n>Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, The First New Chronicle and Good Government, ca. 1610<n>The views expressed in the passage are best seen as evidence for which of the following in the society of Spanish South America?<n>A.The formal adoption of debt slavery as a means to clear debts<n>B.The absence of corruption among elites<n>C.The king's lack of interest in the welfare of Native American subjects<n>D.The imposition of social stratification based on origin of birth[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Chinese are all infidels: they worship images, and burn their dead just like the [Hindus]. The King of China is a Tartar, and one of the descendants of [Ghenghis] Khan…In all the Chinese provinces, there is a town for the [Muslims], and in this they reside. They also have cells, colleges, and mosques, and are made much of by the Kings of China…<n>When we approached this city [of Hangzhou] we were met by its judge, the [elders] of Islamism, and the great merchants. The [Muslims] are exceedingly numerous here. This whole city is surrounded by a wall: each of the six [districts of Hangzhou] is also surrounded by a wall. In the first reside the guards, with their commander. I was told that, in the muster-rolls, these amount to twelve thousand…In the second division are the Jews, Christians, and the Turks who worship the sun: these are numerous, their number is not known: and theirs is the most beautiful city. Their streets are well disposed, and their great men are exceedingly wealthy. There are in the city a great number of [Muslims], with some of whom I resided for fifteen days; and was treated most [honorably]…"<n>Ibn Battuta, Voyages, 1332–1346 C.E.<n>Which of the following conclusions about the period 600 C.E.–1450 C.E. is most directly supported by the passage?<n>A.Long-distance contact between civilizations stagnated.<n>B.New religious traditions overturned prior lasting religious beliefs.<n>C.The empires of steppe nomads united trade links across Eurasia.<n>D.Technological developments spread across trade routes.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Every two months His Majesty sends from Lima 60,000 pesos to pay for the mita of the Indians. Up on the Huanacavelica range there are 3,000 or 4,000 Indians working in the mercury mine, with picks and hammers, breaking up the ore. And when they have filled up their little sacks, the poor fellows, loaded down, climb up those ladders and rigging, so distressing that a man can hardly get up them. That is the way they work in this mine, with many lights and the loud noise of the pounding and great confusion. Nor is that the greatest evil; that is due to thievish and undisciplined superintendents. According to His Majesty's warrant, the mine owners at Potosí have a right to the mita of 13,300 Indians. These mita Indians earn each day 4 reals. Besides these there are others not under obligation, who hire themselves out voluntarily: these each get from 12 to 16 reals, and some up to 24, according to how well they wield their picks or their reputation for knowing how to get the ore out.<n>Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa, report on mining in Huanacavelica and Potosí, 1620s<n>The third principal reason the local Yakut and Tungus natives are ruined is that from the time they first came under Russian control, they have been forced to pay yasak tribute. Some have paid in sables, others in red foxes, still others in cash. At first there were plenty of furbearing animals there, but now there are no sables and not many foxes in those lands, from the shores of the Arctic Ocean all the way south to the great Lena River. Moreover, almost half the natives cannot hunt because they no longer have horses, many of which have been pawned to the yasak collectors.<n>Heinrich von Füch, "On the Treatment of Natives in Northeast Siberia," 1744<n>Both passages are best seen in the context of which of the following broad developments?<n>A.Emerging systems of coerced labor<n>B.The expansion of chattel slavery<n>C.Increased reliance on prison-camp workforces<n>D.Colonization of overseas territories by joint-stock companies[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"You may well ask: "Why direct action? Why sit-ins, marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?" You are quite right in calling, for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored. My citing the creation of tension as part of the work of the nonviolent-resister may sound rather shocking. But I must confess that I am not afraid of the word "tension." I have earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth. Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, we must we see the need for nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in society that will help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood."<n>Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1966<n>Source 2:<n>"We, men and women, who hereby constitute ourselves as the National Organization for Women, believe that the time has come for a new movement toward true equality for all women in America, and toward a fully equal partnership of the sexes, as part of the world-wide revolution of human rights now taking place within and beyond our national borders.<n>The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men.<n>We believe the time has come to move beyond the abstract argument, discussion and symposia over the status and special nature of women which has raged in America in recent years; the time has come to confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings."<n>National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose, 1966<n>Source 3:<n>"The long-term goal of Gay Liberation, which inevitably brings us into conflict with the institutionalized sexism of this society, is to rid society of the gender-role system which is at the root of our oppression. This can only be achieved by eliminating the social pressures on men and women to conform to narrowly defined gender roles. It is particularly important that children and young people be encouraged to develop their own talents and interests and to express their own individuality rather than act out stereotyped parts alien to their nature.<n>As we cannot carry out this revolutionary change alone, and as the abolition of gender rotes is also a necessary condition of women's liberation, we will work to form a strategic alliance with the women's liberation movement, aiming to develop our ideas and our practice in close inter-relation. In order to build this alliance, the brothers in gay liberation will have to be prepared to sacrifice that degree of male chauvinism and male privilege that they still all possess."<n>Gay Liberation Front, Manifesto, 1971<n>According to the text, the authors of Source 3 see which of the following as an obstacle to achieving Gay Liberation?<n>A.Rigid societal gender roles<n>B.Conflicts with the women's rights movement<n>C.Societal privileging of some races over others<n>D.Inequity in pay scales[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>At the peak of their power, the domains of the Mongol khans, or rulers, made up a vast realm in which once-hostile peoples lived together in peace and virtually all religions were tolerated. . . . The law code first promulgated by Chinggis Khan ordered human interaction. The result was an important new stage in international contact. From eastern Europe to southern China, merchants and travelers could move across the well-policed Mongol domains without fear for their lives or property. The great swath of Mongol territory that covered or connected most of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East served as a bridge between the civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere. The caravans and embassies that crossed the Mongol lands transmitted new food, inventions, and ideas from one civilized pool to others and from civilized pools to the nomadic peoples who served as intermediaries. Secure trade routes made for prosperous merchants and wealthy, cosmopolitan cities. They also facilitated the spread of foods [and] inventions . . . a major force for economic and social development and the enhancement of civilized life.<n>—Robert Guisepi, 1992<n>Which statement most accurately compares the Mongol (post-classical) empire with the Persian (classical) empire?<n>A.Both the Mongols and the Persians allowed conquered peoples to maintain their local traditions and cultures.<n>B.The Mongols invested in building large-scale monuments, whereas the Persians focused on public works.<n>C.Both the Persians and the Mongols improved the social, economic, and legal status of women.<n>D.The Mongols created a new syncretic belief system, but the Persians maintained a traditional monotheistic religion.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"At least one of the [world's] societies would have to somehow enormously increase its productivity [in order to achieve global hegemony]. That quantum jump would have to be made before the various scientific, technological, agricultural, and industrial revolutions on which our post-quantum-leap world rests. It could only be accomplished by exploiting the ecosystems, mineral resources, and human assets of whole continents outside the lands of the society making the jump. Western Europe did just that by means of its brutality and guns and, more important, by geographical and ecological luck."<n>Copyright © 2015 Cambridge University Press.<n>Alfred Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism, 2004<n>Which of the following would best support the author's assertion regarding the "quantum jump" that would help Western Europe achieve global hegemony between 1450 and 1750 C.E.?<n>A.The colonization of the interior of Africa<n>B.The conquest of the Aztec Empire<n>C.The reformation of Catholic Christianity<n>D.The isolationism of Tokugawa Japan[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Literacy rates among the Russian-speaking population of late Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, 1897–1955<n>Literacy Rate<n>1897  24%<n>1917  45%<n>1926  56%<n>1937  75%<n>1939  81.10%<n>1955  99.90%<n>Source: Census data and Soviet Ministry of Education<n>The information presented in the above chart is best understood in which of the following historical contexts?<n>A.Educational reform in the modern era<n>B.Centralized and state-directed campaigns of modernization<n>C.Experimentation with syndicalist forms of socio-economic organization<n>D.Second-stage industrialization in the non-Western world[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Whether the question be to continue or to discontinue the practice of sati, the decision is equally surrounded by an awful responsibility. To consent to the consignment year after year of hundreds of innocent victims to a cruel and untimely end, when the power exists of preventing it, is a predicament which no conscience can contemplate without horror. But, on the other hand, to put to hazard by a contrary course the very safety of the British Empire in India is an alternative which itself may be considered a still greater evil. When we had powerful neighbours and greater reason to doubt our own security, expediency might recommend a more cautious proceeding, but now that we are supreme my opinion is decidedly in favour of an open and general prohibition.<n>William Bentinck, Govenor-General of India, "On the Suppression of Sati," 1829<n>I have made it my study to examine the nature and character of the Indians [who trade with us], and however repugnant it may be to our feelings, I am convinced they must be ruled with a rod of iron, to bring and keep them in a proper state of subordination, and the most certain way to effect this is by letting them feel their dependence on [the foodstuffs and manufactured goods we sell them].<n>George Simpson, Head of Northern Department, Hudson's Bay Company, 1826<n>The authors of both passages served institutions associated with which of the following colonial techniques commonly used by Western imperial powers?<n>A.Direct rule by the crown<n>B.Complete privatization of colonial authority<n>C.Martial law enforced by sizable armies<n>D.The chartering of companies to assume costs and share profits[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>I walk alongside the column, ask what's going on.<n>A soldier says simply: "They call up more every day.<n>"Some of us were sent north to the Yellow River at age fifteen,<n>And now at forty we're heading off to the garrisons in the west.<n>On our first tour, the village headman had to tie our bandannas for us.<n>When we came back, our hair was white, but still there's more unrest.<n>The frontier garrisons run with blood, enough to fill an ocean,<n>But the Martial Emperor's territorial ambitions have yet to crest.<n>In the hundred districts east of the mountains, throughout the land of Han,<n>There must be ten thousand villages that brambles now infest.<n>Even if wives are strong enough to handle a hoe and plow,<n>The crops grow every which way, the fields are all a mess.<n>It's hardest for the Shanxi men, with their reputations as fighters:<n>They're rounded up like dogs or chickens, every male impressed.<n>"But sir, though it's good of you to ask,<n>Complaining isn't part of the soldier's task.<n>We can only shake our heads. Take this winter:<n>The Shanxi troops were never sent home.<n>The District Officers are demanding the land tax,<n>But where will it come from? You can't get blood from a stone!<n>I honestly think it's bad luck to bear a son now,<n>It's better to have a daughter: at least she can marry<n>And live with the neighbors next door.<n>But a son will end up lying on some distant prairie."<n>Du Fu, "Ballad of the Army Carts," ca. 750 C.E.<n>The poem provides evidence of which of the following with respect to gender relations in Tang society?<n>A.Confucian relationships between husband and wife were still strong in Tang society.<n>B.Imperial rescripts emphasized the birth of able sons over daughters to fulfill conscription quotas.<n>C.Agricultural work could be shared by women and men alike.<n>D.Traditional Chinese gender relations were reversed during the reign of Empress Wu Zetian.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Chinese are all infidels: they worship images, and burn their dead just like the [Hindus]. The King of China is a Tartar, and one of the descendants of [Ghenghis] Khan…In all the Chinese provinces, there is a town for the [Muslims], and in this they reside. They also have cells, colleges, and mosques, and are made much of by the Kings of China…<n>When we approached this city [of Hangzhou] we were met by its judge, the [elders] of Islamism, and the great merchants. The [Muslims] are exceedingly numerous here. This whole city is surrounded by a wall: each of the six [districts of Hangzhou] is also surrounded by a wall. In the first reside the guards, with their commander. I was told that, in the muster-rolls, these amount to twelve thousand…In the second division are the Jews, Christians, and the Turks who worship the sun: these are numerous, their number is not known: and theirs is the most beautiful city. Their streets are well disposed, and their great men are exceedingly wealthy. There are in the city a great number of [Muslims], with some of whom I resided for fifteen days; and was treated most [honorably]…"<n>Ibn Battuta, Voyages, 1332–1346 C.E.<n>Compared to the observations expressed in the excerpt, Mongol administration of its Russian domains in the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. differed in that it<n>A.was only tolerant of Orthodox Christianity, while the Mongol administration in China favored many religious traditions<n>B.relied heavily on tribute from the Russian principalities, while the Mongol administration in China emulated a centralized Chinese bureaucratic state<n>C.was viewed favorably by its subjects, while the Mongol administration in China encountered immense domestic unrest<n>D.stimulated Russian export of trade goods to China, while the Mongol administration in China intentionally curtailed Chinese economic activity[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.<n>When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."<n>Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.<n>Which of the following developments from the period 1750–1900 C.E. most directly undid the trade patterns mentioned in the first paragraph?<n>A.The discovery of certain goods that the Chinese were interested in purchasing from European merchants<n>B.Enlightenment revolutions in Europe and the Americas<n>C.The Industrial Revolution<n>D.The colonization of Africa[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>An Act to place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of Prohibited Immigrants.<n>…<n>3. The immigration into the Commonwealth of the persons described in any of the following paragraphs in this section (hereinafter called "prohibited immigrants") is prohibited, namely<n>(a) Any person who when asked to do so by an officer fails to write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer;<n>(b) Any person in the opinion of the Minister or of an officer to become a charge upon the public or upon any public or charitable organisation;<n>…<n>(g) Any persons under a contract or agreement to perform manual labour within the Commonwealth: Provided that this paragraph shall not apply to workmen exempted by the Minister for special skill required by Australia…<n>Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 (Australia)<n>Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof;<n>Therefore,<n>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or having so come after the expiration of said ninety days to remain within the United States.<n>SEC. 2. That the master of every vessel who shall knowingly bring within the United States on such vessel, and land or permit to be landed, any Chinese laborer, from any foreign port or place, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars for each and every such Chinese laborer so brought, and may be also imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year….<n>Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (United States)<n>The emphasis on language in the first passage is most safely interpreted as<n>A.a concern for high educational standards in a rapidly growing society.<n>B.a tactic allowing the exclusion of non-Europeans without referring directly to race.<n>C.a measure to ensure that all immigrants possessed useful expertise.<n>D.an attempt to bar all immigrants regardless of origin.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>This ruler of Syria made me spend many years as commander of his army,<n>Every land to which I turned<n>I overcame.<n>I destroyed its green fields and its wells,<n>I captured its cattle, I took captive its inhabitants, I deprived them of their provisions,<n>and I slew [many] people…by my sword, my bow, my marchings, and my good devices.<n>Thus my excellence was in his heart; he loved me and he knew my valor;<n>…he set me at the head of his sons, when he saw the success of my handiwork.<n>There came a champion of Syria<n>to defy me in my tent;<n>a bold man without equal, for he had vanquished all his rivals.<n>He said, "Let Sanehat fight with me."<n>He thought to overcome me; he designed to take my cattle, thus being counseled by his tribe.<n>The Tale of Sanehat, Egyptian poem written during the Middle Kingdom, ca.1800 B.C.E.<n>Which of the following best describes the most common political significance of conflict between states to the rulers of early civilizations?<n>A.Victories against outsiders granted legitimacy to leaders of states.<n>B.Victories against outsiders provided slaves whose labor sustained agricultural systems.<n>C.Victories against outsiders demonstrated the power of divinities over other gods.<n>D.Victories against outsiders allowed leaders of states to incorporate the elites of the subjugated into the conquering power.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.<n>When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."<n>Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.<n>Which of the following developments from the period 1450–1750 C.E. most directly undid the trade patterns mentioned in the first paragraph?<n>A.The eastward expansion of Russia<n>B.The Portuguese conquest of India<n>C.The establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate<n>D.The Spanish conquest of Mexico[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Purusa-Sukta"<n>Purusa is the lord of the immortals, who grow by means of [ritual] food. When the gods performed a sacrifice with the offering Purusa, spring was its clarified butter, summer the kindling, autumn the oblation.<n>It was Purusa, born in the beginning, which they sprinkled on the sacred grass as a sacrifice. It made the beasts of the air, the forest and the village. From that sacrifice completely offered, the mantras [Rig Veda] and the songs [Samaveda] were born. The sacrificial formulae [Yajurveda] were born from it. From it the horses were born and all that have cutting teeth in both jaws. The cows were born from it, also. From it were born goats and sheep.<n>When they divided Purusa, how many ways did they apportion him? What was his mouth? What were his arms? What were his thighs, his feet declared to be? His mouth was the Brahman, his arms were the Rajanaya [Ksatriya], his thighs the Vaisya; from his feet the Sudra was born. Thus, they fashioned the worlds. The gods sacrificed with the sacrifice to the sacrifice. These were the first rites.<n>—Hymns excerpted and adapted from the Rig Veda, oldest surviving literary work, India, 1500–1000 BCE<n>Which of the following statements is supported by the information in the passage above?<n>A.The caste system was a purely social construct that reflected its time period.<n>B.The caste system was encouraged by regional princes to reinforce social stability.<n>C.The caste system reinforced Indian identity in the face of Muslim invaders.<n>D.The caste system was integral to the Hindu religion, transcending historical eras.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Article 1<n>The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.<n>"Article 2<n>The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them.<n>"Article 3<n>In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack…<n>"Article 5<n>The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area."<n>North Atlantic Treaty, April 4, 1949<n>The North Atlantic Treaty in the passage above most clearly supports which of the following concepts?<n>A.Capitalism<n>B.Collective defense<n>C.Mutually assured destruction<n>D.Communism[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Questions to the passage below, an account given to a French officer in Algeria in the 1830s by a member of an Arab slave trade caravan.<n>The Slave Trade<n>All of you [soldiers], are summoned . . . to hunt the idolatrous Koholanes [a pejorative word for "black Africans"]. . . . The soldiery divided themselves into two companies . . . with orders to attack places without defenses and to carry off the inhabitants as well as seizing all peasants busy cultivating their fields. . . . Whilst waiting for the return of the companies despatched to hunt Negroes, we went every day to the slave market where we bought at the following prices:<n>A Negro with beard………………10 or 15,000 cowries.<n>They are not considered as merchandise since one has little chance of preventing them from escaping.<n>An adult Negress………………..10 or 15,000 cowries for the same reasons<n>An adolescent Negro………………….30,000 cowries<n>A young Negress ……………………50–60,000 cowries<n>The price varies according to whether she is more or less beautiful.<n>A male Negro child……………………..45,000 cowries<n>A female Negro child ……………………….35–40,000 cowries<n>Finally, our caravan which had set out from Algeria with sixty-four camels and only sixteen persons, was now augmented by four hundred slaves, of whom three hundred were women. . . . It was at this point that suddenly a confused noise of cries and sobs passed from one group of slaves to another and reached our own. . . . Some rolled on the ground, clung to bushes and absolutely refused to walk. . . . They could only be got up with mighty lashes of the whip and by rendering them completely bloody.<n>Which statement best supports the argument that religion played a role in the Arab slave trade?<n>A.Seizing all peasants busy cultivating their fields<n>B.With orders to attack places without defenses<n>C.Four hundred slaves, of whom three hundred were women<n>D.All of you [soldiers], are summoned . . . to hunt the idolatrous Koholanes[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The greatest contribution that Africa can make to the peace of the world is to avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity, by creating a political union which will also by its success, stand as an example to a divided world. A Union of African states will project more effectively the African personality. It will command respect from a world that has regard only for size and influence. The scant attention paid to African opposition to the French atomic tests in the Sahara, and the ignominious spectacle of the U.N. in the Congo quibbling about constitutional niceties while the Republic was tottering into anarchy, are evidence of the callous disregard of African Independence by the Great Powers."<n>Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanian leader, 1961<n>The passage is most clearly an example of which of the following?<n>A.Responses to failed unification attempts in Africa<n>B.A plea for the United Nations to intervene in Africa<n>C.A proposal to increase the standing of Africa in the modern world<n>D.Ardent opposition to the influence of capitalism in Africa[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Whether the question be to continue or to discontinue the practice of sati, the decision is equally surrounded by an awful responsibility. To consent to the consignment year after year of hundreds of innocent victims to a cruel and untimely end, when the power exists of preventing it, is a predicament which no conscience can contemplate without horror. But, on the other hand, to put to hazard by a contrary course the very safety of the British Empire in India is an alternative which itself may be considered a still greater evil. When we had powerful neighbours and greater reason to doubt our own security, expediency might recommend a more cautious proceeding, but now that we are supreme my opinion is decidedly in favour of an open and general prohibition.<n>William Bentinck, Govenor-General of India, "On the Suppression of Sati," 1829<n>I have made it my study to examine the nature and character of the Indians [who trade with us], and however repugnant it may be to our feelings, I am convinced they must be ruled with a rod of iron, to bring and keep them in a proper state of subordination, and the most certain way to effect this is by letting them feel their dependence on [the foodstuffs and manufactured goods we sell them].<n>George Simpson, Head of Northern Department, Hudson's Bay Company, 1826<n>The first passage can be said to undermine which commonly held assumption about Western imperialism?<n>A.That European colonizers sometimes interfered with native religious practices<n>B.That European colonizers concerned themselves deeply with turning profits<n>C.That European colonizers were uniformly eager to force their cultural norms on native populations<n>D.That European colonizers often resorted to armed force to impose their will on imperial subjects[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Know the self to be sitting in the chariot, the body to be the chariot, the intellect the charioteer, and the mind the reins. He who has understanding, who is mindful and always pure, indeed reaches that place from whence he is not born again.<n>from the Upanishads, India, circa 600s–400s B.C.E.<n>Compared to the message communicated by the excerpt, Buddhist doctrine regarding reincarnation most resembled Hinduism in that it<n>A.retained the concept of karma.<n>B.proposed a heavenly existence after death.<n>C.rejected the validity of all gods.<n>D.mandated unquestioning obedience to the priestly class.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"To slacken the tempo would mean falling behind. And those who fall behind get beaten. But we do not want to be beaten. No, we refuse to be beaten! One feature of the history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered because of her backwardness. She was beaten by the Mongol khans. She was beaten by the Turkish beys. She was beaten by the Swedish feudal lords. She was beaten by the Polish and Lithuanian gentry. She was beaten by the British and French capitalists. She was beaten by the Japanese barons. All beat her––because of her backwardness, because of her military backwardness, cultural backwardness, political backwardness, industrial backwardness, agricultural backwardness. They beat her because it was profitable and could be done with impunity. You remember the words of the pre-revolutionary poet: "You are poor and abundant, mighty and impotent, Mother Russia." Those gentlemen were quite familiar with the verses of the old poet. They beat her, saying: "You are abundant," so one can enrich oneself at your expense. They beat her, saying: "You are poor and impotent," so you can be beaten and plundered with impunity. Such is the law of the exploiters––to beat the backward and the weak. It is the jungle law of capitalism. You are backward, you are weak––therefore you are wrong; hence you can be beaten and enslaved. You are mighty––therefore you are right; hence we must be wary of you.<n>That is why we must no longer lag behind."<n>Joseph Stalin, speech delivered at the first All-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry, February 4, 1931<n>Stalin's speech is most strongly influenced by which of the following?<n>A.Appeasement<n>B.Fascism<n>C.Communism<n>D.Secret treaties[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth and very frequently has been brought to our ears, namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race utterly alienated from God, a generation forsooth which has not directed its heart and has not entrusted its spirit to God, has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by the sword, pillage and fire; it has led away a part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion….The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismembered by them and deprived of territory so vast in extent that it cannot be traversed in a march of two months. On whom therefore is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you? You, upon whom above other nations God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to humble the hairy scalp of those who resist you.<n>Let the deeds of your ancestors move you and incite your minds to manly achievements; the glory and greatness of king Charles the Great, and of his son Louis, and of your other kings, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the pagans, and extended in these lands the territory of the holy church. Let the holy sepulchre of the Lord our Savior, which is possessed by unclean nations, especially incite you, and the holy places which are now treated with ignominy and irreverently polluted with their filthiness. Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, be not degenerate, but recall the valor of your progenitors.<n>Jerusalem is the navel of the world; the land is fruitful above others, like another paradise of delights. This the Redeemer of the human race has made illustrious by His advent, has beautified by residence, has consecrated by suffering, has redeemed by death, has glorified by burial. This royal city, therefore, situated at the center of the world, is now held captive by His enemies, and is in subjection to those who do not know God, to the worship of the heathens. She seeks therefore and desires to be liberated and does not cease to implore you to come to her aid. From you especially she asks succor, because, as we have already said, God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven."<n>Pope Urban II, Speech at the Council of Clermont as recorded by Robert the Monk, 1095 C.E.<n>Which of the following events was most directly the result of the speech presented above?<n>A.The failure of any Christian campaign to reclaim the Levant<n>B.The decline of Mediterranean trade routes<n>C.The conquest of Constantinople by Latin Christians<n>D.The decisive defeat of the Seljuk Turks by Byzantine forces[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Yi Yin sacrificed to the former king, and presented the heir-king reverently before the shrine of his grandfather. . . . Yi Yin then clearly described the virtue of the Meritorious Ancestor for the instruction of the young king.<n>"Oh! of old the former kings of Xia cultivated earnestly their virtue, and then there were no calamities from Heaven. The spirits of the hills and rivers were all in tranquility; and the birds and beasts enjoyed their existence according to their nature. But their descendant did not follow their example, and Heaven sent down calamities, using our ruler, who possessed of its favor. The attack on Xia may be traced to the orgies in Ming Tiao. . . . Our king of Shang brilliantly displayed his sagely prowess; for oppression he substituted his generous gentleness. Now your Majesty is entering on the inheritance of his virtue; all depends on how you commence your reign.<n>"Oh! the former king began with careful attention to the bonds that hold men together. . . . Revere these warnings in your person. . . . The ways of Heaven are not invariable: on the good-doer it sends down all blessings, and on the evil-doer it sends down all miseries. If you not be virtuous, be it in large things or in small, it will bring the ruin of your ancestral temple."<n>—Excerpted and adapted from the Shu Jing, 6th century BCE, China<n>Which phrase can be seen as a statement of the roots of Daoist beliefs?<n>A.Our king of Shang brilliantly displayed his sagely prowess.<n>B.The former king began with careful attention to the bonds that hold men together.<n>C.The birds and beasts . . . enjoyed their existence according to their nature.<n>D.The ways of Heaven are not invariable: on the good-doer it sends down all blessings.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is taken from testimony before Parliament.<n>Joshua Drake, called in; and Examined.<n>You say you would prefer moderate labour and lower wages; are you pretty comfortable upon your present wages?<n>—I have no wages, but two days a week at present; but when I am working at some jobs we can make a little, and at others we do very poorly.<n>When a child gets 3s. a week, does that go much towards its subsistence?<n>—No, it will not keep it as it should do.<n>Why do you allow your children to go to work at those places where they are ill-treated or over-worked?<n>—Necessity compels a man that has children to let them work.<n>Then you would not allow your children to go to those factories under the present system, if it was not from necessity?<n>—No.<n>—Testimony given before the Sadler Committee, 1831–32<n>Which style of government is most associated with limited regulations on business and working conditions similar to those described in the passage?<n>A.Laissez-faire<n>B.Totalitarian<n>C.Utilitarian<n>D.Corporatist[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us! And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity. This is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have this injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land! Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.<n>Lin Zexu, Chinese trade commissioner, letter to Queen Victoria, 1839<n>Which of the outcomes listed below followed the delivery of Lin Zexu's letter?<n>A.Chinese naval defeat and new trade terms more favorable to the West<n>B.A successful ban of the opium trade in all Chinese territories<n>C.Violent uprisings on the part of China's pro-British Muslim minority<n>D.The expulsion of all foreigners from Chinese territory[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>But the decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. . . . The victorious legions, who, in distant wars, acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries, first oppressed the freedom of the republic, and afterwards violated the majesty of the purple. The emperors, anxious for their personal safety and the public peace, were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy; the vigour of the military . . . was relaxed . . . ; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians.<n>—Adapted from Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon<n>The author of the above passage claims: "Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest." What does he mean by this?<n>A.The rulers became too rich and thus were overthrown.<n>B.The empire became too large to control effectively.<n>C.Decay begins the minute something begins to grow.<n>D.Conquest and prosperity are mutually exclusive.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Thereupon it was declared by the above-mentioned representatives of the aforesaid King and Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, Granada, etc., and of the aforesaid King of Portugal and the Algarves, etc.:<n>[I.] That, whereas a certain controversy exists between the said lords, their constituents, as to what lands, of all those discovered in the ocean sea up to the present day, the date of this treaty, pertain to each one of the said parts respectively; therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal for the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., it being the pleasure of their Highnesses, they, their said representatives, acting in their name and by virtue of their powers herein described, covenanted and agreed that a boundary or straight line be determined and drawn north and south, from pole to pole, on the said ocean sea, from the Arctic to the Antarctic pole. This boundary or line shall be drawn straight, as aforesaid, at a distance of three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, being calculated by degrees, or by any other manner as may be considered the best and readiest, provided the distance shall be no greater than abovesaid. And all lands, both islands and mainlands, found and discovered already, or to be found and discovered hereafter, by the said King of Portugal and by his vessels on this side of the said line and bound determined as above, toward the east, in either north or south latitude, on the eastern side of the said bound provided the said bound is not crossed, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King of Portugal and his successors. And all other lands, both islands and mainlands, found or to be found hereafter, discovered or to be discovered hereafter, which have been discovered or shall be discovered by the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., and by their vessels, on the western side of the said bound, determined as above, after having passed the said bound toward the west, in either its north or south latitude, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King and Queen of Castile, Leon, etc., and to their successors."<n>Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494<n>Which of the following inferences best explains the reason the King of Portugal insisted on Portuguese control of territory east of the demarcation line?<n>A.Portuguese explorers were convinced that the route to the New World was easier traveled by going east.<n>B.The Portuguese desired to continue the crusades against the Mamelukes who controlled the Holy Land.<n>C.The Portuguese desired control of the wealthy lands of Mexico.<n>D.The Portuguese knew of a route to India via the Cape of Good Hope in the south of Africa.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Both authors below were speaking of the French Revolution.<n>It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.<n>There were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face, on the throne of England; there were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a fair face, on the throne of France. In both countries it was clearer than crystal . . . that things in general were settled for ever.<n>—A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens<n>Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive. But to be young was very heaven.<n>—The Prelude, by William Wordsworth<n>One similarity between the French Revolution and the American Revolution is that both were responses to which of the following?<n>A.Transformation of the social class structure<n>B.Unfair systems of taxation<n>C.New proposed political structures<n>D.The privileges and influence of religious leaders[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Oh, shame on you, poor Winter King!<n>What's this that you have done?<n>Is 't not a very naughty thing<n>To snatch the kaiser's crown?<n>Now you will have to stay away<n>Alike from Rhine and Prague,<n>And more than that-shame and dismay<n>Your days and nights will plague.<n>Right well you knew, and all the world,<n>Right well they know this thing,<n>That Ferdinand alone can be<n>Bohemia's lawful king.<n>So come, dear Fritz, rouse up and go<n>To Ferdinand, your king,<n>And beg him graciously to show<n>Full pardon for your sin.<n>"Poor Winter King," seventeenth-century song<n>Which of the following events inspired the composition of this song?<n>A.Peace of Augsburg<n>B.War of Spanish Succession<n>C.Edict of Nantes<n>D.Thirty Years' War[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"The Sovereign Congress of Venezuela, to which authority the people of the Republic of the New Granada have voluntarily stood by.<n>Considering:<n>1. "That united in a single Republic, the provinces of Venezuela and the New Granada have all proportions and ways to elevate themselves to a higher grade of power and prosperity.<n>2. "That constituted in separate republics, for any more stronger the ties that these have united them, so far from taking advantages of so many advantages, they would hardly consolidate and make respect their sovereignty.<n>3. "That these truths, highly penetrated by superior talented men and of an enlightened patriotism, had moved the governments of both republics to convene in a reunion that the vicissitudes of wars decreed and decree the following fundamental Law of the Republic of Colombia:<n>ARTICLE 1. The Republics of Venezuela and New Granada are from this day on united in a single one under the glorious title of Republic of Colombia….<n>ARTICLE 4. The Executive Power of the Republic will be vested on the President and in case of his defect a Vice President and his replacement will be appointed interimly by the acting Congress."<n>Fundamental Law Establishing Gran Colombia, passed by the Congress of Angostura convened by Simon Bolivar, 1819<n>Source 2:<n>"IN THE NAME OF THE HOLY TRINITY.<n>TITLE 1 - Of the Empire of Brazil, its Territories, Government, dynasty, and Religion.<n>Art. 1. The EMPIRE of Brazil is the political association for all Brazilian citizens. These will form a free and independent nation, and will not form any other union or federation, which may cause it to lose its own Independence.<n>Art. 2. Its territory is divided into provinces in the form in which it currently finds itself; these may be subdivided, as is required for the good of the state.<n>Art. 3. Its government is a Hereditary Monarchy, constitutional, and Representative.<n>Art. 4. The prevailing dynasty is that of the Lord Dom Pedro I, the sitting Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.<n>Art. 5. The Catholic Apostolic Roman Religion will continue to be the religion of the Empire. Followers of all other religions are allowed to worship within their households, or particular houses for that intent, so long as there is nothing indicating this on the exterior of the Temple."<n>Constitution of the Empire of Brazil, March 25, 1824<n>Taken together, the two sources best illustrate which of the following aspects of political philosophy in the period circa 1750–1900 C.E.?<n>A.Constitutions around the world decreed representative governments for their citizens.<n>B.Monarchs exerted a great deal of influence in their nations' governments.<n>C.Military dictatorships often supplanted democratic governments.<n>D.Industrialization propelled societies to demand more social obligations from their governments.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>This great purity of the French Revolution is precisely what causes both our strength and our weakness. Our strength, because it gives to us rights of the public interest over private interests; our weakness, because it rallies all vicious men against us. We must smother the internal and external enemies of the Republic or perish with it; now in this situation, the first maxim of your policy ought to be to lead the people by reason and the people's enemies by terror. Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue; it is not so much a special principle as it is a consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to our country's most urgent needs.<n>French revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre, 1794<n>The passage above appears to articulate which of the following political principles?<n>A.From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs<n>B.Might makes right<n>C.The end justifies the means<n>D.The government is best that governs least[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Indeed, as both the fatwas of distinguished [scholars] who base their opinion on reason and tradition alike and the consensus of the Sunni community agree that the ancient obligation of extirpation, extermination, and expulsion of evil innovation must be the aim of our exalted aspiration, for "Religious zeal is a victory for the Faith of God the Beneficent"; then, in accordance with the words of the Prophet (Peace upon him!) "Whosoever introduces evil innovation into our order must be expelled" and "Whosoever does aught against our order must be expelled," action has become necessary and exigent…"<n>Letter from Ottoman Sultan Selim I to Safavid Shah Ismail I, 1514<n>The Safavids drew the ire of Islamic empires such as the Ottoman and the Mughal Empires primarily because the Safavids<n>A.were an expansionist empire geographically located between two other expansionists<n>B.rejected the central tenets of Islam<n>C.enslaved Christians, and turned them into Safavid fighters<n>D.Ismail proclaimed himself to be a Caliph[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>I don't know whether this world has meaning that transcends it. But I know that I do not know that meaning, and that it is impossible just now for me to know it. What can a meaning outside my condition mean to me? I can understand only in human terms.<n>Albert Camus, "The Myth of Sisyphus," 1955<n>The author of the above passage was most associated with which of the following movements?<n>A.Existentialism<n>B.Religious fundamentalism<n>C.New age syncretism<n>D.Liberation theology[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails."<n>Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, ca. 1513 C.E.<n>The political philosophy espoused in the text above is different from those of the medieval period in which of the following ways?<n>A.It accepted the notion that monarchs were justified in asserting their authority.<n>B.It was a pragmatic rather than an ethical or religious ideology.<n>C.It stressed the importance of looking back to the classical past.<n>D.It did not rely upon strong concepts of equality across class boundaries.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Al-Zawawi also said 'This sultan Musa told me that at a town called ZKRY he has a copper mine from which ingots are brought to BYTY. "There is nothing in my kingdom, Musa said, on which a duty is levied except this crude copper which is brought in. Duty is collected on this and on nothing else. We send it to the land of the pagan Sudan and sell it for two-thirds of its weight in gold, so that we sell 100 measures of this copper for 66 2/3 measures of gold.' He also stated that there are pagan nations in his kingdom from whom he does not collect the tribute (jizya) but whom he simply employs in extracting the gold from its deposits. The gold is extracted by digging pits about a man's height in depth and the gold is found embedded in the sides of the pits or sometimes collected at the bottom of them."<n>From N. Levtzion & J.F.P. Hopkins, eds. Corpus of Early<n>Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge<n>University Press, 1981. Reprinted with permission of<n>Cambridge University Press.<n>Al' Umari, ca. 1300–1384<n>Which of the following best accounts for the spread of Islam to the lands of the kingdom of Mali?<n>A.Muslim missionaries who came from Southern Africa.<n>B.Trade contacts who came from the north across the Sahara.<n>C.Berber armies who conquered the former kingdom of Ghana.<n>D.Pressure from Christian Ethiopia caused the king of Mali to seek Muslim allies.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>He contains all works and desires and all perfumes and all tastes. He enfolds the whole universe and in silence is loving to all. This is the Spirit that is in my heart, this is Brahman. To him I shall come when I go beyond this life, and to him will come he who has faith and doubts not.<n>—The Upanishads, India, c. 1000 BCE<n>Based on the quotation, what is true of Brahman?<n>A.He is found everywhere and contained in everything.<n>B.He resides in a form of paradise, like Heaven.<n>C.He is found only inside the hearts of the faithful.<n>D.He is a vengeful God, punishing those who sin.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Purusa-Sukta"<n>Purusa is the lord of the immortals, who grow by means of [ritual] food. When the gods performed a sacrifice with the offering Purusa, spring was its clarified butter, summer the kindling, autumn the oblation.<n>It was Purusa, born in the beginning, which they sprinkled on the sacred grass as a sacrifice. It made the beasts of the air, the forest and the village. From that sacrifice completely offered, the mantras [Rig Veda] and the songs [Samaveda] were born. The sacrificial formulae [Yajurveda] were born from it. From it the horses were born and all that have cutting teeth in both jaws. The cows were born from it, also. From it were born goats and sheep.<n>When they divided Purusa, how many ways did they apportion him? What was his mouth? What were his arms? What were his thighs, his feet declared to be? His mouth was the Brahman, his arms were the Rajanaya [Ksatriya], his thighs the Vaisya; from his feet the Sudra was born. Thus, they fashioned the worlds. The gods sacrificed with the sacrifice to the sacrifice. These were the first rites.<n>—Hymns excerpted and adapted from the Rig Veda, oldest surviving literary work, India, 1500–1000 BCE<n>Which element of the Hindu religion can this passage be used to explain?<n>A.The only requirement for salvation being faith<n>B.The importance of environmental stewardship<n>C.The importance of sacrifice to the gods<n>D.The emphasis on karma, or right actions, to achieve enlightenment[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>As for their men there is no sexual jealousy in them. And none of them derives his genealogy from his father but, on the contrary, from his maternal uncle. A man does not pass on inheritance except to the sons of his sister to the exclusion of his own sons. . . . They are Muslims keeping to the prayers, studying fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and learning the Qur'an by heart. With regard to their women, they are not modest in the presence of men; they do not veil themselves in spite of their perseverance in the prayers. He who wishes to marry among them can marry, but the women do not travel with the husband, and if one of them wanted to do that, she would be prevented by her family. The women there have friends and companions amongst men outside the prohibited degrees of marriage [i.e., other than brothers, fathers, etc.]. Likewise for the men, there are companions from amongst women outside the prohibited degrees. One of them would enter his house to find his wife with her companion and would not disapprove of that conduct.<n>—Adapted from an account by Ibn Battuta of his travels in Mali during the 1300s<n>What was the likely cause of women not wearing the veil?<n>A.They were probably rebelling against the oppression of women in Islam.<n>B.It was a continuation of a preexisting cultural pattern.<n>C.As sexual objects, they were prevented from veiling themselves.<n>D.The climate of Mali makes veiling women impractical.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"MAHATMA GANDHI'S MESSAGE.<n>REMAIN NON-VIOLENT<n>The following message was sent by Mahatma Gandhi from Waltair:—<n>Maulana Mohamed AH was arrested at Waltair under sections 107 and 108 to be called upon to give security, to be of good behaviour for one year. The place and date of trial is unknown.<n>The Begum Saheba and Mr. Hayat were permitted to see him after arrest.<n>He and I were going to address a meeting outside the station. He was arrested. I continued going to the meeting and addressed them. There is no cause for sorrow, but every cause for congratulation. There should be no hartal. Perfect peace and calmness should be observed. I regard the arrest as a prelude to Swaraj and the redress of the Khilafat and the Punjab wrongs, if we can remain non-violent. Retain Hindu-Muslim Unity despite the madness of some Moplahs, and fulfil the Swadeshi programme.<n>I hope every Indian, man or woman, will completely boycott foreign cloth and take up spinning or weaving during every spare minute.<n>By striving like the Maulana, be insistent on religious and national rights.<n>Let us earn imprisonment. I am conscious of the Maulana's innocence and I am sure the imprisonment of the innocent will enable the nation to reach the cherished goal."<n>Mohandas Gandhi, The Pilgrims' March, 1921<n>Which of the following historical developments most assisted the ultimate success of the boycott mentioned in the fifth paragraph?<n>A.Pressure on colonial powers by the Soviet Union to retreat from their colonies<n>B.The Great Depression that started in 1929<n>C.The decolonization process already underway in Africa<n>D.World War II[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the capital of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way as to impoverish the less developed.<n>Non-alignment, as practiced by Ghana and many other countries, is based on co-operation with all States whether they be capitalist, socialist or have a mixed economy. Such a policy, therefore, involves foreign investment from capitalist countries, but it must be invested in accordance with a national plan drawn up by the government of the non-aligned State with its own interests in mind. The issue is not what return the foreign investor receives on his investments…The question is one of power. A State in the grip of neo-colonialism is not master of its own destiny."<n>Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism, 1965<n>Which of the following would most directly result from the foreign investment from capitalist countries mentioned in the second paragraph?<n>A.The establishment of formal control over previous colonies by colonial powers<n>B.The establishment of successful democratic regimes in targets of foreign investment<n>C.The development of globalization and the spread of culture through consumerism<n>D.The reduction of political instability and unrest in former colonies[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Seizing me, he led me down to the House of Darkness…<n>To the house where those who enter do not come out,<n>Along the road of no return,<n>To the house where those who dwell, do without light,<n>Where dirt is their drink, their food is of clay…<n>Where light cannot be seen. They dwell in the dark,<n>And upon the door and bolt, there lies dust.<n>from Tablet VII, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumeria, ca. 2100 B.C.E.<n>Truth is good and its worth is lasting.<n>It has not been disturbed since the day of its creator,<n>Whereas he who transgresses its ordinances is punished.<n>It lies as a path in front of even him who knows nothing.<n>Wrongdoing has never yet brought its venture to port…<n>Those whom the gods guide cannot lose themselves.<n>Those to whom they forbid passage will not be able to cross the river of life.<n>from The Maxims of Ptahhotep, Egypt, ca. 2400 B.C.E.<n>The above texts are best understood in the context of which of the following?<n>A.The use of religion to justify gender relations<n>B.The use of religion to enforce legal norms<n>C.The use of religion to ponder conceptions of the afterlife<n>D.The use of religion to explain social hierarchy[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>I walk alongside the column, ask what's going on.<n>A soldier says simply: "They call up more every day.<n>"Some of us were sent north to the Yellow River at age fifteen,<n>And now at forty we're heading off to the garrisons in the west.<n>On our first tour, the village headman had to tie our bandannas for us.<n>When we came back, our hair was white, but still there's more unrest.<n>The frontier garrisons run with blood, enough to fill an ocean,<n>But the Martial Emperor's territorial ambitions have yet to crest.<n>In the hundred districts east of the mountains, throughout the land of Han,<n>There must be ten thousand villages that brambles now infest.<n>Even if wives are strong enough to handle a hoe and plow,<n>The crops grow every which way, the fields are all a mess.<n>It's hardest for the Shanxi men, with their reputations as fighters:<n>They're rounded up like dogs or chickens, every male impressed.<n>"But sir, though it's good of you to ask,<n>Complaining isn't part of the soldier's task.<n>We can only shake our heads. Take this winter:<n>The Shanxi troops were never sent home.<n>The District Officers are demanding the land tax,<n>But where will it come from? You can't get blood from a stone!<n>I honestly think it's bad luck to bear a son now,<n>It's better to have a daughter: at least she can marry<n>And live with the neighbors next door.<n>But a son will end up lying on some distant prairie."<n>Du Fu, "Ballad of the Army Carts," ca. 750 C.E.<n>The poem provides evidence of which of the following as a major cause of later Tang decline?<n>A.Discontent among the peasantry due to oppressive taxation<n>B.Foreign invasion of the Tang heartlands<n>C.The spread of Buddhism and Taoism as a reaction to state-sponsored Confucianism<n>D.An ineffective bureaucracy and poor leadership[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"Moreover, Sir, in our Kingdoms there is another great inconvenience which is of little service to God, and this is that many of our people, keenly desirous as they are of the wares and things of your Kingdoms, which are brought here by your people, and in order to satisfy their voracious appetite, seize many of our people, freed and exempt men, and very often it happens that they kidnap even noblemen and our relatives, and take them to be sold to the white men who are in our kingdoms."<n>Letter from King Afonso I of Kongo to King John III of Portugal, 1526<n>Source 2:<n>"This expedition has cost us much: it would be unreasonable to send it home with empty hands. Although our [principal] wish is to serve God and the pleasure of the king of Kongo, none the less you will make him understand—as though speaking in our name—what he should do to fill the ships, whether with slaves, or copper, or ivory."<n>Instructions from King Manuel of Portugal to his envoy in Kongo, 1512<n>The tone of the first letter best reflects which of the following developments in early modern Africa?<n>A.A growing dependence on trade with Europe for manufactured goods<n>B.Vigorous resistance to European expeditions of conquest<n>C.The establishment of Portuguese trading posts along the coastline<n>D.The consolidation of states along the Atlantic coast of Africa[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"The Sovereign Congress of Venezuela, to which authority the people of the Republic of the New Granada have voluntarily stood by.<n>Considering:<n>1. "That united in a single Republic, the provinces of Venezuela and the New Granada have all proportions and ways to elevate themselves to a higher grade of power and prosperity.<n>2. "That constituted in separate republics, for any more stronger the ties that these have united them, so far from taking advantages of so many advantages, they would hardly consolidate and make respect their sovereignty.<n>3. "That these truths, highly penetrated by superior talented men and of an enlightened patriotism, had moved the governments of both republics to convene in a reunion that the vicissitudes of wars decreed and decree the following fundamental Law of the Republic of Colombia:<n>ARTICLE 1. The Republics of Venezuela and New Granada are from this day on united in a single one under the glorious title of Republic of Colombia….<n>ARTICLE 4. The Executive Power of the Republic will be vested on the President and in case of his defect a Vice President and his replacement will be appointed interimly by the acting Congress."<n>Fundamental Law Establishing Gran Colombia, passed by the Congress of Angostura convened by Simon Bolivar, 1819<n>Source 2:<n>"IN THE NAME OF THE HOLY TRINITY.<n>TITLE 1 - Of the Empire of Brazil, its Territories, Government, dynasty, and Religion.<n>Art. 1. The EMPIRE of Brazil is the political association for all Brazilian citizens. These will form a free and independent nation, and will not form any other union or federation, which may cause it to lose its own Independence.<n>Art. 2. Its territory is divided into provinces in the form in which it currently finds itself; these may be subdivided, as is required for the good of the state.<n>Art. 3. Its government is a Hereditary Monarchy, constitutional, and Representative.<n>Art. 4. The prevailing dynasty is that of the Lord Dom Pedro I, the sitting Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.<n>Art. 5. The Catholic Apostolic Roman Religion will continue to be the religion of the Empire. Followers of all other religions are allowed to worship within their households, or particular houses for that intent, so long as there is nothing indicating this on the exterior of the Temple."<n>Constitution of the Empire of Brazil, March 25, 1824<n>Which of the following is most directly responsible for creating the constitutions above?<n>A.Nationalist movements advocating pan-Americanism<n>B.Revolts organized by provincial elites in Latin American nations<n>C.Aboriginal natives gathering the support of provincials to create constitutions<n>D.Colonial powers preparing their colonies for independence[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Is it not unity alone that can weld us into an effective force, capable of creating our own progress and making our valuable contribution to world peace? Which independent African state will claim that its financial structure and banking institutions are fully harnessed to its national development? Which will claim that its material resources and human energies are available for its own national aspirations? We are fast learning that political independence is not enough to rid us of the consequences of colonial rule. We have been too busy nursing our separate states to understand fully the basic need for union, rooted in common purpose, common planning and common endeavour.<n>Ghana's president, Kwame Nkrumah, addressing the Organization of African Unity, 1963<n>Which of the following factors was most important in preventing the fulfillment of the political dreams described in the passage?<n>A.A lack of common ethnicity, language, or religion<n>B.The spread of communism throughout the continent<n>C.Armed intervention on the part of the Cold War superpowers<n>D.Africa's shortage of natural resources[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"At least one of the [world's] societies would have to somehow enormously increase its productivity [in order to achieve global hegemony]. That quantum jump would have to be made before the various scientific, technological, agricultural, and industrial revolutions on which our post-quantum-leap world rests. It could only be accomplished by exploiting the ecosystems, mineral resources, and human assets of whole continents outside the lands of the society making the jump. Western Europe did just that by means of its brutality and guns and, more important, by geographical and ecological luck."<n>Copyright © 2015 Cambridge University Press.<n>Alfred Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism, 2004<n>Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following contributed LEAST to Western European global hegemony between 1450 and 1750 C.E.?<n>A.The exchange of food sources between the Americas and Europe<n>B.Refinement of gunpowder technologies<n>C.The development and application of steam-powered technologies<n>D.The implementation of joint-stock companies[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. But there is more. As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny…We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, every one should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty."<n>Simón de Bolívar, Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819<n>The passage is best understood in the context of which of the following political movements?<n>A.The fight for workers' rights in Central America<n>B.The fight for independence in South America<n>C.The fight for economic justice in the Caribbean<n>D.The fight for political autonomy in the Philippines[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is the Chinese emperor's response to English King George III's diplomatic envoys, who were seeking expanded trading privileges (1793).<n>Strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. . . . As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures. It behooves you, O King, to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity.<n>What was the impact of European demand for Chinese goods?<n>A.The Portuguese increased their international power and prestige.<n>B.The British shifted their focus for trade and colonization to Japan.<n>C.The bulk of the world's silver supply moved to China.<n>D.The British sought control of the Malacca Strait.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Chinese are all infidels: they worship images, and burn their dead just like the [Hindus]. The King of China is a Tartar, and one of the descendants of [Ghenghis] Khan…In all the Chinese provinces, there is a town for the [Muslims], and in this they reside. They also have cells, colleges, and mosques, and are made much of by the Kings of China…<n>When we approached this city [of Hangzhou] we were met by its judge, the [elders] of Islamism, and the great merchants. The [Muslims] are exceedingly numerous here. This whole city is surrounded by a wall: each of the six [districts of Hangzhou] is also surrounded by a wall. In the first reside the guards, with their commander. I was told that, in the muster-rolls, these amount to twelve thousand…In the second division are the Jews, Christians, and the Turks who worship the sun: these are numerous, their number is not known: and theirs is the most beautiful city. Their streets are well disposed, and their great men are exceedingly wealthy. There are in the city a great number of [Muslims], with some of whom I resided for fifteen days; and was treated most [honorably]…"<n>Ibn Battuta, Voyages, 1332–1346 C.E.<n>The observations expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence for which of the following in Yuan China?<n>A.Policies of religious toleration<n>B.Instatement of foreigners as provincial administrators<n>C.Mongol assimilation into Chinese culture<n>D.Military pressures from internal unrest[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The greatest contribution that Africa can make to the peace of the world is to avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity, by creating a political union which will also by its success, stand as an example to a divided world. A Union of African states will project more effectively the African personality. It will command respect from a world that has regard only for size and influence. The scant attention paid to African opposition to the French atomic tests in the Sahara, and the ignominious spectacle of the U.N. in the Congo quibbling about constitutional niceties while the Republic was tottering into anarchy, are evidence of the callous disregard of African Independence by the Great Powers."<n>Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanian leader, 1961<n>Which of the following explains why Nkrumah feels Africa must "avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity"?<n>A.African nations will not achieve independence without unity.<n>B.Disunity is what originally led many African nations into disarray.<n>C.The African continent has already experienced its share of civil wars.<n>D.The world community sees power as a function of size and influence.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Literacy rates among the Russian-speaking population of late Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, 1897–1955<n>Literacy Rate<n>1897  24%<n>1917  45%<n>1926  56%<n>1937  75%<n>1939  81.10%<n>1955  99.90%<n>Source: Census data and Soviet Ministry of Education<n>A historian sympathetic to Soviet communism would most likely use the chart as evidence to support which of the following propositions?<n>A.The ideals of the Russian Revolution were betrayed by the Leninist and Stalinist regimes.<n>B.Lenin and Stalin vastly improved Russian military preparedness.<n>C.Communism has been made to work more efficiently in Russia than in China.<n>D.Despite abuses on the part of Lenin and Stalin, the Soviet regime managed significant achievements.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Upon their arrival they were honorably and graciously received by the grand Khan, in a full assembly of his principal officers. When they drew nigh to his person, they paid their respects by prostrating themselves on the floor. He immediately commanded them to rise, and to relate to him the circumstances of their travels, with all that had taken place in their negotiation with his holiness the pope. To their narrative, which they gave in the regular order of events, and delivered in perspicuous language, he listened with attentive silence. The letters and the presents from pope Gregory were then laid before him, and, upon hearing the former read, he bestowed much commendation on the fidelity, the zeal, and the diligence of his ambassadors; and receiving with due reverence the oil from the holy sepulchre, he gave directions that it should be preserved with religious care. Upon his observing Marco Polo, and inquiring who he was, Nicolo made answer, This is your servant, and my son; upon which the grand Khan replied, "He is welcome, and it pleases me much," and he caused him to be enrolled amongst his attendants of honor. And on account of their return he made a great feast and rejoicing; and as long as the said brothers and Marco remained in the court of the grand Khan, they were honored even above his own courtiers. Marco was held in high estimation and respect by all belonging to the court. He learnt in a short time and adopted the manners of the Tartars, and acquired a proficiency in four different languages, which he became qualified to read and write."<n>Marco Polo's Travels, ca. 1300 C.E.<n>The encounter described in the account above illustrates which of the following?<n>A.The economic dominance of the Ottoman Empire<n>B.The influence of Middle Eastern religious beliefs on the peoples of South Asia<n>C.The lack of cooperation among major political groups in the High Middle Ages<n>D.Amiable cultural exchange between Europe and Asia[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. But there is more. As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny…We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, every one should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty."<n>Simón de Bolívar, Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819<n>Simón de Bolívar, the author of the passage, accomplished which of the following?<n>A.The first union of independent Latin American states<n>B.The first military victory of the War of 1812<n>C.The first military victory of the Spanish-American War<n>D.The first political coup by someone of mixed-race descent[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The quicksilver mines of Huancavelica are where the poor Indians are so harshly punished, where they are tortured and so many Indians die; it is there that the noble caciques [headmen] of this kingdom are finished off and tortured. The same is true in all the other mines: the silver mines of Potosi [and others]….The owners and stewards of the mines, whether Spaniards, mestizos, or Indians, are such tyrants, with no fear of God or Justice, because they are not audited and are not inspected twice a year….<n>And they are not paid for the labor of traveling to and from the mines or for the time they spend at the mines. The Indians, under the pretext of mining chores, are made to spend their workdays herding cattle and conveying goods; they are sent off to the plains, and the Indians die. These Indians are not paid for their labor, and their work is kept hidden.<n>And [the mine owners] keep Indian cooking women in their residences; they use cooking as a pretext for taking concubines….And they oblige the Indians to accept corn or meat or chicha [corn beer]…at their own expense, and they deduct the price from their labor and their workdays. In this way, the Indians end up very poor and deep in debt, and they have no way to pay their tribute.<n>There is no remedy for all this, because any [colonial official] who enters comes to an agreement with the mine owners, and all the owners join forces in bribing him….Even the protector of the Indians is useless;…he [does not] warn Your Majesty or your royal Audiencia [court] about the harms done to the poor Indians."<n>Excerpt from The First New Chronicle and Good Government [abridged], by Felipe Guaman Poma de Alaya. Selected, translated, and annotated by David Frye. Copyright 2006 Hackett Publishing Company. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.<n>Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, The First New Chronicle and Good Government, ca. 1610<n>Which of the following changes to the Spanish policies towards Native Americans occurred on account of the practices described in the passage?<n>A.The replacement of native laborers in the mines with an almost exclusively African slave workforce<n>B.The foundation of viceroyalties to allow for more effective royal administration of native relations<n>C.The promulgation of royal decrees insisting on more humane treatment of the natives<n>D.The enfranchisement of all natives by local Spanish elites in the colonies[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>That day the Reverend Xuanzang was chosen from among all the monks. He had been a monk from infancy, and ever since birth he had eaten vegetarian food and observed the prohibitions. His maternal grandfather was an imperial commander, Yin Kaishan. His father Chen Guangrui had come top in the Palace Examination and had been appointed a grand secretary in the Imperial Library. Xuanzang, however, had no interest in honour and glory, and his only joy was to cultivate Nirvana. His virtue was great; of the thousand sutras and ten thousand holy books there was not a single one that he did not know.<n>…<n>He looked to the West and prayed, "I am the believer Chen Xuanzang sent on imperial orders to fetch the scriptures. If I am fated to have a disciple, may I be able to unseal the golden words and release the divine Monkey King to come with me to the Vulture Peak. If I am not fated to have a disciple, and this monkey is an evil monster who has deceived me and will do me no good, then may I be unable to remove the seal." When he had prayed he bowed again.<n>From Wu Chengen, Journey to the West, ca. 1590s<n>In which of the following ways does the excerpt above most complicate historians' understanding of the career of the Chinese monk and traveler Xuanzang?<n>A.It highly fictionalizes the story of Xuanzang's accomplishments.<n>B.It was written long after the time period in which Xuanzang lived.<n>C.It casts doubt on the actual existence of Xuanzang.<n>D.It is widely considered by scholars to be a forgery.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>As for their men there is no sexual jealousy in them. And none of them derives his genealogy from his father but, on the contrary, from his maternal uncle. A man does not pass on inheritance except to the sons of his sister to the exclusion of his own sons. . . . They are Muslims keeping to the prayers, studying fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and learning the Qur'an by heart. With regard to their women, they are not modest in the presence of men; they do not veil themselves in spite of their perseverance in the prayers. He who wishes to marry among them can marry, but the women do not travel with the husband, and if one of them wanted to do that, she would be prevented by her family. The women there have friends and companions amongst men outside the prohibited degrees of marriage [i.e., other than brothers, fathers, etc.]. Likewise for the men, there are companions from amongst women outside the prohibited degrees. One of them would enter his house to find his wife with her companion and would not disapprove of that conduct.<n>—Adapted from an account by Ibn Battuta of his travels in Mali during the 1300s<n>The most likely source of Islam in Mali came from<n>A.wandering Berber mystics.<n>B.conquering Mughal armies.<n>C.contact with Muslim trade caravans.<n>D.pilgrims to Islamic shrines in Ethiopia.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. But there is more. As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny…We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, every one should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty."<n>Simón de Bolívar, Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819<n>The author of this text expresses a belief in which of the following as requirements for a properly functioning legal system?<n>A.Truth and religion<n>B.Freedom and democracy<n>C.Intelligence and order<n>D.Morality and justice[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Purusa-Sukta"<n>Purusa is the lord of the immortals, who grow by means of [ritual] food. When the gods performed a sacrifice with the offering Purusa, spring was its clarified butter, summer the kindling, autumn the oblation.<n>It was Purusa, born in the beginning, which they sprinkled on the sacred grass as a sacrifice. It made the beasts of the air, the forest and the village. From that sacrifice completely offered, the mantras [Rig Veda] and the songs [Samaveda] were born. The sacrificial formulae [Yajurveda] were born from it. From it the horses were born and all that have cutting teeth in both jaws. The cows were born from it, also. From it were born goats and sheep.<n>When they divided Purusa, how many ways did they apportion him? What was his mouth? What were his arms? What were his thighs, his feet declared to be? His mouth was the Brahman, his arms were the Rajanaya [Ksatriya], his thighs the Vaisya; from his feet the Sudra was born. Thus, they fashioned the worlds. The gods sacrificed with the sacrifice to the sacrifice. These were the first rites.<n>—Hymns excerpted and adapted from the Rig Veda, oldest surviving literary work, India, 1500–1000 BCE<n>Which of the following would best contradict the argument that the caste system imposed rigid economic and social roles on Indian society in the period 600 BCE to 600 CE?<n>A.For there is nothing better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle.<n>B.The four divisions of human society are created by me [Krishna].<n>C.The person traditionally credited with composing the Mahabarata was born to a fisherwoman.<n>D.The Hindu God Shiva is considered to be simultaneously the creator, the preserver, and the destroyer.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The question as to who, and what, is responsible for African underdevelopment can be answered at two levels. Firstly, the answer is that the operation of the imperialist system bears major responsibility for African economic retardation by draining African wealth and by making it impossible to develop more rapidly the resources of the continent. Secondly, one has to deal with those who manipulate the system and those who are either agents or unwitting accomplices of the said system. The capitalists of Western Europe were the ones who actively extended their exploitation from inside Europe to cover the whole of Africa."<n>Walter Rodney, historian, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 1974<n>Rodney's argument in the passage is most likely a response to which of the following developments of the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.?<n>A.The colonization of the interior of Africa by European powers<n>B.The expansion of the African diaspora to the New World<n>C.The spread of Christianity into Sub-Saharan Africa<n>D.The importation of New World products into Africa[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following poem refers to an incident in Sharpeville, South Africa, in 1960. To protest the requirement that they carry papers documenting their identity and residence, black South Africans gathered in front of police stations without their papers. Though other protests ended peacefully, in Sharpeville, police fired into the crowd.<n>What is important<n>about Sharpeville<n>is not that seventy died:<n>nor even that they were shot in the back<n>retreating, unarmed, defenceless<n>and certainty not<n>the heavy caliber slug<n>that tore through a mother's back<n>and ripped through the child in her arms<n>killing it<n>Remember Sharpeville<n>bullet-in-the-back day<n>Because it epitomized oppression<n>and the nature of society<n>More clearly than anything else;<n>it was the classic event<n>Nowhere is racial dominance<n>more clearly defined<n>nowhere the will to oppress<n>more clearly demonstrated<n>What the world whispers<n>apartheid declares with snarling guns<n>the blood the rich lust after<n>South Africa spills dust<n>Remember Sharpeville<n>Remember bullet-in-the-back day<n>And remember the unquenchable will for freedom<n>Remember the dead<n>and be glad<n>—Dennis Brutus, 1973<n>What does the poet mean by "what the world whispers"?<n>A.The world is too afraid of South Africa to oppose apartheid.<n>B.The world engages in subtler forms of discrimination.<n>C.The world condemns South Africa’s discrimination.<n>D.The world economy promotes South Africa’s discrimination.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Bonesteel's prime consideration was to establish a surrender zone as far north as he thought the Soviets would accept. He knew that the Russian troops could reach the southern tip of Korea before American troops could arrive. He also knew that the Russians were on the verge of moving into Korea, or were already there. The nearest American troops to Korea were on Okinawa, 600 miles away. His problem, therefore, was to compose a surrender arrangement which, while acceptable to the Russians, would at the same time prevent them from seizing all of Korea. If they refused to confine their advance to north Korea, the United States would be unable to stop them. . . . He decided to use the 38th parallel as a hypothetical line dividing the zones within which Japanese forces in Korea would surrender to appointed American and Russian authorities.<n>—Adapted from U.S. Army Lt. Paul C. McGrath's account of Colonel Bonesteel's decision in the 1940s<n>What was the world history event occurring in the stated time frame that caused the Soviet Union to enter Korea?<n>A.The Crimean War<n>B.World War I<n>C.World War II<n>D.The Seven Years’ War[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>He contains all works and desires and all perfumes and all tastes. He enfolds the whole universe and in silence is loving to all. This is the Spirit that is in my heart, this is Brahman. To him I shall come when I go beyond this life, and to him will come he who has faith and doubts not.<n>—The Upanishads, India, c. 1000 BCE<n>Based on the quotation, which statement is true of the speaker's religion?<n>A.Salvation is based on the correct completion of rituals.<n>B.There is an expectation of an afterlife.<n>C.Right actions and right speech earn favor with the gods.<n>D.It is a polytheistic religion.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Although in Protestant Europe, [Peter the Great] was surrounded by evidence of the new civil and political rights of individual men embodied in constitutions, bills of rights and parliaments, he did not return to Russia determined to share power with his people. On the contrary, he returned not only determined to change his country but also convinced that if Russia was to be transformed, it was he who must provide both the direction and the motive force. He would try to lead; but where education and persuasion were not enough, he could drive—and if necessary flog—the backward nation forward.<n>—Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World<n>When Peter the Great ruled Russia, he continued the practice of which of the following?<n>A.Decentralization of power<n>B.Isolationism<n>C.Serfdom<n>D.Reform[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences; if no social standing, advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life. There, far from exercising a jealous surveillance over each other, we do not feel called upon to be angry with our neighbor for doing what he likes, or even to indulge in those injurious looks which cannot fail to be offensive, although they inflict no positive penalty. But all this ease in our private relations does not make us lawless as citizens. Against this fear is our chief safeguard, teaching us to obey the magistrates and the laws, particularly such as regard the protection of the injured, whether they are actually on the statute book, or belong to that code which, although unwritten, yet cannot be broken without acknowledged disgrace."<n>Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, ca. 415 B.C.E.<n>During the time period in which this text was written, who was allowed to participate in the Greek democratic process?<n>A.All adult men born within the geographic boundaries of the state<n>B.All adult men and women born within the geographic boundaries of the state<n>C.All adult men who were citizens of the state by birth<n>D.All adult men and women who were citizens of the state by birth[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>No task is more urgent than that of preserving peace. Without peace our independence means little. The rehabilitation and upbuilding of our countries will have little meaning. Our revolutions will not be allowed to run their course. What can we do? We can do much! We can inject the voice of reason into world affairs. We can mobilize all the spiritual, all the moral, all the political strength of Asia and Africa on the side of peace. Yes, we! We, the peoples of Asia and Africa, 1.4 billion strong.<n>Indonesian leader Sukarno, keynote address to the Bandung Conference, 1955<n>The "revolutions" spoken of by Sukarno in the passage above most likely relate to which of the following causes?<n>A.Gender equality<n>B.Communism<n>C.Decolonization<n>D.Environmental conservation[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"When the gods fashioned Gilgamesh*, to him they gave a perfect form. The glorious sun Shamash bestowed upon him glory; Adad the terrible god of storms bestowed upon him courage. The great gods perfected his magnificence beyond all others, terrible like the great wild bull. Two thirds god they made him; one third man they made him.<n>Of Uruk, its great rampart he built, and the wall of the sacred Eanna temple, the holy sanctuary. Behold the outer walls which gleam with the brilliance of copper; see the inner wall which none might rival. Touch the threshold stone—it is from ancient days. Goest thou into the Eanna temple, yea, the dwelling place of Ishtar, the like of which no subsequent king or living man might equal. Ascend and walk about on the wall of Uruk, inspect the corner-stone, and examine its brick-work, whether its wall is not made of burned brick, and its foundation laid by the Seven Sages. One third for city, one third for garden, one third for field, and a precinct for the temple of Ishtar. These parts and the precinct comprise Uruk."<n>The Epic of Gilgamesh, ca. 2100 B.C.E.<n>*Gilgamesh was a king of Uruk.<n>Which of the following statements about ancient cities is most supported by the discussion of Uruk in the second paragraph?<n>A.Ancient cities lacked effective fortifications against attack.<n>B.Ancient cities featured areas for worshipping their patron deities.<n>C.Ancient cities commonly decorated their temples in modest ways.<n>D.Ancient cities featured areas for training their armies.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Now if divorce is your wish, I cannot blame you. For the waiting has been long. And I do not know whether the Creator will grant relief immediately so that I can come home, or whether matters will take time, for I cannot come home with nothing. Now the matter is in your hand. If you wish to end our marriage, accept this bill of repudiation, and you are free. May God inspire you with the right decision.<n>Letter from a Jewish trader in India to his wife in Cairo, ca. 1200<n>The passage above is best seen in light of which of the following historical developments?<n>A.The formation of far-flung diaspora communities as a result of interregional commerce<n>B.The continued use of organized religion to justify patriarchy<n>C.The permanent division of families due to armed conflict along established trade routes<n>D.The evolution of family structure among polytheistic populations[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Seizing me, he led me down to the House of Darkness…<n>To the house where those who enter do not come out,<n>Along the road of no return,<n>To the house where those who dwell, do without light,<n>Where dirt is their drink, their food is of clay…<n>Where light cannot be seen. They dwell in the dark,<n>And upon the door and bolt, there lies dust.<n>from Tablet VII, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumeria, ca. 2100 B.C.E.<n>Truth is good and its worth is lasting.<n>It has not been disturbed since the day of its creator,<n>Whereas he who transgresses its ordinances is punished.<n>It lies as a path in front of even him who knows nothing.<n>Wrongdoing has never yet brought its venture to port…<n>Those whom the gods guide cannot lose themselves.<n>Those to whom they forbid passage will not be able to cross the river of life.<n>from The Maxims of Ptahhotep, Egypt, ca. 2400 B.C.E.<n>The tone of the second text best reflects which of the following hypotheses about the influence of religious beliefs on ancient societies?<n>A.Ancient Egyptian society held compassion up as the highest virtue.<n>B.Ancient Egyptians believed that moral behavior affected one's fate after death.<n>C.Ancient Egyptian clergy promoted a strict "eye for an eye" code of ethics.<n>D.Ancient Egyptian worshippers committed to an elaborate set of rituals and offerings.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"I travelled thence to 'Aden, the port of Yemen, on the coast of the ocean. It is surrounded by mountains and can be approached from one side only; it has no crops, trees, or water, but has reservoirs in which rainwater is collected. The Arabs often cut off the inhabitants from their supply of drinking-water until the they buy them off with money and pieces of cloth. It is an exceedingly hot place. It is the port of the Indians, and to it come large vessels from Kinbayat [Cambay], Kawlam [Quilon], Calicut and many other Malabar ports [on the south-west coast of India]. There are Indian merchants living there, as well as Egyptian merchants. Its inhabitants are all either merchants, porters, or fishermen. Some of the merchants are immensely rich, so rich that sometimes a single merchant is sole owner of a large ship with all it contains, and this is a subject of ostentation and rivalry amongst them. In spite of that they are pious, humble, upright, and generous in character, treat strangers well, give liberally to devotees, and pay in full the tithes due to God."<n>Ibn Battuta, ca. 1325–1354 C.E.<n>The tone of the journal best reflects which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean trade network?<n>A.The ability of commerce to foster cultural diffusion<n>B.The superiority of Arabian port cities<n>C.The increasing difficulty caused by language barriers<n>D.The overproduction of cash crops[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"After the Tencteri came, in former days, the Bructeri; but the general account now is, that the Chamavi and Angrivarii entered their settlements, drove them out and utterly exterminated them with the common help of the [neighboring] tribes, either from hatred of their tyranny, or from the attractions of plunder, or from heaven's [favorable] regard for us. It did not even grudge us the spectacle of the conflict. More than sixty thousand fell, not beneath the Roman arms and weapons, but, grander far, before our delighted eyes. May the tribes, I pray, ever retain if not love for us, at least hatred for each other; for while the destinies of empire hurry us on, fortune can give no greater boon than discord among our foes."<n>Germania, Publius Cornelius Tacitus, ca. 98 C.E.<n>Which of the following contributed LEAST to the decline of the Roman Empire?<n>A.Civil wars between rivals for the throne<n>B.Incursions of barbarian peoples into the empire<n>C.The persistence of the senate as a body of government in the empire<n>D.Demographic weakness on account of diseases and epidemics[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Oh, shame on you, poor Winter King!<n>What's this that you have done?<n>Is 't not a very naughty thing<n>To snatch the kaiser's crown?<n>Now you will have to stay away<n>Alike from Rhine and Prague,<n>And more than that-shame and dismay<n>Your days and nights will plague.<n>Right well you knew, and all the world,<n>Right well they know this thing,<n>That Ferdinand alone can be<n>Bohemia's lawful king.<n>So come, dear Fritz, rouse up and go<n>To Ferdinand, your king,<n>And beg him graciously to show<n>Full pardon for your sin.<n>"Poor Winter King," seventeenth-century song<n>The narrator of the song would most likely identify as which of the following?<n>A.Roman Catholic<n>B.Eastern Orthodox<n>C.Protestant<n>D.Muslim[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The quicksilver mines of Huancavelica are where the poor Indians are so harshly punished, where they are tortured and so many Indians die; it is there that the noble caciques [headmen] of this kingdom are finished off and tortured. The same is true in all the other mines: the silver mines of Potosi [and others]….The owners and stewards of the mines, whether Spaniards, mestizos, or Indians, are such tyrants, with no fear of God or Justice, because they are not audited and are not inspected twice a year….<n>And they are not paid for the labor of traveling to and from the mines or for the time they spend at the mines. The Indians, under the pretext of mining chores, are made to spend their workdays herding cattle and conveying goods; they are sent off to the plains, and the Indians die. These Indians are not paid for their labor, and their work is kept hidden.<n>And [the mine owners] keep Indian cooking women in their residences; they use cooking as a pretext for taking concubines….And they oblige the Indians to accept corn or meat or chicha [corn beer]…at their own expense, and they deduct the price from their labor and their workdays. In this way, the Indians end up very poor and deep in debt, and they have no way to pay their tribute.<n>There is no remedy for all this, because any [colonial official] who enters comes to an agreement with the mine owners, and all the owners join forces in bribing him….Even the protector of the Indians is useless;…he [does not] warn Your Majesty or your royal Audiencia [court] about the harms done to the poor Indians."<n>Excerpt from The First New Chronicle and Good Government [abridged], by Felipe Guaman Poma de Alaya. Selected, translated, and annotated by David Frye. Copyright 2006 Hackett Publishing Company. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.<n>Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, The First New Chronicle and Good Government, ca. 1610<n>Compared to the practices in the excerpt, English treatment of the natives in the New World differed in that they<n>A.viewed the natives as true equals as they settled the Americas<n>B.were confused by the natives' lack of a notion of land ownership<n>C.widely did not condone intermingling with the natives<n>D.used the natives exclusively for harvesting cash crops, like tobacco and cotton[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"To slacken the tempo would mean falling behind. And those who fall behind get beaten. But we do not want to be beaten. No, we refuse to be beaten! One feature of the history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered because of her backwardness. She was beaten by the Mongol khans. She was beaten by the Turkish beys. She was beaten by the Swedish feudal lords. She was beaten by the Polish and Lithuanian gentry. She was beaten by the British and French capitalists. She was beaten by the Japanese barons. All beat her––because of her backwardness, because of her military backwardness, cultural backwardness, political backwardness, industrial backwardness, agricultural backwardness. They beat her because it was profitable and could be done with impunity. You remember the words of the pre-revolutionary poet: "You are poor and abundant, mighty and impotent, Mother Russia." Those gentlemen were quite familiar with the verses of the old poet. They beat her, saying: "You are abundant," so one can enrich oneself at your expense. They beat her, saying: "You are poor and impotent," so you can be beaten and plundered with impunity. Such is the law of the exploiters––to beat the backward and the weak. It is the jungle law of capitalism. You are backward, you are weak––therefore you are wrong; hence you can be beaten and enslaved. You are mighty––therefore you are right; hence we must be wary of you.<n>That is why we must no longer lag behind."<n>Joseph Stalin, speech delivered at the first All-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry, February 4, 1931<n>The reference to the "continual beatings" most directly supports which of the following decisions in later Soviet foreign policy?<n>A.The invasion of Afghanistan<n>B.The creation of the Warsaw Pact<n>C.The imposition of the Brezhnev Doctrine against anti-Soviet protesters in Europe<n>D.The declaration of war against Japan at the end of World War II[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>O ye who believe! Strong drink and games of chance and idols… are only an infamy of Satan's handiwork. Leave it aside in order that ye may succeed.<n>the Qur'an, Sura 5: 89<n>When once you hear the roses are in bloom,<n>Then is the time, my love, to pour the wine.<n>the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám<n>Both verses relate most closely to<n>A.key economic processes within Islamic society.<n>B.production of food and drink in Islamic society.<n>C.religious regulation of personal behavior in Islamic society.<n>D.changing gender relations in Islamic society.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Now if divorce is your wish, I cannot blame you. For the waiting has been long. And I do not know whether the Creator will grant relief immediately so that I can come home, or whether matters will take time, for I cannot come home with nothing. Now the matter is in your hand. If you wish to end our marriage, accept this bill of repudiation, and you are free. May God inspire you with the right decision.<n>Letter from a Jewish trader in India to his wife in Cairo, ca. 1200<n>Which of the following is the most probable cause of the marital strain evident in the passage above?<n>A.The strain placed on merchant families by long periods of separation<n>B.Religious disagreements arising from the merchant's exposure to Hinduism<n>C.A decision on the part of the merchant to remain permanently in India<n>D.Bankruptcy stranding the merchant far from home[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>You are the United States,<n>you are the future invader<n>of the native America that has Indian blood,<n>that still prays to Jesus Christ and still speaks Spanish.<n>. . .<n>you are Alexander-Nebuchadnezzar.<n>You think that life is fire,<n>that progress is eruption,<n>that wherever you shoot<n>you hit the future.<n>No.<n>. . .<n>But our America, that has had poets<n>since the ancient times of Netzahualcoyotl,<n>. . .<n>that consulted the stars, that knew Atlantis<n>whose resounding name comes to us from Plato,<n>that since the remote times of its life<n>has lived on light, on fire, on perfume, on love,<n>America of the great Montezuma, of the Inca,<n>the fragrant America of Christopher Columbus,<n>Catholic America, Spanish America,<n>the America in which noble Cuauhtémoc said:<n>"I'm not in a bed of roses", that America<n>that trembles in hurricanes and lives on love,<n>it lives, you men of Saxon eyes and barbarous soul.<n>And it dreams. And it loves, and it vibrates, and it is the daughter of the sun.<n>Be careful. Viva Spanish America!<n>There are a thousand cubs loosed from the Spanish lion.<n>Roosevelt, one would have to be, through God himself,<n>the-fearful rifleman and strong hunter,<n>to manage to grab us in your iron claws.<n>And, although you count on everything, you lack one thing: God!<n>—Adapted from "To Roosevelt" by Ruben Dario, 1904<n>What events might have prompted the poet to compose this piece?<n>A.The discovery of the Zimmerman Telegram<n>B.The embargo of Cuba after Castro’s revolution<n>C.U.S. involvement in Panama’s independence<n>D.U.S. involvement in the Haitian Revolution[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"When the gods fashioned Gilgamesh*, to him they gave a perfect form. The glorious sun Shamash bestowed upon him glory; Adad the terrible god of storms bestowed upon him courage. The great gods perfected his magnificence beyond all others, terrible like the great wild bull. Two thirds god they made him; one third man they made him.<n>Of Uruk, its great rampart he built, and the wall of the sacred Eanna temple, the holy sanctuary. Behold the outer walls which gleam with the brilliance of copper; see the inner wall which none might rival. Touch the threshold stone—it is from ancient days. Goest thou into the Eanna temple, yea, the dwelling place of Ishtar, the like of which no subsequent king or living man might equal. Ascend and walk about on the wall of Uruk, inspect the corner-stone, and examine its brick-work, whether its wall is not made of burned brick, and its foundation laid by the Seven Sages. One third for city, one third for garden, one third for field, and a precinct for the temple of Ishtar. These parts and the precinct comprise Uruk."<n>The Epic of Gilgamesh, ca. 2100 B.C.E.<n>*Gilgamesh was a king of Uruk.<n>The description of Gilgamesh in the first paragraph of the passage most directly supports which of the following statements about ancient leaders?<n>A.Ancient leaders were valued for their mastery of complicated legal codes.<n>B.Ancient leaders were expected to be experts of animal husbandry.<n>C.Ancient leaders were given divine origins to bolster their legitimacy.<n>D.Ancient leaders were not judged on their appearances.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"After the Tencteri came, in former days, the Bructeri; but the general account now is, that the Chamavi and Angrivarii entered their settlements, drove them out and utterly exterminated them with the common help of the [neighboring] tribes, either from hatred of their tyranny, or from the attractions of plunder, or from heaven's [favorable] regard for us. It did not even grudge us the spectacle of the conflict. More than sixty thousand fell, not beneath the Roman arms and weapons, but, grander far, before our delighted eyes. May the tribes, I pray, ever retain if not love for us, at least hatred for each other; for while the destinies of empire hurry us on, fortune can give no greater boon than discord among our foes."<n>Germania, Publius Cornelius Tacitus, ca. 98 C.E.<n>Which of the following conclusions about imperial treatment of "barbarian" (foreign) peoples in the period 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. is most directly supported by the passage?<n>A.Empires encouraged rival tribes to destroy one another to reduce threats to the state.<n>B.Empires welcomed migrations of barbarian peoples as sources of military manpower or economic productivity.<n>C.Empires used military force against all neighboring barbarian peoples as a means of expanding their influence.<n>D.Empires used religion to convert barbarian peoples so that they might become friendlier to the state.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>But the decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. . . . The victorious legions, who, in distant wars, acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries, first oppressed the freedom of the republic, and afterwards violated the majesty of the purple. The emperors, anxious for their personal safety and the public peace, were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy; the vigour of the military . . . was relaxed . . . ; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians.<n>—Adapted from Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon<n>The decline of the Roman Empire and that of its Chinese counterpart resulted in which of the following?<n>A.A decline in the appeal of religions of salvation<n>B.A shift from trade along the Silk Roads to sea routes in the Indian Ocean<n>C.An increased importance of the role of the father as the head of the household<n>D.A decline in the rights of women[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Although in Protestant Europe, [Peter the Great] was surrounded by evidence of the new civil and political rights of individual men embodied in constitutions, bills of rights and parliaments, he did not return to Russia determined to share power with his people. On the contrary, he returned not only determined to change his country but also convinced that if Russia was to be transformed, it was he who must provide both the direction and the motive force. He would try to lead; but where education and persuasion were not enough, he could drive—and if necessary flog—the backward nation forward.<n>—Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World<n>What term best describes Peter the Great's ruling style as described in the passage?<n>A.Egalitarian<n>B.Absolutist<n>C.Republican<n>D.Theocratic[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>I walk alongside the column, ask what's going on.<n>A soldier says simply: "They call up more every day.<n>"Some of us were sent north to the Yellow River at age fifteen,<n>And now at forty we're heading off to the garrisons in the west.<n>On our first tour, the village headman had to tie our bandannas for us.<n>When we came back, our hair was white, but still there's more unrest.<n>The frontier garrisons run with blood, enough to fill an ocean,<n>But the Martial Emperor's territorial ambitions have yet to crest.<n>In the hundred districts east of the mountains, throughout the land of Han,<n>There must be ten thousand villages that brambles now infest.<n>Even if wives are strong enough to handle a hoe and plow,<n>The crops grow every which way, the fields are all a mess.<n>It's hardest for the Shanxi men, with their reputations as fighters:<n>They're rounded up like dogs or chickens, every male impressed.<n>"But sir, though it's good of you to ask,<n>Complaining isn't part of the soldier's task.<n>We can only shake our heads. Take this winter:<n>The Shanxi troops were never sent home.<n>The District Officers are demanding the land tax,<n>But where will it come from? You can't get blood from a stone!<n>I honestly think it's bad luck to bear a son now,<n>It's better to have a daughter: at least she can marry<n>And live with the neighbors next door.<n>But a son will end up lying on some distant prairie."<n>Du Fu, "Ballad of the Army Carts," ca. 750 C.E.<n>The succeeding Song dynasty differed from the Tang in that<n>A.the Song abolished the Confucian civil service exams<n>B.the Song sponsored Buddhism to the detriment of Taoism and Confucianism<n>C.the Song pursued a less expansive foreign policy<n>D.the Song dynasty was originally from outside of China[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The city of Ghana consists of two towns. One is inhabited by Muslims and has twelve mosques, salaried imams and muezzins, and jurists and scholars. In the environs are wells with sweet water, from which they drink and with which they grow vegetables. . . . The king's interpreters, the official in charge of his treasury and the majority of his ministers are Muslims. Only royalty may wear sewn clothes. All other people wear robes of cotton, silk, or brocade, according to their means. . . . The king adorns himself like a woman, wearing necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms. . . . He sits . . . in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses. When people who profess the same religion as the king approach him they fall on their knees and sprinkle dust on their heads, for this is their way of greeting him. As for the Muslims, they greet him only by clapping their hands. [The people's] religion is paganism and the worship of idols. . . . On every donkey-load of salt when it is brought into the country their king levies one golden dinar, and two dinars when it is sent out. From a load of copper the king's due is five mithqals, and from a load of other goods ten mithqals. . . . The nuggets found in all the mines of his country are reserved for the king, only this gold dust being left for the people. But for this the people would accumulate gold until it lost its value. Beyond this country lies another called Malal, the king of which was sincerely attached to Islam, while the common people of his kingdom remained polytheists. Since then their rulers have been given the title of al-musulmani .<n>—The Book of Routes and Realms , by Abu Ubaydallah al-Bakri, eleventh-century Muslim historian and geographer<n>What is the most likely explanation for a Muslim being in charge of the Ghanian treasury?<n>A.To facilitate trade with the predominantly Muslim merchants during this era.<n>B.The king of Ghana had recently become a Muslim.<n>C.Merchants and trade were considered taboo in the traditional pagan religion.<n>D.African kings were merely vassals of the Muslim caliphs.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Article 1<n>The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.<n>"Article 2<n>The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them.<n>"Article 3<n>In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack…<n>"Article 5<n>The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area."<n>North Atlantic Treaty, April 4, 1949<n>Based on the treaty, the United Nations mentioned in the first paragraph is an example of which of the following?<n>A.An organization dedicated to asserting an ideological tenet over the world<n>B.An organization opposed to the use of force between nations in any situation<n>C.An organization dedicated to providing avenues of arbitration of disputes for the nations of the world<n>D.An organization dedicated to expanding free trade across international borders[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth and very frequently has been brought to our ears, namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race utterly alienated from God, a generation forsooth which has not directed its heart and has not entrusted its spirit to God, has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by the sword, pillage and fire; it has led away a part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion….The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismembered by them and deprived of territory so vast in extent that it cannot be traversed in a march of two months. On whom therefore is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you? You, upon whom above other nations God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to humble the hairy scalp of those who resist you.<n>Let the deeds of your ancestors move you and incite your minds to manly achievements; the glory and greatness of king Charles the Great, and of his son Louis, and of your other kings, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the pagans, and extended in these lands the territory of the holy church. Let the holy sepulchre of the Lord our Savior, which is possessed by unclean nations, especially incite you, and the holy places which are now treated with ignominy and irreverently polluted with their filthiness. Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, be not degenerate, but recall the valor of your progenitors.<n>Jerusalem is the navel of the world; the land is fruitful above others, like another paradise of delights. This the Redeemer of the human race has made illustrious by His advent, has beautified by residence, has consecrated by suffering, has redeemed by death, has glorified by burial. This royal city, therefore, situated at the center of the world, is now held captive by His enemies, and is in subjection to those who do not know God, to the worship of the heathens. She seeks therefore and desires to be liberated and does not cease to implore you to come to her aid. From you especially she asks succor, because, as we have already said, God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven."<n>Pope Urban II, Speech at the Council of Clermont as recorded by Robert the Monk, 1095 C.E.<n>Urban II's discussion of Jerusalem in the third paragraph is best understood in the context of which of the following?<n>A.Pilgrimages to centers of religious significance<n>B.Eradication of heresies<n>C.The reconstruction of trade routes<n>D.Developments in religious art[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Woman, wake up; the bell of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. Enslaved man has multiplied his strength, [but] having become free, he has become unjust to his companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain. If our leaders persist, courageously oppose the force of reason to their empty pretentions of superiority. Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves!<n>Olympe de Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," 1791<n>The independence? Nothing of what I hoped for was achieved. I had expected that my children would be able to have an education, but they did not get it. We were poor peasants then, we are poor peasants now. Nothing has changed. Everything is the same. The only thing is that we are free, the war is over, we work without fear—but apart from that, nothing has changed.<n>Halima Ghomri, interviewed in the 1970s, after Algeria's war of independence<n>Publication of the first passage was followed by which of the political outcomes described below?<n>A.French women, like Jews, Protestants, and freed blacks, attained political equality after only a short delay.<n>B.French women quickly gained the right to vote, but not to hold political office.<n>C.French women found their status even lower than it had been before the French Revolution.<n>D.French women remained without full political rights until well into the following century.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>In fact, the peculiar aggravation of the Cawnpore massacres was this, that the deed was done by a subject race — by black men who dared to shed the blood of their masters, and that of poor helpless ladies and children. Here we had not only a servile war, but we had a war of religion, a war of race, and a war of revenge, of hope, of national promptings to shake off the yoke of a stranger, and to re-establish the full power of native chiefs, and the full sway of native religions. Whatever the causes of the mutiny and the revolt, it is clear enough that one of the modes by which the leaders, as if by common instinct, determined to effect their end was, the destruction of every white man, woman or child who fell into their hands.<n>British journalist William Howard Russell, My Indian Mutlny Diary, 1860<n>Violence, it must be emphasized, was an essential component of the British presence in India. A dominant power is always uneasy with violence directed against it. The right to violence is, therefore, everywhere a privilege that authority enjoys and refuses to share with those under it: power always insists on violence as its exclusive monopoly. British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shattered that monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonized. The bodies of the British had acquired certain dignities in India that were predestined by birth and by the colour of their skin. This was the condition of their domination, of their superiority: rulers and ruled were arranged hierarchically as superior and inferior races, as civilized and uncivilized. And this superiority manifested itself by denying to the Indians a "humanness"; by treating them and conceiving of them as animals.<n>Rudrangshu Mukherjee, "The Kanpur [Cawnpore] Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857," 1990<n>From the perspective of the first passage, the death of British citizens at Cawnpore<n>A.seems to mark a betrayal of a "higher" race by a "lesser" race.<n>B.should be seen as a regrettable but avoidable mistake.<n>C.can be said to have been brought on by the British themselves.<n>D.was seen by those who killed them as a religious duty.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Thereupon it was declared by the above-mentioned representatives of the aforesaid King and Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, Granada, etc., and of the aforesaid King of Portugal and the Algarves, etc.:<n>[I.] That, whereas a certain controversy exists between the said lords, their constituents, as to what lands, of all those discovered in the ocean sea up to the present day, the date of this treaty, pertain to each one of the said parts respectively; therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal for the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., it being the pleasure of their Highnesses, they, their said representatives, acting in their name and by virtue of their powers herein described, covenanted and agreed that a boundary or straight line be determined and drawn north and south, from pole to pole, on the said ocean sea, from the Arctic to the Antarctic pole. This boundary or line shall be drawn straight, as aforesaid, at a distance of three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, being calculated by degrees, or by any other manner as may be considered the best and readiest, provided the distance shall be no greater than abovesaid. And all lands, both islands and mainlands, found and discovered already, or to be found and discovered hereafter, by the said King of Portugal and by his vessels on this side of the said line and bound determined as above, toward the east, in either north or south latitude, on the eastern side of the said bound provided the said bound is not crossed, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King of Portugal and his successors. And all other lands, both islands and mainlands, found or to be found hereafter, discovered or to be discovered hereafter, which have been discovered or shall be discovered by the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., and by their vessels, on the western side of the said bound, determined as above, after having passed the said bound toward the west, in either its north or south latitude, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King and Queen of Castile, Leon, etc., and to their successors."<n>Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494<n>The treaty above provides evidence for which of the following historical developments?<n>A.Monarchs were involved in and interested in voyages of discovery.<n>B.Joint-stock companies sponsored colonization efforts in the western and eastern hemispheres.<n>C.Trade of guns and slaves between Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa.<n>D.The Scientific Revolution and the discovery of heliocentricity.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The Chinese are all infidels: they worship images, and burn their dead just like the [Hindus]. The King of China is a Tartar, and one of the descendants of [Ghenghis] Khan…In all the Chinese provinces, there is a town for the [Muslims], and in this they reside. They also have cells, colleges, and mosques, and are made much of by the Kings of China…<n>When we approached this city [of Hangzhou] we were met by its judge, the [elders] of Islamism, and the great merchants. The [Muslims] are exceedingly numerous here. This whole city is surrounded by a wall: each of the six [districts of Hangzhou] is also surrounded by a wall. In the first reside the guards, with their commander. I was told that, in the muster-rolls, these amount to twelve thousand…In the second division are the Jews, Christians, and the Turks who worship the sun: these are numerous, their number is not known: and theirs is the most beautiful city. Their streets are well disposed, and their great men are exceedingly wealthy. There are in the city a great number of [Muslims], with some of whom I resided for fifteen days; and was treated most [honorably]…"<n>Ibn Battuta, Voyages, 1332–1346 C.E.<n>Which of the following changes to Chinese policies regarding trade occurred under the Ming Dynasty of China?<n>A.The Chinese government restricted foreign merchants to specific sites in the coastal cities.<n>B.The Chinese government monopolized the production and sale of key resources, such as salt and iron.<n>C.The Chinese government endorsed Chinese merchants to conduct trade missions abroad.<n>D.The Chinese government abandoned Confucian principles to allow merchants a greater participation in local government.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to duties; let her nor dread tasks by day or by night. Let her not refuse to perform domestic duties whether easy or difficult. That which must be done, let her finish completely, tidily, and systematically, When a woman follows such rules as these, then she may be said to be industrious.<n>Let a woman be correct in manner and upright in character in order to serve her husband. Let her live in purity and quietness of spirit, and attend to her own affairs. Let her love not gossip and silly laughter. Let her cleanse and purify and arrange in order the wine and the food for the offerings to the ancestors. When a woman observes such principles as these, then she may be said to continue ancestral worship.<n>No woman who observes these three fundamentals of life has ever had a bad reputation or has fallen into disgrace. If a woman fail to observe them, how can her name be honored; how can she but bring disgrace upon herself?"<n>© The East Asian Library and the Gest Collection, Princeton University.<n>Ban Zhao, Lessons for a Woman, ca. 80 C.E.<n>Which theme in the passage was common in patriarchal ancient societies?<n>A.The importance of attending to the affairs of others<n>B.The importance of ancestor worship<n>C.The importance of systematically arranging wine<n>D.The importance of female purity[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Questions to the passage below, an account given to a French officer in Algeria in the 1830s by a member of an Arab slave trade caravan.<n>The Slave Trade<n>All of you [soldiers], are summoned . . . to hunt the idolatrous Koholanes [a pejorative word for "black Africans"]. . . . The soldiery divided themselves into two companies . . . with orders to attack places without defenses and to carry off the inhabitants as well as seizing all peasants busy cultivating their fields. . . . Whilst waiting for the return of the companies despatched to hunt Negroes, we went every day to the slave market where we bought at the following prices:<n>A Negro with beard………………10 or 15,000 cowries.<n>They are not considered as merchandise since one has little chance of preventing them from escaping.<n>An adult Negress………………..10 or 15,000 cowries for the same reasons<n>An adolescent Negro………………….30,000 cowries<n>A young Negress ……………………50–60,000 cowries<n>The price varies according to whether she is more or less beautiful.<n>A male Negro child……………………..45,000 cowries<n>A female Negro child ……………………….35–40,000 cowries<n>Finally, our caravan which had set out from Algeria with sixty-four camels and only sixteen persons, was now augmented by four hundred slaves, of whom three hundred were women. . . . It was at this point that suddenly a confused noise of cries and sobs passed from one group of slaves to another and reached our own. . . . Some rolled on the ground, clung to bushes and absolutely refused to walk. . . . They could only be got up with mighty lashes of the whip and by rendering them completely bloody.<n>How was the Arab trade in Africans different from the Atlantic slave trade?<n>A.Unlike Arab slave merchants, those involved in the Atlantic slave trade were motivated by religion.<n>B.Slaves taken for the Atlantic slave trade had no prospect of eventual liberty, but slaves taken by Arab merchants did.<n>C.Slaves taken for the Atlantic trade were predominantly female; slaves taken by Arab merchants were mostly male.<n>D.Slaves taken by Arab merchants were likely to have a shorter life span than those taken for the Atlantic trade.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Every two months His Majesty sends from Lima 60,000 pesos to pay for the mita of the Indians. Up on the Huanacavelica range there are 3,000 or 4,000 Indians working in the mercury mine, with picks and hammers, breaking up the ore. And when they have filled up their little sacks, the poor fellows, loaded down, climb up those ladders and rigging, so distressing that a man can hardly get up them. That is the way they work in this mine, with many lights and the loud noise of the pounding and great confusion. Nor is that the greatest evil; that is due to thievish and undisciplined superintendents. According to His Majesty's warrant, the mine owners at Potosí have a right to the mita of 13,300 Indians. These mita Indians earn each day 4 reals. Besides these there are others not under obligation, who hire themselves out voluntarily: these each get from 12 to 16 reals, and some up to 24, according to how well they wield their picks or their reputation for knowing how to get the ore out.<n>Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa, report on mining in Huanacavelica and Potosí, 1620s<n>The third principal reason the local Yakut and Tungus natives are ruined is that from the time they first came under Russian control, they have been forced to pay yasak tribute. Some have paid in sables, others in red foxes, still others in cash. At first there were plenty of furbearing animals there, but now there are no sables and not many foxes in those lands, from the shores of the Arctic Ocean all the way south to the great Lena River. Moreover, almost half the natives cannot hunt because they no longer have horses, many of which have been pawned to the yasak collectors.<n>Heinrich von Füch, "On the Treatment of Natives in Northeast Siberia," 1744<n>Which of the following factors, not mentioned in the second passage, would have been most likely to create added difficulties for native Siberians attempting to fulfill their tribute obligations?<n>A.The arrival of rival hunters from China and Japan<n>B.The impact of epidemic diseases brought by Russian settlers<n>C.The general warming of the climate during this time period<n>D.The reduced demand for furs among European and Asian elites[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"In the days of a great struggle against a foreign enemy who has been endeavoring for three years to enslave our country, it pleased God to send Russia a further painful trial. Internal troubles threatened to have a fatal effect on the further progress of this obstinate war. The destinies of Russia, the honor of her heroic Army, the happiness of the people, and the whole future of our beloved country demand that the war should be conducted at all costs to a victorious end.<n>The cruel enemy is making his last efforts and the moment is near when our valiant Army, in concert with our glorious Allies, will finally overthrow the enemy. In these decisive days in the life of Russia we have thought that we owed to our people the close union and organization of all its forces for the realization of a rapid victory; for which reason, in agreement with the Imperial Duma, we have recognized that it is for the good of the country that we should abdicate the Crown of the Russian State and lay down the Supreme Power."<n>Tsar Nicholas II, Abdication, March 15, 1917<n>Source 2:<n>"History will not forgive revolutionaries for procrastinating when they could be victorious today (and they certainly will be victorious today), while they risk losing much tomorrow, in fact, the risk losing everything.<n>If we seize power today, we seize it not in opposition to the Soviets but on their behalf. The seizure of power is the business of the uprising; its political purpose will become clear after the seizure….<n>It would be an infinite crime on the part of the revolutionaries were they to let the chance slip, knowing that the salvation of the revolution, the offer of peace, the salvation of Petrograd, salvation from famine, the transfer of the land to the peasants depend upon them.<n>The government is tottering. It must be given the death-blow at all costs."<n>Vladimir Illyich Lenin, Call to Power, October 24, 1917<n>Czar Nicholas II's declaration of abdication in Source 1 is best understood in light of which of the following?<n>A.Economic prosperity that fostered dislike of the aristocracy<n>B.Widespread dislike of Nicholas' tolerance of political dissidents<n>C.Large-scale military losses and resentment of the working classes<n>D.Persecution of religious minorities[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Every two months His Majesty sends from Lima 60,000 pesos to pay for the mita of the Indians. Up on the Huanacavelica range there are 3,000 or 4,000 Indians working in the mercury mine, with picks and hammers, breaking up the ore. And when they have filled up their little sacks, the poor fellows, loaded down, climb up those ladders and rigging, so distressing that a man can hardly get up them. That is the way they work in this mine, with many lights and the loud noise of the pounding and great confusion. Nor is that the greatest evil; that is due to thievish and undisciplined superintendents. According to His Majesty's warrant, the mine owners at Potosí have a right to the mita of 13,300 Indians. These mita Indians earn each day 4 reals. Besides these there are others not under obligation, who hire themselves out voluntarily: these each get from 12 to 16 reals, and some up to 24, according to how well they wield their picks or their reputation for knowing how to get the ore out.<n>Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa, report on mining in Huanacavelica and Potosí, 1620s<n>The third principal reason the local Yakut and Tungus natives are ruined is that from the time they first came under Russian control, they have been forced to pay yasak tribute. Some have paid in sables, others in red foxes, still others in cash. At first there were plenty of furbearing animals there, but now there are no sables and not many foxes in those lands, from the shores of the Arctic Ocean all the way south to the great Lena River. Moreover, almost half the natives cannot hunt because they no longer have horses, many of which have been pawned to the yasak collectors.<n>Heinrich von Füch, "On the Treatment of Natives in Northeast Siberia," 1744<n>The system of labor described in the first passage came into being in which of the following ways?<n>A.Spanish colonists enslaved native American populations outright.<n>B.Spain refused to purchase slaves from Africa, relying instead on native American labor.<n>C.Spanish authorities adapted local forms of labor mobilization for their own purposes.<n>D.Spanish landowners came to depend heavily on plantation monoculture.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>At the peak of their power, the domains of the Mongol khans, or rulers, made up a vast realm in which once-hostile peoples lived together in peace and virtually all religions were tolerated. . . . The law code first promulgated by Chinggis Khan ordered human interaction. The result was an important new stage in international contact. From eastern Europe to southern China, merchants and travelers could move across the well-policed Mongol domains without fear for their lives or property. The great swath of Mongol territory that covered or connected most of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East served as a bridge between the civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere. The caravans and embassies that crossed the Mongol lands transmitted new food, inventions, and ideas from one civilized pool to others and from civilized pools to the nomadic peoples who served as intermediaries. Secure trade routes made for prosperous merchants and wealthy, cosmopolitan cities. They also facilitated the spread of foods [and] inventions . . . a major force for economic and social development and the enhancement of civilized life.<n>—Robert Guisepi, 1992<n>The legacies or adaptations of legacies from the Mongol empire are varied. Most notably, they include which of the following selections?<n>A.Public libraries<n>B.Universal health care<n>C.The game of chess<n>D.Religious tolerance[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Thereupon it was declared by the above-mentioned representatives of the aforesaid King and Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, Granada, etc., and of the aforesaid King of Portugal and the Algarves, etc.:<n>[I.] That, whereas a certain controversy exists between the said lords, their constituents, as to what lands, of all those discovered in the ocean sea up to the present day, the date of this treaty, pertain to each one of the said parts respectively; therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal for the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., it being the pleasure of their Highnesses, they, their said representatives, acting in their name and by virtue of their powers herein described, covenanted and agreed that a boundary or straight line be determined and drawn north and south, from pole to pole, on the said ocean sea, from the Arctic to the Antarctic pole. This boundary or line shall be drawn straight, as aforesaid, at a distance of three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, being calculated by degrees, or by any other manner as may be considered the best and readiest, provided the distance shall be no greater than abovesaid. And all lands, both islands and mainlands, found and discovered already, or to be found and discovered hereafter, by the said King of Portugal and by his vessels on this side of the said line and bound determined as above, toward the east, in either north or south latitude, on the eastern side of the said bound provided the said bound is not crossed, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King of Portugal and his successors. And all other lands, both islands and mainlands, found or to be found hereafter, discovered or to be discovered hereafter, which have been discovered or shall be discovered by the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., and by their vessels, on the western side of the said bound, determined as above, after having passed the said bound toward the west, in either its north or south latitude, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King and Queen of Castile, Leon, etc., and to their successors."<n>Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494<n>Which of the following historical developments provides the best context for the treaty above?<n>A.European maritime exploration<n>B.European engagement in the African slave trade<n>C.The Scientific Revolution<n>D.The Protestant Reformation[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Know the self to be sitting in the chariot, the body to be the chariot, the intellect the charioteer, and the mind the reins. He who has understanding, who is mindful and always pure, indeed reaches that place from whence he is not born again.<n>from the Upanishads, India, circa 600s–400s B.C.E.<n>Which of the following changes to Indian religious practice took place under the Mauryan emperor Ashoka?<n>A.The rise of Sikhism as a syncretic faith<n>B.The arrival of Islam as a new religion borne by external invaders<n>C.The eradication of traditional Hinduism by armed force<n>D.The official encouragement of Buddhist edicts[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>While some theorists in the Middle Ages argued that the jihad was a defensive war… most authorities held that the obligation of jihad did not lapse until all the world was brought under the sway of Islam. The Bahr [al-Fava'id, or "Sea of Precious Virtues," written in the 1150s or 1160s] insists that the first duty of a Muslim ruler is to prosecute the jihad and bring about the victory of Islam, and if he does not do so and he makes peace with the infidel, that ruler would be better dead than alive, for he would be corrupting the world.<n>Robert Irwin, "Islam and the Crusades," 1995<n>It is strange how the Christians round Mount Lebanon, when they see any Muslim hermits, bring them food and treat them kindly, saying that these men are dedicated to the Great and Glorious God and that they should therefore share with them. Likewise, not one Christian merchant was stopped or hindered in Muslim territories.<n>Ibn Jubayr, Muslim scholar, traveling to Mecca and Jerusalem, ca. 1185<n>The second passage undermines traditional historical assumptions by<n>A.showing that state-level antagonisms in the Middle East during the crusading era were not always reflected in personal or economic life.<n>B.showing how Middle Eastern Muslims during the crusading era did not take religious obligations as seriously as Christians did.<n>C.showing how Muslims were on the whole kinder than Christians in the Middle East during the crusading era.<n>D.showing how, in the Middle East during the crusading era, economic factors trumped all other considerations.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"In Northern India the existence of separate States at this period is usually little more than a question of words. A zamindar who paid revenue to the Mogul was clearly in a position of dependence, and if he wished to establish a claim to sovereignty, the first step was to refuse, or omit to pay revenue. Such an omission might, however, arise from various other causes, and it is probable that in Rajputana, Central India, and Chota Nagpur there were numerous chiefs and tribes occupying what constitutional lawyers would regard as an anomalous position, sometimes paying the stipulated revenue, sometimes in open rebellion, and sometimes enjoying practical independence because the Mogul authorities found it inconvenient to undertake active measures of coercion."<n>W.H. Moreland, India at the Death of Akbar, 1920<n>Moreland's description of revenue collection in the Mughal Empire is best seen as evidence for which of the following generalizations?<n>A.Only people of certain religions were required to pay revenue to the empire.<n>B.Geographical differences may have influenced which groups pay taxes.<n>C.Revenue collection was the only source of funds by which the Mughal Empire operated.<n>D.The case of Rajputana was a typical one in the Mughal Empire.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"We proclaim Him also by our senses on all sides, and we sanctify the noblest sense, which is that of sight. The image is a memorial, just what words are to a listening ear. What a book is to the literate, that an image is to the illiterate. The image speaks to the sight as words to the ear; it brings us understanding."<n>John of Damascus, Apologia Against Those Who Decry Holy Images, ca. 730 C.E.<n>Source 2:<n>"To make our confession short, we keep unchanged all the ecclesiastical traditions handed down to us, whether in writing or verbally, one of which is the making of pictorial representations, agreeable to the history of the preaching of the Gospel, a tradition useful in many respects, but especially in this, that so the incarnation of the Word of God is shown forth as real and not merely fantastic, for these have mutual indications and without doubt have also mutual significations."<n>Decree of the Second Council of Nicaea, 787 C.E.<n>The late eighth-century religious debate in Byzantium that occasioned the writing of the passages is best understood in the context of which of the following?<n>A.Disagreement about the true nature of divinity<n>B.Disagreement about the role of the priesthood<n>C.Disagreement about the appropriate use of religious iconography<n>D.Disagreement about the best form of ascetic practice[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us! And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity. This is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have this injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land! Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.<n>Lin Zexu, Chinese trade commissioner, letter to Queen Victoria, 1839<n>The passage is most closely related with which of the following broad developments?<n>A.Europe's enslavement of Chinese citizens<n>B.Europe's expansion of missionary activity in China<n>C.Europe's economic domination of China<n>D.Europe's colonization of Chinese territory[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Al-Zawawi also said 'This sultan Musa told me that at a town called ZKRY he has a copper mine from which ingots are brought to BYTY. "There is nothing in my kingdom, Musa said, on which a duty is levied except this crude copper which is brought in. Duty is collected on this and on nothing else. We send it to the land of the pagan Sudan and sell it for two-thirds of its weight in gold, so that we sell 100 measures of this copper for 66 2/3 measures of gold.' He also stated that there are pagan nations in his kingdom from whom he does not collect the tribute (jizya) but whom he simply employs in extracting the gold from its deposits. The gold is extracted by digging pits about a man's height in depth and the gold is found embedded in the sides of the pits or sometimes collected at the bottom of them."<n>From N. Levtzion & J.F.P. Hopkins, eds. Corpus of Early<n>Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge<n>University Press, 1981. Reprinted with permission of<n>Cambridge University Press.<n>Al' Umari, ca. 1300–1384<n>Which of the following inferences is most supported by the discussion of copper and gold in the passage?<n>A.Mali was able to forge advanced bronze tools from its mineral resources.<n>B.International trade with Sub-Saharan Africa involved the exchange of mineral resources.<n>C.The jizya could only be collected on unbelievers who had minerals to exploit.<n>D.Mali's relatively advanced mining technologies accounted for its mineral wealth.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>O ye who believe! Strong drink and games of chance and idols… are only an infamy of Satan's handiwork. Leave it aside in order that ye may succeed.<n>the Qur'an, Sura 5: 89<n>When once you hear the roses are in bloom,<n>Then is the time, my love, to pour the wine.<n>the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám<n>The tone of the first verse best reflects which of the following modes of religious discourse?<n>A.A puritanical injunction to adhere to a strict code of conduct<n>B.An ecumenical call for religious tolerance<n>C.A sermon about respecting political authority<n>D.A spirited attempt to convert non-believers[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Whether the question be to continue or to discontinue the practice of sati, the decision is equally surrounded by an awful responsibility. To consent to the consignment year after year of hundreds of innocent victims to a cruel and untimely end, when the power exists of preventing it, is a predicament which no conscience can contemplate without horror. But, on the other hand, to put to hazard by a contrary course the very safety of the British Empire in India is an alternative which itself may be considered a still greater evil. When we had powerful neighbours and greater reason to doubt our own security, expediency might recommend a more cautious proceeding, but now that we are supreme my opinion is decidedly in favour of an open and general prohibition.<n>William Bentinck, Govenor-General of India, "On the Suppression of Sati," 1829<n>I have made it my study to examine the nature and character of the Indians [who trade with us], and however repugnant it may be to our feelings, I am convinced they must be ruled with a rod of iron, to bring and keep them in a proper state of subordination, and the most certain way to effect this is by letting them feel their dependence on [the foodstuffs and manufactured goods we sell them].<n>George Simpson, Head of Northern Department, Hudson's Bay Company, 1826<n>Which of the following resources would the author of the second passage have been most likely interested in obtaining from local natives?<n>A.Ivory<n>B.Tobacco<n>C.Silver<n>D.Furs[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"In the days of a great struggle against a foreign enemy who has been endeavoring for three years to enslave our country, it pleased God to send Russia a further painful trial. Internal troubles threatened to have a fatal effect on the further progress of this obstinate war. The destinies of Russia, the honor of her heroic Army, the happiness of the people, and the whole future of our beloved country demand that the war should be conducted at all costs to a victorious end.<n>The cruel enemy is making his last efforts and the moment is near when our valiant Army, in concert with our glorious Allies, will finally overthrow the enemy. In these decisive days in the life of Russia we have thought that we owed to our people the close union and organization of all its forces for the realization of a rapid victory; for which reason, in agreement with the Imperial Duma, we have recognized that it is for the good of the country that we should abdicate the Crown of the Russian State and lay down the Supreme Power."<n>Tsar Nicholas II, Abdication, March 15, 1917<n>Source 2:<n>"History will not forgive revolutionaries for procrastinating when they could be victorious today (and they certainly will be victorious today), while they risk losing much tomorrow, in fact, the risk losing everything.<n>If we seize power today, we seize it not in opposition to the Soviets but on their behalf. The seizure of power is the business of the uprising; its political purpose will become clear after the seizure….<n>It would be an infinite crime on the part of the revolutionaries were they to let the chance slip, knowing that the salvation of the revolution, the offer of peace, the salvation of Petrograd, salvation from famine, the transfer of the land to the peasants depend upon them.<n>The government is tottering. It must be given the death-blow at all costs."<n>Vladimir Illyich Lenin, Call to Power, October 24, 1917<n>What was the principal philosophical underpinning of Lenin's call to power in Source 2?<n>A.Capitalism<n>B.Mercantilism<n>C.Fascism<n>D.Marxism[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The following poem refers to an incident in Sharpeville, South Africa, in 1960. To protest the requirement that they carry papers documenting their identity and residence, black South Africans gathered in front of police stations without their papers. Though other protests ended peacefully, in Sharpeville, police fired into the crowd.<n>What is important<n>about Sharpeville<n>is not that seventy died:<n>nor even that they were shot in the back<n>retreating, unarmed, defenceless<n>and certainty not<n>the heavy caliber slug<n>that tore through a mother's back<n>and ripped through the child in her arms<n>killing it<n>Remember Sharpeville<n>bullet-in-the-back day<n>Because it epitomized oppression<n>and the nature of society<n>More clearly than anything else;<n>it was the classic event<n>Nowhere is racial dominance<n>more clearly defined<n>nowhere the will to oppress<n>more clearly demonstrated<n>What the world whispers<n>apartheid declares with snarling guns<n>the blood the rich lust after<n>South Africa spills dust<n>Remember Sharpeville<n>Remember bullet-in-the-back day<n>And remember the unquenchable will for freedom<n>Remember the dead<n>and be glad<n>—Dennis Brutus, 1973<n>What event symbolized the end of South Africa's institutionalized discrimination?<n>A.The election of F. W. de Klerk<n>B.The election of Nelson Mandela<n>C.The bombing of Lesotho<n>D.The Boer War[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Thereupon it was declared by the above-mentioned representatives of the aforesaid King and Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, Granada, etc., and of the aforesaid King of Portugal and the Algarves, etc.:<n>[I.] That, whereas a certain controversy exists between the said lords, their constituents, as to what lands, of all those discovered in the ocean sea up to the present day, the date of this treaty, pertain to each one of the said parts respectively; therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal for the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., it being the pleasure of their Highnesses, they, their said representatives, acting in their name and by virtue of their powers herein described, covenanted and agreed that a boundary or straight line be determined and drawn north and south, from pole to pole, on the said ocean sea, from the Arctic to the Antarctic pole. This boundary or line shall be drawn straight, as aforesaid, at a distance of three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, being calculated by degrees, or by any other manner as may be considered the best and readiest, provided the distance shall be no greater than abovesaid. And all lands, both islands and mainlands, found and discovered already, or to be found and discovered hereafter, by the said King of Portugal and by his vessels on this side of the said line and bound determined as above, toward the east, in either north or south latitude, on the eastern side of the said bound provided the said bound is not crossed, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King of Portugal and his successors. And all other lands, both islands and mainlands, found or to be found hereafter, discovered or to be discovered hereafter, which have been discovered or shall be discovered by the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., and by their vessels, on the western side of the said bound, determined as above, after having passed the said bound toward the west, in either its north or south latitude, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King and Queen of Castile, Leon, etc., and to their successors."<n>Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494<n>Which of the following inferences best explains the reason the King and Queen of Castile and Aragon insisted on Spanish control of territory west of the demarcation line?<n>A.The Spanish desired to convert the Barbary states to Catholicism.<n>B.The Spanish believed Portugal did not know about their discovery of the New World.<n>C.The Spanish wanted to preserve the independence of Native states in the New World as a buffer against Portuguese expansion.<n>D.The Spanish thought India would be harder to conquer than the New World.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The city of Ghana consists of two towns. One is inhabited by Muslims and has twelve mosques, salaried imams and muezzins, and jurists and scholars. In the environs are wells with sweet water, from which they drink and with which they grow vegetables. . . . The king's interpreters, the official in charge of his treasury and the majority of his ministers are Muslims. Only royalty may wear sewn clothes. All other people wear robes of cotton, silk, or brocade, according to their means. . . . The king adorns himself like a woman, wearing necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms. . . . He sits . . . in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses. When people who profess the same religion as the king approach him they fall on their knees and sprinkle dust on their heads, for this is their way of greeting him. As for the Muslims, they greet him only by clapping their hands. [The people's] religion is paganism and the worship of idols. . . . On every donkey-load of salt when it is brought into the country their king levies one golden dinar, and two dinars when it is sent out. From a load of copper the king's due is five mithqals, and from a load of other goods ten mithqals. . . . The nuggets found in all the mines of his country are reserved for the king, only this gold dust being left for the people. But for this the people would accumulate gold until it lost its value. Beyond this country lies another called Malal, the king of which was sincerely attached to Islam, while the common people of his kingdom remained polytheists. Since then their rulers have been given the title of al-musulmani .<n>—The Book of Routes and Realms , by Abu Ubaydallah al-Bakri, eleventh-century Muslim historian and geographer<n>Based on the excerpt, which of the following statements correctly describes Islam's influence in Africa during this time period?<n>A.Imams and muezzins ensured that all Africans adhered to Islamic law.<n>B.Some elites converted to Islam, but lower classes kept their traditional beliefs.<n>C.Muslim merchants refused to do business with anyone who was not Muslim.<n>D.African kings required Muslims to conform to pagan customs at court.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Upon their arrival they were honorably and graciously received by the grand Khan, in a full assembly of his principal officers. When they drew nigh to his person, they paid their respects by prostrating themselves on the floor. He immediately commanded them to rise, and to relate to him the circumstances of their travels, with all that had taken place in their negotiation with his holiness the pope. To their narrative, which they gave in the regular order of events, and delivered in perspicuous language, he listened with attentive silence. The letters and the presents from pope Gregory were then laid before him, and, upon hearing the former read, he bestowed much commendation on the fidelity, the zeal, and the diligence of his ambassadors; and receiving with due reverence the oil from the holy sepulchre, he gave directions that it should be preserved with religious care. Upon his observing Marco Polo, and inquiring who he was, Nicolo made answer, This is your servant, and my son; upon which the grand Khan replied, "He is welcome, and it pleases me much," and he caused him to be enrolled amongst his attendants of honor. And on account of their return he made a great feast and rejoicing; and as long as the said brothers and Marco remained in the court of the grand Khan, they were honored even above his own courtiers. Marco was held in high estimation and respect by all belonging to the court. He learnt in a short time and adopted the manners of the Tartars, and acquired a proficiency in four different languages, which he became qualified to read and write."<n>Marco Polo's Travels, ca. 1300 C.E.<n>Which of the following best characterizes one way in which the Mongol Empire was very different from the other major empires of the ancient and medieval worlds?<n>A.The Mongols generally ignored or assimilated to the cultural identities of the people whom they conquered.<n>B.The Mongols often took over territory without major destruction or bloodshed.<n>C.The Mongols imposed their religious beliefs on the people whom they conquered.<n>D.The Mongols had little interest in trading with their geographic neighbors.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The real grievance of the worker is the insecurity of his existence; he is not sure that he will always have work, he is not sure that he will always be healthy, and he foresees that he will one day be old and unfit to work. If he falls into poverty, even if only through a prolonged illness, he is then completely helpless, exam_ins to his own devices, and society does not currently recognize any real obligation towards him beyond the usual help for the poor, even if he has been working all the time ever so faithfully and diligently. The usual help for the poor, however, leaves a lot to be desired, especially in large cities, where it is very much worse than in the country."<n>Otto von Bismarck, 1884<n>This speech led to the creation of laws that did which of the following?<n>A.Limited work hours in factories<n>B.Established public health care and pensions<n>C.Displaced citizens in the overpopulated city to the countryside<n>D.Forced early retirement for aging workers[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"Moreover, Sir, in our Kingdoms there is another great inconvenience which is of little service to God, and this is that many of our people, keenly desirous as they are of the wares and things of your Kingdoms, which are brought here by your people, and in order to satisfy their voracious appetite, seize many of our people, freed and exempt men, and very often it happens that they kidnap even noblemen and our relatives, and take them to be sold to the white men who are in our kingdoms."<n>Letter from King Afonso I of Kongo to King John III of Portugal, 1526<n>Source 2:<n>"This expedition has cost us much: it would be unreasonable to send it home with empty hands. Although our [principal] wish is to serve God and the pleasure of the king of Kongo, none the less you will make him understand—as though speaking in our name—what he should do to fill the ships, whether with slaves, or copper, or ivory."<n>Instructions from King Manuel of Portugal to his envoy in Kongo, 1512<n>The interactions described in the letters are best understood in the context of which of the following?<n>A.Portuguese exploration of the coast of West Africa<n>B.Catholic missionary efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa<n>C.State formation in Sub-Saharan Africa<n>D.Development of the slave trade in Sub-Saharan Africa[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"Moreover, Sir, in our Kingdoms there is another great inconvenience which is of little service to God, and this is that many of our people, keenly desirous as they are of the wares and things of your Kingdoms, which are brought here by your people, and in order to satisfy their voracious appetite, seize many of our people, freed and exempt men, and very often it happens that they kidnap even noblemen and our relatives, and take them to be sold to the white men who are in our kingdoms."<n>Letter from King Afonso I of Kongo to King John III of Portugal, 1526<n>Source 2:<n>"This expedition has cost us much: it would be unreasonable to send it home with empty hands. Although our [principal] wish is to serve God and the pleasure of the king of Kongo, none the less you will make him understand—as though speaking in our name—what he should do to fill the ships, whether with slaves, or copper, or ivory."<n>Instructions from King Manuel of Portugal to his envoy in Kongo, 1512<n>The two letters best support which of the following conclusions?<n>A.Diplomatic relations between Portugal and Kongo were often cordial.<n>B.Kongolese noblemen were frequently taken as slaves by the Portuguese.<n>C.Trade between Portugal and Kongo was highly regulated.<n>D.Trade between Portugal and Kongo was brisk with both parties.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Oh, shame on you, poor Winter King!<n>What's this that you have done?<n>Is 't not a very naughty thing<n>To snatch the kaiser's crown?<n>Now you will have to stay away<n>Alike from Rhine and Prague,<n>And more than that-shame and dismay<n>Your days and nights will plague.<n>Right well you knew, and all the world,<n>Right well they know this thing,<n>That Ferdinand alone can be<n>Bohemia's lawful king.<n>So come, dear Fritz, rouse up and go<n>To Ferdinand, your king,<n>And beg him graciously to show<n>Full pardon for your sin.<n>"Poor Winter King," seventeenth-century song<n>Based on the song, the Winter King did which of the following?<n>A.Gave over his crown to King Ferdinand<n>B.Successfully defended his land from the Holy Roman Empire<n>C.Rebelled against King Ferdinand<n>D.Claimed the lands of Bohemia for the Catholic Church[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"After the Tencteri came, in former days, the Bructeri; but the general account now is, that the Chamavi and Angrivarii entered their settlements, drove them out and utterly exterminated them with the common help of the [neighboring] tribes, either from hatred of their tyranny, or from the attractions of plunder, or from heaven's [favorable] regard for us. It did not even grudge us the spectacle of the conflict. More than sixty thousand fell, not beneath the Roman arms and weapons, but, grander far, before our delighted eyes. May the tribes, I pray, ever retain if not love for us, at least hatred for each other; for while the destinies of empire hurry us on, fortune can give no greater boon than discord among our foes."<n>Germania, Publius Cornelius Tacitus, ca. 98 C.E.<n>Which of the following is a treatment of barbarian peoples by civilized societies in the period 600–1450 C.E. that is similar to the treatment of barbarian peoples by civilized societies between 600 B.C.E. and 600 C.E.?<n>A.Barbarian peoples were converted to the religions of their host societies.<n>B.Barbarian peoples were utilized as soldiers in their host societies.<n>C.Barbarian peoples were uniformly relegated to a servile status through the laws of their host societies.<n>D.Barbarian peoples were often invited by their host societies to rule instead of the societies' own ruling classes.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"I travelled thence to 'Aden, the port of Yemen, on the coast of the ocean. It is surrounded by mountains and can be approached from one side only; it has no crops, trees, or water, but has reservoirs in which rainwater is collected. The Arabs often cut off the inhabitants from their supply of drinking-water until the they buy them off with money and pieces of cloth. It is an exceedingly hot place. It is the port of the Indians, and to it come large vessels from Kinbayat [Cambay], Kawlam [Quilon], Calicut and many other Malabar ports [on the south-west coast of India]. There are Indian merchants living there, as well as Egyptian merchants. Its inhabitants are all either merchants, porters, or fishermen. Some of the merchants are immensely rich, so rich that sometimes a single merchant is sole owner of a large ship with all it contains, and this is a subject of ostentation and rivalry amongst them. In spite of that they are pious, humble, upright, and generous in character, treat strangers well, give liberally to devotees, and pay in full the tithes due to God."<n>Ibn Battuta, ca. 1325–1354 C.E.<n>The views expressed in this journal passage are best seen as evidence of which of the following concerning medieval Islamic societies?<n>A.The absence of religious orthodoxy<n>B.Hostility toward outsiders<n>C.Limited economic opportunities<n>D.The supremacy of piety[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"MAHATMA GANDHI'S MESSAGE.<n>REMAIN NON-VIOLENT<n>The following message was sent by Mahatma Gandhi from Waltair:—<n>Maulana Mohamed AH was arrested at Waltair under sections 107 and 108 to be called upon to give security, to be of good behaviour for one year. The place and date of trial is unknown.<n>The Begum Saheba and Mr. Hayat were permitted to see him after arrest.<n>He and I were going to address a meeting outside the station. He was arrested. I continued going to the meeting and addressed them. There is no cause for sorrow, but every cause for congratulation. There should be no hartal. Perfect peace and calmness should be observed. I regard the arrest as a prelude to Swaraj and the redress of the Khilafat and the Punjab wrongs, if we can remain non-violent. Retain Hindu-Muslim Unity despite the madness of some Moplahs, and fulfil the Swadeshi programme.<n>I hope every Indian, man or woman, will completely boycott foreign cloth and take up spinning or weaving during every spare minute.<n>By striving like the Maulana, be insistent on religious and national rights.<n>Let us earn imprisonment. I am conscious of the Maulana's innocence and I am sure the imprisonment of the innocent will enable the nation to reach the cherished goal."<n>Mohandas Gandhi, The Pilgrims' March, 1921<n>Which of the following historical developments from the period 1450–1750 C.E. most inspired the instructions indicated in the fifth paragraph to boycott foreign cloth?<n>A.The conquest of India by rival Muslim empires<n>B.The development of joint-stock companies<n>C.The importation of food crops from the New World<n>D.The African slave trade[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Both authors below were speaking of the French Revolution.<n>It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.<n>There were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face, on the throne of England; there were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a fair face, on the throne of France. In both countries it was clearer than crystal . . . that things in general were settled for ever.<n>—A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens<n>Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive. But to be young was very heaven.<n>—The Prelude, by William Wordsworth<n>Most revolutions produce a strong leading figure; the French Revolution allowed which of the following to assume great power?<n>A.King Louis XVI<n>B.Robespierre<n>C.Jean Lafitte<n>D.Lafayette[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is taken from testimony before Parliament.<n>Joshua Drake, called in; and Examined.<n>You say you would prefer moderate labour and lower wages; are you pretty comfortable upon your present wages?<n>—I have no wages, but two days a week at present; but when I am working at some jobs we can make a little, and at others we do very poorly.<n>When a child gets 3s. a week, does that go much towards its subsistence?<n>—No, it will not keep it as it should do.<n>Why do you allow your children to go to work at those places where they are ill-treated or over-worked?<n>—Necessity compels a man that has children to let them work.<n>Then you would not allow your children to go to those factories under the present system, if it was not from necessity?<n>—No.<n>—Testimony given before the Sadler Committee, 1831–32<n>Which period in history is associated with the conditions described in the passage?<n>A.The Enlightenment<n>B.The Green Revolution<n>C.The Scientific Revolution<n>D.The Industrial Revolution[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>You are the United States,<n>you are the future invader<n>of the native America that has Indian blood,<n>that still prays to Jesus Christ and still speaks Spanish.<n>. . .<n>you are Alexander-Nebuchadnezzar.<n>You think that life is fire,<n>that progress is eruption,<n>that wherever you shoot<n>you hit the future.<n>No.<n>. . .<n>But our America, that has had poets<n>since the ancient times of Netzahualcoyotl,<n>. . .<n>that consulted the stars, that knew Atlantis<n>whose resounding name comes to us from Plato,<n>that since the remote times of its life<n>has lived on light, on fire, on perfume, on love,<n>America of the great Montezuma, of the Inca,<n>the fragrant America of Christopher Columbus,<n>Catholic America, Spanish America,<n>the America in which noble Cuauhtémoc said:<n>"I'm not in a bed of roses", that America<n>that trembles in hurricanes and lives on love,<n>it lives, you men of Saxon eyes and barbarous soul.<n>And it dreams. And it loves, and it vibrates, and it is the daughter of the sun.<n>Be careful. Viva Spanish America!<n>There are a thousand cubs loosed from the Spanish lion.<n>Roosevelt, one would have to be, through God himself,<n>the-fearful rifleman and strong hunter,<n>to manage to grab us in your iron claws.<n>And, although you count on everything, you lack one thing: God!<n>—Adapted from "To Roosevelt" by Ruben Dario, 1904<n>What was the poet's purpose in discussing "our America, that has had poets since ancient times, . . . that consulted the stars"?<n>A.Latin America has excelled in poetry.<n>B.Latin America had made significant scientific contributions.<n>C.Latin America had a prophecy regarding these events.<n>D.Latin America has had a rich culture for centuries.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>I don't know whether this world has meaning that transcends it. But I know that I do not know that meaning, and that it is impossible just now for me to know it. What can a meaning outside my condition mean to me? I can understand only in human terms.<n>Albert Camus, "The Myth of Sisyphus," 1955<n>The passage above is best seen as exemplifying which of the following intellectual trends?<n>A.A postwar reassertion of traditional religious values<n>B.An expression of patriotic pride thanks to victory in World War II<n>C.A modernist tendency to question the validity of faith-based moralities<n>D.An increased willingness to embrace radical Marxism[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>That day the Reverend Xuanzang was chosen from among all the monks. He had been a monk from infancy, and ever since birth he had eaten vegetarian food and observed the prohibitions. His maternal grandfather was an imperial commander, Yin Kaishan. His father Chen Guangrui had come top in the Palace Examination and had been appointed a grand secretary in the Imperial Library. Xuanzang, however, had no interest in honour and glory, and his only joy was to cultivate Nirvana. His virtue was great; of the thousand sutras and ten thousand holy books there was not a single one that he did not know.<n>…<n>He looked to the West and prayed, "I am the believer Chen Xuanzang sent on imperial orders to fetch the scriptures. If I am fated to have a disciple, may I be able to unseal the golden words and release the divine Monkey King to come with me to the Vulture Peak. If I am not fated to have a disciple, and this monkey is an evil monster who has deceived me and will do me no good, then may I be unable to remove the seal." When he had prayed he bowed again.<n>From Wu Chengen, Journey to the West, ca. 1590s<n>Accounts of Xuanzang's travels from both the 600s and 1500s C.E. are inspired by which of the following accomplishments?<n>A.Xuanzang's career as a spy against the Gupta Empire<n>B.Xuanzang's conversion of South Asian Hindus<n>C.Xuanzang's study and retrieval of Buddhist texts from India<n>D.Xuanzang's opening of new trade routes to Southeast Asia[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Yi Yin sacrificed to the former king, and presented the heir-king reverently before the shrine of his grandfather. . . . Yi Yin then clearly described the virtue of the Meritorious Ancestor for the instruction of the young king.<n>"Oh! of old the former kings of Xia cultivated earnestly their virtue, and then there were no calamities from Heaven. The spirits of the hills and rivers were all in tranquility; and the birds and beasts enjoyed their existence according to their nature. But their descendant did not follow their example, and Heaven sent down calamities, using our ruler, who possessed of its favor. The attack on Xia may be traced to the orgies in Ming Tiao. . . . Our king of Shang brilliantly displayed his sagely prowess; for oppression he substituted his generous gentleness. Now your Majesty is entering on the inheritance of his virtue; all depends on how you commence your reign.<n>"Oh! the former king began with careful attention to the bonds that hold men together. . . . Revere these warnings in your person. . . . The ways of Heaven are not invariable: on the good-doer it sends down all blessings, and on the evil-doer it sends down all miseries. If you not be virtuous, be it in large things or in small, it will bring the ruin of your ancestral temple."<n>—Excerpted and adapted from the Shu Jing, 6th century BCE, China<n>Based on the passage, which of the following statements correctly describes politics in China during the period 600 BCE to 600 CE?<n>A.Reverence for nature leads to tranquility and peaceful transitions of power.<n>B.A ruler's public actions were considered an extension of his private behavior.<n>C.Intelligence in a Chinese emperor was valued more highly than ethical behavior.<n>D.The emperor's ministers were expected to support all of his policies unconditionally.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The quicksilver mines of Huancavelica are where the poor Indians are so harshly punished, where they are tortured and so many Indians die; it is there that the noble caciques [headmen] of this kingdom are finished off and tortured. The same is true in all the other mines: the silver mines of Potosi [and others]….The owners and stewards of the mines, whether Spaniards, mestizos, or Indians, are such tyrants, with no fear of God or Justice, because they are not audited and are not inspected twice a year….<n>And they are not paid for the labor of traveling to and from the mines or for the time they spend at the mines. The Indians, under the pretext of mining chores, are made to spend their workdays herding cattle and conveying goods; they are sent off to the plains, and the Indians die. These Indians are not paid for their labor, and their work is kept hidden.<n>And [the mine owners] keep Indian cooking women in their residences; they use cooking as a pretext for taking concubines….And they oblige the Indians to accept corn or meat or chicha [corn beer]…at their own expense, and they deduct the price from their labor and their workdays. In this way, the Indians end up very poor and deep in debt, and they have no way to pay their tribute.<n>There is no remedy for all this, because any [colonial official] who enters comes to an agreement with the mine owners, and all the owners join forces in bribing him….Even the protector of the Indians is useless;…he [does not] warn Your Majesty or your royal Audiencia [court] about the harms done to the poor Indians."<n>Excerpt from The First New Chronicle and Good Government [abridged], by Felipe Guaman Poma de Alaya. Selected, translated, and annotated by David Frye. Copyright 2006 Hackett Publishing Company. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.<n>Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, The First New Chronicle and Good Government, ca. 1610<n>The production of the mines mentioned in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following in the period 1450–1750 C.E.?<n>A.The prosecution of a variety of wars by the Spanish Hapsburgs across the world<n>B.The development of a vibrant merchant class in Spain<n>C.A decrease in patronage of religious activities by the monarchs of Spain<n>D.A decrease in the frequency of voyages of exploration undertaken by the Spanish[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Questions to the passage below, an account given to a French officer in Algeria in the 1830s by a member of an Arab slave trade caravan.<n>The Slave Trade<n>All of you [soldiers], are summoned . . . to hunt the idolatrous Koholanes [a pejorative word for "black Africans"]. . . . The soldiery divided themselves into two companies . . . with orders to attack places without defenses and to carry off the inhabitants as well as seizing all peasants busy cultivating their fields. . . . Whilst waiting for the return of the companies despatched to hunt Negroes, we went every day to the slave market where we bought at the following prices:<n>A Negro with beard………………10 or 15,000 cowries.<n>They are not considered as merchandise since one has little chance of preventing them from escaping.<n>An adult Negress………………..10 or 15,000 cowries for the same reasons<n>An adolescent Negro………………….30,000 cowries<n>A young Negress ……………………50–60,000 cowries<n>The price varies according to whether she is more or less beautiful.<n>A male Negro child……………………..45,000 cowries<n>A female Negro child ……………………….35–40,000 cowries<n>Finally, our caravan which had set out from Algeria with sixty-four camels and only sixteen persons, was now augmented by four hundred slaves, of whom three hundred were women. . . . It was at this point that suddenly a confused noise of cries and sobs passed from one group of slaves to another and reached our own. . . . Some rolled on the ground, clung to bushes and absolutely refused to walk. . . . They could only be got up with mighty lashes of the whip and by rendering them completely bloody.<n>Which conclusion is supported by the passage?<n>A.Africans passively accepted their capture and subsequent enslavement.<n>B.North Africans were primarily captured and enslaved by rival African tribes.<n>C.Population changes from slavery resulted in North African tribes having more men than women.<n>D.Adult male slaves were most highly valued due to their physical strength.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>Oh, shame on you, poor Winter King!<n>What's this that you have done?<n>Is 't not a very naughty thing<n>To snatch the kaiser's crown?<n>Now you will have to stay away<n>Alike from Rhine and Prague,<n>And more than that-shame and dismay<n>Your days and nights will plague.<n>Right well you knew, and all the world,<n>Right well they know this thing,<n>That Ferdinand alone can be<n>Bohemia's lawful king.<n>So come, dear Fritz, rouse up and go<n>To Ferdinand, your king,<n>And beg him graciously to show<n>Full pardon for your sin.<n>"Poor Winter King," seventeenth-century song<n>Which of the following best explains why the narrator mentions "Rhine and Prague"?<n>A.They are destinations for the Winter King's planned pilgrimage.<n>B.These are lands that the Winter King lost in battle.<n>C.Because these were strongholds of the Holy Roman Empire, the narrator warns the Winter King to stay away.<n>D.They are significant military posts within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"The Sovereign Congress of Venezuela, to which authority the people of the Republic of the New Granada have voluntarily stood by.<n>Considering:<n>1. "That united in a single Republic, the provinces of Venezuela and the New Granada have all proportions and ways to elevate themselves to a higher grade of power and prosperity.<n>2. "That constituted in separate republics, for any more stronger the ties that these have united them, so far from taking advantages of so many advantages, they would hardly consolidate and make respect their sovereignty.<n>3. "That these truths, highly penetrated by superior talented men and of an enlightened patriotism, had moved the governments of both republics to convene in a reunion that the vicissitudes of wars decreed and decree the following fundamental Law of the Republic of Colombia:<n>ARTICLE 1. The Republics of Venezuela and New Granada are from this day on united in a single one under the glorious title of Republic of Colombia….<n>ARTICLE 4. The Executive Power of the Republic will be vested on the President and in case of his defect a Vice President and his replacement will be appointed interimly by the acting Congress."<n>Fundamental Law Establishing Gran Colombia, passed by the Congress of Angostura convened by Simon Bolivar, 1819<n>Source 2:<n>"IN THE NAME OF THE HOLY TRINITY.<n>TITLE 1 - Of the Empire of Brazil, its Territories, Government, dynasty, and Religion.<n>Art. 1. The EMPIRE of Brazil is the political association for all Brazilian citizens. These will form a free and independent nation, and will not form any other union or federation, which may cause it to lose its own Independence.<n>Art. 2. Its territory is divided into provinces in the form in which it currently finds itself; these may be subdivided, as is required for the good of the state.<n>Art. 3. Its government is a Hereditary Monarchy, constitutional, and Representative.<n>Art. 4. The prevailing dynasty is that of the Lord Dom Pedro I, the sitting Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.<n>Art. 5. The Catholic Apostolic Roman Religion will continue to be the religion of the Empire. Followers of all other religions are allowed to worship within their households, or particular houses for that intent, so long as there is nothing indicating this on the exterior of the Temple."<n>Constitution of the Empire of Brazil, March 25, 1824<n>Which of the following would most undermine the expectations expressed in Article 1 of Source 1?<n>A.Intervention by the United States and European powers in the independence of Latin American countries<n>B.Nationalism in Latin America pressing for stronger unity between the former Spanish colonies of South America<n>C.Slave rebellions fragmenting newly independent Latin American states<n>D.Sectionalism of elites in the various territories of newly independent Latin American states[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"The case of a broken thigh is analogous to that of the arm, but in particular, a fractured thigh is mostly deranged forwards and outwards, for the bone is naturally flattened on those sides. It is to be set by the hands, with ligatures, and even cords applied, the one above and the other below the fracture. When the fracture takes place at one end, if at the head of the thigh, the middle part of a thong wrapped round with wool, so that it may not cut the parts there, is to be applied to the perineum, and the ends of it brought up to the head and given to an assistant to hold, and applying a ligature below the fracture, we give the ends of it to another assistant to make extension. If it is fractured near the knee, we apply the ligature immediately above the fracture, and give the ends to an assistant, with which to make extension upwards; and while we put a ligature round the knee to secure it, and while the patient lies thus, with his leg extended, we arrange the fracture."<n>Paul of Aegina, Epitome: On the Fracture of the Thigh and Nose, late seventh century C.E.<n>Source 2:<n>"Medicine considers the human body as to the means by which it is cured and by which it is driven away from health. The knowledge of anything, since all things have causes, is not acquired or complete unless it is known by its causes. Therefore in medicine we ought to know the causes of sickness and health. And because health and sickness and their causes are sometimes manifest, and sometimes hidden and not to be comprehended except by the study of symptoms, we must also study the symptoms of health and disease. Now it is established in the sciences that no knowledge is acquired save through the study of its causes and beginnings, if it has had causes and beginnings; nor completed except by knowledge of its accidents and accompanying essentials."<n>Ibn Sina (Avicenna), On Medicine, ca. 1020 C.E.<n>The two passages on medicine illustrate which of the following cultural exchanges that occurred in the period 600–1450 C.E.?<n>A.The influence of Mesoamerican science on Europeans through systems of trade and navigation<n>B.The influence of Chinese science on Islamic civilizations through European immigration to Islamic lands<n>C.The influence of Egyptian science on the Byzantines through European scholars<n>D.The influence of Greek science on Europeans through Byzantine and Islamic scholars[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>New York! I say New York, let black blood flow into your blood.<n>Let it wash the rust from your steel joints, like an oil of life<n>Let it give your bridges the curve of hips and supple vines…<n>See your rivers stirring with musk alligators<n>And sea cows with mirage eyes…<n>Just open your eyes to the April rainbow<n>And your eyes, especially your ears, to God<n>Who in one burst of saxophone laughter<n>Created heaven and earth in six days,<n>And on the seventh slept a deep Negro sleep.<n>Senegalese poet Léopold Sédar Senghor, "To New York," 1956<n>The verse above is best seen as belonging to which of the following modern cultural developments?<n>A.The triumph of avant-garde literary styles over traditional realism<n>B.The adaptation of Western literary forms by non-Western authors<n>C.The political use of art and literature for propagandistic purposes<n>D.The response of interwar literary figures to the horrors of World War I[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us! And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity. This is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have this injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land! Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.<n>Lin Zexu, Chinese trade commissioner, letter to Queen Victoria, 1839<n>Which of the following background facts persuaded Europeans to engage in the actions described in the passage?<n>A.China had recently placed an embargo on exports of silk.<n>B.The price of Chinese tea had risen higher than European buyers found acceptable.<n>C.China refused to allow a meaningful volume of European goods to be sold there.<n>D.China's emperor had repeatedly insulted the British ambassador.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"To slacken the tempo would mean falling behind. And those who fall behind get beaten. But we do not want to be beaten. No, we refuse to be beaten! One feature of the history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered because of her backwardness. She was beaten by the Mongol khans. She was beaten by the Turkish beys. She was beaten by the Swedish feudal lords. She was beaten by the Polish and Lithuanian gentry. She was beaten by the British and French capitalists. She was beaten by the Japanese barons. All beat her––because of her backwardness, because of her military backwardness, cultural backwardness, political backwardness, industrial backwardness, agricultural backwardness. They beat her because it was profitable and could be done with impunity. You remember the words of the pre-revolutionary poet: "You are poor and abundant, mighty and impotent, Mother Russia." Those gentlemen were quite familiar with the verses of the old poet. They beat her, saying: "You are abundant," so one can enrich oneself at your expense. They beat her, saying: "You are poor and impotent," so you can be beaten and plundered with impunity. Such is the law of the exploiters––to beat the backward and the weak. It is the jungle law of capitalism. You are backward, you are weak––therefore you are wrong; hence you can be beaten and enslaved. You are mighty––therefore you are right; hence we must be wary of you.<n>That is why we must no longer lag behind."<n>Joseph Stalin, speech delivered at the first All-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry, February 4, 1931<n>Stalin's efforts to advance Russia as justified by his mention of the "continual beatings" were vindicated by which of the following historical events?<n>A.The Space Race with the United States<n>B.The Polish-Soviet War in the early 1920s<n>C.The Western intervention in the Russian Civil War<n>D.The German invasion of Russia in 1941[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"We proclaim Him also by our senses on all sides, and we sanctify the noblest sense, which is that of sight. The image is a memorial, just what words are to a listening ear. What a book is to the literate, that an image is to the illiterate. The image speaks to the sight as words to the ear; it brings us understanding."<n>John of Damascus, Apologia Against Those Who Decry Holy Images, ca. 730 C.E.<n>Source 2:<n>"To make our confession short, we keep unchanged all the ecclesiastical traditions handed down to us, whether in writing or verbally, one of which is the making of pictorial representations, agreeable to the history of the preaching of the Gospel, a tradition useful in many respects, but especially in this, that so the incarnation of the Word of God is shown forth as real and not merely fantastic, for these have mutual indications and without doubt have also mutual significations."<n>Decree of the Second Council of Nicaea, 787 C.E.<n>Which of the following religious movements was ideologically opposed to the sentiments about the use of holy images reflected in the passages?<n>A.Sunni Islam<n>B.Buddhism<n>C.Zoroastrianism<n>D.Jainism[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"And then Shapur, King of Kings, passed away. Then his son Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Hormizd, King of Kings, conferred on me cap and belt and created for me a higher rank and dignity, and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, throughout the whole empire he gave me more authority and power in matters of the divine services, and created for me the title "Kerdir, Ahura Mazda's [Chief Priest]" after the name of Ahura Mazda, the Deity. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence, and many Warham fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…<n>And then Hormizd, King of Kings, passed away. Then Bahram, King of Kings, son of Shapur, King of Kings, and brother of Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Bahram, King of Kings, also held me in high honor and dignity and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, gave me authority and power for divine services of every sort. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence and many Warharan fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…<n>And in kingdom after kingdom and place after place throughout the whole empire the services of Ahura Mazda and the gods became preeminent, and great dignity came to the Mazdayanian religion and the magi in the empire, and the gods and water and fire and small cattle in the empire attained great satisfaction, while Ahriman [the evil counterpart to Ahura Mazda] and the demons were punished and rebuked, and the teachings of Ahriman and the demons departed from the empire and were abandoned. And Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, Nasoreans [Orthodox Christians], Christians, Maktak [Baptists], and Manichaeans in the empire were smitten, and destruction of idols and scattering of the stores of the demons and god-seats and nests was abandoned."<n>Excerpt from the inscription of Kerdir at Naqsh-e-Rustam, Persia, late third century C.E.<n>Which of the following best explains the presence of Buddhist communities within Sassanid Persia?<n>A.Persian efforts to convert people away from Buddhism inspired further followers.<n>B.Buddhism's apocalyptic message swayed converts in Persia.<n>C.Persia's location sat astride international trade routes with India.<n>D.Buddhists were granted limited toleration by Zoroastrians.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Thereupon it was declared by the above-mentioned representatives of the aforesaid King and Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, Granada, etc., and of the aforesaid King of Portugal and the Algarves, etc.:<n>[I.] That, whereas a certain controversy exists between the said lords, their constituents, as to what lands, of all those discovered in the ocean sea up to the present day, the date of this treaty, pertain to each one of the said parts respectively; therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal for the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., it being the pleasure of their Highnesses, they, their said representatives, acting in their name and by virtue of their powers herein described, covenanted and agreed that a boundary or straight line be determined and drawn north and south, from pole to pole, on the said ocean sea, from the Arctic to the Antarctic pole. This boundary or line shall be drawn straight, as aforesaid, at a distance of three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, being calculated by degrees, or by any other manner as may be considered the best and readiest, provided the distance shall be no greater than abovesaid. And all lands, both islands and mainlands, found and discovered already, or to be found and discovered hereafter, by the said King of Portugal and by his vessels on this side of the said line and bound determined as above, toward the east, in either north or south latitude, on the eastern side of the said bound provided the said bound is not crossed, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King of Portugal and his successors. And all other lands, both islands and mainlands, found or to be found hereafter, discovered or to be discovered hereafter, which have been discovered or shall be discovered by the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., and by their vessels, on the western side of the said bound, determined as above, after having passed the said bound toward the west, in either its north or south latitude, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King and Queen of Castile, Leon, etc., and to their successors."<n>Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494<n>Which of the following technologies most directly caused the treaty above to be signed?<n>A.Gunpowder weapons<n>B.The compass<n>C.Steel<n>D.Germ Theory[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The question as to who, and what, is responsible for African underdevelopment can be answered at two levels. Firstly, the answer is that the operation of the imperialist system bears major responsibility for African economic retardation by draining African wealth and by making it impossible to develop more rapidly the resources of the continent. Secondly, one has to deal with those who manipulate the system and those who are either agents or unwitting accomplices of the said system. The capitalists of Western Europe were the ones who actively extended their exploitation from inside Europe to cover the whole of Africa."<n>Walter Rodney, historian, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 1974<n>Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following contributed LEAST to Europe's ability to penetrate Africa in the period 1750 to 1900 C.E.?<n>A.The invention of the machine gun<n>B.The invention of vaccines for tropical diseases<n>C.The development of the joint-stock company<n>D.The invention of steam-powered ships[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The greatest contribution that Africa can make to the peace of the world is to avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity, by creating a political union which will also by its success, stand as an example to a divided world. A Union of African states will project more effectively the African personality. It will command respect from a world that has regard only for size and influence. The scant attention paid to African opposition to the French atomic tests in the Sahara, and the ignominious spectacle of the U.N. in the Congo quibbling about constitutional niceties while the Republic was tottering into anarchy, are evidence of the callous disregard of African Independence by the Great Powers."<n>Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanian leader, 1961<n>Based on the speech, the French saw Africa as which of the following?<n>A.A collection of republics tottering into anarchy<n>B.A resource for enhancing French power in the Cold War<n>C.Important due to the Sahara's natural resources<n>D.A strong political union[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"I travelled thence to 'Aden, the port of Yemen, on the coast of the ocean. It is surrounded by mountains and can be approached from one side only; it has no crops, trees, or water, but has reservoirs in which rainwater is collected. The Arabs often cut off the inhabitants from their supply of drinking-water until the they buy them off with money and pieces of cloth. It is an exceedingly hot place. It is the port of the Indians, and to it come large vessels from Kinbayat [Cambay], Kawlam [Quilon], Calicut and many other Malabar ports [on the south-west coast of India]. There are Indian merchants living there, as well as Egyptian merchants. Its inhabitants are all either merchants, porters, or fishermen. Some of the merchants are immensely rich, so rich that sometimes a single merchant is sole owner of a large ship with all it contains, and this is a subject of ostentation and rivalry amongst them. In spite of that they are pious, humble, upright, and generous in character, treat strangers well, give liberally to devotees, and pay in full the tithes due to God."<n>Ibn Battuta, ca. 1325–1354 C.E.<n>Ibn Battuta's experiences were LEAST similar to the experiences of which of the following?<n>A.Zheng He<n>B.Marco Polo<n>C.Lorenzo de Medici<n>D.Xuanzang[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences; if no social standing, advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life. There, far from exercising a jealous surveillance over each other, we do not feel called upon to be angry with our neighbor for doing what he likes, or even to indulge in those injurious looks which cannot fail to be offensive, although they inflict no positive penalty. But all this ease in our private relations does not make us lawless as citizens. Against this fear is our chief safeguard, teaching us to obey the magistrates and the laws, particularly such as regard the protection of the injured, whether they are actually on the statute book, or belong to that code which, although unwritten, yet cannot be broken without acknowledged disgrace."<n>Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, ca. 415 B.C.E.<n>Which of the following correctly describes one of the primary reasons that Greek culture was disseminated widely around the Mediterranean region during the time period represented by the passage?<n>A.The geography of Greece contains many natural resources that facilitated a profitable mining industry.<n>B.The geography of Greece contains numerous freshwater lakes that facilitated a successful fishing industry.<n>C.The geography of Greece contains prominent river valleys that facilitated widespread agriculture.<n>D.The geography of Greece contains many natural harbors that facilitated trade and commerce.[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails."<n>Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, ca. 1513 C.E.<n>Machiavelli's treatise is best understood in the context of which of the following?<n>A.A time of burgeoning economic prosperity among the lower classes of Italian society<n>B.A time of increasing religious devotion among the elite Italian scholars<n>C.A time of intense political conflict among warring Italian city-states and other factions<n>D.A time of collegial cooperation between scholars and ecclesiastical authorities in Italy[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is the Chinese emperor's response to English King George III's diplomatic envoys, who were seeking expanded trading privileges (1793).<n>Strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. . . . As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures. It behooves you, O King, to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity.<n>How did the Chinese restrict foreign trade during the era 1750–1900?<n>A.European merchants were confined to a few cities designated for foreign trade.<n>B.Only the Dutch traded with China; other Europeans had to use them as intermediaries.<n>C.The Chinese imposed extraordinary tariffs on all foreign products.<n>D.They passed laws intended to persecute and harass foreign residents.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Woman, wake up; the bell of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. Enslaved man has multiplied his strength, [but] having become free, he has become unjust to his companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain. If our leaders persist, courageously oppose the force of reason to their empty pretentions of superiority. Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves!<n>Olympe de Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," 1791<n>The independence? Nothing of what I hoped for was achieved. I had expected that my children would be able to have an education, but they did not get it. We were poor peasants then, we are poor peasants now. Nothing has changed. Everything is the same. The only thing is that we are free, the war is over, we work without fear—but apart from that, nothing has changed.<n>Halima Ghomri, interviewed in the 1970s, after Algeria's war of independence<n>Based on both passages, which of the following conclusions can be most reasonably made about revolutions?<n>A.The new liberties gained by revolution are rarely worth the bloodshed.<n>B.The new liberties gained by revolution typically fail to benefit women or ethnic minorities.<n>C.The new liberties gained by revolution are sometimes distributed unequally or inconsistently.<n>D.The new liberties gained by revolution do not always bring about economic improvement.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"At least one of the [world's] societies would have to somehow enormously increase its productivity [in order to achieve global hegemony]. That quantum jump would have to be made before the various scientific, technological, agricultural, and industrial revolutions on which our post-quantum-leap world rests. It could only be accomplished by exploiting the ecosystems, mineral resources, and human assets of whole continents outside the lands of the society making the jump. Western Europe did just that by means of its brutality and guns and, more important, by geographical and ecological luck."<n>Copyright © 2015 Cambridge University Press.<n>Alfred Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism, 2004<n>Crosby's argument in the passage is most likely a response to which of the following developments of the period 1450–1750 C.E.?<n>A.The development of direct trade links between Western Europe and India<n>B.The beginning of the Industrial Revolution<n>C.The colonization of North and South America by Western Europeans<n>D.The increasing development of seafaring technologies[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails."<n>Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, ca. 1513 C.E.<n>Which of the following best characterizes the author's attitude in the passage?<n>A.Cynicism about the loyalty of a ruler's subjects<n>B.Optimism about the fair-mindedness of political leaders<n>C.Criticism of the religious establishment<n>D.Ambivalence about the future of his economic prospects[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Source 1:<n>"The Sovereign Congress of Venezuela, to which authority the people of the Republic of the New Granada have voluntarily stood by.<n>Considering:<n>1. "That united in a single Republic, the provinces of Venezuela and the New Granada have all proportions and ways to elevate themselves to a higher grade of power and prosperity.<n>2. "That constituted in separate republics, for any more stronger the ties that these have united them, so far from taking advantages of so many advantages, they would hardly consolidate and make respect their sovereignty.<n>3. "That these truths, highly penetrated by superior talented men and of an enlightened patriotism, had moved the governments of both republics to convene in a reunion that the vicissitudes of wars decreed and decree the following fundamental Law of the Republic of Colombia:<n>ARTICLE 1. The Republics of Venezuela and New Granada are from this day on united in a single one under the glorious title of Republic of Colombia….<n>ARTICLE 4. The Executive Power of the Republic will be vested on the President and in case of his defect a Vice President and his replacement will be appointed interimly by the acting Congress."<n>Fundamental Law Establishing Gran Colombia, passed by the Congress of Angostura convened by Simon Bolivar, 1819<n>Source 2:<n>"IN THE NAME OF THE HOLY TRINITY.<n>TITLE 1 - Of the Empire of Brazil, its Territories, Government, dynasty, and Religion.<n>Art. 1. The EMPIRE of Brazil is the political association for all Brazilian citizens. These will form a free and independent nation, and will not form any other union or federation, which may cause it to lose its own Independence.<n>Art. 2. Its territory is divided into provinces in the form in which it currently finds itself; these may be subdivided, as is required for the good of the state.<n>Art. 3. Its government is a Hereditary Monarchy, constitutional, and Representative.<n>Art. 4. The prevailing dynasty is that of the Lord Dom Pedro I, the sitting Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.<n>Art. 5. The Catholic Apostolic Roman Religion will continue to be the religion of the Empire. Followers of all other religions are allowed to worship within their households, or particular houses for that intent, so long as there is nothing indicating this on the exterior of the Temple."<n>Constitution of the Empire of Brazil, March 25, 1824<n>Which of the following inferences about religion in the period 1750–1900 C.E. is supported by Source 2?<n>A.Religious uniformity was expected of the citizens of most states in the period.<n>B.Religious toleration gained acceptance with the laws of most states in the period.<n>C.Religious authority was the basis of the divine right of monarchs to rule their states in the period.<n>D.Religious influence on the populations of states declined due to scientific advancements.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Whether the question be to continue or to discontinue the practice of sati, the decision is equally surrounded by an awful responsibility. To consent to the consignment year after year of hundreds of innocent victims to a cruel and untimely end, when the power exists of preventing it, is a predicament which no conscience can contemplate without horror. But, on the other hand, to put to hazard by a contrary course the very safety of the British Empire in India is an alternative which itself may be considered a still greater evil. When we had powerful neighbours and greater reason to doubt our own security, expediency might recommend a more cautious proceeding, but now that we are supreme my opinion is decidedly in favour of an open and general prohibition.<n>William Bentinck, Govenor-General of India, "On the Suppression of Sati," 1829<n>I have made it my study to examine the nature and character of the Indians [who trade with us], and however repugnant it may be to our feelings, I am convinced they must be ruled with a rod of iron, to bring and keep them in a proper state of subordination, and the most certain way to effect this is by letting them feel their dependence on [the foodstuffs and manufactured goods we sell them].<n>George Simpson, Head of Northern Department, Hudson's Bay Company, 1826<n>The passages above are best understood in the context of which of the following practices?<n>A.Legalization of slavery in overseas colonies<n>B.Exercise of colonial administrative power over native peoples<n>C.Western missionary efforts in colonized territories<n>D.Mobilization of military resources from colonial possessions[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>You are the United States,<n>you are the future invader<n>of the native America that has Indian blood,<n>that still prays to Jesus Christ and still speaks Spanish.<n>. . .<n>you are Alexander-Nebuchadnezzar.<n>You think that life is fire,<n>that progress is eruption,<n>that wherever you shoot<n>you hit the future.<n>No.<n>. . .<n>But our America, that has had poets<n>since the ancient times of Netzahualcoyotl,<n>. . .<n>that consulted the stars, that knew Atlantis<n>whose resounding name comes to us from Plato,<n>that since the remote times of its life<n>has lived on light, on fire, on perfume, on love,<n>America of the great Montezuma, of the Inca,<n>the fragrant America of Christopher Columbus,<n>Catholic America, Spanish America,<n>the America in which noble Cuauhtémoc said:<n>"I'm not in a bed of roses", that America<n>that trembles in hurricanes and lives on love,<n>it lives, you men of Saxon eyes and barbarous soul.<n>And it dreams. And it loves, and it vibrates, and it is the daughter of the sun.<n>Be careful. Viva Spanish America!<n>There are a thousand cubs loosed from the Spanish lion.<n>Roosevelt, one would have to be, through God himself,<n>the-fearful rifleman and strong hunter,<n>to manage to grab us in your iron claws.<n>And, although you count on everything, you lack one thing: God!<n>—Adapted from "To Roosevelt" by Ruben Dario, 1904<n>Which statement best reflects the theme of the poem?<n>A.Latin Americans are too na?ve and should fight back.<n>B.Latin America has survived many invaders and will endure.<n>C.The Spanish have already destroyed Latin American culture.<n>D.Change is necessary for progress.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"Article 1<n>The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.<n>"Article 2<n>The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them.<n>"Article 3<n>In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack…<n>"Article 5<n>The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area."<n>North Atlantic Treaty, April 4, 1949<n>The treaty above is most clearly an example of which of the following?<n>A.A reduction of barriers to trade across international borders<n>B.A secret treaty to maintain the balance of power in Europe<n>C.Reconstruction efforts to rebuild Europe after World War II<n>D.A response to aggression from outside of Western Europe[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The invaders had brought in wheat and other Eurasian and African grains; peach, pear, orange, and lemon trees; chick-peas, grape vines, melons, onions, radishes, and much more. A Spanish nobleman come to America could require his Indians to furnish his table with the fruits of his ancestors.<n>—Alfred Crosby, historian, 1972<n>The comment quoted above resulted from which of the following processes?<n>A.The Green Revolution<n>B.The Columbian Exchange<n>C.The triangular trade<n>D.The Middle Passage[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>Whether the question be to continue or to discontinue the practice of sati, the decision is equally surrounded by an awful responsibility. To consent to the consignment year after year of hundreds of innocent victims to a cruel and untimely end, when the power exists of preventing it, is a predicament which no conscience can contemplate without horror. But, on the other hand, to put to hazard by a contrary course the very safety of the British Empire in India is an alternative which itself may be considered a still greater evil. When we had powerful neighbours and greater reason to doubt our own security, expediency might recommend a more cautious proceeding, but now that we are supreme my opinion is decidedly in favour of an open and general prohibition.<n>William Bentinck, Govenor-General of India, "On the Suppression of Sati," 1829<n>I have made it my study to examine the nature and character of the Indians [who trade with us], and however repugnant it may be to our feelings, I am convinced they must be ruled with a rod of iron, to bring and keep them in a proper state of subordination, and the most certain way to effect this is by letting them feel their dependence on [the foodstuffs and manufactured goods we sell them].<n>George Simpson, Head of Northern Department, Hudson's Bay Company, 1826<n>The tone of the first passage best supports which of the following suppositions about British motivations for eradicating the sati ritual?<n>A.The British intended principally to Christianize India's Hindu population.<n>B.The British sought to end what they considered an inhumane practice without endangering their own authority.<n>C.They acted out of a progressive concern for women's equality.<n>D.They were impelled by a racially prejudiced disdain for all Indian customs.[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The greatest contribution that Africa can make to the peace of the world is to avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity, by creating a political union which will also by its success, stand as an example to a divided world. A Union of African states will project more effectively the African personality. It will command respect from a world that has regard only for size and influence. The scant attention paid to African opposition to the French atomic tests in the Sahara, and the ignominious spectacle of the U.N. in the Congo quibbling about constitutional niceties while the Republic was tottering into anarchy, are evidence of the callous disregard of African Independence by the Great Powers."<n>Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanian leader, 1961<n>The inclusion of the Congo in Nkrumah's argument is intended to do which of the following?<n>A.Demonstrate the possibility of African unity<n>B.Give an example of how African nations are neglected by the world powers<n>C.Present an illustration of how the development of a constitution brings order to nations<n>D.Blame European powers for the difficulties experienced in Africa[SEP]B
This question refers to the following information.<n>"The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the capital of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way as to impoverish the less developed.<n>Non-alignment, as practiced by Ghana and many other countries, is based on co-operation with all States whether they be capitalist, socialist or have a mixed economy. Such a policy, therefore, involves foreign investment from capitalist countries, but it must be invested in accordance with a national plan drawn up by the government of the non-aligned State with its own interests in mind. The issue is not what return the foreign investor receives on his investments…The question is one of power. A State in the grip of neo-colonialism is not master of its own destiny."<n>Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism, 1965<n>Which of the following is referenced by the co-operation mentioned in the second paragraph?<n>A.The competing ideologies of the Cold War<n>B.The competing ideologies of World War II<n>C.The competing empires of World War I<n>D.The competing colonization companies in the Scramble for Africa[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>Gunpowder Weaponry: Europe vs. China<n>In Western Europe during the 1200s through the 1400s, early cannons, as heavy and as slow to fire as they were, proved useful enough in the protracted sieges that dominated warfare during this period that governments found it sufficiently worthwhile to pay for them and for the experimentation that eventually produced gunpowder weapons that were both more powerful and easier to move. By contrast, China, especially after the mid-1300s, was threatened mainly by highly mobile steppe nomads, against whom early gunpowder weapons, with their unwieldiness, proved of little utility. It therefore devoted its efforts to the improvement of horse archer units who could effectively combat the country's deadliest foe.<n>What traditional view of world history does this passage seem to challenge?<n>A.That China has always been less technologically adept than most Afro-Eurasian societies<n>B.That China's rigid form of dictatorial rule suppressed any spirit of military or technological innovation<n>C.That China was hindered by religious fundamentalism when it came to modernizing efforts<n>D.That China was surpassed by Europe in global power because it turned a blind eye to the obvious benefits of technological change[SEP]D
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is taken from testimony before Parliament.<n>Joshua Drake, called in; and Examined.<n>You say you would prefer moderate labour and lower wages; are you pretty comfortable upon your present wages?<n>—I have no wages, but two days a week at present; but when I am working at some jobs we can make a little, and at others we do very poorly.<n>When a child gets 3s. a week, does that go much towards its subsistence?<n>—No, it will not keep it as it should do.<n>Why do you allow your children to go to work at those places where they are ill-treated or over-worked?<n>—Necessity compels a man that has children to let them work.<n>Then you would not allow your children to go to those factories under the present system, if it was not from necessity?<n>—No.<n>—Testimony given before the Sadler Committee, 1831–32<n>Which type of organization was partially responsible for improving the hours, wages, and working conditions of workers in this era?<n>A.Guilds<n>B.Joint-stock companies<n>C.Labor unions<n>D.Zaibatsu groups[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The passage below is the Chinese emperor's response to English King George III's diplomatic envoys, who were seeking expanded trading privileges (1793).<n>Strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. . . . As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures. It behooves you, O King, to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity.<n>Why were the Chinese not interested in expanding trading rights with Great Britain?<n>A.The Chinese were angry over Britain's interference in their foreign affairs.<n>B.The Chinese had a preexisting exclusive trade agreement with the Dutch.<n>C.They had no interest in the products that Great Britain could provide.<n>D.They were afraid that the British would gain too much influence within China.[SEP]C
This question refers to the following information.<n>The invaders had brought in wheat and other Eurasian and African grains; peach, pear, orange, and lemon trees; chick-peas, grape vines, melons, onions, radishes, and much more. A Spanish nobleman come to America could require his Indians to furnish his table with the fruits of his ancestors.<n>—Alfred Crosby, historian, 1972<n>What was the impact of this process on Europe?<n>A.The population increased due to the increased diversity of crops.<n>B.The population declined as a result of imported disease.<n>C.The population increased due to New World immigrants.<n>D.The population declined because of famine caused by the mass export of crops.[SEP]A
This question refers to the following information.<n>The city of Ghana consists of two towns. One is inhabited by Muslims and has twelve mosques, salaried imams and muezzins, and jurists and scholars. In the environs are wells with sweet water, from which they drink and with which they grow vegetables. . . . The king's interpreters, the official in charge of his treasury and the majority of his ministers are Muslims. Only royalty may wear sewn clothes. All other people wear robes of cotton, silk, or brocade, according to their means. . . . The king adorns himself like a woman, wearing necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms. . . . He sits . . . in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses. When people who profess the same religion as the king approach him they fall on their knees and sprinkle dust on their heads, for this is their way of greeting him. As for the Muslims, they greet him only by clapping their hands. [The people's] religion is paganism and the worship of idols. . . . On every donkey-load of salt when it is brought into the country their king levies one golden dinar, and two dinars when it is sent out. From a load of copper the king's due is five mithqals, and from a load of other goods ten mithqals. . . . The nuggets found in all the mines of his country are reserved for the king, only this gold dust being left for the people. But for this the people would accumulate gold until it lost its value. Beyond this country lies another called Malal, the king of which was sincerely attached to Islam, while the common people of his kingdom remained polytheists. Since then their rulers have been given the title of al-musulmani .<n>—The Book of Routes and Realms , by Abu Ubaydallah al-Bakri, eleventh-century Muslim historian and geographer<n>According to the passage, which statement below correctly describes the economy of Ghana?<n>A.The king of Ghana's subjects are engaged in salt mining.<n>B.The Ghanians raised cattle for meat and hides.<n>C.The king of Ghana taxed salt and copper imports and exports.<n>D.The Ghanians had a self-sufficient farming economy.[SEP]C
