[PixArt-α: Fast Training of Diffusion Transformer for Photorealistic Text-to-Image Synthesis](https://huggingface.co/papers/2310.00426) is Junsong Chen, Jincheng Yu, Chongjian Ge, Lewei Yao, Enze Xie, Yue Wu, Zhongdao Wang, James Kwok, Ping Luo, Huchuan Lu, and Zhenguo Li.
The abstract from the paper is:
*The most advanced text-to-image (T2I) models require significant training costs (e.g., millions of GPU hours), seriously hindering the fundamental innovation for the AIGC community while increasing CO2 emissions. This paper introduces PIXART-α, a Transformer-based T2I diffusion model whose image generation quality is competitive with state-of-the-art image generators (e.g., Imagen, SDXL, and even Midjourney), reaching near-commercial application standards. Additionally, it supports high-resolution image synthesis up to 1024px resolution with low training cost, as shown in Figure 1 and 2. To achieve this goal, three core designs are proposed: (1) Training strategy decomposition: We devise three distinct training steps that separately optimize pixel dependency, text-image alignment, and image aesthetic quality; (2) Efficient T2I Transformer: We incorporate cross-attention modules into Diffusion Transformer (DiT) to inject text conditions and streamline the computation-intensive class-condition branch; (3) High-informative data: We emphasize the significance of concept density in text-image pairs and leverage a large Vision-Language model to auto-label dense pseudo-captions to assist text-image alignment learning. As a result, PIXART-α's training speed markedly surpasses existing large-scale T2I models, e.g., PIXART-α only takes 10.8% of Stable Diffusion v1.5's training time (675 vs. 6,250 A100 GPU days), saving nearly $300,000 ($26,000 vs. $320,000) and reducing 90% CO2 emissions. Moreover, compared with a larger SOTA model, RAPHAEL, our training cost is merely 1%. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PIXART-α excels in image quality, artistry, and semantic control. We hope PIXART-α will provide new insights to the AIGC community and startups to accelerate building their own high-quality yet low-cost generative models from scratch.*
You can find the original codebase at [PixArt-alpha/PixArt-alpha](https://github.com/PixArt-alpha/PixArt-alpha) and all the available checkpoints at [PixArt-alpha](https://huggingface.co/PixArt-alpha).
Some notes about this pipeline:
* It uses a Transformer backbone (instead of a UNet) for denoising. As such it has a similar architecture as [DiT](./dit).
* It was trained using text conditions computed from T5. This aspect makes the pipeline better at following complex text prompts with intricate details.
* It is good at producing high-resolution images at different aspect ratios. To get the best results, the authors recommend some size brackets which can be found [here](https://github.com/PixArt-alpha/PixArt-alpha/blob/08fbbd281ec96866109bdd2cdb75f2f58fb17610/diffusion/data/datasets/utils.py).
* It rivals the quality of state-of-the-art text-to-image generation systems (as of this writing) such as Stable Diffusion XL, Imagen, and DALL-E 2, while being more efficient than them.
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
</Tip>
## Inference with under 8GB GPU VRAM
Run the [`PixArtAlphaPipeline`] with under 8GB GPU VRAM by loading the text encoder in 8-bit precision. Let's walk through a full-fledged example.
First, install the [bitsandbytes](https://github.com/TimDettmers/bitsandbytes) library:
If you want a report of your memory-usage, run this [script](https://gist.github.com/sayakpaul/3ae0f847001d342af27018a96f467e4e).
<Tipwarning={true}>
Text embeddings computed in 8-bit can impact the quality of the generated images because of the information loss in the representation space caused by the reduced precision. It's recommended to compare the outputs with and without 8-bit.
</Tip>
While loading the `text_encoder`, you set `load_in_8bit` to `True`. You could also specify `load_in_4bit` to bring your memory requirements down even further to under 7GB.
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# Self-Attention Guidance
[Improving Sample Quality of Diffusion Models Using Self-Attention Guidance](https://huggingface.co/papers/2210.00939) is by Susung Hong et al.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Denoising diffusion models (DDMs) have attracted attention for their exceptional generation quality and diversity. This success is largely attributed to the use of class- or text-conditional diffusion guidance methods, such as classifier and classifier-free guidance. In this paper, we present a more comprehensive perspective that goes beyond the traditional guidance methods. From this generalized perspective, we introduce novel condition- and training-free strategies to enhance the quality of generated images. As a simple solution, blur guidance improves the suitability of intermediate samples for their fine-scale information and structures, enabling diffusion models to generate higher quality samples with a moderate guidance scale. Improving upon this, Self-Attention Guidance (SAG) uses the intermediate self-attention maps of diffusion models to enhance their stability and efficacy. Specifically, SAG adversarially blurs only the regions that diffusion models attend to at each iteration and guides them accordingly. Our experimental results show that our SAG improves the performance of various diffusion models, including ADM, IDDPM, Stable Diffusion, and DiT. Moreover, combining SAG with conventional guidance methods leads to further improvement.*
You can find additional information about Self-Attention Guidance on the [project page](https://ku-cvlab.github.io/Self-Attention-Guidance), [original codebase](https://github.com/KU-CVLAB/Self-Attention-Guidance), and try it out in a [demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/susunghong/Self-Attention-Guidance) or [notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/SusungHong/Self-Attention-Guidance/blob/main/SAG_Stable.ipynb).
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# Semantic Guidance
Semantic Guidance for Diffusion Models was proposed in [SEGA: Instructing Text-to-Image Models using Semantic Guidance](https://huggingface.co/papers/2301.12247) and provides strong semantic control over image generation.
Small changes to the text prompt usually result in entirely different output images. However, with SEGA a variety of changes to the image are enabled that can be controlled easily and intuitively, while staying true to the original image composition.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Text-to-image diffusion models have recently received a lot of interest for their astonishing ability to produce high-fidelity images from text only. However, achieving one-shot generation that aligns with the user's intent is nearly impossible, yet small changes to the input prompt often result in very different images. This leaves the user with little semantic control. To put the user in control, we show how to interact with the diffusion process to flexibly steer it along semantic directions. This semantic guidance (SEGA) generalizes to any generative architecture using classifier-free guidance. More importantly, it allows for subtle and extensive edits, changes in composition and style, as well as optimizing the overall artistic conception. We demonstrate SEGA's effectiveness on both latent and pixel-based diffusion models such as Stable Diffusion, Paella, and DeepFloyd-IF using a variety of tasks, thus providing strong evidence for its versatility, flexibility, and improvements over existing methods.*
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# Shap-E
The Shap-E model was proposed in [Shap-E: Generating Conditional 3D Implicit Functions](https://huggingface.co/papers/2305.02463) by Alex Nichol and Heewoo Jun from [OpenAI](https://github.com/openai).
The abstract from the paper is:
*We present Shap-E, a conditional generative model for 3D assets. Unlike recent work on 3D generative models which produce a single output representation, Shap-E directly generates the parameters of implicit functions that can be rendered as both textured meshes and neural radiance fields. We train Shap-E in two stages: first, we train an encoder that deterministically maps 3D assets into the parameters of an implicit function; second, we train a conditional diffusion model on outputs of the encoder. When trained on a large dataset of paired 3D and text data, our resulting models are capable of generating complex and diverse 3D assets in a matter of seconds. When compared to Point-E, an explicit generative model over point clouds, Shap-E converges faster and reaches comparable or better sample quality despite modeling a higher-dimensional, multi-representation output space.*
The original codebase can be found at [openai/shap-e](https://github.com/openai/shap-e).
<Tip>
See the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# Stable Cascade
This model is built upon the [Würstchen](https://openreview.net/forum?id=gU58d5QeGv) architecture and its main
difference to other models like Stable Diffusion is that it is working at a much smaller latent space. Why is this
important? The smaller the latent space, the **faster** you can run inference and the **cheaper** the training becomes.
How small is the latent space? Stable Diffusion uses a compression factor of 8, resulting in a 1024x1024 image being
encoded to 128x128. Stable Cascade achieves a compression factor of 42, meaning that it is possible to encode a
1024x1024 image to 24x24, while maintaining crisp reconstructions. The text-conditional model is then trained in the
highly compressed latent space. Previous versions of this architecture, achieved a 16x cost reduction over Stable
Diffusion 1.5.
Therefore, this kind of model is well suited for usages where efficiency is important. Furthermore, all known extensions
like finetuning, LoRA, ControlNet, IP-Adapter, LCM etc. are possible with this method as well.
The original codebase can be found at [Stability-AI/StableCascade](https://github.com/Stability-AI/StableCascade).
## Model Overview
Stable Cascade consists of three models: Stage A, Stage B and Stage C, representing a cascade to generate images,
hence the name "Stable Cascade".
Stage A & B are used to compress images, similar to what the job of the VAE is in Stable Diffusion.
However, with this setup, a much higher compression of images can be achieved. While the Stable Diffusion models use a
spatial compression factor of 8, encoding an image with resolution of 1024 x 1024 to 128 x 128, Stable Cascade achieves
a compression factor of 42. This encodes a 1024 x 1024 image to 24 x 24, while being able to accurately decode the
image. This comes with the great benefit of cheaper training and inference. Furthermore, Stage C is responsible
for generating the small 24 x 24 latents given a text prompt.
The Stage C model operates on the small 24 x 24 latents and denoises the latents conditioned on text prompts. The model is also the largest component in the Cascade pipeline and is meant to be used with the `StableCascadePriorPipeline`
The Stage B and Stage A models are used with the `StableCascadeDecoderPipeline` and are responsible for generating the final image given the small 24 x 24 latents.
<Tipwarning={true}>
There are some restrictions on data types that can be used with the Stable Cascade models. The official checkpoints for the `StableCascadePriorPipeline` do not support the `torch.float16` data type. Please use `torch.bfloat16` instead.
In order to use the `torch.bfloat16` data type with the `StableCascadeDecoderPipeline` you need to have PyTorch 2.2.0 or higher installed. This also means that using the `StableCascadeCombinedPipeline` with `torch.bfloat16` requires PyTorch 2.2.0 or higher, since it calls the `StableCascadeDecoderPipeline` internally.
If it is not possible to install PyTorch 2.2.0 or higher in your environment, the `StableCascadeDecoderPipeline` can be used on its own with the `torch.float16` data type. You can download the full precision or `bf16` variant weights for the pipeline and cast the weights to `torch.float16`.
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# Text-to-Image Generation with Adapter Conditioning
## Overview
[T2I-Adapter: Learning Adapters to Dig out More Controllable Ability for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.08453) by Chong Mou, Xintao Wang, Liangbin Xie, Jian Zhang, Zhongang Qi, Ying Shan, Xiaohu Qie.
Using the pretrained models we can provide control images (for example, a depth map) to control Stable Diffusion text-to-image generation so that it follows the structure of the depth image and fills in the details.
The abstract of the paper is the following:
*The incredible generative ability of large-scale text-to-image (T2I) models has demonstrated strong power of learning complex structures and meaningful semantics. However, relying solely on text prompts cannot fully take advantage of the knowledge learned by the model, especially when flexible and accurate controlling (e.g., color and structure) is needed. In this paper, we aim to ``dig out" the capabilities that T2I models have implicitly learned, and then explicitly use them to control the generation more granularly. Specifically, we propose to learn simple and lightweight T2I-Adapters to align internal knowledge in T2I models with external control signals, while freezing the original large T2I models. In this way, we can train various adapters according to different conditions, achieving rich control and editing effects in the color and structure of the generation results. Further, the proposed T2I-Adapters have attractive properties of practical value, such as composability and generalization ability. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our T2I-Adapter has promising generation quality and a wide range of applications.*
This model was contributed by the community contributor [HimariO](https://github.com/HimariO) ❤️ .
## Available Pipelines:
| Pipeline | Tasks | Demo
|---|---|:---:|
| [StableDiffusionAdapterPipeline](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/blob/main/src/diffusers/pipelines/t2i_adapter/pipeline_stable_diffusion_adapter.py) | *Text-to-Image Generation with T2I-Adapter Conditioning* | -
| [StableDiffusionXLAdapterPipeline](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/blob/main/src/diffusers/pipelines/t2i_adapter/pipeline_stable_diffusion_xl_adapter.py) | *Text-to-Image Generation with T2I-Adapter Conditioning on StableDiffusion-XL* | -
## Usage example with the base model of StableDiffusion-1.4/1.5
In the following we give a simple example of how to use a *T2I-Adapter* checkpoint with Diffusers for inference based on StableDiffusion-1.4/1.5.
All adapters use the same pipeline.
1. Images are first converted into the appropriate *control image* format.
2. The *control image* and *prompt* are passed to the [`StableDiffusionAdapterPipeline`].
Let's have a look at a simple example using the [Color Adapter](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/t2iadapter_color_sd14v1).
Non-diffusers checkpoints can be found under [TencentARC/T2I-Adapter](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/T2I-Adapter/tree/main/models).
### T2I-Adapter with Stable Diffusion 1.4
| Model Name | Control Image Overview| Control Image Example | Generated Image Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|[TencentARC/t2iadapter_color_sd14v1](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/t2iadapter_color_sd14v1)<br/>*Trained with spatial color palette* | An image with 8x8 color palette.|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/color_sample_input.png"><imgwidth="64"style="margin:0;padding:0;"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/color_sample_input.png"/></a>|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/color_sample_output.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/color_sample_output.png"/></a>|
|[TencentARC/t2iadapter_canny_sd14v1](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/t2iadapter_canny_sd14v1)<br/>*Trained with canny edge detection* | A monochrome image with white edges on a black background.|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/canny_sample_input.png"><imgwidth="64"style="margin:0;padding:0;"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/canny_sample_input.png"/></a>|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/canny_sample_output.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/canny_sample_output.png"/></a>|
|[TencentARC/t2iadapter_sketch_sd14v1](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/t2iadapter_sketch_sd14v1)<br/>*Trained with [PidiNet](https://github.com/zhuoinoulu/pidinet) edge detection* | A hand-drawn monochrome image with white outlines on a black background.|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/sketch_sample_input.png"><imgwidth="64"style="margin:0;padding:0;"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/sketch_sample_input.png"/></a>|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/sketch_sample_output.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/sketch_sample_output.png"/></a>|
|[TencentARC/t2iadapter_depth_sd14v1](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/t2iadapter_depth_sd14v1)<br/>*Trained with Midas depth estimation* | A grayscale image with black representing deep areas and white representing shallow areas.|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/depth_sample_input.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/depth_sample_input.png"/></a>|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/depth_sample_output.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/depth_sample_output.png"/></a>|
|[TencentARC/t2iadapter_openpose_sd14v1](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/t2iadapter_openpose_sd14v1)<br/>*Trained with OpenPose bone image* | A [OpenPose bone](https://github.com/CMU-Perceptual-Computing-Lab/openpose) image.|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/openpose_sample_input.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/openpose_sample_input.png"/></a>|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/openpose_sample_output.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/openpose_sample_output.png"/></a>|
|[TencentARC/t2iadapter_keypose_sd14v1](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/t2iadapter_keypose_sd14v1)<br/>*Trained with mmpose skeleton image* | A [mmpose skeleton](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmpose) image.|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/keypose_sample_input.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/keypose_sample_input.png"/></a>|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/keypose_sample_output.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/keypose_sample_output.png"/></a>|
|[TencentARC/t2iadapter_seg_sd14v1](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/t2iadapter_seg_sd14v1)<br/>*Trained with semantic segmentation* | An [custom](https://github.com/TencentARC/T2I-Adapter/discussions/25) segmentation protocol image.|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/seg_sample_input.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/seg_sample_input.png"/></a>|<ahref="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/seg_sample_output.png"><imgwidth="64"src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/diffusers/docs-images/resolve/main/t2i-adapter/seg_sample_output.png"/></a> |
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# Depth-to-image
The Stable Diffusion model can also infer depth based on an image using [MiDaS](https://github.com/isl-org/MiDaS). This allows you to pass a text prompt and an initial image to condition the generation of new images as well as a `depth_map` to preserve the image structure.
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis), [Runway](https://huggingface.co/runwayml), and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
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# GLIGEN (Grounded Language-to-Image Generation)
The GLIGEN model was created by researchers and engineers from [University of Wisconsin-Madison, Columbia University, and Microsoft](https://github.com/gligen/GLIGEN). The [`StableDiffusionGLIGENPipeline`] and [`StableDiffusionGLIGENTextImagePipeline`] can generate photorealistic images conditioned on grounding inputs. Along with text and bounding boxes with [`StableDiffusionGLIGENPipeline`], if input images are given, [`StableDiffusionGLIGENTextImagePipeline`] can insert objects described by text at the region defined by bounding boxes. Otherwise, it'll generate an image described by the caption/prompt and insert objects described by text at the region defined by bounding boxes. It's trained on COCO2014D and COCO2014CD datasets, and the model uses a frozen CLIP ViT-L/14 text encoder to condition itself on grounding inputs.
The abstract from the [paper](https://huggingface.co/papers/2301.07093) is:
*Large-scale text-to-image diffusion models have made amazing advances. However, the status quo is to use text input alone, which can impede controllability. In this work, we propose GLIGEN, Grounded-Language-to-Image Generation, a novel approach that builds upon and extends the functionality of existing pre-trained text-to-image diffusion models by enabling them to also be conditioned on grounding inputs. To preserve the vast concept knowledge of the pre-trained model, we freeze all of its weights and inject the grounding information into new trainable layers via a gated mechanism. Our model achieves open-world grounded text2img generation with caption and bounding box condition inputs, and the grounding ability generalizes well to novel spatial configurations and concepts. GLIGEN’s zeroshot performance on COCO and LVIS outperforms existing supervised layout-to-image baselines by a large margin.*
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/en/api/pipelines/stable_diffusion/overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
If you want to use one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [gligen](https://huggingface.co/gligen) Hub organizations!
</Tip>
[`StableDiffusionGLIGENPipeline`] was contributed by [Nikhil Gajendrakumar](https://github.com/nikhil-masterful) and [`StableDiffusionGLIGENTextImagePipeline`] was contributed by [Nguyễn Công Tú Anh](https://github.com/tuanh123789).
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# Image variation
The Stable Diffusion model can also generate variations from an input image. It uses a fine-tuned version of a Stable Diffusion model by [Justin Pinkney](https://www.justinpinkney.com/) from [Lambda](https://lambdalabs.com/).
The original codebase can be found at [LambdaLabsML/lambda-diffusers](https://github.com/LambdaLabsML/lambda-diffusers#stable-diffusion-image-variations) and additional official checkpoints for image variation can be found at [lambdalabs/sd-image-variations-diffusers](https://huggingface.co/lambdalabs/sd-image-variations-diffusers).
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](./overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
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Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
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# Image-to-image
The Stable Diffusion model can also be applied to image-to-image generation by passing a text prompt and an initial image to condition the generation of new images.
The [`StableDiffusionImg2ImgPipeline`] uses the diffusion-denoising mechanism proposed in [SDEdit: Guided Image Synthesis and Editing with Stochastic Differential Equations](https://huggingface.co/papers/2108.01073) by Chenlin Meng, Yutong He, Yang Song, Jiaming Song, Jiajun Wu, Jun-Yan Zhu, Stefano Ermon.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Guided image synthesis enables everyday users to create and edit photo-realistic images with minimum effort. The key challenge is balancing faithfulness to the user input (e.g., hand-drawn colored strokes) and realism of the synthesized image. Existing GAN-based methods attempt to achieve such balance using either conditional GANs or GAN inversions, which are challenging and often require additional training data or loss functions for individual applications. To address these issues, we introduce a new image synthesis and editing method, Stochastic Differential Editing (SDEdit), based on a diffusion model generative prior, which synthesizes realistic images by iteratively denoising through a stochastic differential equation (SDE). Given an input image with user guide of any type, SDEdit first adds noise to the input, then subsequently denoises the resulting image through the SDE prior to increase its realism. SDEdit does not require task-specific training or inversions and can naturally achieve the balance between realism and faithfulness. SDEdit significantly outperforms state-of-the-art GAN-based methods by up to 98.09% on realism and 91.72% on overall satisfaction scores, according to a human perception study, on multiple tasks, including stroke-based image synthesis and editing as well as image compositing.*
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
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# Inpainting
The Stable Diffusion model can also be applied to inpainting which lets you edit specific parts of an image by providing a mask and a text prompt using Stable Diffusion.
## Tips
It is recommended to use this pipeline with checkpoints that have been specifically fine-tuned for inpainting, such
as [runwayml/stable-diffusion-inpainting](https://huggingface.co/runwayml/stable-diffusion-inpainting). Default
text-to-image Stable Diffusion checkpoints, such as
[runwayml/stable-diffusion-v1-5](https://huggingface.co/runwayml/stable-diffusion-v1-5) are also compatible but they might be less performant.
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis), [Runway](https://huggingface.co/runwayml), and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
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# K-Diffusion
[k-diffusion](https://github.com/crowsonkb/k-diffusion) is a popular library created by [Katherine Crowson](https://github.com/crowsonkb/). We provide `StableDiffusionKDiffusionPipeline` and `StableDiffusionXLKDiffusionPipeline` that allow you to run Stable DIffusion with samplers from k-diffusion.
Note that most the samplers from k-diffusion are implemented in Diffusers and we recommend using existing schedulers. You can find a mapping between k-diffusion samplers and schedulers in Diffusers [here](https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/api/schedulers/overview)
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# Latent upscaler
The Stable Diffusion latent upscaler model was created by [Katherine Crowson](https://github.com/crowsonkb/k-diffusion) in collaboration with [Stability AI](https://stability.ai/). It is used to enhance the output image resolution by a factor of 2 (see this demo [notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1o1qYJcFeywzCIdkfKJy7cTpgZTCM2EI4) for a demonstration of the original implementation).
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis), [Runway](https://huggingface.co/runwayml), and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
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# Text-to-(RGB, depth)
LDM3D was proposed in [LDM3D: Latent Diffusion Model for 3D](https://huggingface.co/papers/2305.10853) by Gabriela Ben Melech Stan, Diana Wofk, Scottie Fox, Alex Redden, Will Saxton, Jean Yu, Estelle Aflalo, Shao-Yen Tseng, Fabio Nonato, Matthias Muller, and Vasudev Lal. LDM3D generates an image and a depth map from a given text prompt unlike the existing text-to-image diffusion models such as [Stable Diffusion](./overview) which only generates an image. With almost the same number of parameters, LDM3D achieves to create a latent space that can compress both the RGB images and the depth maps.
Two checkpoints are available for use:
-[ldm3d-original](https://huggingface.co/Intel/ldm3d). The original checkpoint used in the [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.10853.pdf)
-[ldm3d-4c](https://huggingface.co/Intel/ldm3d-4c). The new version of LDM3D using 4 channels inputs instead of 6-channels inputs and finetuned on higher resolution images.
The abstract from the paper is:
*This research paper proposes a Latent Diffusion Model for 3D (LDM3D) that generates both image and depth map data from a given text prompt, allowing users to generate RGBD images from text prompts. The LDM3D model is fine-tuned on a dataset of tuples containing an RGB image, depth map and caption, and validated through extensive experiments. We also develop an application called DepthFusion, which uses the generated RGB images and depth maps to create immersive and interactive 360-degree-view experiences using TouchDesigner. This technology has the potential to transform a wide range of industries, from entertainment and gaming to architecture and design. Overall, this paper presents a significant contribution to the field of generative AI and computer vision, and showcases the potential of LDM3D and DepthFusion to revolutionize content creation and digital experiences. A short video summarizing the approach can be found at [this url](https://t.ly/tdi2).*
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
[LDM3D-VR](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.03226.pdf) is an extended version of LDM3D.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Latent diffusion models have proven to be state-of-the-art in the creation and manipulation of visual outputs. However, as far as we know, the generation of depth maps jointly with RGB is still limited. We introduce LDM3D-VR, a suite of diffusion models targeting virtual reality development that includes LDM3D-pano and LDM3D-SR. These models enable the generation of panoramic RGBD based on textual prompts and the upscaling of low-resolution inputs to high-resolution RGBD, respectively. Our models are fine-tuned from existing pretrained models on datasets containing panoramic/high-resolution RGB images, depth maps and captions. Both models are evaluated in comparison to existing related methods*
Two checkpoints are available for use:
-[ldm3d-pano](https://huggingface.co/Intel/ldm3d-pano). This checkpoint enables the generation of panoramic images and requires the StableDiffusionLDM3DPipeline pipeline to be used.
-[ldm3d-sr](https://huggingface.co/Intel/ldm3d-sr). This checkpoint enables the upscaling of RGB and depth images. Can be used in cascade after the original LDM3D pipeline using the StableDiffusionUpscaleLDM3DPipeline from communauty pipeline.
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# Stable Diffusion pipelines
Stable Diffusion is a text-to-image latent diffusion model created by the researchers and engineers from [CompVis](https://github.com/CompVis), [Stability AI](https://stability.ai/) and [LAION](https://laion.ai/). Latent diffusion applies the diffusion process over a lower dimensional latent space to reduce memory and compute complexity. This specific type of diffusion model was proposed in [High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models](https://huggingface.co/papers/2112.10752) by Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattmann, Dominik Lorenz, Patrick Esser, Björn Ommer.
Stable Diffusion is trained on 512x512 images from a subset of the LAION-5B dataset. This model uses a frozen CLIP ViT-L/14 text encoder to condition the model on text prompts. With its 860M UNet and 123M text encoder, the model is relatively lightweight and can run on consumer GPUs.
For more details about how Stable Diffusion works and how it differs from the base latent diffusion model, take a look at the Stability AI [announcement](https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-announcement) and our own [blog post](https://huggingface.co/blog/stable_diffusion#how-does-stable-diffusion-work) for more technical details.
You can find the original codebase for Stable Diffusion v1.0 at [CompVis/stable-diffusion](https://github.com/CompVis/stable-diffusion) and Stable Diffusion v2.0 at [Stability-AI/stablediffusion](https://github.com/Stability-AI/stablediffusion) as well as their original scripts for various tasks. Additional official checkpoints for the different Stable Diffusion versions and tasks can be found on the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis), [Runway](https://huggingface.co/runwayml), and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations. Explore these organizations to find the best checkpoint for your use-case!
The table below summarizes the available Stable Diffusion pipelines, their supported tasks, and an interactive demo:
To help you get the most out of the Stable Diffusion pipelines, here are a few tips for improving performance and usability. These tips are applicable to all Stable Diffusion pipelines.
### Explore tradeoff between speed and quality
[`StableDiffusionPipeline`] uses the [`PNDMScheduler`] by default, but 🤗 Diffusers provides many other schedulers (some of which are faster or output better quality) that are compatible. For example, if you want to use the [`EulerDiscreteScheduler`] instead of the default:
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# SDXL Turbo
Stable Diffusion XL (SDXL) Turbo was proposed in [Adversarial Diffusion Distillation](https://stability.ai/research/adversarial-diffusion-distillation) by Axel Sauer, Dominik Lorenz, Andreas Blattmann, and Robin Rombach.
The abstract from the paper is:
*We introduce Adversarial Diffusion Distillation (ADD), a novel training approach that efficiently samples large-scale foundational image diffusion models in just 1–4 steps while maintaining high image quality. We use score distillation to leverage large-scale off-the-shelf image diffusion models as a teacher signal in combination with an adversarial loss to ensure high image fidelity even in the low-step regime of one or two sampling steps. Our analyses show that our model clearly outperforms existing few-step methods (GANs,Latent Consistency Models) in a single step and reaches the performance of state-of-the-art diffusion models (SDXL) in only four steps. ADD is the first method to unlock single-step, real-time image synthesis with foundation models.*
## Tips
- SDXL Turbo uses the exact same architecture as [SDXL](./stable_diffusion_xl), which means it also has the same API. Please refer to the [SDXL](./stable_diffusion_xl) API reference for more details.
- SDXL Turbo should disable guidance scale by setting `guidance_scale=0.0`.
- SDXL Turbo should use `timestep_spacing='trailing'` for the scheduler and use between 1 and 4 steps.
- SDXL Turbo has been trained to generate images of size 512x512.
- SDXL Turbo is open-access, but not open-source meaning that one might have to buy a model license in order to use it for commercial applications. Make sure to read the [official model card](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/sdxl-turbo) to learn more.
<Tip>
To learn how to use SDXL Turbo for various tasks, how to optimize performance, and other usage examples, take a look at the [SDXL Turbo](../../../using-diffusers/sdxl_turbo) guide.
Check out the [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organization for the official base and refiner model checkpoints!
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# Stable Diffusion 2
Stable Diffusion 2 is a text-to-image _latent diffusion_ model built upon the work of the original [Stable Diffusion](https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-public-release), and it was led by Robin Rombach and Katherine Crowson from [Stability AI](https://stability.ai/) and [LAION](https://laion.ai/).
*The Stable Diffusion 2.0 release includes robust text-to-image models trained using a brand new text encoder (OpenCLIP), developed by LAION with support from Stability AI, which greatly improves the quality of the generated images compared to earlier V1 releases. The text-to-image models in this release can generate images with default resolutions of both 512x512 pixels and 768x768 pixels.
These models are trained on an aesthetic subset of the [LAION-5B dataset](https://laion.ai/blog/laion-5b/) created by the DeepFloyd team at Stability AI, which is then further filtered to remove adult content using [LAION’s NSFW filter](https://openreview.net/forum?id=M3Y74vmsMcY).*
For more details about how Stable Diffusion 2 works and how it differs from the original Stable Diffusion, please refer to the official [announcement post](https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-v2-release).
The architecture of Stable Diffusion 2 is more or less identical to the original [Stable Diffusion model](./text2img) so check out it's API documentation for how to use Stable Diffusion 2. We recommend using the [`DPMSolverMultistepScheduler`] as it gives a reasonable speed/quality trade-off and can be run with as little as 20 steps.
Stable Diffusion 2 is available for tasks like text-to-image, inpainting, super-resolution, and depth-to-image:
Here are some examples for how to use Stable Diffusion 2 for each task:
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis), [Runway](https://huggingface.co/runwayml), and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
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# Safe Stable Diffusion
Safe Stable Diffusion was proposed in [Safe Latent Diffusion: Mitigating Inappropriate Degeneration in Diffusion Models](https://huggingface.co/papers/2211.05105) and mitigates inappropriate degeneration from Stable Diffusion models because they're trained on unfiltered web-crawled datasets. For instance Stable Diffusion may unexpectedly generate nudity, violence, images depicting self-harm, and otherwise offensive content. Safe Stable Diffusion is an extension of Stable Diffusion that drastically reduces this type of content.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Text-conditioned image generation models have recently achieved astonishing results in image quality and text alignment and are consequently employed in a fast-growing number of applications. Since they are highly data-driven, relying on billion-sized datasets randomly scraped from the internet, they also suffer, as we demonstrate, from degenerated and biased human behavior. In turn, they may even reinforce such biases. To help combat these undesired side effects, we present safe latent diffusion (SLD). Specifically, to measure the inappropriate degeneration due to unfiltered and imbalanced training sets, we establish a novel image generation test bed-inappropriate image prompts (I2P)-containing dedicated, real-world image-to-text prompts covering concepts such as nudity and violence. As our exhaustive empirical evaluation demonstrates, the introduced SLD removes and suppresses inappropriate image parts during the diffusion process, with no additional training required and no adverse effect on overall image quality or text alignment.*
## Tips
Use the `safety_concept` property of [`StableDiffusionPipelineSafe`] to check and edit the current safety concept:
>>>prompt="the four horsewomen of the apocalypse, painting by tom of finland, gaston bussiere, craig mullins, j. c. leyendecker"
>>>out=pipeline(prompt=prompt,**SafetyConfig.MAX)
```
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
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# Stable Diffusion XL
Stable Diffusion XL (SDXL) was proposed in [SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesis](https://huggingface.co/papers/2307.01952) by Dustin Podell, Zion English, Kyle Lacey, Andreas Blattmann, Tim Dockhorn, Jonas Müller, Joe Penna, and Robin Rombach.
The abstract from the paper is:
*We present SDXL, a latent diffusion model for text-to-image synthesis. Compared to previous versions of Stable Diffusion, SDXL leverages a three times larger UNet backbone: The increase of model parameters is mainly due to more attention blocks and a larger cross-attention context as SDXL uses a second text encoder. We design multiple novel conditioning schemes and train SDXL on multiple aspect ratios. We also introduce a refinement model which is used to improve the visual fidelity of samples generated by SDXL using a post-hoc image-to-image technique. We demonstrate that SDXL shows drastically improved performance compared the previous versions of Stable Diffusion and achieves results competitive with those of black-box state-of-the-art image generators.*
## Tips
- Using SDXL with a DPM++ scheduler for less than 50 steps is known to produce [visual artifacts](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/issues/5433) because the solver becomes numerically unstable. To fix this issue, take a look at this [PR](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/5541) which recommends for ODE/SDE solvers:
- set `use_karras_sigmas=True` or `lu_lambdas=True` to improve image quality
- set `euler_at_final=True` if you're using a solver with uniform step sizes (DPM++2M or DPM++2M SDE)
- Most SDXL checkpoints work best with an image size of 1024x1024. Image sizes of 768x768 and 512x512 are also supported, but the results aren't as good. Anything below 512x512 is not recommended and likely won't be for default checkpoints like [stabilityai/stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0).
- SDXL can pass a different prompt for each of the text encoders it was trained on. We can even pass different parts of the same prompt to the text encoders.
- SDXL output images can be improved by making use of a refiner model in an image-to-image setting.
- SDXL offers `negative_original_size`, `negative_crops_coords_top_left`, and `negative_target_size` to negatively condition the model on image resolution and cropping parameters.
<Tip>
To learn how to use SDXL for various tasks, how to optimize performance, and other usage examples, take a look at the [Stable Diffusion XL](../../../using-diffusers/sdxl) guide.
Check out the [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organization for the official base and refiner model checkpoints!
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# Stable Video Diffusion
Stable Video Diffusion was proposed in [Stable Video Diffusion: Scaling Latent Video Diffusion Models to Large Datasets](https://hf.co/papers/2311.15127) by Andreas Blattmann, Tim Dockhorn, Sumith Kulal, Daniel Mendelevitch, Maciej Kilian, Dominik Lorenz, Yam Levi, Zion English, Vikram Voleti, Adam Letts, Varun Jampani, Robin Rombach.
The abstract from the paper is:
*We present Stable Video Diffusion - a latent video diffusion model for high-resolution, state-of-the-art text-to-video and image-to-video generation. Recently, latent diffusion models trained for 2D image synthesis have been turned into generative video models by inserting temporal layers and finetuning them on small, high-quality video datasets. However, training methods in the literature vary widely, and the field has yet to agree on a unified strategy for curating video data. In this paper, we identify and evaluate three different stages for successful training of video LDMs: text-to-image pretraining, video pretraining, and high-quality video finetuning. Furthermore, we demonstrate the necessity of a well-curated pretraining dataset for generating high-quality videos and present a systematic curation process to train a strong base model, including captioning and filtering strategies. We then explore the impact of finetuning our base model on high-quality data and train a text-to-video model that is competitive with closed-source video generation. We also show that our base model provides a powerful motion representation for downstream tasks such as image-to-video generation and adaptability to camera motion-specific LoRA modules. Finally, we demonstrate that our model provides a strong multi-view 3D-prior and can serve as a base to finetune a multi-view diffusion model that jointly generates multiple views of objects in a feedforward fashion, outperforming image-based methods at a fraction of their compute budget. We release code and model weights at this https URL.*
<Tip>
To learn how to use Stable Video Diffusion, take a look at the [Stable Video Diffusion](../../../using-diffusers/svd) guide.
<br>
Check out the [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organization for the [base](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-video-diffusion-img2vid) and [extended frame](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-video-diffusion-img2vid-xt) checkpoints!
</Tip>
## Tips
Video generation is memory-intensive and one way to reduce your memory usage is to set `enable_forward_chunking` on the pipeline's UNet so you don't run the entire feedforward layer at once. Breaking it up into chunks in a loop is more efficient.
Check out the [Text or image-to-video](text-img2vid) guide for more details about how certain parameters can affect video generation and how to optimize inference by reducing memory usage.
