#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2025 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

# /// script
# dependencies = [
#     "diffusers @ git+https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers.git",
#     "torch>=2.0.0",
#     "accelerate>=0.31.0",
#     "transformers>=4.41.2",
#     "ftfy",
#     "tensorboard",
#     "Jinja2",
#     "peft>=0.11.1",
#     "sentencepiece",
#     "torchvision",
#     "datasets",
#     "bitsandbytes",
#     "prodigyopt",
# ]
# ///

import argparse
import copy
import itertools
import json
import logging
import math
import os
import random
import shutil
import warnings
from contextlib import nullcontext
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any

import numpy as np
import torch
import transformers
from accelerate import Accelerator
from accelerate.logging import get_logger
from accelerate.utils import DistributedDataParallelKwargs, ProjectConfiguration, set_seed
from huggingface_hub import create_repo, upload_folder
from huggingface_hub.utils import insecure_hashlib
from peft import LoraConfig, prepare_model_for_kbit_training, set_peft_model_state_dict
from peft.utils import get_peft_model_state_dict
from PIL import Image
from PIL.ImageOps import exif_transpose
from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from torch.utils.data.sampler import BatchSampler
from torchvision import transforms
from torchvision.transforms import functional as TF
from tqdm.auto import tqdm
from transformers import Qwen2Tokenizer, Qwen3Model

import diffusers
from diffusers import (
    AutoencoderKL,
    BitsAndBytesConfig,
    FlowMatchEulerDiscreteScheduler,
    ZImagePipeline,
    ZImageTransformer2DModel,
)
from diffusers.optimization import get_scheduler
from diffusers.training_utils import (
    _collate_lora_metadata,
    _to_cpu_contiguous,
    cast_training_params,
    compute_density_for_timestep_sampling,
    compute_loss_weighting_for_sd3,
    find_nearest_bucket,
    free_memory,
    get_fsdp_kwargs_from_accelerator,
    offload_models,
    parse_buckets_string,
    wrap_with_fsdp,
)
from diffusers.utils import (
    check_min_version,
    convert_unet_state_dict_to_peft,
    is_wandb_available,
)
from diffusers.utils.hub_utils import load_or_create_model_card, populate_model_card
from diffusers.utils.import_utils import is_torch_npu_available
from diffusers.utils.torch_utils import is_compiled_module


if getattr(torch, "distributed", None) is not None:
    import torch.distributed as dist

if is_wandb_available():
    import wandb

# Will error if the minimal version of diffusers is not installed. Remove at your own risks.
check_min_version("0.38.0.dev0")

logger = get_logger(__name__)


def save_model_card(
    repo_id: str,
    images=None,
    base_model: str = None,
    instance_prompt=None,
    validation_prompt=None,
    repo_folder=None,
    quant_training=None,
):
    widget_dict = []
    if images is not None:
        for i, image in enumerate(images):
            image.save(os.path.join(repo_folder, f"image_{i}.png"))
            widget_dict.append(
                {"text": validation_prompt if validation_prompt else " ", "output": {"url": f"image_{i}.png"}}
            )

    model_description = f"""
# Z Image DreamBooth LoRA - {repo_id}

<Gallery />

## Model description

These are {repo_id} DreamBooth LoRA weights for {base_model}.

The weights were trained using [DreamBooth](https://dreambooth.github.io/) with the [Z Image diffusers trainer](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/blob/main/examples/dreambooth/README_z_image.md).

Quant training? {quant_training}

## Trigger words

You should use `{instance_prompt}` to trigger the image generation.

## Download model

[Download the *.safetensors LoRA]({repo_id}/tree/main) in the Files & versions tab.

## Use it with the [🧨 diffusers library](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers)

```py
from diffusers import AutoPipelineForText2Image
import torch
pipeline = AutoPipelineForText2Image.from_pretrained("Tongyi-MAI/Z-Image", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16).to('cuda')
pipeline.load_lora_weights('{repo_id}', weight_name='pytorch_lora_weights.safetensors')
image = pipeline('{validation_prompt if validation_prompt else instance_prompt}').images[0]
```

For more details, including weighting, merging and fusing LoRAs, check the [documentation on loading LoRAs in diffusers](https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/main/en/using-diffusers/loading_adapters)

## License

Apace License 2.0
"""
    model_card = load_or_create_model_card(
        repo_id_or_path=repo_id,
        from_training=True,
        license="apache-2.0",
        base_model=base_model,
        prompt=instance_prompt,
        model_description=model_description,
        widget=widget_dict,
    )
    tags = [
        "text-to-image",
        "diffusers-training",
        "diffusers",
        "lora",
        "z-image",
        "template:sd-lora",
    ]

    model_card = populate_model_card(model_card, tags=tags)
    model_card.save(os.path.join(repo_folder, "README.md"))


def log_validation(
    pipeline,
    args,
    accelerator,
    pipeline_args,
    epoch,
    torch_dtype,
    is_final_validation=False,
):
    args.num_validation_images = args.num_validation_images if args.num_validation_images else 1
    logger.info(
        f"Running validation... \n Generating {args.num_validation_images} images with prompt:"
        f" {args.validation_prompt}."
    )
    pipeline = pipeline.to(dtype=torch_dtype)
    pipeline.enable_model_cpu_offload()
    pipeline.set_progress_bar_config(disable=True)

    # run inference
    generator = torch.Generator(device=accelerator.device).manual_seed(args.seed) if args.seed is not None else None
    autocast_ctx = torch.autocast(accelerator.device.type) if not is_final_validation else nullcontext()

    images = []
    for _ in range(args.num_validation_images):
        with autocast_ctx:
            image = pipeline(
                prompt=args.validation_prompt,
                prompt_embeds=pipeline_args["prompt_embeds"],
                generator=generator,
            ).images[0]
            images.append(image)

    for tracker in accelerator.trackers:
        phase_name = "test" if is_final_validation else "validation"
        if tracker.name == "tensorboard":
            np_images = np.stack([np.asarray(img) for img in images])
            tracker.writer.add_images(phase_name, np_images, epoch, dataformats="NHWC")
        if tracker.name == "wandb":
            tracker.log(
                {
                    phase_name: [
                        wandb.Image(image, caption=f"{i}: {args.validation_prompt}") for i, image in enumerate(images)
                    ]
                }
            )

    del pipeline
    free_memory()

    return images


def module_filter_fn(mod: torch.nn.Module, fqn: str):
    # don't convert the output module
    if fqn == "proj_out":
        return False
    # don't convert linear modules with weight dimensions not divisible by 16
    if isinstance(mod, torch.nn.Linear):
        if mod.in_features % 16 != 0 or mod.out_features % 16 != 0:
            return False
    return True


def parse_args(input_args=None):
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple example of a training script.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--pretrained_model_name_or_path",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=True,
        help="Path to pretrained model or model identifier from huggingface.co/models.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--revision",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=False,
        help="Revision of pretrained model identifier from huggingface.co/models.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--bnb_quantization_config_path",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="Quantization config in a JSON file that will be used to define the bitsandbytes quant config of the DiT.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--do_fp8_training",
        action="store_true",
        help="if we are doing FP8 training.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--variant",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="Variant of the model files of the pretrained model identifier from huggingface.co/models, 'e.g.' fp16",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dataset_name",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=(
            "The name of the Dataset (from the HuggingFace hub) containing the training data of instance images (could be your own, possibly private,"
            " dataset). It can also be a path pointing to a local copy of a dataset in your filesystem,"
            " or to a folder containing files that 🤗 Datasets can understand."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dataset_config_name",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The config of the Dataset, leave as None if there's only one config.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--instance_data_dir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=("A folder containing the training data. "),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--cache_dir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The directory where the downloaded models and datasets will be stored.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--image_column",
        type=str,
        default="image",
        help="The column of the dataset containing the target image. By "
        "default, the standard Image Dataset maps out 'file_name' "
        "to 'image'.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--caption_column",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The column of the dataset containing the instance prompt for each image",
    )

    parser.add_argument("--repeats", type=int, default=1, help="How many times to repeat the training data.")

    parser.add_argument(
        "--class_data_dir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=False,
        help="A folder containing the training data of class images.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--instance_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=True,
        help="The prompt with identifier specifying the instance, e.g. 'photo of a TOK dog', 'in the style of TOK'",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--class_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The prompt to specify images in the same class as provided instance images.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max_sequence_length",
        type=int,
        default=512,
        help="Maximum sequence length to use with with the T5 text encoder",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="A prompt that is used during validation to verify that the model is learning.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--skip_final_inference",
        default=False,
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether to skip the final inference step with loaded lora weights upon training completion. This will run intermediate validation inference if `validation_prompt` is provided. Specify to reduce memory.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--final_validation_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="A prompt that is used during a final validation to verify that the model is learning. Ignored if `--validation_prompt` is provided.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--num_validation_images",
        type=int,
        default=4,
        help="Number of images that should be generated during validation with `validation_prompt`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation_epochs",
        type=int,
        default=50,
        help=(
            "Run dreambooth validation every X epochs. Dreambooth validation consists of running the prompt"
            " `args.validation_prompt` multiple times: `args.num_validation_images`."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--rank",
        type=int,
        default=4,
        help=("The dimension of the LoRA update matrices."),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lora_alpha",
        type=int,
        default=4,
        help="LoRA alpha to be used for additional scaling.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--lora_dropout", type=float, default=0.0, help="Dropout probability for LoRA layers")

    parser.add_argument(
        "--with_prior_preservation",
        default=False,
        action="store_true",
        help="Flag to add prior preservation loss.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--prior_loss_weight", type=float, default=1.0, help="The weight of prior preservation loss.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--num_class_images",
        type=int,
        default=100,
        help=(
            "Minimal class images for prior preservation loss. If there are not enough images already present in"
            " class_data_dir, additional images will be sampled with class_prompt."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output_dir",
        type=str,
        default="z-image-dreambooth-lora",
        help="The output directory where the model predictions and checkpoints will be written.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=None, help="A seed for reproducible training.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--resolution",
        type=int,
        default=512,
        help=(
            "The resolution for input images, all the images in the train/validation dataset will be resized to this"
            " resolution"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--aspect_ratio_buckets",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=(
            "Aspect ratio buckets to use for training. Define as a string of 'h1,w1;h2,w2;...'. "
            "e.g. '1024,1024;768,1360;1360,768;880,1168;1168,880;1248,832;832,1248'"
            "Images will be resized and cropped to fit the nearest bucket. If provided, --resolution is ignored."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--center_crop",
        default=False,
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Whether to center crop the input images to the resolution. If not set, the images will be randomly"
            " cropped. The images will be resized to the resolution first before cropping."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--random_flip",
        action="store_true",
        help="whether to randomly flip images horizontally",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--train_batch_size", type=int, default=4, help="Batch size (per device) for the training dataloader."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--sample_batch_size", type=int, default=4, help="Batch size (per device) for sampling images."
    )
    parser.add_argument("--num_train_epochs", type=int, default=1)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max_train_steps",
        type=int,
        default=None,
        help="Total number of training steps to perform.  If provided, overrides num_train_epochs.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--checkpointing_steps",
        type=int,
        default=500,
        help=(
            "Save a checkpoint of the training state every X updates. These checkpoints can be used both as final"
            " checkpoints in case they are better than the last checkpoint, and are also suitable for resuming"
            " training using `--resume_from_checkpoint`."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--checkpoints_total_limit",
        type=int,
        default=None,
        help=("Max number of checkpoints to store."),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--resume_from_checkpoint",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=(
            "Whether training should be resumed from a previous checkpoint. Use a path saved by"
            ' `--checkpointing_steps`, or `"latest"` to automatically select the last available checkpoint.'
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--gradient_accumulation_steps",
        type=int,
        default=1,
        help="Number of updates steps to accumulate before performing a backward/update pass.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--gradient_checkpointing",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether or not to use gradient checkpointing to save memory at the expense of slower backward pass.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--learning_rate",
        type=float,
        default=1e-4,
        help="Initial learning rate (after the potential warmup period) to use.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--guidance_scale",
        type=float,
        default=3.5,
        help="the FLUX.1 dev variant is a guidance distilled model",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--text_encoder_lr",
        type=float,
        default=5e-6,
        help="Text encoder learning rate to use.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--scale_lr",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Scale the learning rate by the number of GPUs, gradient accumulation steps, and batch size.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lr_scheduler",
        type=str,
        default="constant",
        help=(
            'The scheduler type to use. Choose between ["linear", "cosine", "cosine_with_restarts", "polynomial",'
            ' "constant", "constant_with_warmup"]'
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lr_warmup_steps", type=int, default=500, help="Number of steps for the warmup in the lr scheduler."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lr_num_cycles",
        type=int,
        default=1,
        help="Number of hard resets of the lr in cosine_with_restarts scheduler.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--lr_power", type=float, default=1.0, help="Power factor of the polynomial scheduler.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dataloader_num_workers",
        type=int,
        default=0,
        help=(
            "Number of subprocesses to use for data loading. 0 means that the data will be loaded in the main process."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--weighting_scheme",
        type=str,
        default="none",
        choices=["sigma_sqrt", "logit_normal", "mode", "cosmap", "none"],
        help=('We default to the "none" weighting scheme for uniform sampling and uniform loss'),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--logit_mean", type=float, default=0.0, help="mean to use when using the `'logit_normal'` weighting scheme."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--logit_std", type=float, default=1.0, help="std to use when using the `'logit_normal'` weighting scheme."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--mode_scale",
        type=float,
        default=1.29,
        help="Scale of mode weighting scheme. Only effective when using the `'mode'` as the `weighting_scheme`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--optimizer",
        type=str,
        default="AdamW",
        help=('The optimizer type to use. Choose between ["AdamW", "prodigy"]'),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--use_8bit_adam",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether or not to use 8-bit Adam from bitsandbytes. Ignored if optimizer is not set to AdamW",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--adam_beta1", type=float, default=0.9, help="The beta1 parameter for the Adam and Prodigy optimizers."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--adam_beta2", type=float, default=0.999, help="The beta2 parameter for the Adam and Prodigy optimizers."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--prodigy_beta3",
        type=float,
        default=None,
        help="coefficients for computing the Prodigy stepsize using running averages. If set to None, "
        "uses the value of square root of beta2. Ignored if optimizer is adamW",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--prodigy_decouple", type=bool, default=True, help="Use AdamW style decoupled weight decay")
    parser.add_argument("--adam_weight_decay", type=float, default=1e-04, help="Weight decay to use for unet params")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--adam_weight_decay_text_encoder", type=float, default=1e-03, help="Weight decay to use for text_encoder"
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--lora_layers",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=(
            'The transformer modules to apply LoRA training on. Please specify the layers in a comma separated. E.g. - "to_k,to_q,to_v,to_out.0" will result in lora training of attention layers only'
        ),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--adam_epsilon",
        type=float,
        default=1e-08,
        help="Epsilon value for the Adam optimizer and Prodigy optimizers.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--prodigy_use_bias_correction",
        type=bool,
        default=True,
        help="Turn on Adam's bias correction. True by default. Ignored if optimizer is adamW",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--prodigy_safeguard_warmup",
        type=bool,
        default=True,
        help="Remove lr from the denominator of D estimate to avoid issues during warm-up stage. True by default. "
        "Ignored if optimizer is adamW",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--max_grad_norm", default=1.0, type=float, help="Max gradient norm.")
    parser.add_argument("--push_to_hub", action="store_true", help="Whether or not to push the model to the Hub.")
    parser.add_argument("--hub_token", type=str, default=None, help="The token to use to push to the Model Hub.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--hub_model_id",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The name of the repository to keep in sync with the local `output_dir`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--logging_dir",
        type=str,
        default="logs",
        help=(
            "[TensorBoard](https://www.tensorflow.org/tensorboard) log directory. Will default to"
            " *output_dir/runs/**CURRENT_DATETIME_HOSTNAME***."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--allow_tf32",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Whether or not to allow TF32 on Ampere GPUs. Can be used to speed up training. For more information, see"
            " https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/cuda.html#tensorfloat-32-tf32-on-ampere-devices"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--cache_latents",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Cache the VAE latents",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--report_to",
        type=str,
        default="tensorboard",
        help=(
            'The integration to report the results and logs to. Supported platforms are `"tensorboard"`'
            ' (default), `"wandb"` and `"comet_ml"`. Use `"all"` to report to all integrations.'
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--mixed_precision",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        choices=["no", "fp16", "bf16"],
        help=(
            "Whether to use mixed precision. Choose between fp16 and bf16 (bfloat16). Bf16 requires PyTorch >="
            " 1.10.and an Nvidia Ampere GPU.  Default to the value of accelerate config of the current system or the"
            " flag passed with the `accelerate.launch` command. Use this argument to override the accelerate config."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--upcast_before_saving",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help=(
            "Whether to upcast the trained transformer layers to float32 before saving (at the end of training). "
            "Defaults to precision dtype used for training to save memory"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--offload",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether to offload the VAE and the text encoder to CPU when they are not used.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--prior_generation_precision",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        choices=["no", "fp32", "fp16", "bf16"],
        help=(
            "Choose prior generation precision between fp32, fp16 and bf16 (bfloat16). Bf16 requires PyTorch >="
            " 1.10.and an Nvidia Ampere GPU.  Default to  fp16 if a GPU is available else fp32."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument("--local_rank", type=int, default=-1, help="For distributed training: local_rank")
    parser.add_argument("--enable_npu_flash_attention", action="store_true", help="Enabla Flash Attention for NPU")
    parser.add_argument("--fsdp_text_encoder", action="store_true", help="Use FSDP for text encoder")

    if input_args is not None:
        args = parser.parse_args(input_args)
    else:
        args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.dataset_name is None and args.instance_data_dir is None:
        raise ValueError("Specify either `--dataset_name` or `--instance_data_dir`")

    if args.dataset_name is not None and args.instance_data_dir is not None:
        raise ValueError("Specify only one of `--dataset_name` or `--instance_data_dir`")
    if args.do_fp8_training and args.bnb_quantization_config_path:
        raise ValueError("Both `do_fp8_training` and `bnb_quantization_config_path` cannot be passed.")

    env_local_rank = int(os.environ.get("LOCAL_RANK", -1))
    if env_local_rank != -1 and env_local_rank != args.local_rank:
        args.local_rank = env_local_rank

    if args.with_prior_preservation:
        if args.class_data_dir is None:
            raise ValueError("You must specify a data directory for class images.")
        if args.class_prompt is None:
            raise ValueError("You must specify prompt for class images.")
    else:
        # logger is not available yet
        if args.class_data_dir is not None:
            warnings.warn("You need not use --class_data_dir without --with_prior_preservation.")
        if args.class_prompt is not None:
            warnings.warn("You need not use --class_prompt without --with_prior_preservation.")

    return args


class DreamBoothDataset(Dataset):
    """
    A dataset to prepare the instance and class images with the prompts for fine-tuning the model.
    It pre-processes the images.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        instance_data_root,
        instance_prompt,
        class_prompt,
        class_data_root=None,
        class_num=None,
        size=1024,
        repeats=1,
        center_crop=False,
        buckets=None,
    ):
        self.size = size
        self.center_crop = center_crop

        self.instance_prompt = instance_prompt
        self.custom_instance_prompts = None
        self.class_prompt = class_prompt

        self.buckets = buckets

        # if --dataset_name is provided or a metadata jsonl file is provided in the local --instance_data directory,
        # we load the training data using load_dataset
        if args.dataset_name is not None:
            try:
                from datasets import load_dataset
            except ImportError:
                raise ImportError(
                    "You are trying to load your data using the datasets library. If you wish to train using custom "
                    "captions please install the datasets library: `pip install datasets`. If you wish to load a "
                    "local folder containing images only, specify --instance_data_dir instead."
                )
            # Downloading and loading a dataset from the hub.
            # See more about loading custom images at
            # https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/v2.0.0/en/dataset_script
            dataset = load_dataset(
                args.dataset_name,
                args.dataset_config_name,
                cache_dir=args.cache_dir,
            )
            # Preprocessing the datasets.
            column_names = dataset["train"].column_names

            # 6. Get the column names for input/target.
            if args.image_column is None:
                image_column = column_names[0]
                logger.info(f"image column defaulting to {image_column}")
            else:
                image_column = args.image_column
                if image_column not in column_names:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"`--image_column` value '{args.image_column}' not found in dataset columns. Dataset columns are: {', '.join(column_names)}"
                    )
            instance_images = dataset["train"][image_column]

            if args.caption_column is None:
                logger.info(
                    "No caption column provided, defaulting to instance_prompt for all images. If your dataset "
                    "contains captions/prompts for the images, make sure to specify the "
                    "column as --caption_column"
                )
                self.custom_instance_prompts = None
            else:
                if args.caption_column not in column_names:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"`--caption_column` value '{args.caption_column}' not found in dataset columns. Dataset columns are: {', '.join(column_names)}"
                    )
                custom_instance_prompts = dataset["train"][args.caption_column]
                # create final list of captions according to --repeats
                self.custom_instance_prompts = []
                for caption in custom_instance_prompts:
                    self.custom_instance_prompts.extend(itertools.repeat(caption, repeats))
        else:
            self.instance_data_root = Path(instance_data_root)
            if not self.instance_data_root.exists():
                raise ValueError("Instance images root doesn't exists.")

            instance_images = [Image.open(path) for path in list(Path(instance_data_root).iterdir())]
            self.custom_instance_prompts = None

        self.instance_images = []
        for img in instance_images:
            self.instance_images.extend(itertools.repeat(img, repeats))

        self.pixel_values = []
        for i, image in enumerate(self.instance_images):
            image = exif_transpose(image)
            if not image.mode == "RGB":
                image = image.convert("RGB")

            width, height = image.size

            # Find the closest bucket
            bucket_idx = find_nearest_bucket(height, width, self.buckets)
            target_height, target_width = self.buckets[bucket_idx]
            self.size = (target_height, target_width)

            # based on the bucket assignment, define the transformations
            image = self.train_transform(
                image,
                size=self.size,
                center_crop=args.center_crop,
                random_flip=args.random_flip,
            )
            self.pixel_values.append((image, bucket_idx))

        self.num_instance_images = len(self.instance_images)
        self._length = self.num_instance_images

        if class_data_root is not None:
            self.class_data_root = Path(class_data_root)
            self.class_data_root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            self.class_images_path = list(self.class_data_root.iterdir())
            if class_num is not None:
                self.num_class_images = min(len(self.class_images_path), class_num)
            else:
                self.num_class_images = len(self.class_images_path)
            self._length = max(self.num_class_images, self.num_instance_images)
        else:
            self.class_data_root = None

        self.image_transforms = transforms.Compose(
            [
                transforms.Resize(size, interpolation=transforms.InterpolationMode.BILINEAR),
                transforms.CenterCrop(size) if center_crop else transforms.RandomCrop(size),
                transforms.ToTensor(),
                transforms.Normalize([0.5], [0.5]),
            ]
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return self._length

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        example = {}
        instance_image, bucket_idx = self.pixel_values[index % self.num_instance_images]
        example["instance_images"] = instance_image
        example["bucket_idx"] = bucket_idx
        if self.custom_instance_prompts:
            caption = self.custom_instance_prompts[index % self.num_instance_images]
            if caption:
                example["instance_prompt"] = caption
            else:
                example["instance_prompt"] = self.instance_prompt

        else:  # custom prompts were provided, but length does not match size of image dataset
            example["instance_prompt"] = self.instance_prompt

        if self.class_data_root:
            class_image = Image.open(self.class_images_path[index % self.num_class_images])
            class_image = exif_transpose(class_image)

            if not class_image.mode == "RGB":
                class_image = class_image.convert("RGB")
            example["class_images"] = self.image_transforms(class_image)
            example["class_prompt"] = self.class_prompt

        return example

    def train_transform(self, image, size=(224, 224), center_crop=False, random_flip=False):
        # 1. Resize (deterministic)
        resize = transforms.Resize(size, interpolation=transforms.InterpolationMode.BILINEAR)
        image = resize(image)

        # 2. Crop: either center or SAME random crop
        if center_crop:
            crop = transforms.CenterCrop(size)
            image = crop(image)
        else:
            # get_params returns (i, j, h, w)
            i, j, h, w = transforms.RandomCrop.get_params(image, output_size=size)
            image = TF.crop(image, i, j, h, w)

        # 3. Random horizontal flip with the SAME coin flip
        if random_flip:
            do_flip = random.random() < 0.5
            if do_flip:
                image = TF.hflip(image)

        # 4. ToTensor + Normalize (deterministic)
        to_tensor = transforms.ToTensor()
        normalize = transforms.Normalize([0.5], [0.5])
        image = normalize(to_tensor(image))

        return image


def collate_fn(examples, with_prior_preservation=False):
    pixel_values = [example["instance_images"] for example in examples]
    prompts = [example["instance_prompt"] for example in examples]

    # Concat class and instance examples for prior preservation.
    # We do this to avoid doing two forward passes.
    if with_prior_preservation:
        pixel_values += [example["class_images"] for example in examples]
        prompts += [example["class_prompt"] for example in examples]

    pixel_values = torch.stack(pixel_values)
    pixel_values = pixel_values.to(memory_format=torch.contiguous_format).float()

    batch = {"pixel_values": pixel_values, "prompts": prompts}
    return batch


class BucketBatchSampler(BatchSampler):
    def __init__(self, dataset: DreamBoothDataset, batch_size: int, drop_last: bool = False):
        if not isinstance(batch_size, int) or batch_size <= 0:
            raise ValueError("batch_size should be a positive integer value, but got batch_size={}".format(batch_size))
        if not isinstance(drop_last, bool):
            raise ValueError("drop_last should be a boolean value, but got drop_last={}".format(drop_last))

        self.dataset = dataset
        self.batch_size = batch_size
        self.drop_last = drop_last

        # Group indices by bucket
        self.bucket_indices = [[] for _ in range(len(self.dataset.buckets))]
        for idx, (_, bucket_idx) in enumerate(self.dataset.pixel_values):
            self.bucket_indices[bucket_idx].append(idx)

        self.sampler_len = 0
        self.batches = []

        # Pre-generate batches for each bucket
        for indices_in_bucket in self.bucket_indices:
            # Shuffle indices within the bucket
            random.shuffle(indices_in_bucket)
            # Create batches
            for i in range(0, len(indices_in_bucket), self.batch_size):
                batch = indices_in_bucket[i : i + self.batch_size]
                if len(batch) < self.batch_size and self.drop_last:
                    continue  # Skip partial batch if drop_last is True
                self.batches.append(batch)
                self.sampler_len += 1  # Count the number of batches

    def __iter__(self):
        # Shuffle the order of the batches each epoch
        random.shuffle(self.batches)
        for batch in self.batches:
            yield batch

    def __len__(self):
        return self.sampler_len


class PromptDataset(Dataset):
    "A simple dataset to prepare the prompts to generate class images on multiple GPUs."

    def __init__(self, prompt, num_samples):
        self.prompt = prompt
        self.num_samples = num_samples

    def __len__(self):
        return self.num_samples

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        example = {}
        example["prompt"] = self.prompt
        example["index"] = index
        return example


def main(args):
    if args.report_to == "wandb" and args.hub_token is not None:
        raise ValueError(
            "You cannot use both --report_to=wandb and --hub_token due to a security risk of exposing your token."
            " Please use `hf auth login` to authenticate with the Hub."
        )

    if torch.backends.mps.is_available() and args.mixed_precision == "bf16":
        # due to pytorch#99272, MPS does not yet support bfloat16.
        raise ValueError(
            "Mixed precision training with bfloat16 is not supported on MPS. Please use fp16 (recommended) or fp32 instead."
        )
    if args.do_fp8_training:
        from torchao.float8 import Float8LinearConfig, convert_to_float8_training

    logging_dir = Path(args.output_dir, args.logging_dir)

    accelerator_project_config = ProjectConfiguration(project_dir=args.output_dir, logging_dir=logging_dir)
    kwargs = DistributedDataParallelKwargs(find_unused_parameters=True)
    accelerator = Accelerator(
        gradient_accumulation_steps=args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
        mixed_precision=args.mixed_precision,
        log_with=args.report_to,
        project_config=accelerator_project_config,
        kwargs_handlers=[kwargs],
    )

    # Disable AMP for MPS.
    if torch.backends.mps.is_available():
        accelerator.native_amp = False

    if args.report_to == "wandb":
        if not is_wandb_available():
            raise ImportError("Make sure to install wandb if you want to use it for logging during training.")

    # Make one log on every process with the configuration for debugging.
    logging.basicConfig(
        format="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s - %(message)s",
        datefmt="%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",
        level=logging.INFO,
    )
    logger.info(accelerator.state, main_process_only=False)
    if accelerator.is_local_main_process:
        transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_warning()
        diffusers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_info()
    else:
        transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()
        diffusers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()

    # If passed along, set the training seed now.
    if args.seed is not None:
        set_seed(args.seed)

    # Generate class images if prior preservation is enabled.
    if args.with_prior_preservation:
        class_images_dir = Path(args.class_data_dir)
        if not class_images_dir.exists():
            class_images_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
        cur_class_images = len(list(class_images_dir.iterdir()))

        if cur_class_images < args.num_class_images:
            has_supported_fp16_accelerator = torch.cuda.is_available() or torch.backends.mps.is_available()
            torch_dtype = torch.float16 if has_supported_fp16_accelerator else torch.float32
            if args.prior_generation_precision == "fp32":
                torch_dtype = torch.float32
            elif args.prior_generation_precision == "fp16":
                torch_dtype = torch.float16
            elif args.prior_generation_precision == "bf16":
                torch_dtype = torch.bfloat16

            pipeline = ZImagePipeline.from_pretrained(
                args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                torch_dtype=torch_dtype,
                revision=args.revision,
                variant=args.variant,
            )
            pipeline.set_progress_bar_config(disable=True)

            num_new_images = args.num_class_images - cur_class_images
            logger.info(f"Number of class images to sample: {num_new_images}.")

            sample_dataset = PromptDataset(args.class_prompt, num_new_images)
            sample_dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(sample_dataset, batch_size=args.sample_batch_size)

            sample_dataloader = accelerator.prepare(sample_dataloader)
            pipeline.to(accelerator.device)

            for example in tqdm(
                sample_dataloader, desc="Generating class images", disable=not accelerator.is_local_main_process
            ):
                with torch.autocast(device_type=accelerator.device.type, dtype=torch_dtype):
                    images = pipeline(prompt=example["prompt"]).images

                for i, image in enumerate(images):
                    hash_image = insecure_hashlib.sha1(image.tobytes()).hexdigest()
                    image_filename = class_images_dir / f"{example['index'][i] + cur_class_images}-{hash_image}.jpg"
                    image.save(image_filename)

            del pipeline
            free_memory()

    # Handle the repository creation
    if accelerator.is_main_process:
        if args.output_dir is not None:
            os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)

        if args.push_to_hub:
            repo_id = create_repo(
                repo_id=args.hub_model_id or Path(args.output_dir).name,
                exist_ok=True,
            ).repo_id

    # Load the tokenizers
    tokenizer = Qwen2Tokenizer.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        subfolder="tokenizer",
        revision=args.revision,
    )

    # For mixed precision training we cast all non-trainable weights (vae, text_encoder and transformer) to half-precision
    # as these weights are only used for inference, keeping weights in full precision is not required.
    weight_dtype = torch.float32
    if accelerator.mixed_precision == "fp16":
        weight_dtype = torch.float16
    elif accelerator.mixed_precision == "bf16":
        weight_dtype = torch.bfloat16

    # Load scheduler and models
    noise_scheduler = FlowMatchEulerDiscreteScheduler.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        subfolder="scheduler",
        revision=args.revision,
    )
    noise_scheduler_copy = copy.deepcopy(noise_scheduler)
    vae = AutoencoderKL.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        subfolder="vae",
        revision=args.revision,
        variant=args.variant,
    )
    vae_config_shift_factor = vae.config.shift_factor
    vae_config_scaling_factor = vae.config.scaling_factor

    quantization_config = None
    if args.bnb_quantization_config_path is not None:
        with open(args.bnb_quantization_config_path, "r") as f:
            config_kwargs = json.load(f)
            if "load_in_4bit" in config_kwargs and config_kwargs["load_in_4bit"]:
                config_kwargs["bnb_4bit_compute_dtype"] = weight_dtype
        quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(**config_kwargs)

    transformer = ZImageTransformer2DModel.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        subfolder="transformer",
        revision=args.revision,
        variant=args.variant,
        quantization_config=quantization_config,
        torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
    )
    if args.bnb_quantization_config_path is not None:
        transformer = prepare_model_for_kbit_training(transformer, use_gradient_checkpointing=False)

    text_encoder = Qwen3Model.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        subfolder="text_encoder",
        revision=args.revision,
        variant=args.variant,
    )
    text_encoder.requires_grad_(False)

    # We only train the additional adapter LoRA layers
    transformer.requires_grad_(False)
    vae.requires_grad_(False)

    if args.enable_npu_flash_attention:
        if is_torch_npu_available():
            logger.info("npu flash attention enabled.")
            transformer.set_attention_backend("_native_npu")
        else:
            raise ValueError("npu flash attention requires torch_npu extensions and is supported only on npu device ")

    if torch.backends.mps.is_available() and weight_dtype == torch.bfloat16:
        # due to pytorch#99272, MPS does not yet support bfloat16.
        raise ValueError(
            "Mixed precision training with bfloat16 is not supported on MPS. Please use fp16 (recommended) or fp32 instead."
        )

    to_kwargs = {"dtype": weight_dtype, "device": accelerator.device} if not args.offload else {"dtype": weight_dtype}
    vae.to(**to_kwargs)
    # we never offload the transformer to CPU, so we can just use the accelerator device
    transformer_to_kwargs = (
        {"device": accelerator.device}
        if args.bnb_quantization_config_path is not None
        else {"device": accelerator.device, "dtype": weight_dtype}
    )

    is_fsdp = getattr(accelerator.state, "fsdp_plugin", None) is not None
    if not is_fsdp:
        transformer.to(**transformer_to_kwargs)

    if args.do_fp8_training:
        convert_to_float8_training(
            transformer, module_filter_fn=module_filter_fn, config=Float8LinearConfig(pad_inner_dim=True)
        )

    text_encoder.to(**to_kwargs)
    # Initialize a text encoding pipeline and keep it to CPU for now.
    text_encoding_pipeline = ZImagePipeline.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        vae=None,
        transformer=None,
        tokenizer=tokenizer,
        text_encoder=text_encoder,
        scheduler=None,
        revision=args.revision,
    )

    if args.gradient_checkpointing:
        transformer.enable_gradient_checkpointing()

    if args.lora_layers is not None:
        target_modules = [layer.strip() for layer in args.lora_layers.split(",")]
    else:
        target_modules = ["to_k", "to_q", "to_v", "to_out.0"]

    # now we will add new LoRA weights the transformer layers
    transformer_lora_config = LoraConfig(
        r=args.rank,
        lora_alpha=args.lora_alpha,
        lora_dropout=args.lora_dropout,
        init_lora_weights="gaussian",
        target_modules=target_modules,
    )
    transformer.add_adapter(transformer_lora_config)

    def unwrap_model(model):
        model = accelerator.unwrap_model(model)
        model = model._orig_mod if is_compiled_module(model) else model
        return model

    # create custom saving & loading hooks so that `accelerator.save_state(...)` serializes in a nice format
    def save_model_hook(models, weights, output_dir):
        transformer_cls = type(unwrap_model(transformer))

        # 1) Validate and pick the transformer model
        modules_to_save: dict[str, Any] = {}
        transformer_model = None

        for model in models:
            if isinstance(unwrap_model(model), transformer_cls):
                transformer_model = model
                modules_to_save["transformer"] = model
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"unexpected save model: {model.__class__}")

        if transformer_model is None:
            raise ValueError("No transformer model found in 'models'")

        # 2) Optionally gather FSDP state dict once
        state_dict = accelerator.get_state_dict(model) if is_fsdp else None

        # 3) Only main process materializes the LoRA state dict
        transformer_lora_layers_to_save = None
        if accelerator.is_main_process:
            peft_kwargs = {}
            if is_fsdp:
                peft_kwargs["state_dict"] = state_dict

            transformer_lora_layers_to_save = get_peft_model_state_dict(
                unwrap_model(transformer_model) if is_fsdp else transformer_model,
                **peft_kwargs,
            )

            if is_fsdp:
                transformer_lora_layers_to_save = _to_cpu_contiguous(transformer_lora_layers_to_save)

            # make sure to pop weight so that corresponding model is not saved again
            if weights:
                weights.pop()

            ZImagePipeline.save_lora_weights(
                output_dir,
                transformer_lora_layers=transformer_lora_layers_to_save,
                **_collate_lora_metadata(modules_to_save),
            )

    def load_model_hook(models, input_dir):
        transformer_ = None

        if not is_fsdp:
            while len(models) > 0:
                model = models.pop()

                if isinstance(unwrap_model(model), type(unwrap_model(transformer))):
                    transformer_ = unwrap_model(model)
                else:
                    raise ValueError(f"unexpected save model: {model.__class__}")
        else:
            transformer_ = ZImageTransformer2DModel.from_pretrained(
                args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                subfolder="transformer",
            )
            transformer_.add_adapter(transformer_lora_config)

        lora_state_dict = ZImagePipeline.lora_state_dict(input_dir)

        transformer_state_dict = {
            f"{k.replace('transformer.', '')}": v for k, v in lora_state_dict.items() if k.startswith("transformer.")
        }
        transformer_state_dict = convert_unet_state_dict_to_peft(transformer_state_dict)
        incompatible_keys = set_peft_model_state_dict(transformer_, transformer_state_dict, adapter_name="default")
        if incompatible_keys is not None:
            # check only for unexpected keys
            unexpected_keys = getattr(incompatible_keys, "unexpected_keys", None)
            if unexpected_keys:
                logger.warning(
                    f"Loading adapter weights from state_dict led to unexpected keys not found in the model: "
                    f" {unexpected_keys}. "
                )

        # Make sure the trainable params are in float32. This is again needed since the base models
        # are in `weight_dtype`. More details:
        # https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/6514#discussion_r1449796804
        if args.mixed_precision == "fp16":
            models = [transformer_]
            # only upcast trainable parameters (LoRA) into fp32
            cast_training_params(models)

    accelerator.register_save_state_pre_hook(save_model_hook)
    accelerator.register_load_state_pre_hook(load_model_hook)

    # Enable TF32 for faster training on Ampere GPUs,
    # cf https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/cuda.html#tensorfloat-32-tf32-on-ampere-devices
    if args.allow_tf32 and torch.cuda.is_available():
        torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True

    if args.scale_lr:
        args.learning_rate = (
            args.learning_rate * args.gradient_accumulation_steps * args.train_batch_size * accelerator.num_processes
        )

    # Make sure the trainable params are in float32.
    if args.mixed_precision == "fp16":
        models = [transformer]
        # only upcast trainable parameters (LoRA) into fp32
        cast_training_params(models, dtype=torch.float32)

    transformer_lora_parameters = list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, transformer.parameters()))

    # Optimization parameters
    transformer_parameters_with_lr = {"params": transformer_lora_parameters, "lr": args.learning_rate}
    params_to_optimize = [transformer_parameters_with_lr]

    # Optimizer creation
    if not (args.optimizer.lower() == "prodigy" or args.optimizer.lower() == "adamw"):
        logger.warning(
            f"Unsupported choice of optimizer: {args.optimizer}.Supported optimizers include [adamW, prodigy]."
            "Defaulting to adamW"
        )
        args.optimizer = "adamw"

    if args.use_8bit_adam and not args.optimizer.lower() == "adamw":
        logger.warning(
            f"use_8bit_adam is ignored when optimizer is not set to 'AdamW'. Optimizer was "
            f"set to {args.optimizer.lower()}"
        )

    if args.optimizer.lower() == "adamw":
        if args.use_8bit_adam:
            try:
                import bitsandbytes as bnb
            except ImportError:
                raise ImportError(
                    "To use 8-bit Adam, please install the bitsandbytes library: `pip install bitsandbytes`."
                )

            optimizer_class = bnb.optim.AdamW8bit
        else:
            optimizer_class = torch.optim.AdamW

        optimizer = optimizer_class(
            params_to_optimize,
            betas=(args.adam_beta1, args.adam_beta2),
            weight_decay=args.adam_weight_decay,
            eps=args.adam_epsilon,
        )

    if args.optimizer.lower() == "prodigy":
        try:
            import prodigyopt
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError("To use Prodigy, please install the prodigyopt library: `pip install prodigyopt`")

        optimizer_class = prodigyopt.Prodigy

        if args.learning_rate <= 0.1:
            logger.warning(
                "Learning rate is too low. When using prodigy, it's generally better to set learning rate around 1.0"
            )

        optimizer = optimizer_class(
            params_to_optimize,
            betas=(args.adam_beta1, args.adam_beta2),
            beta3=args.prodigy_beta3,
            weight_decay=args.adam_weight_decay,
            eps=args.adam_epsilon,
            decouple=args.prodigy_decouple,
            use_bias_correction=args.prodigy_use_bias_correction,
            safeguard_warmup=args.prodigy_safeguard_warmup,
        )

    if args.aspect_ratio_buckets is not None:
        buckets = parse_buckets_string(args.aspect_ratio_buckets)
    else:
        buckets = [(args.resolution, args.resolution)]
    logger.info(f"Using parsed aspect ratio buckets: {buckets}")

    # Dataset and DataLoaders creation:
    train_dataset = DreamBoothDataset(
        instance_data_root=args.instance_data_dir,
        instance_prompt=args.instance_prompt,
        class_prompt=args.class_prompt,
        class_data_root=args.class_data_dir if args.with_prior_preservation else None,
        class_num=args.num_class_images,
        size=args.resolution,
        repeats=args.repeats,
        center_crop=args.center_crop,
        buckets=buckets,
    )
    batch_sampler = BucketBatchSampler(train_dataset, batch_size=args.train_batch_size, drop_last=True)
    train_dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
        train_dataset,
        batch_sampler=batch_sampler,
        collate_fn=lambda examples: collate_fn(examples, args.with_prior_preservation),
        num_workers=args.dataloader_num_workers,
    )

    def compute_text_embeddings(prompt, text_encoding_pipeline):
        with torch.no_grad():
            prompt_embeds, _ = text_encoding_pipeline.encode_prompt(
                prompt=prompt,
                max_sequence_length=args.max_sequence_length,
            )
        return prompt_embeds

    # If no type of tuning is done on the text_encoder and custom instance prompts are NOT
    # provided (i.e. the --instance_prompt is used for all images), we encode the instance prompt once to avoid
    # the redundant encoding.
    if not train_dataset.custom_instance_prompts:
        with offload_models(text_encoding_pipeline, device=accelerator.device, offload=args.offload):
            instance_prompt_hidden_states = compute_text_embeddings(args.instance_prompt, text_encoding_pipeline)

    # Handle class prompt for prior-preservation.
    if args.with_prior_preservation:
        with offload_models(text_encoding_pipeline, device=accelerator.device, offload=args.offload):
            class_prompt_hidden_states = compute_text_embeddings(args.class_prompt, text_encoding_pipeline)
    validation_embeddings = {}
    if args.validation_prompt is not None:
        with offload_models(text_encoding_pipeline, device=accelerator.device, offload=args.offload):
            validation_embeddings["prompt_embeds"] = compute_text_embeddings(
                args.validation_prompt, text_encoding_pipeline
            )

    # Init FSDP for text encoder
    if args.fsdp_text_encoder:
        fsdp_kwargs = get_fsdp_kwargs_from_accelerator(accelerator)
        text_encoder_fsdp = wrap_with_fsdp(
            model=text_encoding_pipeline.text_encoder,
            device=accelerator.device,
            offload=args.offload,
            limit_all_gathers=True,
            use_orig_params=True,
            fsdp_kwargs=fsdp_kwargs,
        )

        text_encoding_pipeline.text_encoder = text_encoder_fsdp
        dist.barrier()

    # If custom instance prompts are NOT provided (i.e. the instance prompt is used for all images),
    # pack the statically computed variables appropriately here. This is so that we don't
    # have to pass them to the dataloader.
    if not train_dataset.custom_instance_prompts:
        prompt_embeds = instance_prompt_hidden_states
        if args.with_prior_preservation:
            prompt_embeds = torch.cat([prompt_embeds, class_prompt_hidden_states], dim=0)

    # if cache_latents is set to True, we encode images to latents and store them.
    # Similar to pre-encoding in the case of a single instance prompt, if custom prompts are provided
    # we encode them in advance as well.
    precompute_latents = args.cache_latents or train_dataset.custom_instance_prompts
    if precompute_latents:
        prompt_embeds_cache = []
        latents_cache = []
        for batch in tqdm(train_dataloader, desc="Caching latents"):
            with torch.no_grad():
                if args.cache_latents:
                    with offload_models(vae, device=accelerator.device, offload=args.offload):
                        batch["pixel_values"] = batch["pixel_values"].to(
                            accelerator.device, non_blocking=True, dtype=vae.dtype
                        )
                        latents_cache.append(vae.encode(batch["pixel_values"]).latent_dist)
                if train_dataset.custom_instance_prompts:
                    if args.fsdp_text_encoder:
                        prompt_embeds = compute_text_embeddings(batch["prompts"], text_encoding_pipeline)
                    else:
                        with offload_models(text_encoding_pipeline, device=accelerator.device, offload=args.offload):
                            prompt_embeds = compute_text_embeddings(batch["prompts"], text_encoding_pipeline)
                    prompt_embeds_cache.append(prompt_embeds)

    # move back to cpu before deleting to ensure memory is freed see: https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/issues/11376#issue-3008144624
    if args.cache_latents:
        vae = vae.to("cpu")
        del vae

    # move back to cpu before deleting to ensure memory is freed see: https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/issues/11376#issue-3008144624
    text_encoding_pipeline = text_encoding_pipeline.to("cpu")
    del text_encoder, tokenizer
    free_memory()

    # Scheduler and math around the number of training steps.
    # Check the PR https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/8312 for detailed explanation.
    num_warmup_steps_for_scheduler = args.lr_warmup_steps * accelerator.num_processes
    if args.max_train_steps is None:
        len_train_dataloader_after_sharding = math.ceil(len(train_dataloader) / accelerator.num_processes)
        num_update_steps_per_epoch = math.ceil(len_train_dataloader_after_sharding / args.gradient_accumulation_steps)
        num_training_steps_for_scheduler = (
            args.num_train_epochs * accelerator.num_processes * num_update_steps_per_epoch
        )
    else:
        num_training_steps_for_scheduler = args.max_train_steps * accelerator.num_processes

    lr_scheduler = get_scheduler(
        args.lr_scheduler,
        optimizer=optimizer,
        num_warmup_steps=num_warmup_steps_for_scheduler,
        num_training_steps=num_training_steps_for_scheduler,
        num_cycles=args.lr_num_cycles,
        power=args.lr_power,
    )

    # Prepare everything with our `accelerator`.
    transformer, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler = accelerator.prepare(
        transformer, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler
    )

    # We need to recalculate our total training steps as the size of the training dataloader may have changed.
    num_update_steps_per_epoch = math.ceil(len(train_dataloader) / args.gradient_accumulation_steps)
    if args.max_train_steps is None:
        args.max_train_steps = args.num_train_epochs * num_update_steps_per_epoch
        if num_training_steps_for_scheduler != args.max_train_steps:
            logger.warning(
                f"The length of the 'train_dataloader' after 'accelerator.prepare' ({len(train_dataloader)}) does not match "
                f"the expected length ({len_train_dataloader_after_sharding}) when the learning rate scheduler was created. "
                f"This inconsistency may result in the learning rate scheduler not functioning properly."
            )
    # Afterwards we recalculate our number of training epochs
    args.num_train_epochs = math.ceil(args.max_train_steps / num_update_steps_per_epoch)

    # We need to initialize the trackers we use, and also store our configuration.
    # The trackers initializes automatically on the main process.
    if accelerator.is_main_process:
        tracker_name = "dreambooth-z-image-lora"
        args_cp = vars(args).copy()
        accelerator.init_trackers(tracker_name, config=args_cp)

    # Train!
    total_batch_size = args.train_batch_size * accelerator.num_processes * args.gradient_accumulation_steps

    logger.info("***** Running training *****")
    logger.info(f"  Num examples = {len(train_dataset)}")
    logger.info(f"  Num batches each epoch = {len(train_dataloader)}")
    logger.info(f"  Num Epochs = {args.num_train_epochs}")
    logger.info(f"  Instantaneous batch size per device = {args.train_batch_size}")
    logger.info(f"  Total train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = {total_batch_size}")
    logger.info(f"  Gradient Accumulation steps = {args.gradient_accumulation_steps}")
    logger.info(f"  Total optimization steps = {args.max_train_steps}")
    global_step = 0
    first_epoch = 0

    # Potentially load in the weights and states from a previous save
    if args.resume_from_checkpoint:
        if args.resume_from_checkpoint != "latest":
            path = os.path.basename(args.resume_from_checkpoint)
        else:
            # Get the mos recent checkpoint
            dirs = os.listdir(args.output_dir)
            dirs = [d for d in dirs if d.startswith("checkpoint")]
            dirs = sorted(dirs, key=lambda x: int(x.split("-")[1]))
            path = dirs[-1] if len(dirs) > 0 else None

        if path is None:
            accelerator.print(
                f"Checkpoint '{args.resume_from_checkpoint}' does not exist. Starting a new training run."
            )
            args.resume_from_checkpoint = None
            initial_global_step = 0
        else:
            accelerator.print(f"Resuming from checkpoint {path}")
            accelerator.load_state(os.path.join(args.output_dir, path))
            global_step = int(path.split("-")[1])

            initial_global_step = global_step
            first_epoch = global_step // num_update_steps_per_epoch

    else:
        initial_global_step = 0

    progress_bar = tqdm(
        range(0, args.max_train_steps),
        initial=initial_global_step,
        desc="Steps",
        # Only show the progress bar once on each machine.
        disable=not accelerator.is_local_main_process,
    )

    def get_sigmas(timesteps, n_dim=4, dtype=torch.float32):
        sigmas = noise_scheduler_copy.sigmas.to(device=accelerator.device, dtype=dtype)
        schedule_timesteps = noise_scheduler_copy.timesteps.to(accelerator.device)
        timesteps = timesteps.to(accelerator.device)
        step_indices = [(schedule_timesteps == t).nonzero().item() for t in timesteps]

        sigma = sigmas[step_indices].flatten()
        while len(sigma.shape) < n_dim:
            sigma = sigma.unsqueeze(-1)
        return sigma

    for epoch in range(first_epoch, args.num_train_epochs):
        transformer.train()

        for step, batch in enumerate(train_dataloader):
            models_to_accumulate = [transformer]
            prompts = batch["prompts"]

            with accelerator.accumulate(models_to_accumulate):
                if train_dataset.custom_instance_prompts:
                    prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds_cache[step]
                else:
                    num_repeat_elements = len(prompts)
                    prompt_embeds = [pe for pe in prompt_embeds for _ in range(num_repeat_elements)]

                # Convert images to latent space
                if args.cache_latents:
                    model_input = latents_cache[step].mode()
                else:
                    with offload_models(vae, device=accelerator.device, offload=args.offload):
                        pixel_values = batch["pixel_values"].to(device=accelerator.device, dtype=vae.dtype)
                        model_input = vae.encode(pixel_values).latent_dist.mode()

                model_input = (model_input - vae_config_shift_factor) * vae_config_scaling_factor
                # Sample noise that we'll add to the latents
                noise = torch.randn_like(model_input)
                bsz = model_input.shape[0]

                # Sample a random timestep for each image
                # for weighting schemes where we sample timesteps non-uniformly
                u = compute_density_for_timestep_sampling(
                    weighting_scheme=args.weighting_scheme,
                    batch_size=bsz,
                    logit_mean=args.logit_mean,
                    logit_std=args.logit_std,
                    mode_scale=args.mode_scale,
                )
                indices = (u * noise_scheduler_copy.config.num_train_timesteps).long()
                timesteps = noise_scheduler_copy.timesteps[indices].to(device=model_input.device)

                # Add noise according to flow matching.
                # zt = (1 - texp) * x + texp * z1
                sigmas = get_sigmas(timesteps, n_dim=model_input.ndim, dtype=model_input.dtype)
                noisy_model_input = (1.0 - sigmas) * model_input + sigmas * noise

                timestep_normalized = (1000 - timesteps) / 1000

                noisy_model_input_5d = noisy_model_input.unsqueeze(2)  # (B, C, H, W) -> (B, C, 1, H, W)
                noisy_model_input_list = list(noisy_model_input_5d.unbind(dim=0))  # List of (C, 1, H, W)

                model_pred_list = transformer(
                    noisy_model_input_list,
                    timestep_normalized,
                    prompt_embeds,  # This is a List[torch.Tensor] for Z-Image
                    return_dict=False,
                )[0]
                model_pred = torch.stack(model_pred_list, dim=0)  # (B, C, 1, H, W)
                model_pred = model_pred.squeeze(2)  # (B, C, H, W)
                model_pred = -model_pred  # z-Image negates the prediction

                # these weighting schemes use a uniform timestep sampling
                # and instead post-weight the loss
                weighting = compute_loss_weighting_for_sd3(weighting_scheme=args.weighting_scheme, sigmas=sigmas)

                # flow matching loss
                target = noise - model_input

                if args.with_prior_preservation:
                    # Chunk the noise and model_pred into two parts and compute the loss on each part separately.
                    model_pred, model_pred_prior = torch.chunk(model_pred, 2, dim=0)
                    target, target_prior = torch.chunk(target, 2, dim=0)

                    # Compute prior loss
                    prior_loss = torch.mean(
                        (weighting.float() * (model_pred_prior.float() - target_prior.float()) ** 2).reshape(
                            target_prior.shape[0], -1
                        ),
                        1,
                    )
                    prior_loss = prior_loss.mean()

                # Compute regular loss.
                loss = torch.mean(
                    (weighting.float() * (model_pred.float() - target.float()) ** 2).reshape(target.shape[0], -1),
                    1,
                )
                loss = loss.mean()

                if args.with_prior_preservation:
                    # Add the prior loss to the instance loss.
                    loss = loss + args.prior_loss_weight * prior_loss

                accelerator.backward(loss)
                if accelerator.sync_gradients:
                    params_to_clip = transformer.parameters()
                    accelerator.clip_grad_norm_(params_to_clip, args.max_grad_norm)

                optimizer.step()
                lr_scheduler.step()
                optimizer.zero_grad()

            # Checks if the accelerator has performed an optimization step behind the scenes
            if accelerator.sync_gradients:
                progress_bar.update(1)
                global_step += 1

                if accelerator.is_main_process or is_fsdp:
                    if global_step % args.checkpointing_steps == 0:
                        # _before_ saving state, check if this save would set us over the `checkpoints_total_limit`
                        if args.checkpoints_total_limit is not None:
                            checkpoints = os.listdir(args.output_dir)
                            checkpoints = [d for d in checkpoints if d.startswith("checkpoint")]
                            checkpoints = sorted(checkpoints, key=lambda x: int(x.split("-")[1]))

                            # before we save the new checkpoint, we need to have at _most_ `checkpoints_total_limit - 1` checkpoints
                            if len(checkpoints) >= args.checkpoints_total_limit:
                                num_to_remove = len(checkpoints) - args.checkpoints_total_limit + 1
                                removing_checkpoints = checkpoints[0:num_to_remove]

                                logger.info(
                                    f"{len(checkpoints)} checkpoints already exist, removing {len(removing_checkpoints)} checkpoints"
                                )
                                logger.info(f"removing checkpoints: {', '.join(removing_checkpoints)}")

                                for removing_checkpoint in removing_checkpoints:
                                    removing_checkpoint = os.path.join(args.output_dir, removing_checkpoint)
                                    shutil.rmtree(removing_checkpoint)

                        save_path = os.path.join(args.output_dir, f"checkpoint-{global_step}")
                        accelerator.save_state(save_path)
                        logger.info(f"Saved state to {save_path}")

            logs = {"loss": loss.detach().item(), "lr": lr_scheduler.get_last_lr()[0]}
            progress_bar.set_postfix(**logs)
            accelerator.log(logs, step=global_step)

            if global_step >= args.max_train_steps:
                break

        if accelerator.is_main_process:
            if args.validation_prompt is not None and epoch % args.validation_epochs == 0:
                # create pipeline
                pipeline = ZImagePipeline.from_pretrained(
                    args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                    transformer=unwrap_model(transformer),
                    revision=args.revision,
                    variant=args.variant,
                    torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
                )
                images = log_validation(
                    pipeline=pipeline,
                    args=args,
                    accelerator=accelerator,
                    pipeline_args=validation_embeddings,
                    epoch=epoch,
                    torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
                )

                del pipeline
                free_memory()

    # Save the lora layers
    accelerator.wait_for_everyone()

    if is_fsdp:
        transformer = unwrap_model(transformer)
        state_dict = accelerator.get_state_dict(transformer)
    if accelerator.is_main_process:
        modules_to_save = {}
        if is_fsdp:
            if args.bnb_quantization_config_path is None:
                if args.upcast_before_saving:
                    state_dict = {
                        k: v.to(torch.float32) if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) else v for k, v in state_dict.items()
                    }
                else:
                    state_dict = {
                        k: v.to(weight_dtype) if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) else v for k, v in state_dict.items()
                    }

            transformer_lora_layers = get_peft_model_state_dict(
                transformer,
                state_dict=state_dict,
            )
            transformer_lora_layers = {
                k: v.detach().cpu().contiguous() if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) else v
                for k, v in transformer_lora_layers.items()
            }

        else:
            transformer = unwrap_model(transformer)
            if args.bnb_quantization_config_path is None:
                if args.upcast_before_saving:
                    transformer.to(torch.float32)
                else:
                    transformer = transformer.to(weight_dtype)
            transformer_lora_layers = get_peft_model_state_dict(transformer)

        modules_to_save["transformer"] = transformer

        ZImagePipeline.save_lora_weights(
            save_directory=args.output_dir,
            transformer_lora_layers=transformer_lora_layers,
            **_collate_lora_metadata(modules_to_save),
        )

        images = []
        run_validation = (args.validation_prompt and args.num_validation_images > 0) or (args.final_validation_prompt)
        should_run_final_inference = not args.skip_final_inference and run_validation
        if should_run_final_inference:
            pipeline = ZImagePipeline.from_pretrained(
                args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                revision=args.revision,
                variant=args.variant,
                torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
            )
            # load attention processors
            pipeline.load_lora_weights(args.output_dir)

            # run inference
            images = []
            if args.validation_prompt and args.num_validation_images > 0:
                images = log_validation(
                    pipeline=pipeline,
                    args=args,
                    accelerator=accelerator,
                    pipeline_args=validation_embeddings,
                    epoch=epoch,
                    is_final_validation=True,
                    torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
                )
            images = None
            del pipeline
            free_memory()

        validation_prompt = args.validation_prompt if args.validation_prompt else args.final_validation_prompt
        quant_training = None
        if args.do_fp8_training:
            quant_training = "FP8 TorchAO"
        elif args.bnb_quantization_config_path:
            quant_training = "BitsandBytes"
        save_model_card(
            (args.hub_model_id or Path(args.output_dir).name) if not args.push_to_hub else repo_id,
            images=images,
            base_model=args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
            instance_prompt=args.instance_prompt,
            validation_prompt=validation_prompt,
            repo_folder=args.output_dir,
            quant_training=quant_training,
        )

        if args.push_to_hub:
            upload_folder(
                repo_id=repo_id,
                folder_path=args.output_dir,
                commit_message="End of training",
                ignore_patterns=["step_*", "epoch_*"],
            )

    accelerator.end_training()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    args = parse_args()
    main(args)
