init

docs/en/notes/projects.md

+# Projects based on MMDetection
+
+There are many projects built upon MMDetection.
+We list some of them as examples of how to extend MMDetection for your own projects.
+As the page might not be completed, please feel free to create a PR to update this page.
+
+## Projects as an extension
+
+Some projects extend the boundary of MMDetection for deployment or other research fields.
+They reveal the potential of what MMDetection can do. We list several of them as below.
+
+- [OTEDetection](https://github.com/opencv/mmdetection): OpenVINO training extensions for object detection.
+- [MMDetection3d](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection3d): OpenMMLab's next-generation platform for general 3D object detection.
+
+## Projects of papers
+
+There are also projects released with papers.
+Some of the papers are published in top-tier conferences (CVPR, ICCV, and ECCV), the others are also highly influential.
+To make this list also a reference for the community to develop and compare new object detection algorithms, we list them following the time order of top-tier conferences.
+Methods already supported and maintained by MMDetection are not listed.
+
+- Involution: Inverting the Inherence of Convolution for Visual Recognition, CVPR21. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.06255)[\[github\]](https://github.com/d-li14/involution)
+- Multiple Instance Active Learning for Object Detection, CVPR 2021. [\[paper\]](https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/CVPR2021/papers/Yuan_Multiple_Instance_Active_Learning_for_Object_Detection_CVPR_2021_paper.pdf)[\[github\]](https://github.com/yuantn/MI-AOD)
+- Adaptive Class Suppression Loss for Long-Tail Object Detection, CVPR 2021. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.00885)[\[github\]](https://github.com/CASIA-IVA-Lab/ACSL)
+- Generalizable Pedestrian Detection: The Elephant In The Room, CVPR2021. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.08799)[\[github\]](https://github.com/hasanirtiza/Pedestron)
+- Group Fisher Pruning for Practical Network Compression, ICML2021. [\[paper\]](https://github.com/jshilong/FisherPruning/blob/main/resources/paper.pdf)[\[github\]](https://github.com/jshilong/FisherPruning)
+- Overcoming Classifier Imbalance for Long-tail Object Detection with Balanced Group Softmax, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2020/papers/Li_Overcoming_Classifier_Imbalance_for_Long-Tail_Object_Detection_With_Balanced_Group_CVPR_2020_paper.pdf)[\[github\]](https://github.com/FishYuLi/BalancedGroupSoftmax)
+- Coherent Reconstruction of Multiple Humans from a Single Image, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](https://jiangwenpl.github.io/multiperson/)[\[github\]](https://github.com/JiangWenPL/multiperson)
+- Look-into-Object: Self-supervised Structure Modeling for Object Recognition, CVPR 2020. [\[paper\]](http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2020/papers/Zhou_Look-Into-Object_Self-Supervised_Structure_Modeling_for_Object_Recognition_CVPR_2020_paper.pdf)[\[github\]](https://github.com/JDAI-CV/LIO)
+- Video Panoptic Segmentation, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.11339)[\[github\]](https://github.com/mcahny/vps)
+- D2Det: Towards High Quality Object Detection and Instance Segmentation, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2020/html/Cao_D2Det_Towards_High_Quality_Object_Detection_and_Instance_Segmentation_CVPR_2020_paper.html)[\[github\]](https://github.com/JialeCao001/D2Det)
+- CentripetalNet: Pursuing High-quality Keypoint Pairs for Object Detection, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.09119)[\[github\]](https://github.com/KiveeDong/CentripetalNet)
+- Learning a Unified Sample Weighting Network for Object Detection, CVPR 2020. [\[paper\]](http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2020/html/Cai_Learning_a_Unified_Sample_Weighting_Network_for_Object_Detection_CVPR_2020_paper.html)[\[github\]](https://github.com/caiqi/sample-weighting-network)
+- Scale-equalizing Pyramid Convolution for Object Detection, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.03101) [\[github\]](https://github.com/jshilong/SEPC)
+- Revisiting the Sibling Head in Object Detector, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07540)[\[github\]](https://github.com/Sense-X/TSD)
+- PolarMask: Single Shot Instance Segmentation with Polar Representation, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.13226)[\[github\]](https://github.com/xieenze/PolarMask)
+- Hit-Detector: Hierarchical Trinity Architecture Search for Object Detection, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11818)[\[github\]](https://github.com/ggjy/HitDet.pytorch)
+- ZeroQ: A Novel Zero Shot Quantization Framework, CVPR2020. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.00281)[\[github\]](https://github.com/amirgholami/ZeroQ)
+- CBNet: A Novel Composite Backbone Network Architecture for Object Detection, AAAI2020. [\[paper\]](https://aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/2020GB/AAAI-LiuY.1833.pdf)[\[github\]](https://github.com/VDIGPKU/CBNet)
+- RDSNet: A New Deep Architecture for Reciprocal Object Detection and Instance Segmentation, AAAI2020. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.05070)[\[github\]](https://github.com/wangsr126/RDSNet)
+- Training-Time-Friendly Network for Real-Time Object Detection, AAAI2020. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.00700)[\[github\]](https://github.com/ZJULearning/ttfnet)
+- Cascade RPN: Delving into High-Quality Region Proposal Network with Adaptive Convolution, NeurIPS 2019. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.06720)[\[github\]](https://github.com/thangvubk/Cascade-RPN)
+- Reasoning R-CNN: Unifying Adaptive Global Reasoning into Large-scale Object Detection, CVPR2019. [\[paper\]](http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2019/papers/Xu_Reasoning-RCNN_Unifying_Adaptive_Global_Reasoning_Into_Large-Scale_Object_Detection_CVPR_2019_paper.pdf)[\[github\]](https://github.com/chanyn/Reasoning-RCNN)
+- Learning RoI Transformer for Oriented Object Detection in Aerial Images, CVPR2019. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.00155)[\[github\]](https://github.com/dingjiansw101/AerialDetection)
+- SOLO: Segmenting Objects by Locations. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04488)[\[github\]](https://github.com/WXinlong/SOLO)
+- SOLOv2: Dynamic, Faster and Stronger. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.10152)[\[github\]](https://github.com/WXinlong/SOLO)
+- Dense Peppoints: Representing Visual Objects with Dense Point Sets. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.11473)[\[github\]](https://github.com/justimyhxu/Dense-RepPoints)
+- IterDet: Iterative Scheme for Object Detection in Crowded Environments. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05708)[\[github\]](https://github.com/saic-vul/iterdet)
+- Cross-Iteration Batch Normalization. [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05712)[\[github\]](https://github.com/Howal/Cross-iterationBatchNorm)
+- A Ranking-based, Balanced Loss Function Unifying Classification and Localisation in Object Detection, NeurIPS2020 [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.13592)[\[github\]](https://github.com/kemaloksuz/aLRPLoss)
+- RelationNet++: Bridging Visual Representations for Object Detection via Transformer Decoder, NeurIPS2020 [\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15831)[\[github\]](https://github.com/microsoft/RelationNet2)
+- Generalized Focal Loss V2: Learning Reliable Localization Quality Estimation for Dense Object Detection, CVPR2021[\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.12885)[\[github\]](https://github.com/implus/GFocalV2)
+- Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windows, ICCV2021[\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.14030)[\[github\]](https://github.com/SwinTransformer/)
+- Focal Transformer: Focal Self-attention for Local-Global Interactions in Vision Transformers, NeurIPS2021[\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.00641)[\[github\]](https://github.com/microsoft/Focal-Transformer)
+- End-to-End Semi-Supervised Object Detection with Soft Teacher, ICCV2021[\[paper\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.09018)[\[github\]](https://github.com/microsoft/SoftTeacher)
+- CBNetV2: A Novel Composite Backbone Network Architecture for Object Detection [\[paper\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.00420)[\[github\]](https://github.com/VDIGPKU/CBNetV2)
+- Instances as Queries, ICCV2021 [\[paper\]](https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/ICCV2021/papers/Fang_Instances_As_Queries_ICCV_2021_paper.pdf)[\[github\]](https://github.com/hustvl/QueryInst)

docs/en/overview.md

+# OVERVIEW
+
+This chapter introduces you to the framework of MMDetection, and provides links to detailed tutorials about MMDetection.
+
+## What is MMDetection
+
+![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/12907710/137271636-56ba1cd2-b110-4812-8221-b4c120320aa9.png)
+
+MMDetection is an object detection toolbox that contains a rich set of object detection, instance segmentation, and panoptic segmentation methods as well as related components and modules, and below is its whole framework:
+
+MMDetection consists of 7 main parts, apis, structures, datasets, models, engine, evaluation and visualization.
+
+- **apis** provides high-level APIs for model inference.
+- **structures** provides data structures like bbox, mask, and DetDataSample.
+- **datasets** supports various dataset for object detection, instance segmentation, and panoptic segmentation.
+  - **transforms** contains a lot of useful data augmentation transforms.
+  - **samplers** defines different data loader sampling strategy.
+- **models** is the most vital part for detectors and contains different components of a detector.
+  - **detectors** defines all of the detection model classes.
+  - **data_preprocessors** is for preprocessing the input data of the model.
+  - **backbones** contains various backbone networks.
+  - **necks** contains various neck components.
+  - **dense_heads** contains various detection heads that perform dense predictions.
+  - **roi_heads** contains various detection heads that predict from RoIs.
+  - **seg_heads** contains various segmentation heads.
+  - **losses** contains various loss functions.
+  - **task_modules** provides modules for detection tasks. E.g. assigners, samplers, box coders, and prior generators.
+  - **layers** provides some basic neural network layers.
+- **engine** is a part for runtime components.
+  - **runner** provides extensions for [MMEngine's runner](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/runner.html).
+  - **schedulers** provides schedulers for adjusting optimization hyperparameters.
+  - **optimizers** provides optimizers and optimizer wrappers.
+  - **hooks** provides various hooks of the runner.
+- **evaluation** provides different metrics for evaluating model performance.
+- **visualization** is for visualizing detection results.
+
+## How to Use this Guide
+
+Here is a detailed step-by-step guide to learn more about MMDetection:
+
+1. For installation instructions, please see [get_started](get_started.md).
+
+2. Refer to the below tutorials for the basic usage of MMDetection.
+
+   - [Train and Test](https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guides/index.html#train-test)
+
+   - [Useful Tools](https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guides/index.html#useful-tools)
+
+3. Refer to the below tutorials to dive deeper:
+
+   - [Basic Concepts](https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced_guides/index.html#basic-concepts)
+   - [Component Customization](https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced_guides/index.html#component-customization)
+
+4. For users of MMDetection 2.x version, we provide a guide to help you adapt to the new version. You can find it in the [migration guide](./migration/migration.md).

docs/en/stat.py

+#!/usr/bin/env python
+import functools as func
+import glob
+import os.path as osp
+import re
+
+import numpy as np
+
+url_prefix = 'https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/configs'
+
+files = sorted(glob.glob('../../configs/*/README.md'))
+
+stats = []
+titles = []
+num_ckpts = 0
+
+for f in files:
+    url = osp.dirname(f.replace('../../configs', url_prefix))
+
+    with open(f, 'r') as content_file:
+        content = content_file.read()
+
+    title = content.split('\n')[0].replace('# ', '').strip()
+    ckpts = set(x.lower().strip()
+                for x in re.findall(r'\[model\]\((https?.*)\)', content))
+
+    if len(ckpts) == 0:
+        continue
+
+    _papertype = [x for x in re.findall(r'\[([A-Z]+)\]', content)]
+    assert len(_papertype) > 0
+    papertype = _papertype[0]
+
+    paper = set([(papertype, title)])
+
+    titles.append(title)
+    num_ckpts += len(ckpts)
+
+    statsmsg = f"""
+\t* [{papertype}] [{title}]({url}) ({len(ckpts)} ckpts)
+"""
+    stats.append((paper, ckpts, statsmsg))
+
+allpapers = func.reduce(lambda a, b: a.union(b), [p for p, _, _ in stats])
+msglist = '\n'.join(x for _, _, x in stats)
+
+papertypes, papercounts = np.unique([t for t, _ in allpapers],
+                                    return_counts=True)
+countstr = '\n'.join(
+    [f'   - {t}: {c}' for t, c in zip(papertypes, papercounts)])
+
+modelzoo = f"""
+# Model Zoo Statistics
+
+* Number of papers: {len(set(titles))}
+{countstr}
+
+* Number of checkpoints: {num_ckpts}
+
+{msglist}
+"""
+
+with open('modelzoo_statistics.md', 'w') as f:
+    f.write(modelzoo)

docs/en/switch_language.md

+## <a href='https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/'>English</a>
+
+## <a href='https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/'>简体中文</a>

docs/en/user_guides/config.md

+# Learn about Configs
+
+MMDetection and other OpenMMLab repositories use [MMEngine's config system](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced_tutorials/config.html). It has a modular and inheritance design, which is convenient to conduct various experiments.
+
+## Config file content
+
+MMDetection uses a modular design, all modules with different functions can be configured through the config. Taking Mask R-CNN as an example, we will introduce each field in the config according to different function modules:
+
+### Model config
+
+In MMDetection's config, we use `model` to set up detection algorithm components. In addition to neural network components such as `backbone`, `neck`, etc, it also requires `data_preprocessor`, `train_cfg`, and `test_cfg`. `data_preprocessor` is responsible for processing a batch of data output by dataloader. `train_cfg`, and `test_cfg` in the model config are for training and testing hyperparameters of the components.
+
+```python
+model = dict(
+    type='MaskRCNN',  # The name of detector
+    data_preprocessor=dict(  # The config of data preprocessor, usually includes image normalization and padding
+        type='DetDataPreprocessor',  # The type of the data preprocessor, refer to https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#mmdet.models.data_preprocessors.DetDataPreprocessor
+        mean=[123.675, 116.28, 103.53],  # Mean values used to pre-training the pre-trained backbone models, ordered in R, G, B
+        std=[58.395, 57.12, 57.375],  # Standard variance used to pre-training the pre-trained backbone models, ordered in R, G, B
+        bgr_to_rgb=True,  # whether to convert image from BGR to RGB
+        pad_mask=True,  # whether to pad instance masks
+        pad_size_divisor=32),  # The size of padded image should be divisible by ``pad_size_divisor``
+    backbone=dict(  # The config of backbone
+        type='ResNet',  # The type of backbone network. Refer to https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#mmdet.models.backbones.ResNet
+        depth=50,  # The depth of backbone, usually it is 50 or 101 for ResNet and ResNext backbones.
+        num_stages=4,  # Number of stages of the backbone.
+        out_indices=(0, 1, 2, 3),  # The index of output feature maps produced in each stage
+        frozen_stages=1,  # The weights in the first stage are frozen
+        norm_cfg=dict(  # The config of normalization layers.
+            type='BN',  # Type of norm layer, usually it is BN or GN
+            requires_grad=True),  # Whether to train the gamma and beta in BN
+        norm_eval=True,  # Whether to freeze the statistics in BN
+        style='pytorch', # The style of backbone, 'pytorch' means that stride 2 layers are in 3x3 Conv, 'caffe' means stride 2 layers are in 1x1 Convs.
+    	init_cfg=dict(type='Pretrained', checkpoint='torchvision://resnet50')),  # The ImageNet pretrained backbone to be loaded
+    neck=dict(
+        type='FPN',  # The neck of detector is FPN. We also support 'NASFPN', 'PAFPN', etc. Refer to https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#mmdet.models.necks.FPN for more details.
+        in_channels=[256, 512, 1024, 2048],  # The input channels, this is consistent with the output channels of backbone
+        out_channels=256,  # The output channels of each level of the pyramid feature map
+        num_outs=5),  # The number of output scales
+    rpn_head=dict(
+        type='RPNHead',  # The type of RPN head is 'RPNHead', we also support 'GARPNHead', etc. Refer to https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#mmdet.models.dense_heads.RPNHead for more details.
+        in_channels=256,  # The input channels of each input feature map, this is consistent with the output channels of neck
+        feat_channels=256,  # Feature channels of convolutional layers in the head.
+        anchor_generator=dict(  # The config of anchor generator
+            type='AnchorGenerator',  # Most of methods use AnchorGenerator, SSD Detectors uses `SSDAnchorGenerator`. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/task_modules/prior_generators/anchor_generator.py#L18 for more details
+            scales=[8],  # Basic scale of the anchor, the area of the anchor in one position of a feature map will be scale * base_sizes
+            ratios=[0.5, 1.0, 2.0],  # The ratio between height and width.
+            strides=[4, 8, 16, 32, 64]),  # The strides of the anchor generator. This is consistent with the FPN feature strides. The strides will be taken as base_sizes if base_sizes is not set.
+        bbox_coder=dict(  # Config of box coder to encode and decode the boxes during training and testing
+            type='DeltaXYWHBBoxCoder',  # Type of box coder. 'DeltaXYWHBBoxCoder' is applied for most of the methods. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/task_modules/coders/delta_xywh_bbox_coder.py#L13 for more details.
+            target_means=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],  # The target means used to encode and decode boxes
+            target_stds=[1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]),  # The standard variance used to encode and decode boxes
+        loss_cls=dict(  # Config of loss function for the classification branch
+            type='CrossEntropyLoss',  # Type of loss for classification branch, we also support FocalLoss etc. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/losses/cross_entropy_loss.py#L201 for more details
+            use_sigmoid=True,  # RPN usually performs two-class classification, so it usually uses the sigmoid function.
+            loss_weight=1.0),  # Loss weight of the classification branch.
+        loss_bbox=dict(  # Config of loss function for the regression branch.
+            type='L1Loss',  # Type of loss, we also support many IoU Losses and smooth L1-loss, etc. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/losses/smooth_l1_loss.py#L56 for implementation.
+            loss_weight=1.0)),  # Loss weight of the regression branch.
+    roi_head=dict(  # RoIHead encapsulates the second stage of two-stage/cascade detectors.
+        type='StandardRoIHead',
+        bbox_roi_extractor=dict(  # RoI feature extractor for bbox regression.
+            type='SingleRoIExtractor',  # Type of the RoI feature extractor, most of methods uses SingleRoIExtractor. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/roi_heads/roi_extractors/single_level_roi_extractor.py#L13 for details.
+            roi_layer=dict(  # Config of RoI Layer
+                type='RoIAlign',  # Type of RoI Layer, DeformRoIPoolingPack and ModulatedDeformRoIPoolingPack are also supported. Refer to https://mmcv.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#mmcv.ops.RoIAlign for details.
+                output_size=7,  # The output size of feature maps.
+                sampling_ratio=0),  # Sampling ratio when extracting the RoI features. 0 means adaptive ratio.
+            out_channels=256,  # output channels of the extracted feature.
+            featmap_strides=[4, 8, 16, 32]),  # Strides of multi-scale feature maps. It should be consistent with the architecture of the backbone.
+        bbox_head=dict(  # Config of box head in the RoIHead.
+            type='Shared2FCBBoxHead',  # Type of the bbox head, Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/roi_heads/bbox_heads/convfc_bbox_head.py#L220 for implementation details.
+            in_channels=256,  # Input channels for bbox head. This is consistent with the out_channels in roi_extractor
+            fc_out_channels=1024,  # Output feature channels of FC layers.
+            roi_feat_size=7,  # Size of RoI features
+            num_classes=80,  # Number of classes for classification
+            bbox_coder=dict(  # Box coder used in the second stage.
+                type='DeltaXYWHBBoxCoder',  # Type of box coder. 'DeltaXYWHBBoxCoder' is applied for most of the methods.
+                target_means=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],  # Means used to encode and decode box
+                target_stds=[0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2]),  # Standard variance for encoding and decoding. It is smaller since the boxes are more accurate. [0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2] is a conventional setting.
+            reg_class_agnostic=False,  # Whether the regression is class agnostic.
+            loss_cls=dict(  # Config of loss function for the classification branch
+                type='CrossEntropyLoss',  # Type of loss for classification branch, we also support FocalLoss etc.
+                use_sigmoid=False,  # Whether to use sigmoid.
+                loss_weight=1.0),  # Loss weight of the classification branch.
+            loss_bbox=dict(  # Config of loss function for the regression branch.
+                type='L1Loss',  # Type of loss, we also support many IoU Losses and smooth L1-loss, etc.
+                loss_weight=1.0)),  # Loss weight of the regression branch.
+        mask_roi_extractor=dict(  # RoI feature extractor for mask generation.
+            type='SingleRoIExtractor',  # Type of the RoI feature extractor, most of methods uses SingleRoIExtractor.
+            roi_layer=dict(  # Config of RoI Layer that extracts features for instance segmentation
+                type='RoIAlign',  # Type of RoI Layer, DeformRoIPoolingPack and ModulatedDeformRoIPoolingPack are also supported
+                output_size=14,  # The output size of feature maps.
+                sampling_ratio=0),  # Sampling ratio when extracting the RoI features.
+            out_channels=256,  # Output channels of the extracted feature.
+            featmap_strides=[4, 8, 16, 32]),  # Strides of multi-scale feature maps.
+        mask_head=dict(  # Mask prediction head
+            type='FCNMaskHead',  # Type of mask head, refer to https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#mmdet.models.roi_heads.FCNMaskHead for implementation details.
+            num_convs=4,  # Number of convolutional layers in mask head.
+            in_channels=256,  # Input channels, should be consistent with the output channels of mask roi extractor.
+            conv_out_channels=256,  # Output channels of the convolutional layer.
+            num_classes=80,  # Number of class to be segmented.
+            loss_mask=dict(  # Config of loss function for the mask branch.
+                type='CrossEntropyLoss',  # Type of loss used for segmentation
+                use_mask=True,  # Whether to only train the mask in the correct class.
+                loss_weight=1.0))),  # Loss weight of mask branch.
+    train_cfg = dict(  # Config of training hyperparameters for rpn and rcnn
+        rpn=dict(  # Training config of rpn
+            assigner=dict(  # Config of assigner
+                type='MaxIoUAssigner',  # Type of assigner, MaxIoUAssigner is used for many common detectors. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/task_modules/assigners/max_iou_assigner.py#L14 for more details.
+                pos_iou_thr=0.7,  # IoU >= threshold 0.7 will be taken as positive samples
+                neg_iou_thr=0.3,  # IoU < threshold 0.3 will be taken as negative samples
+                min_pos_iou=0.3,  # The minimal IoU threshold to take boxes as positive samples
+                match_low_quality=True,  # Whether to match the boxes under low quality (see API doc for more details).
+                ignore_iof_thr=-1),  # IoF threshold for ignoring bboxes
+            sampler=dict(  # Config of positive/negative sampler
+                type='RandomSampler',  # Type of sampler, PseudoSampler and other samplers are also supported. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/task_modules/samplers/random_sampler.py#L14 for implementation details.
+                num=256,  # Number of samples
+                pos_fraction=0.5,  # The ratio of positive samples in the total samples.
+                neg_pos_ub=-1,  # The upper bound of negative samples based on the number of positive samples.
+                add_gt_as_proposals=False),  # Whether add GT as proposals after sampling.
+            allowed_border=-1,  # The border allowed after padding for valid anchors.
+            pos_weight=-1,  # The weight of positive samples during training.
+            debug=False),  # Whether to set the debug mode
+        rpn_proposal=dict(  # The config to generate proposals during training
+            nms_across_levels=False,  # Whether to do NMS for boxes across levels. Only work in `GARPNHead`, naive rpn does not support do nms cross levels.
+            nms_pre=2000,  # The number of boxes before NMS
+            nms_post=1000,  # The number of boxes to be kept by NMS. Only work in `GARPNHead`.
+            max_per_img=1000,  # The number of boxes to be kept after NMS.
+            nms=dict( # Config of NMS
+                type='nms',  # Type of NMS
+                iou_threshold=0.7 # NMS threshold
+                ),
+            min_bbox_size=0),  # The allowed minimal box size
+        rcnn=dict(  # The config for the roi heads.
+            assigner=dict(  # Config of assigner for second stage, this is different for that in rpn
+                type='MaxIoUAssigner',  # Type of assigner, MaxIoUAssigner is used for all roi_heads for now. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/task_modules/assigners/max_iou_assigner.py#L14 for more details.
+                pos_iou_thr=0.5,  # IoU >= threshold 0.5 will be taken as positive samples
+                neg_iou_thr=0.5,  # IoU < threshold 0.5 will be taken as negative samples
+                min_pos_iou=0.5,  # The minimal IoU threshold to take boxes as positive samples
+                match_low_quality=False,  # Whether to match the boxes under low quality (see API doc for more details).
+                ignore_iof_thr=-1),  # IoF threshold for ignoring bboxes
+            sampler=dict(
+                type='RandomSampler',  # Type of sampler, PseudoSampler and other samplers are also supported. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/mmdet/models/task_modules/samplers/random_sampler.py#L14 for implementation details.
+                num=512,  # Number of samples
+                pos_fraction=0.25,  # The ratio of positive samples in the total samples.
+                neg_pos_ub=-1,  # The upper bound of negative samples based on the number of positive samples.
+                add_gt_as_proposals=True
+            ),  # Whether add GT as proposals after sampling.
+            mask_size=28,  # Size of mask
+            pos_weight=-1,  # The weight of positive samples during training.
+            debug=False)),  # Whether to set the debug mode
+    test_cfg = dict(  # Config for testing hyperparameters for rpn and rcnn
+        rpn=dict(  # The config to generate proposals during testing
+            nms_across_levels=False,  # Whether to do NMS for boxes across levels. Only work in `GARPNHead`, naive rpn does not support do nms cross levels.
+            nms_pre=1000,  # The number of boxes before NMS
+            nms_post=1000,  # The number of boxes to be kept by NMS. Only work in `GARPNHead`.
+            max_per_img=1000,  # The number of boxes to be kept after NMS.
+            nms=dict( # Config of NMS
+                type='nms',  #Type of NMS
+                iou_threshold=0.7 # NMS threshold
+                ),
+            min_bbox_size=0),  # The allowed minimal box size
+        rcnn=dict(  # The config for the roi heads.
+            score_thr=0.05,  # Threshold to filter out boxes
+            nms=dict(  # Config of NMS in the second stage
+                type='nms',  # Type of NMS
+                iou_thr=0.5),  # NMS threshold
+            max_per_img=100,  # Max number of detections of each image
+            mask_thr_binary=0.5)))  # Threshold of mask prediction
+```
+
+### Dataset and evaluator config
+
+[Dataloaders](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/dataset.html) are required for the training, validation, and testing of the [runner](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/runner.html). Dataset and data pipeline need to be set to build the dataloader. Due to the complexity of this part, we use intermediate variables to simplify the writing of dataloader configs.
+
+```python
+dataset_type = 'CocoDataset'  # Dataset type, this will be used to define the dataset
+data_root = 'data/coco/'  # Root path of data
+backend_args = None # Arguments to instantiate the corresponding file backend
+
+train_pipeline = [  # Training data processing pipeline
+    dict(type='LoadImageFromFile', backend_args=backend_args),  # First pipeline to load images from file path
+    dict(
+        type='LoadAnnotations',  # Second pipeline to load annotations for current image
+        with_bbox=True,  # Whether to use bounding box, True for detection
+        with_mask=True,  # Whether to use instance mask, True for instance segmentation
+        poly2mask=True),  # Whether to convert the polygon mask to instance mask, set False for acceleration and to save memory
+    dict(
+        type='Resize',  # Pipeline that resizes the images and their annotations
+        scale=(1333, 800),  # The largest scale of the images
+        keep_ratio=True  # Whether to keep the ratio between height and width
+        ),
+    dict(
+        type='RandomFlip',  # Augmentation pipeline that flips the images and their annotations
+        prob=0.5),  # The probability to flip
+    dict(type='PackDetInputs')  # Pipeline that formats the annotation data and decides which keys in the data should be packed into data_samples
+]
+test_pipeline = [  # Testing data processing pipeline
+    dict(type='LoadImageFromFile', backend_args=backend_args),  # First pipeline to load images from file path
+    dict(type='Resize', scale=(1333, 800), keep_ratio=True),  # Pipeline that resizes the images
+    dict(
+        type='PackDetInputs',  # Pipeline that formats the annotation data and decides which keys in the data should be packed into data_samples
+        meta_keys=('img_id', 'img_path', 'ori_shape', 'img_shape',
+                   'scale_factor'))
+]
+train_dataloader = dict(   # Train dataloader config
+    batch_size=2,  # Batch size of a single GPU
+    num_workers=2,  # Worker to pre-fetch data for each single GPU
+    persistent_workers=True,  # If ``True``, the dataloader will not shut down the worker processes after an epoch end, which can accelerate training speed.
+    sampler=dict(  # training data sampler
+        type='DefaultSampler',  # DefaultSampler which supports both distributed and non-distributed training. Refer to https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/generated/mmengine.dataset.DefaultSampler.html#mmengine.dataset.DefaultSampler
+        shuffle=True),  # randomly shuffle the training data in each epoch
+    batch_sampler=dict(type='AspectRatioBatchSampler'),  # Batch sampler for grouping images with similar aspect ratio into a same batch. It can reduce GPU memory cost.
+    dataset=dict(  # Train dataset config
+        type=dataset_type,
+        data_root=data_root,
+        ann_file='annotations/instances_train2017.json',  # Path of annotation file
+        data_prefix=dict(img='train2017/'),  # Prefix of image path
+        filter_cfg=dict(filter_empty_gt=True, min_size=32),  # Config of filtering images and annotations
+        pipeline=train_pipeline,
+        backend_args=backend_args))
+val_dataloader = dict(  # Validation dataloader config
+    batch_size=1,  # Batch size of a single GPU. If batch-size > 1, the extra padding area may influence the performance.
+    num_workers=2,  # Worker to pre-fetch data for each single GPU
+    persistent_workers=True,  # If ``True``, the dataloader will not shut down the worker processes after an epoch end, which can accelerate training speed.
+    drop_last=False,  # Whether to drop the last incomplete batch, if the dataset size is not divisible by the batch size
+    sampler=dict(
+        type='DefaultSampler',
+        shuffle=False),  # not shuffle during validation and testing
+    dataset=dict(
+        type=dataset_type,
+        data_root=data_root,
+        ann_file='annotations/instances_val2017.json',
+        data_prefix=dict(img='val2017/'),
+        test_mode=True,  # Turn on the test mode of the dataset to avoid filtering annotations or images
+        pipeline=test_pipeline,
+        backend_args=backend_args))
+test_dataloader = val_dataloader  # Testing dataloader config
+```
+
+[Evaluators](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/evaluation.html) are used to compute the metrics of the trained model on the validation and testing datasets. The config of evaluators consists of one or a list of metric configs:
+
+```python
+val_evaluator = dict(  # Validation evaluator config
+    type='CocoMetric',  # The coco metric used to evaluate AR, AP, and mAP for detection and instance segmentation
+    ann_file=data_root + 'annotations/instances_val2017.json',  # Annotation file path
+    metric=['bbox', 'segm'],  # Metrics to be evaluated, `bbox` for detection and `segm` for instance segmentation
+    format_only=False,
+    backend_args=backend_args)
+test_evaluator = val_evaluator  # Testing evaluator config
+```
+
+Since the test dataset has no annotation files, the test_dataloader and test_evaluator config in MMDetection are generally equal to the val's. If you want to save the detection results on the test dataset, you can write the config like this:
+
+```python
+# inference on test dataset and
+# format the output results for submission.
+test_dataloader = dict(
+    batch_size=1,
+    num_workers=2,
+    persistent_workers=True,
+    drop_last=False,
+    sampler=dict(type='DefaultSampler', shuffle=False),
+    dataset=dict(
+        type=dataset_type,
+        data_root=data_root,
+        ann_file=data_root + 'annotations/image_info_test-dev2017.json',
+        data_prefix=dict(img='test2017/'),
+        test_mode=True,
+        pipeline=test_pipeline))
+test_evaluator = dict(
+    type='CocoMetric',
+    ann_file=data_root + 'annotations/image_info_test-dev2017.json',
+    metric=['bbox', 'segm'],  # Metrics to be evaluated
+    format_only=True,  # Only format and save the results to coco json file
+    outfile_prefix='./work_dirs/coco_detection/test')  # The prefix of output json files
+```
+
+### Training and testing config
+
+MMEngine's runner uses Loop to control the training, validation, and testing processes.
+Users can set the maximum training epochs and validation intervals with these fields.
+
+```python
+train_cfg = dict(
+    type='EpochBasedTrainLoop',  # The training loop type. Refer to https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmengine/blob/main/mmengine/runner/loops.py
+    max_epochs=12,  # Maximum training epochs
+    val_interval=1)  # Validation intervals. Run validation every epoch.
+val_cfg = dict(type='ValLoop')  # The validation loop type
+test_cfg = dict(type='TestLoop')  # The testing loop type
+```
+
+### Optimization config
+
+`optim_wrapper` is the field to configure optimization-related settings. The optimizer wrapper not only provides the functions of the optimizer, but also supports functions such as gradient clipping, mixed precision training, etc. Find more in [optimizer wrapper tutorial](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/optim_wrapper.html).
+
+```python
+optim_wrapper = dict(  # Optimizer wrapper config
+    type='OptimWrapper',  # Optimizer wrapper type, switch to AmpOptimWrapper to enable mixed precision training.
+    optimizer=dict(  # Optimizer config. Support all kinds of optimizers in PyTorch. Refer to https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/optim.html#algorithms
+        type='SGD',  # Stochastic gradient descent optimizer
+        lr=0.02,  # The base learning rate
+        momentum=0.9,  # Stochastic gradient descent with momentum
+        weight_decay=0.0001),  # Weight decay of SGD
+    clip_grad=None,  # Gradient clip option. Set None to disable gradient clip. Find usage in https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/optimizer.html
+    )
+```
+
+`param_scheduler` is a field that configures methods of adjusting optimization hyperparameters such as learning rate and momentum. Users can combine multiple schedulers to create a desired parameter adjustment strategy. Find more in [parameter scheduler tutorial](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/param_scheduler.html) and [parameter scheduler API documents](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/generated/mmengine.optim._ParamScheduler.html#mmengine.optim._ParamScheduler)
+
+```python
+param_scheduler = [
+    # Linear learning rate warm-up scheduler
+    dict(
+        type='LinearLR',  # Use linear policy to warmup learning rate
+        start_factor=0.001, # The ratio of the starting learning rate used for warmup
+        by_epoch=False,  # The warmup learning rate is updated by iteration
+        begin=0,  # Start from the first iteration
+        end=500),  # End the warmup at the 500th iteration
+    # The main LRScheduler
+    dict(
+        type='MultiStepLR',  # Use multi-step learning rate policy during training
+        by_epoch=True,  # The learning rate is updated by epoch
+        begin=0,   # Start from the first epoch
+        end=12,  # End at the 12th epoch
+        milestones=[8, 11],  # Epochs to decay the learning rate
+        gamma=0.1)  # The learning rate decay ratio
+]
+```
+
+### Hook config
+
+Users can attach Hooks to training, validation, and testing loops to insert some operations during running. There are two different hook fields, one is `default_hooks` and the other is `custom_hooks`.
+
+`default_hooks` is a dict of hook configs, and they are the hooks must be required at the runtime. They have default priority which should not be modified. If not set, runner will use the default values. To disable a default hook, users can set its config to `None`. Find more in [HOOK](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/hook.html).
+
+```python
+default_hooks = dict(
+    timer=dict(type='IterTimerHook'),  # Update the time spent during iteration into message hub
+    logger=dict(type='LoggerHook', interval=50),  # Collect logs from different components of Runner and write them to terminal, JSON file, tensorboard and wandb .etc
+    param_scheduler=dict(type='ParamSchedulerHook'), # update some hyper-parameters of optimizer
+    checkpoint=dict(type='CheckpointHook', interval=1), # Save checkpoints periodically
+    sampler_seed=dict(type='DistSamplerSeedHook'),  # Ensure distributed Sampler shuffle is active
+    visualization=dict(type='DetVisualizationHook'))  # Detection Visualization Hook. Used to visualize validation and testing process prediction results
+```
+
+`custom_hooks` is a list of all other hook configs. Users can develop their own hooks and insert them in this field.
+
+```python
+custom_hooks = []
+```
+
+### Runtime config
+
+```python
+default_scope = 'mmdet'  # The default registry scope to find modules. Refer to https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced_tutorials/registry.html
+
+env_cfg = dict(
+    cudnn_benchmark=False,  # Whether to enable cudnn benchmark
+    mp_cfg=dict(  # Multi-processing config
+        mp_start_method='fork',  # Use fork to start multi-processing threads. 'fork' usually faster than 'spawn' but maybe unsafe. See discussion in https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/1355
+        opencv_num_threads=0),  # Disable opencv multi-threads to avoid system being overloaded
+    dist_cfg=dict(backend='nccl'),  # Distribution configs
+)
+
+vis_backends = [dict(type='LocalVisBackend')]  # Visualization backends. Refer to https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced_tutorials/visualization.html
+visualizer = dict(
+    type='DetLocalVisualizer', vis_backends=vis_backends, name='visualizer')
+log_processor = dict(
+    type='LogProcessor',  # Log processor to process runtime logs
+    window_size=50,  # Smooth interval of log values
+    by_epoch=True)  # Whether to format logs with epoch type. Should be consistent with the train loop's type.
+
+log_level = 'INFO'  # The level of logging.
+load_from = None  # Load model checkpoint as a pre-trained model from a given path. This will not resume training.
+resume = False  # Whether to resume from the checkpoint defined in `load_from`. If `load_from` is None, it will resume the latest checkpoint in the `work_dir`.
+```
+
+## Iter-based config
+
+MMEngine's Runner also provides an iter-based training loop except for epoch-based.
+To use iter-based training, users should modify the `train_cfg`, `param_scheduler`, `train_dataloader`, `default_hooks`, and `log_processor`.
+Here is an example of changing an epoch-based RetinaNet config to iter-based: `configs/retinanet/retinanet_r50_fpn_90k_coco.py`
+
+```python
+# Iter-based training config
+train_cfg = dict(
+    _delete_=True,  # Ignore the base config setting (optional)
+    type='IterBasedTrainLoop',  # Use iter-based training loop
+    max_iters=90000,  # Maximum iterations
+    val_interval=10000)  # Validation interval
+
+
+# Change the scheduler to iter-based
+param_scheduler = [
+    dict(
+        type='LinearLR', start_factor=0.001, by_epoch=False, begin=0, end=500),
+    dict(
+        type='MultiStepLR',
+        begin=0,
+        end=90000,
+        by_epoch=False,
+        milestones=[60000, 80000],
+        gamma=0.1)
+]
+
+# Switch to InfiniteSampler to avoid dataloader restart
+train_dataloader = dict(sampler=dict(type='InfiniteSampler'))
+
+# Change the checkpoint saving interval to iter-based
+default_hooks = dict(checkpoint=dict(by_epoch=False, interval=10000))
+
+# Change the log format to iter-based
+log_processor = dict(by_epoch=False)
+```
+
+## Config file inheritance
+
+There are 4 basic component types under `config/_base_`, dataset, model, schedule, default_runtime.
+Many methods could be easily constructed with one of these models like Faster R-CNN, Mask R-CNN, Cascade R-CNN, RPN, SSD.
+The configs that are composed by components from `_base_` are called the _primitive_.
+
+For all configs under the same folder, it is recommended to have only **one** _primitive_ config. All other configs should inherit from the _primitive_ config. In this way, the maximum of inheritance level is 3.
+
+For easy understanding, we recommend contributors to inherit from existing methods.
+For example, if some modification is made based on Faster R-CNN, users may first inherit the basic Faster R-CNN structure by specifying `_base_ = ../faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py`, then modify the necessary fields in the config files.
+
+If you are building an entirely new method that does not share the structure with any of the existing methods, you may create a folder `xxx_rcnn` under `configs`,
+
+Please refer to [mmengine config tutorial](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced_tutorials/config.html) for detailed documentation.
+
+By setting the `_base_` field, we can set which files the current configuration file inherits from.
+
+When `_base_` is a string of a file path, it means inheriting the contents from one config file.
+
+```python
+_base_ = './mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py'
+```
+
+When `_base_` is a list of multiple file paths, it means inheriting from multiple files.
+
+```python
+_base_ = [
+    '../_base_/models/mask-rcnn_r50_fpn.py',
+    '../_base_/datasets/coco_instance.py',
+    '../_base_/schedules/schedule_1x.py', '../_base_/default_runtime.py'
+]
+```
+
+If you wish to inspect the config file, you may run `python tools/misc/print_config.py /PATH/TO/CONFIG` to see the complete config.
+
+### Ignore some fields in the base configs
+
+Sometimes, you may set `_delete_=True` to ignore some of the fields in base configs.
+You may refer to [mmengine config tutorial](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced_tutorials/config.html) for a simple illustration.
+
+In MMDetection, for example, to change the backbone of Mask R-CNN with the following config.
+
+```python
+model = dict(
+    type='MaskRCNN',
+    backbone=dict(
+        type='ResNet',
+        depth=50,
+        num_stages=4,
+        out_indices=(0, 1, 2, 3),
+        frozen_stages=1,
+        norm_cfg=dict(type='BN', requires_grad=True),
+        norm_eval=True,
+        style='pytorch',
+        init_cfg=dict(type='Pretrained', checkpoint='torchvision://resnet50')),
+    neck=dict(...),
+    rpn_head=dict(...),
+    roi_head=dict(...))
+```
+
+`ResNet` and `HRNet` use different keywords to construct.
+
+```python
+_base_ = '../mask_rcnn/mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py'
+model = dict(
+    backbone=dict(
+        _delete_=True,
+        type='HRNet',
+        extra=dict(
+            stage1=dict(
+                num_modules=1,
+                num_branches=1,
+                block='BOTTLENECK',
+                num_blocks=(4, ),
+                num_channels=(64, )),
+            stage2=dict(
+                num_modules=1,
+                num_branches=2,
+                block='BASIC',
+                num_blocks=(4, 4),
+                num_channels=(32, 64)),
+            stage3=dict(
+                num_modules=4,
+                num_branches=3,
+                block='BASIC',
+                num_blocks=(4, 4, 4),
+                num_channels=(32, 64, 128)),
+            stage4=dict(
+                num_modules=3,
+                num_branches=4,
+                block='BASIC',
+                num_blocks=(4, 4, 4, 4),
+                num_channels=(32, 64, 128, 256))),
+        init_cfg=dict(type='Pretrained', checkpoint='open-mmlab://msra/hrnetv2_w32')),
+    neck=dict(...))
+```
+
+The `_delete_=True` would replace all old keys in `backbone` field with new keys.
+
+### Use intermediate variables in configs
+
+Some intermediate variables are used in the configs files, like `train_pipeline`/`test_pipeline` in datasets.
+It's worth noting that when modifying intermediate variables in the children configs, users need to pass the intermediate variables into corresponding fields again.
+For example, we would like to use a multi-scale strategy to train a Mask R-CNN. `train_pipeline`/`test_pipeline` are intermediate variables we would like to modify.
+
+```python
+_base_ = './mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py'
+
+train_pipeline = [
+    dict(type='LoadImageFromFile'),
+    dict(type='LoadAnnotations', with_bbox=True, with_mask=True),
+    dict(
+        type='RandomResize', scale=[(1333, 640), (1333, 800)],
+        keep_ratio=True),
+    dict(type='RandomFlip', prob=0.5),
+    dict(type='PackDetInputs')
+]
+test_pipeline = [
+    dict(type='LoadImageFromFile'),
+    dict(type='Resize', scale=(1333, 800), keep_ratio=True),
+    dict(
+        type='PackDetInputs',
+        meta_keys=('img_id', 'img_path', 'ori_shape', 'img_shape',
+                   'scale_factor'))
+]
+train_dataloader = dict(dataset=dict(pipeline=train_pipeline))
+val_dataloader = dict(dataset=dict(pipeline=test_pipeline))
+test_dataloader = dict(dataset=dict(pipeline=test_pipeline))
+```
+
+We first define the new `train_pipeline`/`test_pipeline` and pass them into dataloader fields.
+
+Similarly, if we would like to switch from `SyncBN` to `BN` or `MMSyncBN`, we need to substitute every `norm_cfg` in the config.
+
+```python
+_base_ = './mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py'
+norm_cfg = dict(type='BN', requires_grad=True)
+model = dict(
+    backbone=dict(norm_cfg=norm_cfg),
+    neck=dict(norm_cfg=norm_cfg),
+    ...)
+```
+
+### Reuse variables in \_base\_ file
+
+If the users want to reuse the variables in the base file, they can get a copy of the corresponding variable by using `{{_base_.xxx}}`. E.g:
+
+```python
+_base_ = './mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py'
+
+a = {{_base_.model}} # Variable `a` is equal to the `model` defined in `_base_`
+```
+
+## Modify config through script arguments
+
+When submitting jobs using `tools/train.py` or `tools/test.py`, you may specify `--cfg-options` to in-place modify the config.
+
+- Update config keys of dict chains.
+
+  The config options can be specified following the order of the dict keys in the original config.
+  For example, `--cfg-options model.backbone.norm_eval=False` changes the all BN modules in model backbones to `train` mode.
+
+- Update keys inside a list of configs.
+
+  Some config dicts are composed as a list in your config. For example, the training pipeline `train_dataloader.dataset.pipeline` is normally a list
+  e.g. `[dict(type='LoadImageFromFile'), ...]`. If you want to change `'LoadImageFromFile'` to `'LoadImageFromNDArray'` in the pipeline,
+  you may specify `--cfg-options data.train.pipeline.0.type=LoadImageFromNDArray`.
+
+- Update values of list/tuples.
+
+  If the value to be updated is a list or a tuple. For example, the config file normally sets `model.data_preprocessor.mean=[123.675, 116.28, 103.53]`. If you want to
+  change the mean values, you may specify `--cfg-options model.data_preprocessor.mean="[127,127,127]"`. Note that the quotation mark `"` is necessary to
+  support list/tuple data types, and **NO** white space is allowed inside the quotation marks in the specified value.
+
+## Config name style
+
+We follow the below style to name config files. Contributors are advised to follow the same style.
+
+```
+{algorithm name}_{model component names [component1]_[component2]_[...]}_{training settings}_{training dataset information}_{testing dataset information}.py
+```
+
+The file name is divided into five parts. All parts and components are connected with `_` and words of each part or component should be connected with `-`.
+
+- `{algorithm name}`: The name of the algorithm. It can be a detector name such as `faster-rcnn`, `mask-rcnn`, etc. Or can be a semi-supervised or knowledge-distillation algorithm such as `soft-teacher`, `lad`. etc.
+- `{model component names}`: Names of the components used in the algorithm such as backbone, neck, etc. For example, `r50-caffe_fpn_gn-head` means using caffe-style ResNet50, FPN and detection head with Group Norm in the algorithm.
+- `{training settings}`: Information of training settings such as batch size, augmentations, loss trick, scheduler, and epochs/iterations. For example: `4xb4-mixup-giou-coslr-100e` means using 8-gpus x 4-images-per-gpu, mixup augmentation, GIoU loss, cosine annealing learning rate, and train 100 epochs.
+  Some abbreviations:
+  - `{gpu x batch_per_gpu}`: GPUs and samples per GPU. `bN` indicates N batch size per GPU. E.g. `4xb4` is the short term of 4-GPUs x 4-images-per-GPU. And `8xb2` is used by default if not mentioned.
+  - `{schedule}`: training schedule, options are `1x`, `2x`, `20e`, etc.
+    `1x` and `2x` means 12 epochs and 24 epochs respectively.
+    `20e` is adopted in cascade models, which denotes 20 epochs.
+    For `1x`/`2x`, the initial learning rate decays by a factor of 10 at the 8/16th and 11/22th epochs.
+    For `20e`, the initial learning rate decays by a factor of 10 at the 16th and 19th epochs.
+- `{training dataset information}`: Training dataset names like `coco`, `coco-panoptic`, `cityscapes`, `voc-0712`, `wider-face`.
+- `{testing dataset information}` (optional): Testing dataset name for models trained on one dataset but tested on another. If not mentioned, it means the model was trained and tested on the same dataset type.

docs/en/user_guides/dataset_prepare.md

+# Dataset Prepare
+
+### Basic Detection Dataset Preparation
+
+MMDetection supports multiple public datasets including COCO, Pascal VOC, CityScapes, and [more](../../../configs/_base_/datasets).
+
+Public datasets like [Pascal VOC](http://host.robots.ox.ac.uk/pascal/VOC/index.html) or mirror and [COCO](https://cocodataset.org/#download) are available from official websites or mirrors. Note: In the detection task, Pascal VOC 2012 is an extension of Pascal VOC 2007 without overlap, and we usually use them together.
+It is recommended to download and extract the dataset somewhere outside the project directory and symlink the dataset root to `$MMDETECTION/data` as below.
+If your folder structure is different, you may need to change the corresponding paths in config files.
+
+We provide a script to download datasets such as COCO, you can run `python tools/misc/download_dataset.py --dataset-name coco2017` to download COCO dataset.
+For users in China, more datasets can be downloaded from the opensource dataset platform: [OpenDataLab](https://opendatalab.com/?source=OpenMMLab%20GitHub).
+
+For more usage please refer to [dataset-download](./useful_tools.md#dataset-download)
+
+```text
+mmdetection
+├── mmdet
+├── tools
+├── configs
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+│   │   ├── test2017
+│   ├── cityscapes
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   ├── leftImg8bit
+│   │   │   ├── train
+│   │   │   ├── val
+│   │   ├── gtFine
+│   │   │   ├── train
+│   │   │   ├── val
+│   ├── VOCdevkit
+│   │   ├── VOC2007
+│   │   ├── VOC2012
+```
+
+Some models require additional [COCO-stuff](http://calvin.inf.ed.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/data/cocostuffdataset/stuffthingmaps_trainval2017.zip) datasets, such as HTC, DetectoRS and SCNet, you can download, unzip, and then move them to the coco folder. The directory should be like this.
+
+```text
+mmdetection
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+│   │   ├── test2017
+│   │   ├── stuffthingmaps
+```
+
+Panoptic segmentation models like PanopticFPN require additional [COCO Panoptic](http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/panoptic_annotations_trainval2017.zip) datasets, you can download, unzip, and then move them to the coco annotation folder. The directory should be like this.
+
+```text
+mmdetection
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_train2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_train2017
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_val2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_val2017
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+│   │   ├── test2017
+```
+
+The [cityscapes](https://www.cityscapes-dataset.com/) annotations need to be converted into the coco format using `tools/dataset_converters/cityscapes.py`:
+
+```shell
+pip install cityscapesscripts
+
+python tools/dataset_converters/cityscapes.py \
+    ./data/cityscapes \
+    --nproc 8 \
+    --out-dir ./data/cityscapes/annotations
+```
+
+### COCO Caption Dataset Preparation
+
+COCO Caption uses the COCO2014 dataset image and uses the annotation of karpathy.
+
+At first, you need to download the COCO2014 dataset.
+
+```shell
+python tools/misc/download_dataset.py --dataset-name coco2014 --unzip
+```
+
+The dataset will be downloaded to `data/coco` under the current path. Then download the annotation of karpathy.
+
+```shell
+cd data/coco/annotations
+wget https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/datasets/coco_karpathy_train.json
+wget https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/datasets/coco_karpathy_val.json
+wget https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/datasets/coco_karpathy_test.json
+wget https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/datasets/coco_karpathy_val_gt.json
+wget https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/datasets/coco_karpathy_test_gt.json
+```
+
+The final directory structure of the dataset folder that can be directly used for training and testing is as follows:
+
+```text
+mmdetection
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   │   ├── coco_karpathy_train.json
+│   │   │   ├── coco_karpathy_test.json
+│   │   │   ├── coco_karpathy_val.json
+│   │   │   ├── coco_karpathy_val_gt.json
+│   │   │   ├── coco_karpathy_test_gt.json
+│   │   ├── train2014
+│   │   ├── val2014
+│   │   ├── test2014
+```
+
+### COCO Semantic Dataset Preparation
+
+There are two types of annotations for COCO semantic segmentation, which differ mainly in the definition of category names, so there are two ways to handle them. The first is to directly use the stuffthingmaps dataset, and the second is to use the panoptic dataset.
+
+**(1) Use stuffthingmaps dataset**
+
+The download link for this dataset is [stuffthingmaps_trainval2017](http://calvin.inf.ed.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/data/cocostuffdataset/stuffthingmaps_trainval2017.zip). Please download and extract it to the `data/coco` folder.
+
+```text
+mmdetection
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+│   │   ├── test2017
+│   │   ├── stuffthingmaps
+```
+
+This dataset is different from the standard COCO category annotation in that it includes 172 classes: 80 "thing" classes, 91 "stuff" classes, and 1 "unlabeled" class. The description of each class can be found at https://github.com/nightrome/cocostuff/blob/master/labels.md.
+
+Although only 172 categories are annotated, the maximum label ID in `stuffthingmaps` is 182, and some categories in the middle are not annotated. In addition, the "unlabeled" category of class 0 is removed. Therefore, the relationship between the value at each position in the final `stuffthingmaps` image can be found at https://github.com/kazuto1011/deeplab-pytorch/blob/master/data/datasets/cocostuff/labels.txt.
+
+To train efficiently and conveniently for users, we need to remove 12 unannotated classes before starting training or evaluation. The names of these 12 classes are: `street sign, hat, shoe, eye glasses, plate, mirror, window, desk, door, blender, hair brush`. The category information that can be used for training and evaluation can be found in `mmdet/datasets/coco_semantic.py`.
+
+You can use `tools/dataset_converters/coco_stuff164k.py` to convert the downloaded `stuffthingmaps` to a dataset that can be directly used for training and evaluation. The directory structure of the converted dataset is as follows:
+
+```text
+mmdetection
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+│   │   ├── test2017
+│   │   ├── stuffthingmaps
+│   │   ├── stuffthingmaps_semseg
+```
+
+`stuffthingmaps_semseg` is the newly generated COCO semantic segmentation dataset that can be directly used for training and testing.
+
+**(2) use panoptic dataset**
+
+The number of categories in the semantic segmentation dataset generated through panoptic annotation will be less than that generated using the `stuffthingmaps` dataset. First, you need to prepare the panoptic segmentation annotations, and then use the following script to complete the conversion.
+
+```shell
+python tools/dataset_converters/prepare_coco_semantic_annos_from_panoptic_annos.py data/coco
+```
+
+The directory structure of the converted dataset is as follows:
+
+```text
+mmdetection
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_train2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_train2017
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_val2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_val2017
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_semseg_train2017
+│   │   │   ├── panoptic_semseg_val2017
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+│   │   ├── test2017
+```
+
+`panoptic_semseg_train2017` and `panoptic_semseg_val2017` are the newly generated COCO semantic segmentation datasets that can be directly used for training and testing. Note that their category information is the same as that of COCO panoptic segmentation, including both "thing" and "stuff" categories.
+
+### RefCOCO Dataset Preparation
+
+The images and annotations of [RefCOCO](https://github.com/lichengunc/refer) series datasets can be download by running `tools/misc/download_dataset.py`:
+
+```shell
+python tools/misc/download_dataset.py --dataset-name refcoco --save-dir data/coco --unzip
+```
+
+Then the directory should be like this:
+
+```text
+data
+├── coco
+│   ├── refcoco
+│   │   ├── instances.json
+│   │   ├── refs(google).p
+│   │   └── refs(unc).p
+│   ├── refcoco+
+│   │   ├── instances.json
+│   │   └── refs(unc).p
+│   ├── refcocog
+│   │   ├── instances.json
+│   │   ├── refs(google).p
+│   │   └── refs(umd).p
+│   │── train2014
+```
+
+### ADE20K 2016 Dataset Preparation
+
+The images and annotations of [ADE20K](https://groups.csail.mit.edu/vision/datasets/ADE20K/) dataset can be download by running `tools/misc/download_dataset.py`:
+
+```shell
+python tools/misc/download_dataset.py --dataset-name ade20k_2016 --save-dir data --unzip
+```
+
+Then move the annotations to the `data/ADEChallengeData2016` directory and run the preprocess script to produce the coco format annotations:
+
+```shell
+mv data/annotations_instance data/ADEChallengeData2016/
+mv data/categoryMapping.txt data/ADEChallengeData2016/
+mv data/imgCatIds.json data/ADEChallengeData2016/
+python tools/dataset_converters/ade20k2coco.py data/ADEChallengeData2016 --task panoptic
+python tools/dataset_converters/ade20k2coco.py data/ADEChallengeData2016 --task instance
+```
+
+The directory should be like this.
+
+```text
+data
+├── ADEChallengeData2016
+│   ├── ade20k_instance_train.json
+│   ├── ade20k_instance_val.json
+│   ├── ade20k_panoptic_train
+│   │   ├── ADE_train_00000001.png
+│   │   ├── ADE_train_00000002.png
+│   │   ├── ...
+│   ├── ade20k_panoptic_train.json
+│   ├── ade20k_panoptic_val
+│   │   ├── ADE_val_00000001.png
+│   │   ├── ADE_val_00000002.png
+│   │   ├── ...
+│   ├── ade20k_panoptic_val.json
+│   ├── annotations
+│   │   ├── training
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_train_00000001.png
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_train_00000002.png
+│   │   │   ├── ...
+│   │   ├── validation
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_val_00000001.png
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_val_00000002.png
+│   │   │   ├── ...
+│   ├── annotations_instance
+│   │   ├── training
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_train_00000001.png
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_train_00000002.png
+│   │   │   ├── ...
+│   │   ├── validation
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_val_00000001.png
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_val_00000002.png
+│   │   │   ├── ...
+│   ├── categoryMapping.txt
+│   ├── images
+│   │   ├── training
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_train_00000001.jpg
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_train_00000002.jpg
+│   │   │   ├── ...
+│   │   ├── validation
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_val_00000001.jpg
+│   │   │   ├── ADE_val_00000002.jpg
+│   │   │   ├── ...
+│   ├── imgCatIds.json
+│   ├── objectInfo150.txt
+│   │── sceneCategories.txt
+```
+
+The above folders include all data of ADE20K's semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, and panoptic segmentation.
+
+### Download from OpenDataLab
+
+By using [OpenDataLab](https://opendatalab.com/), researchers can obtain free formatted datasets in various fields. Through the search function of the platform, researchers may address the dataset they look for quickly and easily. Using the formatted datasets from the platform, researchers can efficiently conduct tasks across datasets.
+
+Currently, MIM supports downloading VOC and COCO datasets from OpenDataLab with one command line. More datasets will be supported in the future. You can also directly download the datasets you need from the OpenDataLab platform and then convert them to the format required by MMDetection.
+
+If you use MIM to download, make sure that the version is greater than v0.3.8. You can use the following command to update:
+
+```Bash
+pip install -U openmim
+```
+
+```Bash
+# install OpenXLab CLI tools
+pip install -U openxlab
+# log in OpenXLab, registry
+openxlab login
+
+# download voc2007 and preprocess by MIM
+mim download mmdet --dataset voc2007
+
+# download voc2012 and preprocess by MIM
+mim download mmdet --dataset voc2012
+
+# download coco2017 and preprocess by MIM
+mim download mmdet --dataset coco2017
+```

docs/en/user_guides/deploy.md

+# Model Deployment
+
+The deployment of OpenMMLab codebases, including MMDetection, MMPretrain and so on are supported by [MMDeploy](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdeploy).
+The latest deployment guide for MMDetection can be found from [here](https://mmdeploy.readthedocs.io/en/dev-1.x/04-supported-codebases/mmdet.html).
+
+This tutorial is organized as follows:
+
+- [Installation](#installation)
+- [Convert model](#convert-model)
+- [Model specification](#model-specification)
+- [Model inference](#model-inference)
+  - [Backend model inference](#backend-model-inference)
+  - [SDK model inference](#sdk-model-inference)
+- [Supported models](#supported-models)
+
+## Installation
+
+Please follow the [guide](https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/get_started.html) to install mmdet. And then install mmdeploy from source by following [this](https://mmdeploy.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/get_started.html#installation) guide.
+
+```{note}
+If you install mmdeploy prebuilt package, please also clone its repository by 'git clone https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdeploy.git --depth=1' to get the deployment config files.
+```
+
+## Convert model
+
+Suppose mmdetection and mmdeploy repositories are in the same directory, and the working directory is the root path of mmdetection.
+
+Take [Faster R-CNN](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/configs/faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py) model as an example. You can download its checkpoint from [here](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v2.0/faster_rcnn/faster_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco/faster_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco_20200130-047c8118.pth), and then convert it to onnx model as follows:
+
+```python
+from mmdeploy.apis import torch2onnx
+from mmdeploy.backend.sdk.export_info import export2SDK
+
+img = 'demo/demo.jpg'
+work_dir = 'mmdeploy_models/mmdet/onnx'
+save_file = 'end2end.onnx'
+deploy_cfg = '../mmdeploy/configs/mmdet/detection/detection_onnxruntime_dynamic.py'
+model_cfg = 'configs/faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py'
+model_checkpoint = 'faster_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco_20200130-047c8118.pth'
+device = 'cpu'
+
+# 1. convert model to onnx
+torch2onnx(img, work_dir, save_file, deploy_cfg, model_cfg,
+           model_checkpoint, device)
+
+# 2. extract pipeline info for inference by MMDeploy SDK
+export2SDK(deploy_cfg, model_cfg, work_dir, pth=model_checkpoint,
+           device=device)
+```
+
+It is crucial to specify the correct deployment config during model conversion. MMDeploy has already provided builtin deployment config [files](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdeploy/tree/1.x/configs/mmdet) of all supported backends for mmdetection, under which the config file path follows the pattern:
+
+```
+{task}/{task}_{backend}-{precision}_{static | dynamic}_{shape}.py
+```
+
+- **{task}:** task in mmdetection.
+
+  There are two of them. One is `detection` and the other is `instance-seg`, indicating instance segmentation.
+
+  mmdet models like `RetinaNet`, `Faster R-CNN` and `DETR` and so on belongs to `detection` task. While `Mask R-CNN` is one of `instance-seg` models.
+
+  **DO REMEMBER TO USE** `detection/detection_*.py` deployment config file when trying to convert detection models and use `instance-seg/instance-seg_*.py` to deploy instance segmentation models.
+
+- **{backend}:** inference backend, such as onnxruntime, tensorrt, pplnn, ncnn, openvino, coreml etc.
+
+- **{precision}:** fp16, int8. When it's empty, it means fp32
+
+- **{static | dynamic}:** static shape or dynamic shape
+
+- **{shape}:** input shape or shape range of a model
+
+Therefore, in the above example, you can also convert `Faster R-CNN` to tensorrt-fp16 model by `detection_tensorrt-fp16_dynamic-320x320-1344x1344.py`.
+
+```{tip}
+When converting mmdet models to tensorrt models, --device should be set to "cuda"
+```
+
+## Model specification
+
+Before moving on to model inference chapter, let's know more about the converted model structure which is very important for model inference.
+
+The converted model locates in the working directory like `mmdeploy_models/mmdet/onnx` in the previous example. It includes:
+
+```
+mmdeploy_models/mmdet/onnx
+├── deploy.json
+├── detail.json
+├── end2end.onnx
+└── pipeline.json
+```
+
+in which,
+
+- **end2end.onnx**: backend model which can be inferred by ONNX Runtime
+- ***xxx*.json**: the necessary information for mmdeploy SDK
+
+The whole package **mmdeploy_models/mmdet/onnx** is defined as **mmdeploy SDK model**, i.e., **mmdeploy SDK model** includes both backend model and inference meta information.
+
+## Model inference
+
+### Backend model inference
+
+Take the previous converted `end2end.onnx` model as an example, you can use the following code to inference the model and visualize the results.
+
+```python
+from mmdeploy.apis.utils import build_task_processor
+from mmdeploy.utils import get_input_shape, load_config
+import torch
+
+deploy_cfg = '../mmdeploy/configs/mmdet/detection/detection_onnxruntime_dynamic.py'
+model_cfg = 'configs/faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py'
+device = 'cpu'
+backend_model = ['mmdeploy_models/mmdet/onnx/end2end.onnx']
+image = 'demo/demo.jpg'
+
+# read deploy_cfg and model_cfg
+deploy_cfg, model_cfg = load_config(deploy_cfg, model_cfg)
+
+# build task and backend model
+task_processor = build_task_processor(model_cfg, deploy_cfg, device)
+model = task_processor.build_backend_model(backend_model)
+
+# process input image
+input_shape = get_input_shape(deploy_cfg)
+model_inputs, _ = task_processor.create_input(image, input_shape)
+
+# do model inference
+with torch.no_grad():
+    result = model.test_step(model_inputs)
+
+# visualize results
+task_processor.visualize(
+    image=image,
+    model=model,
+    result=result[0],
+    window_name='visualize',
+    output_file='output_detection.png')
+```
+
+### SDK model inference
+
+You can also perform SDK model inference like following,
+
+```python
+from mmdeploy_python import Detector
+import cv2
+
+img = cv2.imread('demo/demo.jpg')
+
+# create a detector
+detector = Detector(model_path='mmdeploy_models/mmdet/onnx',
+                    device_name='cpu', device_id=0)
+# perform inference
+bboxes, labels, masks = detector(img)
+
+# visualize inference result
+indices = [i for i in range(len(bboxes))]
+for index, bbox, label_id in zip(indices, bboxes, labels):
+    [left, top, right, bottom], score = bbox[0:4].astype(int), bbox[4]
+    if score < 0.3:
+        continue
+
+    cv2.rectangle(img, (left, top), (right, bottom), (0, 255, 0))
+
+cv2.imwrite('output_detection.png', img)
+```
+
+Besides python API, mmdeploy SDK also provides other FFI (Foreign Function Interface), such as C, C++, C#, Java and so on. You can learn their usage from [demos](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdeploy/tree/1.x/demo).
+
+## Supported models
+
+Please refer to [here](https://mmdeploy.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/04-supported-codebases/mmdet.html#supported-models) for the supported model list.

docs/en/user_guides/finetune.md

+# Finetuning Models
+
+Detectors pre-trained on the COCO dataset can serve as a good pre-trained model for other datasets, e.g., CityScapes and KITTI Dataset.
+This tutorial provides instructions for users to use the models provided in the [Model Zoo](../model_zoo.md) for other datasets to obtain better performance.
+
+There are two steps to finetune a model on a new dataset.
+
+- Add support for the new dataset following [Customize Datasets](../advanced_guides/customize_dataset.md).
+- Modify the configs as will be discussed in this tutorial.
+
+Take the finetuning process on Cityscapes Dataset as an example, the users need to modify five parts in the config.
+
+## Inherit base configs
+
+To release the burden and reduce bugs in writing the whole configs, MMDetection V3.0 support inheriting configs from multiple existing configs. To finetune a Mask RCNN model, the new config needs to inherit
+`_base_/models/mask-rcnn_r50_fpn.py` to build the basic structure of the model. To use the Cityscapes Dataset, the new config can also simply inherit `_base_/datasets/cityscapes_instance.py`. For runtime settings such as logger settings, the new config needs to inherit `_base_/default_runtime.py`. For training schedules, the new config can to inherit `_base_/schedules/schedule_1x.py`. These configs are in the `configs` directory and the users can also choose to write the whole contents rather than use inheritance.
+
+```python
+_base_ = [
+    '../_base_/models/mask-rcnn_r50_fpn.py',
+    '../_base_/datasets/cityscapes_instance.py', '../_base_/default_runtime.py',
+    '../_base_/schedules/schedule_1x.py'
+]
+```
+
+## Modify head
+
+Then the new config needs to modify the head according to the class numbers of the new datasets. By only changing `num_classes` in the roi_head, the weights of the pre-trained models are mostly reused except for the final prediction head.
+
+```python
+model = dict(
+    roi_head=dict(
+        bbox_head=dict(
+            type='Shared2FCBBoxHead',
+            in_channels=256,
+            fc_out_channels=1024,
+            roi_feat_size=7,
+            num_classes=8,
+            bbox_coder=dict(
+                type='DeltaXYWHBBoxCoder',
+                target_means=[0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                target_stds=[0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2]),
+            reg_class_agnostic=False,
+            loss_cls=dict(
+                type='CrossEntropyLoss', use_sigmoid=False, loss_weight=1.0),
+            loss_bbox=dict(type='SmoothL1Loss', beta=1.0, loss_weight=1.0)),
+        mask_head=dict(
+            type='FCNMaskHead',
+            num_convs=4,
+            in_channels=256,
+            conv_out_channels=256,
+            num_classes=8,
+            loss_mask=dict(
+                type='CrossEntropyLoss', use_mask=True, loss_weight=1.0))))
+```
+
+## Modify dataset
+
+The users may also need to prepare the dataset and write the configs about dataset, refer to [Customize Datasets](../advanced_guides/customize_dataset.md) for more detail. MMDetection V3.0 already supports VOC, WIDERFACE, COCO, LIVS, OpenImages, DeepFashion, Objects365, and Cityscapes Dataset.
+
+## Modify training schedule
+
+The finetuning hyperparameters vary from the default schedule. It usually requires a smaller learning rate and fewer training epochs
+
+```python
+# optimizer
+# lr is set for a batch size of 8
+optim_wrapper = dict(optimizer=dict(lr=0.01))
+
+# learning rate
+param_scheduler = [
+    dict(
+        type='LinearLR', start_factor=0.001, by_epoch=False, begin=0, end=500),
+    dict(
+        type='MultiStepLR',
+        begin=0,
+        end=8,
+        by_epoch=True,
+        milestones=[7],
+        gamma=0.1)
+]
+
+# max_epochs
+train_cfg = dict(max_epochs=8)
+
+# log config
+default_hooks = dict(logger=dict(interval=100)),
+```
+
+## Use pre-trained model
+
+To use the pre-trained model, the new config adds the link of pre-trained models in the `load_from`. The users might need to download the model weights before training to avoid the download time during training.
+
+```python
+load_from = 'https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v2.0/mask_rcnn/mask_rcnn_r50_caffe_fpn_mstrain-poly_3x_coco/mask_rcnn_r50_caffe_fpn_mstrain-poly_3x_coco_bbox_mAP-0.408__segm_mAP-0.37_20200504_163245-42aa3d00.pth'  # noqa
+```

docs/en/user_guides/index.rst

+Train & Test
+**************
+
+MMDetection provides hundreds of pretrained detection models in `Model Zoo <https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/model_zoo.html>`_,
+and supports multiple standard datasets, including Pascal VOC, COCO, CityScapes, LVIS, etc. This note will show how to perform common tasks on these existing models and standard datasets:
+
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   config.md
+   inference.md
+   dataset_prepare.md
+   test.md
+   train.md
+   new_model.md
+   finetune.md
+   test_results_submission.md
+   init_cfg.md
+   single_stage_as_rpn.md
+   semi_det.md
+
+
+Useful Tools
+************
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   useful_tools.md
+   useful_hooks.md
+   visualization.md
+   robustness_benchmarking.md
+   deploy.md
+   label_studio.md
+   tracking_analysis_tools.md
+   tracking_config.md
+   tracking_dataset_prepare.md
+   tracking_inference.md
+   tracking_train_test.md
+   tracking_visualization.md

docs/en/user_guides/inference.md

+# Inference with existing models
+
+MMDetection provides hundreds of pre-trained detection models in [Model Zoo](https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/model_zoo.html).
+This note will show how to inference, which means using trained models to detect objects on images.
+
+In MMDetection, a model is defined by a [configuration file](https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guides/config.html) and existing model parameters are saved in a checkpoint file.
+
+To start with, we recommend [RTMDet](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/tree/main/configs/rtmdet) with this [configuration file](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco.py) and this [checkpoint file](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v3.0/rtmdet/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco_20220719_112030-5a0be7c4.pth). It is recommended to download the checkpoint file to `checkpoints` directory.
+
+## High-level APIs for inference - `Inferencer`
+
+In OpenMMLab, all the inference operations are unified into a new interface - Inferencer. Inferencer is designed to expose a neat and simple API to users, and shares very similar interface across different OpenMMLab libraries.
+A notebook demo can be found in [demo/inference_demo.ipynb](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/demo/inference_demo.ipynb).
+
+### Basic Usage
+
+You can get inference results for an image with only 3 lines of code.
+
+```python
+from mmdet.apis import DetInferencer
+
+# Initialize the DetInferencer
+inferencer = DetInferencer('rtmdet_tiny_8xb32-300e_coco')
+
+# Perform inference
+inferencer('demo/demo.jpg', show=True)
+```
+
+The resulting output will be displayed in a new window:.
+
+<div align="center">
+    <img src='https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/assets/27466624/311df42d-640a-4a5b-9ad9-9ba7f3ec3a2f' />
+</div>
+
+```{note}
+If you are running MMDetection on a server without GUI or via SSH tunnel with X11 forwarding disabled, the `show` option will not work. However, you can still save visualizations to files by setting `out_dir` arguments. Read [Dumping Results](#dumping-results) for details.
+```
+
+### Initialization
+
+Each Inferencer must be initialized with a model. You can also choose the inference device during initialization.
+
+#### Model Initialization
+
+- To infer with MMDetection's pre-trained model, passing its name to the argument `model` can work. The weights will be automatically downloaded and loaded from OpenMMLab's model zoo.
+
+  ```python
+  inferencer = DetInferencer(model='rtmdet_tiny_8xb32-300e_coco')
+  ```
+
+  There is a very easy to list all model names in MMDetection.
+
+  ```python
+  # models is a list of model names, and them will print automatically
+  models = DetInferencer.list_models('mmdet')
+  ```
+
+  You can load another weight by passing its path/url to `weights`.
+
+  ```python
+  inferencer = DetInferencer(model='rtmdet_tiny_8xb32-300e_coco', weights='path/to/rtmdet.pth')
+  ```
+
+- To load custom config and weight, you can pass the path to the config file to `model` and the path to the weight to `weights`.
+
+  ```python
+  inferencer = DetInferencer(model='path/to/rtmdet_config.py', weights='path/to/rtmdet.pth')
+  ```
+
+- By default, [MMEngine](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmengine/) dumps config to the weight. If you have a weight trained on MMEngine, you can also pass the path to the weight file to `weights` without specifying `model`:
+
+  ```python
+  # It will raise an error if the config file cannot be found in the weight. Currently, within the MMDetection model repository, only the weights of ddq-detr-4scale_r50 can be loaded in this manner.
+  inferencer = DetInferencer(weights='https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v3.0/ddq/ddq-detr-4scale_r50_8xb2-12e_coco/ddq-detr-4scale_r50_8xb2-12e_coco_20230809_170711-42528127.pth')
+  ```
+
+- Passing config file to `model` without specifying `weight` will result in a randomly initialized model.
+
+### Device
+
+Each Inferencer instance is bound to a device.
+By default, the best device is automatically decided by [MMEngine](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmengine/). You can also alter the device by specifying the `device` argument. For example, you can use the following code to create an Inferencer on GPU 1.
+
+```python
+inferencer = DetInferencer(model='rtmdet_tiny_8xb32-300e_coco', device='cuda:1')
+```
+
+To create an Inferencer on CPU:
+
+```python
+inferencer = DetInferencer(model='rtmdet_tiny_8xb32-300e_coco', device='cpu')
+```
+
+Refer to [torch.device](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/tensor_attributes.html#torch.device) for all the supported forms.
+
+### Inference
+
+Once the Inferencer is initialized, you can directly pass in the raw data to be inferred and get the inference results from return values.
+
+#### Input
+
+Input can be either of these types:
+
+- str: Path/URL to the image.
+
+  ```python
+  inferencer('demo/demo.jpg')
+  ```
+
+- array: Image in numpy array. It should be in BGR order.
+
+  ```python
+  import mmcv
+  array = mmcv.imread('demo/demo.jpg')
+  inferencer(array)
+  ```
+
+- list: A list of basic types above. Each element in the list will be processed separately.
+
+  ```python
+  inferencer(['img_1.jpg', 'img_2.jpg])
+  # You can even mix the types
+  inferencer(['img_1.jpg', array])
+  ```
+
+- str: Path to the directory. All images in the directory will be processed.
+
+  ```python
+  inferencer('path/to/your_imgs/')
+  ```
+
+### Output
+
+By default, each `Inferencer` returns the prediction results in a dictionary format.
+
+- `visualization` contains the visualized predictions.
+
+- `predictions` contains the predictions results in a json-serializable format. But it's an empty list by default unless `return_vis=True`.
+
+```python
+{
+      'predictions' : [
+        # Each instance corresponds to an input image
+        {
+          'labels': [...],  # int list of length (N, )
+          'scores': [...],  # float list of length (N, )
+          'bboxes': [...],  # 2d list of shape (N, 4), format: [min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y]
+        },
+        ...
+      ],
+      'visualization' : [
+        array(..., dtype=uint8),
+      ]
+  }
+```
+
+If you wish to get the raw outputs from the model, you can set `return_datasamples` to `True` to get the original [DataSample](advanced_guides/structures.md), which will be stored in `predictions`.
+
+#### Dumping Results
+
+Apart from obtaining predictions from the return value, you can also export the predictions/visualizations to files by setting `out_dir` and `no_save_pred`/`no_save_vis` arguments.
+
+```python
+inferencer('demo/demo.jpg', out_dir='outputs/', no_save_pred=False)
+```
+
+Results in the directory structure like:
+
+```text
+outputs
+├── preds
+│   └── demo.json
+└── vis
+    └── demo.jpg
+```
+
+The filename of each file is the same as the corresponding input image filename. If the input image is an array, the filename will be a number starting from 0.
+
+#### Batch Inference
+
+You can customize the batch size by setting `batch_size`. The default batch size is 1.
+
+### API
+
+Here are extensive lists of parameters that you can use.
+
+- **DetInferencer.\_\_init\_\_():**
+
+| Arguments       | Type          | Type    | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+| --------------- | ------------- | ------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `model`         | str, optional | None    | Path to the config file or the model name defined in metafile. For example, it could be 'rtmdet-s' or 'rtmdet_s_8xb32-300e_coco' or 'configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_s_8xb32-300e_coco.py'. If the model is not specified, the user must provide the `weights` saved by MMEngine which contains the config string. |
+| `weights`       | str, optional | None    | Path to the checkpoint. If it is not specified and `model` is a model name of metafile, the weights will be loaded from metafile.                                                                                                                                                                        |
+| `device`        | str, optional | None    | Device used for inference, accepting all allowed strings by `torch.device`. E.g., 'cuda:0' or 'cpu'. If None, the available device will be automatically used.                                                                                                                                           |
+| `scope`         | str, optional | 'mmdet' | The scope of the model.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+| `palette`       | str           | 'none'  | Color palette used for visualization. The order of priority is palette -> config -> checkpoint.                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
+| `show_progress` | bool          | True    | Control whether to display the progress bar during the inference process.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
+
+- **DetInferencer.\_\_call\_\_()**
+
+| Arguments            | Type                      | Default      | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| -------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `inputs`             | str/list/tuple/np.array   | **required** | It can be a path to an image/a folder, an np array or a list/tuple (with img paths or np arrays)                                                                                                                                                               |
+| `batch_size`         | int                       | 1            | Inference batch size.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
+| `print_result`       | bool                      | False        | Whether to print the inference result to the console.                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
+| `show`               | bool                      | False        | Whether to display the visualization results in a popup window.                                                                                                                                                                                                |
+| `wait_time`          | float                     | 0            | The interval of show(s).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
+| `no_save_vis`        | bool                      | False        | Whether to force not to save prediction vis results.                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+| `draw_pred`          | bool                      | True         | Whether to draw predicted bounding boxes.                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
+| `pred_score_thr`     | float                     | 0.3          | Minimum score of bboxes to draw.                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
+| `return_datasamples` | bool                      | False        | Whether to return results as DataSamples. If False, the results will be packed into a dict.                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| `print_result`       | bool                      | False        | Whether to print the inference result to the console.                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
+| `no_save_pred`       | bool                      | True         | Whether to force not to save prediction results.                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
+| `out_dir`            | str                       | ''           | Output directory of results.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
+| `texts`              | str/list\[str\], optional | None         | Text prompts.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+| `stuff_texts`        | str/list\[str\], optional | None         | Stuff text prompts of open panoptic task.                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
+| `custom_entities`    | bool                      | False        | Whether to use custom entities. Only used in GLIP.                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+| \*\*kwargs           |                           |              | Other keyword arguments passed to :meth:`preprocess`, :meth:`forward`, :meth:`visualize` and :meth:`postprocess`. Each key in kwargs should be in the corresponding set of `preprocess_kwargs`, `forward_kwargs`, `visualize_kwargs` and `postprocess_kwargs`. |
+
+## Demos
+
+We also provide four demo scripts, implemented with high-level APIs and supporting functionality codes.
+Source codes are available [here](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/main/demo).
+
+### Image demo
+
+This script performs inference on a single image.
+
+```shell
+python demo/image_demo.py \
+    ${IMAGE_FILE} \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    [--weights ${WEIGHTS}] \
+    [--device ${GPU_ID}] \
+    [--pred-score-thr ${SCORE_THR}]
+```
+
+Examples:
+
+```shell
+python demo/image_demo.py demo/demo.jpg \
+    configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco.py \
+    --weights checkpoints/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco_20220719_112030-5a0be7c4.pth \
+    --device cpu
+```
+
+### Webcam demo
+
+This is a live demo from a webcam.
+
+```shell
+python demo/webcam_demo.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    [--device ${GPU_ID}] \
+    [--camera-id ${CAMERA-ID}] \
+    [--score-thr ${SCORE_THR}]
+```
+
+Examples:
+
+```shell
+python demo/webcam_demo.py \
+    configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco.py \
+    checkpoints/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco_20220719_112030-5a0be7c4.pth
+```
+
+### Video demo
+
+This script performs inference on a video.
+
+```shell
+python demo/video_demo.py \
+    ${VIDEO_FILE} \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    [--device ${GPU_ID}] \
+    [--score-thr ${SCORE_THR}] \
+    [--out ${OUT_FILE}] \
+    [--show] \
+    [--wait-time ${WAIT_TIME}]
+```
+
+Examples:
+
+```shell
+python demo/video_demo.py demo/demo.mp4 \
+    configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco.py \
+    checkpoints/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco_20220719_112030-5a0be7c4.pth \
+    --out result.mp4
+```
+
+#### Video demo with GPU acceleration
+
+This script performs inference on a video with GPU acceleration.
+
+```shell
+python demo/video_gpuaccel_demo.py \
+    ${VIDEO_FILE} \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    [--device ${GPU_ID}] \
+    [--score-thr ${SCORE_THR}] \
+    [--nvdecode] \
+    [--out ${OUT_FILE}] \
+    [--show] \
+    [--wait-time ${WAIT_TIME}]
+```
+
+Examples:
+
+```shell
+python demo/video_gpuaccel_demo.py demo/demo.mp4 \
+    configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco.py \
+    checkpoints/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco_20220719_112030-5a0be7c4.pth \
+    --nvdecode --out result.mp4
+```
+
+### Large-image inference demo
+
+This is a script for slicing inference on large images.
+
+```
+python demo/large_image_demo.py \
+	${IMG_PATH} \
+	${CONFIG_FILE} \
+	${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+	--device ${GPU_ID}  \
+	--show \
+	--tta  \
+	--score-thr ${SCORE_THR} \
+	--patch-size ${PATCH_SIZE} \
+	--patch-overlap-ratio ${PATCH_OVERLAP_RATIO} \
+	--merge-iou-thr ${MERGE_IOU_THR} \
+	--merge-nms-type ${MERGE_NMS_TYPE} \
+	--batch-size ${BATCH_SIZE} \
+	--debug \
+	--save-patch
+```
+
+Examples:
+
+```shell
+# inferecnce without tta
+wget -P checkpoint https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v2.0/faster_rcnn/faster_rcnn_r101_fpn_2x_coco/faster_rcnn_r101_fpn_2x_coco_bbox_mAP-0.398_20200504_210455-1d2dac9c.pth
+
+python demo/large_image_demo.py \
+    demo/large_image.jpg \
+    configs/faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r101_fpn_2x_coco.py \
+    checkpoint/faster_rcnn_r101_fpn_2x_coco_bbox_mAP-0.398_20200504_210455-1d2dac9c.pth
+
+# inference with tta
+wget -P checkpoint https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v2.0/retinanet/retinanet_r50_fpn_1x_coco/retinanet_r50_fpn_1x_coco_20200130-c2398f9e.pth
+
+python demo/large_image_demo.py \
+    demo/large_image.jpg \
+    configs/retinanet/retinanet_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py \
+    checkpoint/retinanet_r50_fpn_1x_coco_20200130-c2398f9e.pth --tta
+
+```
+
+## Multi-modal algorithm inference demo and evaluation
+
+As multimodal vision algorithms continue to evolve, MMDetection has also supported such algorithms. This section demonstrates how to use the demo and eval scripts corresponding to multimodal algorithms using the GLIP algorithm and model as the example. Moreover, MMDetection integrated a [gradio_demo project](../../../projects/gradio_demo/), which allows developers to quickly play with all image input tasks in MMDetection on their local devices. Check the [document](../../../projects/gradio_demo/README.md) for more details.
+
+### Preparation
+
+Please first make sure that you have the correct dependencies installed:
+
+```shell
+# if source
+pip install -r requirements/multimodal.txt
+
+# if wheel
+mim install mmdet[multimodal]
+```
+
+MMDetection has already implemented GLIP algorithms and provided the weights, you can download directly from urls:
+
+```shell
+cd mmdetection
+wget https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v3.0/glip/glip_tiny_a_mmdet-b3654169.pth
+```
+
+### Inference
+
+Once the model is successfully downloaded, you can use the `demo/image_demo.py` script to run the inference.
+
+```shell
+python demo/image_demo.py demo/demo.jpg glip_tiny_a_mmdet-b3654169.pth --texts bench
+```
+
+Demo result will be similar to this:
+
+<div align=center>
+<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/17425982/234547841-266476c8-f987-4832-8642-34357be621c6.png" height="300"/>
+</div>
+
+If users would like to detect multiple targets, please declare them in the format of `xx. xx` after the `--texts`.
+
+```shell
+python demo/image_demo.py demo/demo.jpg glip_tiny_a_mmdet-b3654169.pth --texts 'bench. car'
+```
+
+And the result will be like this one:
+
+<div align=center>
+<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/17425982/234548156-ef9bbc2e-7605-4867-abe6-048b8578893d.png" height="300"/>
+</div>
+
+You can also use a sentence as the input prompt for the `--texts` field, for example:
+
+```shell
+python demo/image_demo.py demo/demo.jpg glip_tiny_a_mmdet-b3654169.pth --texts 'There are a lot of cars here.'
+```
+
+The result will be similar to this:
+
+<div align=center>
+<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/17425982/234548490-d2e0a16d-1aad-4708-aea0-c829634fabbd.png" height="300"/>
+</div>
+
+### Evaluation
+
+The GLIP implementation in MMDetection does not have any performance degradation, our benchmark is as follows:
+
+| Model                   | official mAP | mmdet mAP |
+| ----------------------- | :----------: | :-------: |
+| glip_A_Swin_T_O365.yaml |     42.9     |   43.0    |
+| glip_Swin_T_O365.yaml   |     44.9     |   44.9    |
+| glip_Swin_L.yaml        |     51.4     |   51.3    |
+
+Users can use the test script we provided to run evaluation as well. Here is a basic example:
+
+```shell
+# 1 gpu
+python tools/test.py configs/glip/glip_atss_swin-t_fpn_dyhead_pretrain_obj365.py glip_tiny_a_mmdet-b3654169.pth
+
+# 8 GPU
+./tools/dist_test.sh configs/glip/glip_atss_swin-t_fpn_dyhead_pretrain_obj365.py glip_tiny_a_mmdet-b3654169.pth 8
+```

docs/en/user_guides/init_cfg.md

+# Weight initialization
+
+During training, a proper initialization strategy is beneficial to speeding up the training or obtaining a higher performance. [MMCV](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmcv/blob/master/mmcv/cnn/utils/weight_init.py) provide some commonly used methods for initializing modules like `nn.Conv2d`. Model initialization in MMdetection mainly uses `init_cfg`. Users can initialize models with following two steps:
+
+1. Define `init_cfg` for a model or its components in `model_cfg`,  but `init_cfg` of children components have higher priority and will override `init_cfg` of parents modules.
+2. Build model as usual, but call `model.init_weights()` method explicitly, and model parameters will be initialized as configuration.
+
+The high-level workflow of initialization in MMdetection is :
+
+model_cfg(init_cfg) -> build_from_cfg -> model -> init_weight() -> initialize(self, self.init_cfg) -> children's init_weight()
+
+### Description
+
+It is dict or list\[dict\], and contains the following keys and values:
+
+- `type` (str), containing the initializer name in `INTIALIZERS`, and followed by arguments of the initializer.
+- `layer` (str or list\[str\]), containing the names of basic layers in Pytorch or MMCV with learnable parameters that will be initialized, e.g. `'Conv2d'`,`'DeformConv2d'`.
+- `override` (dict or list\[dict\]),  containing the sub-modules that not inherit from BaseModule and whose initialization configuration is different from other layers' which are in `'layer'` key. Initializer defined in `type` will work for all layers defined in `layer`, so if sub-modules are not derived Classes of `BaseModule` but can be initialized as same ways of layers in `layer`, it does not need to use `override`. `override` contains:
+  - `type` followed by arguments of initializer;
+  - `name` to indicate sub-module which will be initialized.
+
+### Initialize parameters
+
+Inherit a new model from `mmcv.runner.BaseModule` or `mmdet.models`  Here we show an example of FooModel.
+
+```python
+import torch.nn as nn
+from mmcv.runner import BaseModule
+
+class FooModel(BaseModule)
+	def __init__(self,
+                 arg1,
+                 arg2,
+                 init_cfg=None):
+    	super(FooModel, self).__init__(init_cfg)
+		...
+```
+
+- Initialize model by using `init_cfg` directly in code
+
+  ```python
+  import torch.nn as nn
+  from mmcv.runner import BaseModule
+  # or directly inherit mmdet models
+
+  class FooModel(BaseModule)
+  	def __init__(self,
+                  arg1,
+                  arg2,
+                  init_cfg=XXX):
+  		super(FooModel, self).__init__(init_cfg)
+  	    ...
+  ```
+
+- Initialize model by using `init_cfg` directly in `mmcv.Sequential` or `mmcv.ModuleList` code
+
+  ```python
+  from mmcv.runner import BaseModule, ModuleList
+
+  class FooModel(BaseModule)
+  	def __init__(self,
+              	arg1,
+              	arg2,
+              	init_cfg=None):
+  		super(FooModel, self).__init__(init_cfg)
+      	...
+      	self.conv1 = ModuleList(init_cfg=XXX)
+  ```
+
+- Initialize model by using `init_cfg` in config file
+
+  ```python
+  model = dict(
+  	...
+  	model = dict(
+      	type='FooModel',
+      	arg1=XXX,
+      	arg2=XXX,
+      	init_cfg=XXX),
+          ...
+  ```
+
+### Usage of init_cfg
+
+1. Initialize model by `layer` key
+
+   If we only define `layer`, it just initialize the layer in `layer` key.
+
+   NOTE: Value of `layer` key is the class name with attributes weights and bias of Pytorch, (so such as  `MultiheadAttention layer` is not supported).
+
+- Define `layer` key for initializing module with same configuration.
+
+  ```python
+  init_cfg = dict(type='Constant', layer=['Conv1d', 'Conv2d', 'Linear'], val=1)
+  # initialize whole module with same configuration
+  ```
+
+- Define `layer` key for initializing layer with different configurations.
+
+```python
+init_cfg = [dict(type='Constant', layer='Conv1d', val=1),
+            dict(type='Constant', layer='Conv2d', val=2),
+            dict(type='Constant', layer='Linear', val=3)]
+# nn.Conv1d will be initialized with dict(type='Constant', val=1)
+# nn.Conv2d will be initialized with dict(type='Constant', val=2)
+# nn.Linear will be initialized with dict(type='Constant', val=3)
+```
+
+2. Initialize model by `override` key
+
+- When initializing some specific part with its attribute name, we can use `override` key, and the value in `override` will ignore the value in init_cfg.
+
+  ```python
+  # layers:
+  # self.feat = nn.Conv1d(3, 1, 3)
+  # self.reg = nn.Conv2d(3, 3, 3)
+  # self.cls = nn.Linear(1,2)
+
+  init_cfg = dict(type='Constant',
+                  layer=['Conv1d','Conv2d'], val=1, bias=2,
+                  override=dict(type='Constant', name='reg', val=3, bias=4))
+  # self.feat and self.cls will be initialized with 	dict(type='Constant', val=1, bias=2)
+  # The module called 'reg' will be initialized with dict(type='Constant', val=3, bias=4)
+  ```
+
+- If `layer` is None in init_cfg, only sub-module with the name in override will be initialized, and type and other args in override can be omitted.
+
+  ```python
+  # layers:
+  # self.feat = nn.Conv1d(3, 1, 3)
+  # self.reg = nn.Conv2d(3, 3, 3)
+  # self.cls = nn.Linear(1,2)
+
+  init_cfg = dict(type='Constant', val=1, bias=2, 	override=dict(name='reg'))
+
+  # self.feat and self.cls will be initialized by Pytorch
+  # The module called 'reg' will be initialized with dict(type='Constant', val=1, bias=2)
+  ```
+
+- If we don't define `layer` key or `override` key, it will not initialize anything.
+
+- Invalid usage
+
+  ```python
+  # It is invalid that override don't have name key
+  init_cfg = dict(type='Constant', layer=['Conv1d','Conv2d'], val=1, bias=2,
+              	override=dict(type='Constant', val=3, bias=4))
+
+  # It is also invalid that override has name and other args except type
+  init_cfg = dict(type='Constant', layer=['Conv1d','Conv2d'], val=1, bias=2,
+                  override=dict(name='reg', val=3, bias=4))
+  ```
+
+3. Initialize model with the pretrained model
+
+   ```python
+   init_cfg = dict(type='Pretrained',
+               checkpoint='torchvision://resnet50')
+   ```
+
+More details can refer to the documentation in [MMEngine](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced_tutorials/initialize.html)

docs/en/user_guides/label_studio.md

+# Semi-automatic Object Detection Annotation with MMDetection and Label-Studio
+
+Annotation data is a time-consuming and laborious task. This article introduces how to perform semi-automatic annotation using the RTMDet algorithm in MMDetection in conjunction with Label-Studio software. Specifically, using RTMDet to predict image annotations and then refining the annotations with Label-Studio. Community users can refer to this process and methodology and apply it to other fields.
+
+- RTMDet: RTMDet is a high-precision single-stage object detection algorithm developed by OpenMMLab, open-sourced in the MMDetection object detection toolbox. Its open-source license is Apache 2.0, and it can be used freely without restrictions by industrial users.
+
+- [Label Studio](https://github.com/heartexlabs/label-studio) is an excellent annotation software covering the functionality of dataset annotation in areas such as image classification, object detection, and segmentation.
+
+In this article, we will use [cat](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmyolo/data/cat_dataset.zip) images for semi-automatic annotation.
+
+## Environment Configuration
+
+To begin with, you need to create a virtual environment and then install PyTorch and MMCV. In this article, we will specify the versions of PyTorch and MMCV. Next, you can install MMDetection, Label-Studio, and label-studio-ml-backend using the following steps:
+
+Create a virtual environment:
+
+```shell
+conda create -n rtmdet python=3.9 -y
+conda activate rtmdet
+```
+
+Install PyTorch:
+
+```shell
+# Linux and Windows CPU only
+pip install torch==1.10.1+cpu torchvision==0.11.2+cpu torchaudio==0.10.1 -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu/torch_stable.html
+# Linux and Windows CUDA 11.3
+pip install torch==1.10.1+cu113 torchvision==0.11.2+cu113 torchaudio==0.10.1 -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu113/torch_stable.html
+# OSX
+pip install torch==1.10.1 torchvision==0.11.2 torchaudio==0.10.1
+```
+
+Install MMCV:
+
+```shell
+pip install -U openmim
+mim install "mmcv>=2.0.0"
+# Installing mmcv will automatically install mmengine
+```
+
+Install MMDetection:
+
+```shell
+git clone https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection
+cd mmdetection
+pip install -v -e .
+```
+
+Install Label-Studio and label-studio-ml-backend:
+
+```shell
+# Installing Label-Studio may take some time, if the version is not found, please use the official source
+pip install label-studio==1.7.2
+pip install label-studio-ml==1.0.9
+```
+
+Download the rtmdet weights:
+
+```shell
+cd path/to/mmetection
+mkdir work_dirs
+cd work_dirs
+wget https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v3.0/rtmdet/rtmdet_m_8xb32-300e_coco/rtmdet_m_8xb32-300e_coco_20220719_112220-229f527c.pth
+```
+
+## Start the Service
+
+Start the RTMDet backend inference service:
+
+```shell
+cd path/to/mmetection
+
+label-studio-ml start projects/LabelStudio/backend_template --with \
+config_file=configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_m_8xb32-300e_coco.py \
+checkpoint_file=./work_dirs/rtmdet_m_8xb32-300e_coco_20220719_112220-229f527c.pth \
+device=cpu \
+--port 8003
+# Set device=cpu to use CPU inference, and replace cpu with cuda:0 to use GPU inference.
+```
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330131601.png)
+
+The RTMDet backend inference service has now been started. To configure it in the Label-Studio web system, use http://localhost:8003 as the backend inference service.
+
+Now, start the Label-Studio web service:
+
+```shell
+label-studio start
+```
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330132913.png)
+
+Open your web browser and go to http://localhost:8080/ to see the Label-Studio interface.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330133118.png)
+
+Register a user and then create an RTMDet-Semiautomatic-Label project.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330133333.png)
+
+Download the example cat images by running the following command and import them using the Data Import button:
+
+```shell
+cd path/to/mmetection
+mkdir data && cd data
+
+wget https://download.openmmlab.com/mmyolo/data/cat_dataset.zip && unzip cat_dataset.zip
+```
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330133628.png)
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330133715.png)
+
+Then, select the Object Detection With Bounding Boxes template.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330133807.png)
+
+```shell
+airplane
+apple
+backpack
+banana
+baseball_bat
+baseball_glove
+bear
+bed
+bench
+bicycle
+bird
+boat
+book
+bottle
+bowl
+broccoli
+bus
+cake
+car
+carrot
+cat
+cell_phone
+chair
+clock
+couch
+cow
+cup
+dining_table
+dog
+donut
+elephant
+fire_hydrant
+fork
+frisbee
+giraffe
+hair_drier
+handbag
+horse
+hot_dog
+keyboard
+kite
+knife
+laptop
+microwave
+motorcycle
+mouse
+orange
+oven
+parking_meter
+person
+pizza
+potted_plant
+refrigerator
+remote
+sandwich
+scissors
+sheep
+sink
+skateboard
+skis
+snowboard
+spoon
+sports_ball
+stop_sign
+suitcase
+surfboard
+teddy_bear
+tennis_racket
+tie
+toaster
+toilet
+toothbrush
+traffic_light
+train
+truck
+tv
+umbrella
+vase
+wine_glass
+zebra
+```
+
+Then, copy and add the above categories to Label-Studio and click Save.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330134027.png)
+
+In the Settings, click Add Model to add the RTMDet backend inference service.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330134320.png)
+
+Click Validate and Save, and then click Start Labeling.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330134424.png)
+
+If you see Connected as shown below, the backend inference service has been successfully added.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330134554.png)
+
+## Start Semi-Automatic Labeling
+
+Click on Label to start labeling.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330134804.png)
+
+We can see that the RTMDet backend inference service has successfully returned the predicted results and displayed them on the image. However, we noticed that the predicted bounding boxes for the cats are a bit too large and not very accurate.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230403104419.png)
+
+We manually adjust the position of the cat bounding box, and then click Submit to complete the annotation of this image.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo/20230403105923.png)
+
+After submitting all images, click export to export the labeled dataset in COCO format.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330135921.png)
+
+Use VS Code to open the unzipped folder to see the labeled dataset, which includes the images and the annotation files in JSON format.
+
+![](https://cdn.vansin.top/picgo20230330140321.png)
+
+At this point, the semi-automatic labeling is complete. We can use this dataset to train a more accurate model in MMDetection and then continue semi-automatic labeling on newly collected images with this model. This way, we can iteratively expand the high-quality dataset and improve the accuracy of the model.
+
+## Use MMYOLO as the Backend Inference Service
+
+If you want to use Label-Studio in MMYOLO, you can refer to replacing the config_file and checkpoint_file with the configuration file and weight file of MMYOLO when starting the backend inference service.
+
+```shell
+cd path/to/mmetection
+
+label-studio-ml start projects/LabelStudio/backend_template --with \
+config_file= path/to/mmyolo_config.py \
+checkpoint_file= path/to/mmyolo_weights.pth \
+device=cpu \
+--port 8003
+# device=cpu is for using CPU inference. If using GPU inference, replace cpu with cuda:0.
+```
+
+Rotation object detection and instance segmentation are still under development, please stay tuned.

docs/en/user_guides/new_model.md

+# Train with customized models and standard datasets
+
+In this note, you will know how to train, test and inference your own customized models under standard datasets. We use the cityscapes dataset to train a customized Cascade Mask R-CNN R50 model as an example to demonstrate the whole process, which using [`AugFPN`](https://github.com/Gus-Guo/AugFPN) to replace the default `FPN` as neck, and add `Rotate` or `TranslateX` as training-time auto augmentation.
+
+The basic steps are as below:
+
+1. Prepare the standard dataset
+2. Prepare your own customized model
+3. Prepare a config
+4. Train, test, and inference models on the standard dataset.
+
+## Prepare the standard dataset
+
+In this note, as we use the standard cityscapes dataset as an example.
+
+It is recommended to symlink the dataset root to `$MMDETECTION/data`.
+If your folder structure is different, you may need to change the corresponding paths in config files.
+
+```none
+mmdetection
+├── mmdet
+├── tools
+├── configs
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+│   │   ├── test2017
+│   ├── cityscapes
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   ├── leftImg8bit
+│   │   │   ├── train
+│   │   │   ├── val
+│   │   ├── gtFine
+│   │   │   ├── train
+│   │   │   ├── val
+│   ├── VOCdevkit
+│   │   ├── VOC2007
+│   │   ├── VOC2012
+
+```
+
+Or you can set your dataset root through
+
+```bash
+export MMDET_DATASETS=$data_root
+```
+
+We will replace dataset root with `$MMDET_DATASETS`, so you don't have to modify the corresponding path in config files.
+
+The cityscapes annotations have to be converted into the coco format using `tools/dataset_converters/cityscapes.py`:
+
+```shell
+pip install cityscapesscripts
+python tools/dataset_converters/cityscapes.py ./data/cityscapes --nproc 8 --out-dir ./data/cityscapes/annotations
+```
+
+Currently, the config files in `cityscapes` use COCO pre-trained weights to initialize.
+You could download the pre-trained models in advance if the network is unavailable or slow, otherwise, it would cause errors at the beginning of training.
+
+## Prepare your own customized model
+
+The second step is to use your own module or training setting. Assume that we want to implement a new neck called `AugFPN` to replace with the default `FPN` under the existing detector Cascade Mask R-CNN R50. The following implements `AugFPN` under MMDetection.
+
+### 1. Define a new neck (e.g. AugFPN)
+
+Firstly create a new file `mmdet/models/necks/augfpn.py`.
+
+```python
+import torch.nn as nn
+from mmdet.registry import MODELS
+
+
+@MODELS.register_module()
+class AugFPN(nn.Module):
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                in_channels,
+                out_channels,
+                num_outs,
+                start_level=0,
+                end_level=-1,
+                add_extra_convs=False):
+        pass
+
+    def forward(self, inputs):
+        # implementation is ignored
+        pass
+```
+
+### 2. Import the module
+
+You can either add the following line to `mmdet/models/necks/__init__.py`,
+
+```python
+from .augfpn import AugFPN
+```
+
+or alternatively add
+
+```python
+custom_imports = dict(
+    imports=['mmdet.models.necks.augfpn'],
+    allow_failed_imports=False)
+```
+
+to the config file and avoid modifying the original code.
+
+### 3. Modify the config file
+
+```python
+neck=dict(
+    type='AugFPN',
+    in_channels=[256, 512, 1024, 2048],
+    out_channels=256,
+    num_outs=5)
+```
+
+For more detailed usages about customizing your own models (e.g. implement a new backbone, head, loss, etc) and runtime training settings (e.g. define a new optimizer, use gradient clip, customize training schedules and hooks, etc), please refer to the guideline [Customize Models](../advanced_guides/customize_models.md) and [Customize Runtime Settings](../advanced_guides/customize_runtime.md) respectively.
+
+## Prepare a config
+
+The third step is to prepare a config for your own training setting. Assume that we want to add `AugFPN` and `Rotate` or `Translate` augmentation to existing Cascade Mask R-CNN R50 to train the cityscapes dataset, and assume the config is under directory `configs/cityscapes/` and named as `cascade-mask-rcnn_r50_augfpn_autoaug-10e_cityscapes.py`, the config is as below.
+
+```python
+# The new config inherits the base configs to highlight the necessary modification
+_base_ = [
+    '../_base_/models/cascade-mask-rcnn_r50_fpn.py',
+    '../_base_/datasets/cityscapes_instance.py', '../_base_/default_runtime.py'
+]
+
+model = dict(
+    # set None to avoid loading ImageNet pre-trained backbone,
+    # instead here we set `load_from` to load from COCO pre-trained detectors.
+    backbone=dict(init_cfg=None),
+    # replace neck from defaultly `FPN` to our new implemented module `AugFPN`
+    neck=dict(
+        type='AugFPN',
+        in_channels=[256, 512, 1024, 2048],
+        out_channels=256,
+        num_outs=5),
+    # We also need to change the num_classes in head from 80 to 8, to match the
+    # cityscapes dataset's annotation. This modification involves `bbox_head` and `mask_head`.
+    roi_head=dict(
+        bbox_head=[
+            dict(
+                type='Shared2FCBBoxHead',
+                in_channels=256,
+                fc_out_channels=1024,
+                roi_feat_size=7,
+                # change the number of classes from defaultly COCO to cityscapes
+                num_classes=8,
+                bbox_coder=dict(
+                    type='DeltaXYWHBBoxCoder',
+                    target_means=[0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                    target_stds=[0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2]),
+                reg_class_agnostic=True,
+                loss_cls=dict(
+                    type='CrossEntropyLoss',
+                    use_sigmoid=False,
+                    loss_weight=1.0),
+                loss_bbox=dict(type='SmoothL1Loss', beta=1.0,
+                               loss_weight=1.0)),
+            dict(
+                type='Shared2FCBBoxHead',
+                in_channels=256,
+                fc_out_channels=1024,
+                roi_feat_size=7,
+                # change the number of classes from defaultly COCO to cityscapes
+                num_classes=8,
+                bbox_coder=dict(
+                    type='DeltaXYWHBBoxCoder',
+                    target_means=[0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                    target_stds=[0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.1]),
+                reg_class_agnostic=True,
+                loss_cls=dict(
+                    type='CrossEntropyLoss',
+                    use_sigmoid=False,
+                    loss_weight=1.0),
+                loss_bbox=dict(type='SmoothL1Loss', beta=1.0,
+                               loss_weight=1.0)),
+            dict(
+                type='Shared2FCBBoxHead',
+                in_channels=256,
+                fc_out_channels=1024,
+                roi_feat_size=7,
+                # change the number of classes from defaultly COCO to cityscapes
+                num_classes=8,
+                bbox_coder=dict(
+                    type='DeltaXYWHBBoxCoder',
+                    target_means=[0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                    target_stds=[0.033, 0.033, 0.067, 0.067]),
+                reg_class_agnostic=True,
+                loss_cls=dict(
+                    type='CrossEntropyLoss',
+                    use_sigmoid=False,
+                    loss_weight=1.0),
+                loss_bbox=dict(type='SmoothL1Loss', beta=1.0, loss_weight=1.0))
+        ],
+        mask_head=dict(
+            type='FCNMaskHead',
+            num_convs=4,
+            in_channels=256,
+            conv_out_channels=256,
+            # change the number of classes from default COCO to cityscapes
+            num_classes=8,
+            loss_mask=dict(
+                type='CrossEntropyLoss', use_mask=True, loss_weight=1.0))))
+
+# over-write `train_pipeline` for new added `AutoAugment` training setting
+train_pipeline = [
+    dict(type='LoadImageFromFile'),
+    dict(type='LoadAnnotations', with_bbox=True, with_mask=True),
+    dict(
+        type='AutoAugment',
+        policies=[
+            [dict(
+                 type='Rotate',
+                 level=5,
+                 img_border_value=(124, 116, 104),
+                 prob=0.5)
+            ],
+            [dict(type='Rotate', level=7, img_border_value=(124, 116, 104)),
+             dict(
+                 type='TranslateX',
+                 level=5,
+                 prob=0.5,
+                 img_border_value=(124, 116, 104))
+            ],
+        ]),
+    dict(
+        type='RandomResize',
+        scale=[(2048, 800), (2048, 1024)],
+        keep_ratio=True),
+    dict(type='RandomFlip', prob=0.5),
+    dict(type='PackDetInputs'),
+]
+
+# set batch_size per gpu, and set new training pipeline
+train_dataloader = dict(
+    batch_size=1,
+    num_workers=3,
+    # over-write `pipeline` with new training pipeline setting
+    dataset=dict(pipeline=train_pipeline))
+
+# Set optimizer
+optim_wrapper = dict(
+    type='OptimWrapper',
+    optimizer=dict(type='SGD', lr=0.01, momentum=0.9, weight_decay=0.0001))
+
+# Set customized learning policy
+param_scheduler = [
+    dict(
+        type='LinearLR', start_factor=0.001, by_epoch=False, begin=0, end=500),
+    dict(
+        type='MultiStepLR',
+        begin=0,
+        end=10,
+        by_epoch=True,
+        milestones=[8],
+        gamma=0.1)
+]
+
+# train, val, test loop config
+train_cfg = dict(max_epochs=10, val_interval=1)
+
+# We can use the COCO pre-trained Cascade Mask R-CNN R50 model for a more stable performance initialization
+load_from = 'https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v2.0/cascade_rcnn/cascade_mask_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco/cascade_mask_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco_20200203-9d4dcb24.pth'
+```
+
+## Train a new model
+
+To train a model with the new config, you can simply run
+
+```shell
+python tools/train.py configs/cityscapes/cascade-mask-rcnn_r50_augfpn_autoaug-10e_cityscapes.py
+```
+
+For more detailed usages, please refer to the [training guide](train.md).
+
+## Test and inference
+
+To test the trained model, you can simply run
+
+```shell
+python tools/test.py configs/cityscapes/cascade-mask-rcnn_r50_augfpn_autoaug-10e_cityscapes.py work_dirs/cascade-mask-rcnn_r50_augfpn_autoaug-10e_cityscapes/epoch_10.pth
+```
+
+For more detailed usages, please refer to the [testing guide](test.md).

docs/en/user_guides/robustness_benchmarking.md

+# Corruption Benchmarking
+
+## Introduction
+
+We provide tools to test object detection and instance segmentation models on the image corruption benchmark defined in [Benchmarking Robustness in Object Detection: Autonomous Driving when Winter is Coming](https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.07484).
+This page provides basic tutorials how to use the benchmark.
+
+```latex
+@article{michaelis2019winter,
+  title={Benchmarking Robustness in Object Detection:
+    Autonomous Driving when Winter is Coming},
+  author={Michaelis, Claudio and Mitzkus, Benjamin and
+    Geirhos, Robert and Rusak, Evgenia and
+    Bringmann, Oliver and Ecker, Alexander S. and
+    Bethge, Matthias and Brendel, Wieland},
+  journal={arXiv:1907.07484},
+  year={2019}
+}
+```
+
+![image corruption example](../../../resources/corruptions_sev_3.png)
+
+## About the benchmark
+
+To submit results to the benchmark please visit the [benchmark homepage](https://github.com/bethgelab/robust-detection-benchmark)
+
+The benchmark is modelled after the [imagenet-c benchmark](https://github.com/hendrycks/robustness) which was originally
+published in [Benchmarking Neural Network Robustness to Common Corruptions and Perturbations](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12261) (ICLR 2019) by Dan Hendrycks and Thomas Dietterich.
+
+The image corruption functions are included in this library but can be installed separately using:
+
+```shell
+pip install imagecorruptions
+```
+
+Compared to imagenet-c a few changes had to be made to handle images of arbitrary size and greyscale images.
+We also modified the 'motion blur' and 'snow' corruptions to remove dependency from a linux specific library,
+which would have to be installed separately otherwise. For details please refer to the [imagecorruptions repository](https://github.com/bethgelab/imagecorruptions).
+
+## Inference with pretrained models
+
+We provide a testing script to evaluate a models performance on any combination of the corruptions provided in the benchmark.
+
+### Test a dataset
+
+- [x] single GPU testing
+- [ ] multiple GPU testing
+- [ ] visualize detection results
+
+You can use the following commands to test a models performance under the 15 corruptions used in the benchmark.
+
+```shell
+# single-gpu testing
+python tools/analysis_tools/test_robustness.py ${CONFIG_FILE} ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} [--out ${RESULT_FILE}]
+```
+
+Alternatively different group of corruptions can be selected.
+
+```shell
+# noise
+python tools/analysis_tools/test_robustness.py ${CONFIG_FILE} ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] --corruptions noise
+
+# blur
+python tools/analysis_tools/test_robustness.py ${CONFIG_FILE} ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] --corruptions blur
+
+# wetaher
+python tools/analysis_tools/test_robustness.py ${CONFIG_FILE} ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] --corruptions weather
+
+# digital
+python tools/analysis_tools/test_robustness.py ${CONFIG_FILE} ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] --corruptions digital
+```
+
+Or a costom set of corruptions e.g.:
+
+```shell
+# gaussian noise, zoom blur and snow
+python tools/analysis_tools/test_robustness.py ${CONFIG_FILE} ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] [--eval ${EVAL_METRICS}] --corruptions gaussian_noise zoom_blur snow
+```
+
+Finally the corruption severities to evaluate can be chosen.
+Severity 0 corresponds to clean data and the effect increases from 1 to 5.
+
+```shell
+# severity 1
+python tools/analysis_tools/test_robustness.py ${CONFIG_FILE} ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] [--eval ${EVAL_METRICS}] --severities 1
+
+# severities 0,2,4
+python tools/analysis_tools/test_robustness.py ${CONFIG_FILE} ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] [--eval ${EVAL_METRICS}] --severities 0 2 4
+```
+
+## Results for modelzoo models
+
+The results on COCO 2017val are shown in the below table.
+
+|        Model        |      Backbone       |  Style  | Lr schd | box AP clean | box AP corr. | box % | mask AP clean | mask AP corr. | mask % |
+| :-----------------: | :-----------------: | :-----: | :-----: | :----------: | :----------: | :---: | :-----------: | :-----------: | :----: |
+|    Faster R-CNN     |      R-50-FPN       | pytorch |   1x    |     36.3     |     18.2     | 50.2  |       -       |       -       |   -    |
+|    Faster R-CNN     |      R-101-FPN      | pytorch |   1x    |     38.5     |     20.9     | 54.2  |       -       |       -       |   -    |
+|    Faster R-CNN     |   X-101-32x4d-FPN   | pytorch |   1x    |     40.1     |     22.3     | 55.5  |       -       |       -       |   -    |
+|    Faster R-CNN     |   X-101-64x4d-FPN   | pytorch |   1x    |     41.3     |     23.4     | 56.6  |       -       |       -       |   -    |
+|    Faster R-CNN     |    R-50-FPN-DCN     | pytorch |   1x    |     40.0     |     22.4     | 56.1  |       -       |       -       |   -    |
+|    Faster R-CNN     | X-101-32x4d-FPN-DCN | pytorch |   1x    |     43.4     |     26.7     | 61.6  |       -       |       -       |   -    |
+|     Mask R-CNN      |      R-50-FPN       | pytorch |   1x    |     37.3     |     18.7     | 50.1  |     34.2      |     16.8      |  49.1  |
+|     Mask R-CNN      |    R-50-FPN-DCN     | pytorch |   1x    |     41.1     |     23.3     | 56.7  |     37.2      |     20.7      |  55.7  |
+|    Cascade R-CNN    |      R-50-FPN       | pytorch |   1x    |     40.4     |     20.1     | 49.7  |       -       |       -       |   -    |
+| Cascade Mask R-CNN  |      R-50-FPN       | pytorch |   1x    |     41.2     |     20.7     | 50.2  |     35.7      |     17.6      |  49.3  |
+|      RetinaNet      |      R-50-FPN       | pytorch |   1x    |     35.6     |     17.8     | 50.1  |       -       |       -       |   -    |
+| Hybrid Task Cascade | X-101-64x4d-FPN-DCN | pytorch |   1x    |     50.6     |     32.7     | 64.7  |     43.8      |     28.1      |  64.0  |
+
+Results may vary slightly due to the stochastic application of the corruptions.

docs/en/user_guides/semi_det.md

+# Semi-supervised Object Detection
+
+Semi-supervised object detection uses both labeled data and unlabeled data for training. It not only reduces the annotation burden for training high-performance object detectors but also further improves the object detector by using a large number of unlabeled data.
+
+A typical procedure to train a semi-supervised object detector is as below:
+
+- [Semi-supervised Object Detection](#semi-supervised-object-detection)
+  - [Prepare and split dataset](#prepare-and-split-dataset)
+  - [Configure multi-branch pipeline](#configure-multi-branch-pipeline)
+  - [Configure semi-supervised dataloader](#configure-semi-supervised-dataloader)
+  - [Configure semi-supervised model](#configure-semi-supervised-model)
+  - [Configure MeanTeacherHook](#configure-meanteacherhook)
+  - [Configure TeacherStudentValLoop](#configure-teacherstudentvalloop)
+
+## Prepare and split dataset
+
+We provide a dataset download script, which downloads the coco2017 dataset by default and decompresses it automatically.
+
+```shell
+python tools/misc/download_dataset.py
+```
+
+The decompressed dataset directory structure is as below:
+
+```plain
+mmdetection
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   │   ├── image_info_unlabeled2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_val2017.json
+│   │   ├── test2017
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── unlabeled2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+```
+
+There are two common experimental settings for semi-supervised object detection on the coco2017 dataset:
+
+(1) Split `train2017` according to a fixed percentage (1%, 2%, 5% and 10%) as a labeled dataset, and the rest of `train2017` as an unlabeled dataset. Because the different splits of `train2017` as labeled datasets will cause significant fluctuation on the accuracy of the semi-supervised detectors, five-fold cross-validation is used in practice to evaluate the algorithm. We provide the dataset split script:
+
+```shell
+python tools/misc/split_coco.py
+```
+
+By default, the script will split `train2017` according to the labeled data ratio  1%, 2%, 5% and 10%, and each split will be randomly repeated 5 times for cross-validation. The generated semi-supervised annotation file name format is as below:
+
+- the name format of labeled dataset: `instances_train2017.{fold}@{percent}.json`
+- the name format of unlabeled dataset: `instances_train2017.{fold}@{percent}-unlabeled.json`
+
+Here, `fold` is used for cross-validation, and `percent` represents the ratio of labeled data. The directory structure of the divided dataset is as below:
+
+```plain
+mmdetection
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   │   ├── image_info_unlabeled2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_val2017.json
+│   │   ├── semi_anns
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.1@1.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.1@1-unlabeled.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.1@2.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.1@2-unlabeled.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.1@5.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.1@5-unlabeled.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.1@10.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.1@10-unlabeled.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.2@1.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.2@1-unlabeled.json
+│   │   ├── test2017
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── unlabeled2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+```
+
+(2) Use `train2017` as the labeled dataset and `unlabeled2017` as the unlabeled dataset. Since `image_info_unlabeled2017.json` does not contain `categories` information, the `CocoDataset` cannot be initialized, so you need to write the `categories` of `instances_train2017.json` into `image_info_unlabeled2017.json` and save it as `instances_unlabeled2017.json`, the relevant script is as below:
+
+```python
+from mmengine.fileio import load, dump
+
+anns_train = load('instances_train2017.json')
+anns_unlabeled = load('image_info_unlabeled2017.json')
+anns_unlabeled['categories'] = anns_train['categories']
+dump(anns_unlabeled, 'instances_unlabeled2017.json')
+```
+
+The processed dataset directory is as below:
+
+```plain
+mmdetection
+├── data
+│   ├── coco
+│   │   ├── annotations
+│   │   │   ├── image_info_unlabeled2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_train2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_unlabeled2017.json
+│   │   │   ├── instances_val2017.json
+│   │   ├── test2017
+│   │   ├── train2017
+│   │   ├── unlabeled2017
+│   │   ├── val2017
+```
+
+## Configure multi-branch pipeline
+
+There are two main approaches to semi-supervised learning,
+[consistency regularization](https://research.nvidia.com/sites/default/files/publications/laine2017iclr_paper.pdf)
+and [pseudo label](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dong-Hyun-Lee/publication/280581078_Pseudo-Label_The_Simple_and_Efficient_Semi-Supervised_Learning_Method_for_Deep_Neural_Networks/links/55bc4ada08ae092e9660b776/Pseudo-Label-The-Simple-and-Efficient-Semi-Supervised-Learning-Method-for-Deep-Neural-Networks.pdf).
+Consistency regularization often requires some careful design, while pseudo label have a simpler form and are easier to extend to downstream tasks.
+We adopt a teacher-student joint training semi-supervised object detection framework based on pseudo label, so labeled data and unlabeled data need to configure different data pipeline:
+
+(1) Pipeline for labeled data:
+
+```python
+# pipeline used to augment labeled data,
+# which will be sent to student model for supervised training.
+sup_pipeline = [
+    dict(type='LoadImageFromFile', backend_args=backend_args),
+    dict(type='LoadAnnotations', with_bbox=True),
+    dict(type='RandomResize', scale=scale, keep_ratio=True),
+    dict(type='RandomFlip', prob=0.5),
+    dict(type='RandAugment', aug_space=color_space, aug_num=1),
+    dict(type='FilterAnnotations', min_gt_bbox_wh=(1e-2, 1e-2)),
+    dict(type='MultiBranch', sup=dict(type='PackDetInputs'))
+]
+```
+
+(2) Pipeline for unlabeled data:
+
+```python
+# pipeline used to augment unlabeled data weakly,
+# which will be sent to teacher model for predicting pseudo instances.
+weak_pipeline = [
+    dict(type='RandomResize', scale=scale, keep_ratio=True),
+    dict(type='RandomFlip', prob=0.5),
+    dict(
+        type='PackDetInputs',
+        meta_keys=('img_id', 'img_path', 'ori_shape', 'img_shape',
+                   'scale_factor', 'flip', 'flip_direction',
+                   'homography_matrix')),
+]
+
+# pipeline used to augment unlabeled data strongly,
+# which will be sent to student model for unsupervised training.
+strong_pipeline = [
+    dict(type='RandomResize', scale=scale, keep_ratio=True),
+    dict(type='RandomFlip', prob=0.5),
+    dict(
+        type='RandomOrder',
+        transforms=[
+            dict(type='RandAugment', aug_space=color_space, aug_num=1),
+            dict(type='RandAugment', aug_space=geometric, aug_num=1),
+        ]),
+    dict(type='RandomErasing', n_patches=(1, 5), ratio=(0, 0.2)),
+    dict(type='FilterAnnotations', min_gt_bbox_wh=(1e-2, 1e-2)),
+    dict(
+        type='PackDetInputs',
+        meta_keys=('img_id', 'img_path', 'ori_shape', 'img_shape',
+                   'scale_factor', 'flip', 'flip_direction',
+                   'homography_matrix')),
+]
+
+# pipeline used to augment unlabeled data into different views
+unsup_pipeline = [
+    dict(type='LoadImageFromFile', backend_args=backend_args),
+    dict(type='LoadEmptyAnnotations'),
+    dict(
+        type='MultiBranch',
+        unsup_teacher=weak_pipeline,
+        unsup_student=strong_pipeline,
+    )
+]
+```
+
+## Configure semi-supervised dataloader
+
+(1) Build a semi-supervised dataset. Use `ConcatDataset` to concatenate labeled and unlabeled datasets.
+
+```python
+labeled_dataset = dict(
+    type=dataset_type,
+    data_root=data_root,
+    ann_file='annotations/instances_train2017.json',
+    data_prefix=dict(img='train2017/'),
+    filter_cfg=dict(filter_empty_gt=True, min_size=32),
+    pipeline=sup_pipeline)
+
+unlabeled_dataset = dict(
+    type=dataset_type,
+    data_root=data_root,
+    ann_file='annotations/instances_unlabeled2017.json',
+    data_prefix=dict(img='unlabeled2017/'),
+    filter_cfg=dict(filter_empty_gt=False),
+    pipeline=unsup_pipeline)
+
+train_dataloader = dict(
+    batch_size=batch_size,
+    num_workers=num_workers,
+    persistent_workers=True,
+    sampler=dict(
+        type='GroupMultiSourceSampler',
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        source_ratio=[1, 4]),
+    dataset=dict(
+        type='ConcatDataset', datasets=[labeled_dataset, unlabeled_dataset]))
+```
+
+(2) Use multi-source dataset sampler. Use `GroupMultiSourceSampler` to sample data form batches from `labeled_dataset` and `labeled_dataset`, `source_ratio` controls the proportion of labeled data and unlabeled data in the batch. `GroupMultiSourceSampler` also ensures that the images in the same batch have similar aspect ratios. If you don't need to guarantee the aspect ratio of the images in the batch, you can use `MultiSourceSampler`. The sampling diagram of `GroupMultiSourceSampler` is as below:
+
+<div align=center>
+<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/40661020/186149261-8cf28e92-de5c-4c8c-96e1-13558b2e27f7.jpg"/>
+</div>
+
+`sup=1000` indicates that the scale of the labeled dataset is 1000, `sup_h=200` indicates that the scale of the images with an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 1 in the labeled dataset is 200, and `sup_w=800` indicates that the scale of the images with an aspect ratio less than 1 in the labeled dataset is 800,
+`unsup=9000` indicates that the scale of the unlabeled dataset is 9000, `unsup_h=1800` indicates that the scale of the images with an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 1 in the unlabeled dataset is 1800, and `unsup_w=7200` indicates the scale of the images with an aspect ratio less than 1 in the unlabeled dataset is 7200.
+`GroupMultiSourceSampler` randomly selects a group according to the overall aspect ratio distribution of the images in the labeled dataset and the unlabeled dataset, and then sample data to form batches from the two datasets according to `source_ratio`, so labeled datasets and unlabeled datasets have different repetitions.
+
+## Configure semi-supervised model
+
+We choose `Faster R-CNN` as `detector` for semi-supervised training. Take the semi-supervised object detection algorithm `SoftTeacher` as an example,
+the model configuration can be inherited from `_base_/models/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn.py`, replacing the backbone network of the detector with `caffe` style.
+Note that unlike the supervised training configs, `Faster R-CNN` as `detector` is an attribute of `model`, not `model` .
+In addition, `data_preprocessor` needs to be set to `MultiBranchDataPreprocessor`, which is used to pad and normalize images from different pipelines.
+Finally, parameters required for semi-supervised training and testing can be configured via `semi_train_cfg` and `semi_test_cfg`.
+
+```python
+_base_ = [
+    '../_base_/models/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn.py', '../_base_/default_runtime.py',
+    '../_base_/datasets/semi_coco_detection.py'
+]
+
+detector = _base_.model
+detector.data_preprocessor = dict(
+    type='DetDataPreprocessor',
+    mean=[103.530, 116.280, 123.675],
+    std=[1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
+    bgr_to_rgb=False,
+    pad_size_divisor=32)
+detector.backbone = dict(
+    type='ResNet',
+    depth=50,
+    num_stages=4,
+    out_indices=(0, 1, 2, 3),
+    frozen_stages=1,
+    norm_cfg=dict(type='BN', requires_grad=False),
+    norm_eval=True,
+    style='caffe',
+    init_cfg=dict(
+        type='Pretrained',
+        checkpoint='open-mmlab://detectron2/resnet50_caffe'))
+
+model = dict(
+    _delete_=True,
+    type='SoftTeacher',
+    detector=detector,
+    data_preprocessor=dict(
+        type='MultiBranchDataPreprocessor',
+        data_preprocessor=detector.data_preprocessor),
+    semi_train_cfg=dict(
+        freeze_teacher=True,
+        sup_weight=1.0,
+        unsup_weight=4.0,
+        pseudo_label_initial_score_thr=0.5,
+        rpn_pseudo_thr=0.9,
+        cls_pseudo_thr=0.9,
+        reg_pseudo_thr=0.02,
+        jitter_times=10,
+        jitter_scale=0.06,
+        min_pseudo_bbox_wh=(1e-2, 1e-2)),
+    semi_test_cfg=dict(predict_on='teacher'))
+```
+
+In addition, we also support semi-supervised training for other detection models, such as `RetinaNet` and `Cascade R-CNN`. Since `SoftTeacher` only supports `Faster R-CNN`, it needs to be replaced with `SemiBaseDetector`, example is as below:
+
+```python
+_base_ = [
+    '../_base_/models/retinanet_r50_fpn.py', '../_base_/default_runtime.py',
+    '../_base_/datasets/semi_coco_detection.py'
+]
+
+detector = _base_.model
+
+model = dict(
+    _delete_=True,
+    type='SemiBaseDetector',
+    detector=detector,
+    data_preprocessor=dict(
+        type='MultiBranchDataPreprocessor',
+        data_preprocessor=detector.data_preprocessor),
+    semi_train_cfg=dict(
+        freeze_teacher=True,
+        sup_weight=1.0,
+        unsup_weight=1.0,
+        cls_pseudo_thr=0.9,
+        min_pseudo_bbox_wh=(1e-2, 1e-2)),
+    semi_test_cfg=dict(predict_on='teacher'))
+```
+
+Following the semi-supervised training configuration of `SoftTeacher`, change `batch_size` to 2 and `source_ratio` to `[1, 1]`, the experimental results of supervised and semi-supervised training of `RetinaNet`, `Faster R-CNN`, `Cascade R-CNN` and `SoftTeacher` on the 10% coco `train2017` are as below:
+
+|      Model       |   Detector    | BackBone | Style | sup-0.1-coco mAP | semi-0.1-coco mAP |
+| :--------------: | :-----------: | :------: | :---: | :--------------: | :---------------: |
+| SemiBaseDetector |   RetinaNet   | R-50-FPN | caffe |       23.5       |       27.7        |
+| SemiBaseDetector | Faster R-CNN  | R-50-FPN | caffe |       26.7       |       28.4        |
+| SemiBaseDetector | Cascade R-CNN | R-50-FPN | caffe |       28.0       |       29.7        |
+|   SoftTeacher    | Faster R-CNN  | R-50-FPN | caffe |       26.7       |       31.1        |
+
+## Configure MeanTeacherHook
+
+Usually, the teacher model is updated by Exponential Moving Average (EMA) the student model, and then the teacher model is optimized with the optimization of the student model, which can be achieved by configuring `custom_hooks`:
+
+```python
+custom_hooks = [dict(type='MeanTeacherHook')]
+```
+
+## Configure TeacherStudentValLoop
+
+Since there are two models in the teacher-student joint training framework, we can replace `ValLoop` with `TeacherStudentValLoop` to test the accuracy of both models during the training process.
+
+```python
+val_cfg = dict(type='TeacherStudentValLoop')
+```

docs/en/user_guides/single_stage_as_rpn.md

+# Use a single stage detector as RPN
+
+Region proposal network (RPN) is a submodule in [Faster R-CNN](https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.01497), which generates proposals for the second stage of Faster R-CNN. Most two-stage detectors in MMDetection use [`RPNHead`](../../../mmdet/models/dense_heads/rpn_head.py) to generate proposals as RPN. However, any single-stage detector can serve as an RPN since their bounding box predictions can also be regarded as region proposals and thus be refined in the R-CNN. Therefore, MMDetection v3.0 supports that.
+
+To illustrate the whole process, here we give an example of how to use an anchor-free single-stage model [FCOS](../../../configs/fcos/fcos_r50-caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco.py) as an RPN in [Faster R-CNN](../../../configs/faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_fcos-rpn_1x_coco.py).
+
+The outline of this tutorial is as below:
+
+1. Use `FCOSHead` as an `RPNHead` in Faster R-CNN
+2. Evaluate proposals
+3. Train the customized Faster R-CNN with pre-trained FCOS
+
+## Use `FCOSHead` as an `RPNHead` in Faster R-CNN
+
+To set `FCOSHead` as an `RPNHead` in Faster R-CNN, we should create a new config file named `configs/faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_fcos-rpn_1x_coco.py`, and replace with the setting of `rpn_head` with the setting of `bbox_head` in `configs/fcos/fcos_r50-caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco.py`. Besides, we still use the neck setting of FCOS with strides of `[8, 16, 32, 64, 128]`, and update `featmap_strides` of `bbox_roi_extractor` to `[8, 16, 32, 64, 128]`. To avoid loss goes NAN, we apply warmup during the first 1000 iterations instead of the first 500 iterations, which means that the lr increases more slowly. The config is as follows:
+
+```python
+_base_ = [
+    '../_base_/models/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn.py',
+    '../_base_/datasets/coco_detection.py',
+    '../_base_/schedules/schedule_1x.py', '../_base_/default_runtime.py'
+]
+
+model = dict(
+    # copied from configs/fcos/fcos_r50-caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco.py
+    neck=dict(
+        start_level=1,
+        add_extra_convs='on_output',  # use P5
+        relu_before_extra_convs=True),
+    rpn_head=dict(
+        _delete_=True,  # ignore the unused old settings
+        type='FCOSHead',
+        num_classes=1,  # num_classes = 1 for rpn, if num_classes > 1, it will be set to 1 in TwoStageDetector automatically
+        in_channels=256,
+        stacked_convs=4,
+        feat_channels=256,
+        strides=[8, 16, 32, 64, 128],
+        loss_cls=dict(
+            type='FocalLoss',
+            use_sigmoid=True,
+            gamma=2.0,
+            alpha=0.25,
+            loss_weight=1.0),
+        loss_bbox=dict(type='IoULoss', loss_weight=1.0),
+        loss_centerness=dict(
+            type='CrossEntropyLoss', use_sigmoid=True, loss_weight=1.0)),
+    roi_head=dict(  # update featmap_strides due to the strides in neck
+        bbox_roi_extractor=dict(featmap_strides=[8, 16, 32, 64, 128])))
+
+# learning rate
+param_scheduler = [
+    dict(
+        type='LinearLR', start_factor=0.001, by_epoch=False, begin=0,
+        end=1000),  # Slowly increase lr, otherwise loss becomes NAN
+    dict(
+        type='MultiStepLR',
+        begin=0,
+        end=12,
+        by_epoch=True,
+        milestones=[8, 11],
+        gamma=0.1)
+]
+```
+
+Then, we could use the following command to train our customized model. For more training commands, please refer to [here](train.md).
+
+```python
+# training with 8 GPUS
+bash tools/dist_train.sh configs/faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_fcos-rpn_1x_coco.py \
+    8 \
+    --work-dir ./work_dirs/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_fcos-rpn_1x_coco
+```
+
+## Evaluate proposals
+
+The quality of proposals is of great importance to the performance of detector, therefore, we also provide a way to evaluate proposals. Same as above, create a new config file named `configs/rpn/fcos-rpn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py`, and replace with setting of `rpn_head` with the setting of `bbox_head` in `configs/fcos/fcos_r50-caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco.py`.
+
+```python
+_base_ = [
+    '../_base_/models/rpn_r50_fpn.py', '../_base_/datasets/coco_detection.py',
+    '../_base_/schedules/schedule_1x.py', '../_base_/default_runtime.py'
+]
+
+val_evaluator = dict(metric='proposal_fast')
+test_evaluator = val_evaluator
+
+model = dict(
+    # copied from configs/fcos/fcos_r50-caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco.py
+    neck=dict(
+        start_level=1,
+        add_extra_convs='on_output',  # use P5
+        relu_before_extra_convs=True),
+    rpn_head=dict(
+        _delete_=True,  # ignore the unused old settings
+        type='FCOSHead',
+        num_classes=1,  # num_classes = 1 for rpn, if num_classes > 1, it will be set to 1 in RPN automatically
+        in_channels=256,
+        stacked_convs=4,
+        feat_channels=256,
+        strides=[8, 16, 32, 64, 128],
+        loss_cls=dict(
+            type='FocalLoss',
+            use_sigmoid=True,
+            gamma=2.0,
+            alpha=0.25,
+            loss_weight=1.0),
+        loss_bbox=dict(type='IoULoss', loss_weight=1.0),
+        loss_centerness=dict(
+            type='CrossEntropyLoss', use_sigmoid=True, loss_weight=1.0)))
+```
+
+Suppose we have the checkpoint `./work_dirs/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_fcos-rpn_1x_coco/epoch_12.pth` after training, then we can evaluate the quality of proposals with the following command.
+
+```python
+# testing with 8 GPUs
+bash tools/dist_test.sh \
+    configs/rpn/fcos-rpn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py \
+    ./work_dirs/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_fcos-rpn_1x_coco/epoch_12.pth \
+    8
+```
+
+## Train the customized Faster R-CNN with pre-trained FCOS
+
+Pre-training not only speeds up convergence of training, but also improves the performance of the detector. Therefore, here we give an example to illustrate how to do use a pre-trained FCOS as an RPN to accelerate training and improve the accuracy. Suppose we want to use `FCOSHead` as an rpn head in Faster R-CNN and train with the pre-trained [`fcos_r50-caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco`](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v2.0/fcos/fcos_r50_caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco/fcos_r50_caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco-821213aa.pth). The content of config file named `configs/faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r50-caffe_fpn_fcos-rpn_1x_coco.py` is as the following. Note that `fcos_r50-caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco` uses a caffe version of ResNet50, the pixel mean and std in `data_preprocessor` thus need to be updated.
+
+```python
+_base_ = [
+    '../_base_/models/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn.py',
+    '../_base_/datasets/coco_detection.py',
+    '../_base_/schedules/schedule_1x.py', '../_base_/default_runtime.py'
+]
+
+model = dict(
+    data_preprocessor=dict(
+        mean=[103.530, 116.280, 123.675],
+        std=[1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
+        bgr_to_rgb=False),
+    backbone=dict(
+        norm_cfg=dict(type='BN', requires_grad=False),
+        style='caffe',
+        init_cfg=None),  # the checkpoint in ``load_from`` contains the weights of backbone
+    neck=dict(
+        start_level=1,
+        add_extra_convs='on_output',  # use P5
+        relu_before_extra_convs=True),
+    rpn_head=dict(
+        _delete_=True,  # ignore the unused old settings
+        type='FCOSHead',
+        num_classes=1,  # num_classes = 1 for rpn, if num_classes > 1, it will be set to 1 in TwoStageDetector automatically
+        in_channels=256,
+        stacked_convs=4,
+        feat_channels=256,
+        strides=[8, 16, 32, 64, 128],
+        loss_cls=dict(
+            type='FocalLoss',
+            use_sigmoid=True,
+            gamma=2.0,
+            alpha=0.25,
+            loss_weight=1.0),
+        loss_bbox=dict(type='IoULoss', loss_weight=1.0),
+        loss_centerness=dict(
+            type='CrossEntropyLoss', use_sigmoid=True, loss_weight=1.0)),
+    roi_head=dict(  # update featmap_strides due to the strides in neck
+        bbox_roi_extractor=dict(featmap_strides=[8, 16, 32, 64, 128])))
+
+load_from = 'https://download.openmmlab.com/mmdetection/v2.0/fcos/fcos_r50_caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco/fcos_r50_caffe_fpn_gn-head_1x_coco-821213aa.pth'
+```
+
+The command for training is as below.
+
+```python
+bash tools/dist_train.sh \
+    configs/faster_rcnn/faster-rcnn_r50-caffe_fpn_fcos-rpn_1x_coco.py \
+    8 \
+    --work-dir ./work_dirs/faster-rcnn_r50-caffe_fpn_fcos-rpn_1x_coco
+```

docs/en/user_guides/test.md

+# Test existing models on standard datasets
+
+To evaluate a model's accuracy, one usually tests the model on some standard datasets, please refer to [dataset prepare guide](dataset_prepare.md) to prepare the dataset.
+
+This section will show how to test existing models on supported datasets.
+
+## Test existing models
+
+We provide testing scripts for evaluating an existing model on the whole dataset (COCO, PASCAL VOC, Cityscapes, etc.).
+The following testing environments are supported:
+
+- single GPU
+- CPU
+- single node multiple GPUs
+- multiple nodes
+
+Choose the proper script to perform testing depending on the testing environment.
+
+```shell
+# Single-gpu testing
+python tools/test.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] \
+    [--show]
+
+# CPU: disable GPUs and run single-gpu testing script
+export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=-1
+python tools/test.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] \
+    [--show]
+
+# Multi-gpu testing
+bash tools/dist_test.sh \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    ${GPU_NUM} \
+    [--out ${RESULT_FILE}]
+```
+
+`tools/dist_test.sh` also supports multi-node testing, but relies on PyTorch's [launch utility](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/distributed.html#launch-utility).
+
+Optional arguments:
+
+- `RESULT_FILE`: Filename of the output results in pickle format. If not specified, the results will not be saved to a file.
+- `--show`: If specified, detection results will be plotted on the images and shown in a new window. It is only applicable to single GPU testing and used for debugging and visualization. Please make sure that GUI is available in your environment. Otherwise, you may encounter an error like `cannot connect to X server`.
+- `--show-dir`: If specified, detection results will be plotted on the images and saved to the specified directory. It is only applicable to single GPU testing and used for debugging and visualization. You do NOT need a GUI available in your environment for using this option.
+- `--work-dir`: If specified, detection results containing evaluation metrics will be saved to the specified directory.
+- `--cfg-options`:  If specified, the key-value pair optional cfg will be merged into config file
+
+## Examples
+
+Assuming that you have already downloaded the checkpoints to the directory `checkpoints/`.
+
+1. Test RTMDet and visualize the results. Press any key for the next image.
+   Config and checkpoint files are available [here](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/tree/main/configs/rtmdet).
+
+   ```shell
+   python tools/test.py \
+       configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco.py \
+       checkpoints/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco_20220719_112030-5a0be7c4.pth \
+       --show
+   ```
+
+2. Test RTMDet and save the painted images for future visualization.
+   Config and checkpoint files are available [here](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/tree/main/configs/rtmdet).
+
+   ```shell
+   python tools/test.py \
+       configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco.py \
+       checkpoints/rtmdet_l_8xb32-300e_coco_20220719_112030-5a0be7c4.pth \
+       --show-dir faster_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_results
+   ```
+
+3. Test Faster R-CNN on PASCAL VOC (without saving the test results).
+   Config and checkpoint files are available [here](../../../configs/pascal_voc).
+
+   ```shell
+   python tools/test.py \
+       configs/pascal_voc/faster-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_voc0712.py \
+       checkpoints/faster_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_voc0712_20200624-c9895d40.pth
+   ```
+
+4. Test Mask R-CNN with 8 GPUs, and evaluate.
+   Config and checkpoint files are available [here](../../../configs/mask_rcnn).
+
+   ```shell
+   ./tools/dist_test.sh \
+       configs/mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py \
+       checkpoints/mask_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco_20200205-d4b0c5d6.pth \
+       8 \
+       --out results.pkl
+   ```
+
+5. Test Mask R-CNN with 8 GPUs, and evaluate the metric **class-wise**.
+   Config and checkpoint files are available [here](../../../configs/mask_rcnn).
+
+   ```shell
+   ./tools/dist_test.sh \
+       configs/mask_rcnn/mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py \
+       checkpoints/mask_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco_20200205-d4b0c5d6.pth \
+       8 \
+       --out results.pkl \
+       --cfg-options test_evaluator.classwise=True
+   ```
+
+6. Test Mask R-CNN on COCO test-dev with 8 GPUs, and generate JSON files for submitting to the official evaluation server.
+   Config and checkpoint files are available [here](../../../configs/mask_rcnn).
+
+   Replace the original test_evaluator and test_dataloader with test_evaluator and test_dataloader in the comment in [config](../../../configs/_base_/datasets/coco_instance.py) and run:
+
+   ```shell
+   ./tools/dist_test.sh \
+       configs/mask_rcnn/mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py \
+       checkpoints/mask_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco_20200205-d4b0c5d6.pth \
+       8
+   ```
+
+   This command generates two JSON files `./work_dirs/coco_instance/test.bbox.json` and `./work_dirs/coco_instance/test.segm.json`.
+
+7. Test Mask R-CNN on Cityscapes test with 8 GPUs, and generate txt and png files for submitting to the official evaluation server.
+   Config and checkpoint files are available [here](../../../configs/cityscapes).
+
+   Replace the original test_evaluator and test_dataloader with test_evaluator and test_dataloader in the comment in [config](../../../configs/_base_/datasets/cityscapes_instance.py) and run:
+
+   ```shell
+   ./tools/dist_test.sh \
+       configs/cityscapes/mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_cityscapes.py \
+       checkpoints/mask_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_cityscapes_20200227-afe51d5a.pth \
+       8
+   ```
+
+   The generated png and txt would be under `./work_dirs/cityscapes_metric/` directory.
+
+## Test without Ground Truth Annotations
+
+MMDetection supports to test models without ground-truth annotations using `CocoDataset`. If your dataset format is not in COCO format, please convert them to COCO format. For example, if your dataset format is VOC, you can directly convert it to COCO format by the [script in tools.](../../../tools/dataset_converters/pascal_voc.py) If your dataset format is Cityscapes, you can directly convert it to COCO format by the [script in tools.](../../../tools/dataset_converters/cityscapes.py) The rest of the formats can be converted using [this script](../../../tools/dataset_converters/images2coco.py).
+
+```shell
+python tools/dataset_converters/images2coco.py \
+    ${IMG_PATH} \
+    ${CLASSES} \
+    ${OUT} \
+    [--exclude-extensions]
+```
+
+arguments:
+
+- `IMG_PATH`: The root path of images.
+- `CLASSES`: The text file with a list of categories.
+- `OUT`: The output annotation json file name. The save dir is in the same directory as `IMG_PATH`.
+- `exclude-extensions`: The suffix of images to be excluded, such as 'png' and 'bmp'.
+
+After the conversion is complete, you need to replace the original test_evaluator and test_dataloader with test_evaluator and test_dataloader in the comment in [config](../../../configs/_base_/datasets/coco_detection.py)(find which dataset in 'configs/_base_/datasets' the current config corresponds to) and run:
+
+```shell
+# Single-gpu testing
+python tools/test.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    [--show]
+
+# CPU: disable GPUs and run single-gpu testing script
+export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=-1
+python tools/test.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] \
+    [--show]
+
+# Multi-gpu testing
+bash tools/dist_test.sh \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    ${GPU_NUM} \
+    [--show]
+```
+
+Assuming that the checkpoints in the [model zoo](https://mmdetection.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modelzoo_statistics.html) have been downloaded to the directory `checkpoints/`, we can test Mask R-CNN on COCO test-dev with 8 GPUs, and generate JSON files using the following command.
+
+```sh
+./tools/dist_test.sh \
+    configs/mask_rcnn/mask-rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco.py \
+    checkpoints/mask_rcnn_r50_fpn_1x_coco_20200205-d4b0c5d6.pth \
+    8
+```
+
+This command generates two JSON files `./work_dirs/coco_instance/test.bbox.json` and `./work_dirs/coco_instance/test.segm.json`.
+
+## Batch Inference
+
+MMDetection supports inference with a single image or batched images in test mode. By default, we use single-image inference and you can use batch inference by modifying `samples_per_gpu` in the config of test data. You can do that either by modifying the config as below.
+
+```shell
+data = dict(train_dataloader=dict(...), val_dataloader=dict(...), test_dataloader=dict(batch_size=2, ...))
+```
+
+Or you can set it through `--cfg-options` as `--cfg-options test_dataloader.batch_size=2`
+
+## Test Time Augmentation (TTA)
+
+Test time augmentation (TTA) is a data augmentation strategy used during the test phase. It applies different augmentations, such as flipping and scaling, to the same image for model inference, and then merges the predictions of each augmented image to obtain more accurate predictions. To make it easier for users to use TTA, MMEngine provides [BaseTTAModel](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/generated/mmengine.model.BaseTTAModel.html#mmengine.model.BaseTTAModel) class, which allows users to implement different TTA strategies by simply extending the BaseTTAModel class according to their needs.
+
+In MMDetection, we provides [DetTTAModel](../../../mmdet/models/test_time_augs/det_tta.py) class, which inherits from BaseTTAModel.
+
+### Use case
+
+Using TTA requires two steps. First, you need to add `tta_model` and `tta_pipeline` in the configuration file:
+
+```shell
+tta_model = dict(
+    type='DetTTAModel',
+    tta_cfg=dict(nms=dict(
+                   type='nms',
+                   iou_threshold=0.5),
+                   max_per_img=100))
+
+tta_pipeline = [
+    dict(type='LoadImageFromFile',
+        backend_args=None),
+    dict(
+        type='TestTimeAug',
+        transforms=[[
+            dict(type='Resize', scale=(1333, 800), keep_ratio=True)
+        ], [ # It uses 2 flipping transformations (flipping and not flipping).
+            dict(type='RandomFlip', prob=1.),
+            dict(type='RandomFlip', prob=0.)
+        ], [
+            dict(
+               type='PackDetInputs',
+               meta_keys=('img_id', 'img_path', 'ori_shape',
+                       'img_shape', 'scale_factor', 'flip',
+                       'flip_direction'))
+       ]])]
+```
+
+Second, set `--tta` when running the test scripts as examples below:
+
+```shell
+# Single-gpu testing
+python tools/test.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    [--tta]
+
+# CPU: disable GPUs and run single-gpu testing script
+export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=-1
+python tools/test.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    [--out ${RESULT_FILE}] \
+    [--tta]
+
+# Multi-gpu testing
+bash tools/dist_test.sh \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    ${GPU_NUM} \
+    [--tta]
+```
+
+You can also modify the TTA config by yourself, such as adding scaling enhancement:
+
+```shell
+tta_model = dict(
+    type='DetTTAModel',
+    tta_cfg=dict(nms=dict(
+                   type='nms',
+                   iou_threshold=0.5),
+                   max_per_img=100))
+
+img_scales = [(1333, 800), (666, 400), (2000, 1200)]
+tta_pipeline = [
+    dict(type='LoadImageFromFile',
+         backend_args=None),
+    dict(
+        type='TestTimeAug',
+        transforms=[[
+            dict(type='Resize', scale=s, keep_ratio=True) for s in img_scales
+        ], [
+            dict(type='RandomFlip', prob=1.),
+            dict(type='RandomFlip', prob=0.)
+        ], [
+            dict(
+               type='PackDetInputs',
+               meta_keys=('img_id', 'img_path', 'ori_shape',
+                       'img_shape', 'scale_factor', 'flip',
+                       'flip_direction'))
+       ]])]
+```
+
+The above data augmentation pipeline will first perform 3 multi-scaling transformations on the image, followed by 2 flipping transformations (flipping and not flipping). Finally, the image is packaged into the final result using PackDetInputs.
+
+Here are more TTA use cases for your reference:
+
+- [RetinaNet](../../../configs/retinanet/retinanet_tta.py)
+- [CenterNet](../../../configs/centernet/centernet_tta.py)
+- [YOLOX](../../../configs/rtmdet/rtmdet_tta.py)
+- [RTMDet](../../../configs/yolox/yolox_tta.py)
+
+For more advanced usage and data flow of TTA, please refer to [MMEngine](https://mmengine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced_tutorials/test_time_augmentation.html#data-flow). We will support instance segmentation TTA latter.

docs/en/user_guides/test_results_submission.md

+# Test Results Submission
+
+## Panoptic segmentation test results submission
+
+The following sections introduce how to produce the prediction results of panoptic segmentation models on the COCO test-dev set and submit the predictions to [COCO evaluation server](https://competitions.codalab.org/competitions/19507).
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+- Download [COCO test dataset images](http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/test2017.zip), [testing image info](http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/image_info_test2017.zip), and [panoptic train/val annotations](http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/panoptic_annotations_trainval2017.zip), then unzip them, put 'test2017' to `data/coco/`, put json files and annotation files to `data/coco/annotations/`.
+
+```shell
+# suppose data/coco/ does not exist
+mkdir -pv data/coco/
+
+# download test2017
+wget -P data/coco/ http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/test2017.zip
+wget -P data/coco/ http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/image_info_test2017.zip
+wget -P data/coco/ http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/panoptic_annotations_trainval2017.zip
+
+# unzip them
+unzip data/coco/test2017.zip -d data/coco/
+unzip data/coco/image_info_test2017.zip -d data/coco/
+unzip data/coco/panoptic_annotations_trainval2017.zip -d data/coco/
+
+# remove zip files (optional)
+rm -rf data/coco/test2017.zip data/coco/image_info_test2017.zip data/coco/panoptic_annotations_trainval2017.zip
+```
+
+- Run the following code to update category information in testing image info. Since the attribute `isthing` is missing in category information of 'image_info_test-dev2017.json', we need to update it with the category information in 'panoptic_val2017.json'.
+
+```shell
+python tools/misc/gen_coco_panoptic_test_info.py data/coco/annotations
+```
+
+After completing the above preparations, your directory structure of `data` should be like this:
+
+```text
+data
+`-- coco
+    |-- annotations
+    |   |-- image_info_test-dev2017.json
+    |   |-- image_info_test2017.json
+    |   |-- panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json
+    |   |-- panoptic_train2017.json
+    |   |-- panoptic_train2017.zip
+    |   |-- panoptic_val2017.json
+    |   `-- panoptic_val2017.zip
+    `-- test2017
+```
+
+### Inference on coco test-dev
+
+To do inference on coco test-dev, we should update the setting of `test_dataloder` and `test_evaluator` first. There two ways to do this: 1. update them in config file; 2. update them in command line.
+
+#### Update them in config file
+
+The relevant settings are provided at the end of `configs/_base_/datasets/coco_panoptic.py`, as below.
+
+```python
+test_dataloader = dict(
+    batch_size=1,
+    num_workers=1,
+    persistent_workers=True,
+    drop_last=False,
+    sampler=dict(type='DefaultSampler', shuffle=False),
+    dataset=dict(
+        type=dataset_type,
+        data_root=data_root,
+        ann_file='annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json',
+        data_prefix=dict(img='test2017/'),
+        test_mode=True,
+        pipeline=test_pipeline))
+test_evaluator = dict(
+    type='CocoPanopticMetric',
+    format_only=True,
+    ann_file=data_root + 'annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json',
+    outfile_prefix='./work_dirs/coco_panoptic/test')
+```
+
+Any of the following way can be used to update the setting for inference on coco test-dev set.
+
+Case 1: Directly uncomment the setting in `configs/_base_/datasets/coco_panoptic.py`.
+
+Case 2: Copy the following setting to the config file you used now.
+
+```python
+test_dataloader = dict(
+    dataset=dict(
+        ann_file='annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json',
+        data_prefix=dict(img='test2017/', _delete_=True)))
+test_evaluator = dict(
+    format_only=True,
+    ann_file=data_root + 'annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json',
+    outfile_prefix='./work_dirs/coco_panoptic/test')
+```
+
+Then infer on coco test-dev et by the following command.
+
+```shell
+python tools/test.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE}
+```
+
+#### Update them in command line
+
+The command for update of the related settings and inference on coco test-dev are as below.
+
+```shell
+# test with single gpu
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python tools/test.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    --cfg-options \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.ann_file=annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.data_prefix.img=test2017 \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.data_prefix._delete_=True \
+    test_evaluator.format_only=True \
+    test_evaluator.ann_file=data/coco/annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json \
+    test_evaluator.outfile_prefix=${WORK_DIR}/results
+
+# test with four gpus
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,3,4 bash tools/dist_test.sh \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    8 \  # eights gpus
+    --cfg-options \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.ann_file=annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.data_prefix.img=test2017 \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.data_prefix._delete_=True \
+    test_evaluator.format_only=True \
+    test_evaluator.ann_file=data/coco/annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json \
+    test_evaluator.outfile_prefix=${WORK_DIR}/results
+
+# test with slurm
+GPUS=8 tools/slurm_test.sh \
+    ${Partition} \
+    ${JOB_NAME} \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE} \
+    ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} \
+    --cfg-options \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.ann_file=annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.data_prefix.img=test2017 \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.data_prefix._delete_=True \
+    test_evaluator.format_only=True \
+    test_evaluator.ann_file=data/coco/annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json \
+    test_evaluator.outfile_prefix=${WORK_DIR}/results
+```
+
+Example
+
+Suppose we perform inference on `test2017` using pretrained MaskFormer with ResNet-50 backbone.
+
+```shell
+# test with single gpu
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python tools/test.py \
+    configs/maskformer/maskformer_r50_mstrain_16x1_75e_coco.py \
+    checkpoints/maskformer_r50_mstrain_16x1_75e_coco_20220221_141956-bc2699cb.pth \
+    --cfg-options \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.ann_file=annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.data_prefix.img=test2017 \
+    test_dataloader.dataset.data_prefix._delete_=True \
+    test_evaluator.format_only=True \
+    test_evaluator.ann_file=data/coco/annotations/panoptic_image_info_test-dev2017.json \
+    test_evaluator.outfile_prefix=work_dirs/maskformer/results
+```
+
+### Rename files and zip results
+
+After inference, the panoptic segmentation results (a json file and a directory where the masks are stored) will be in `WORK_DIR`. We should rename them according to the naming convention described on [COCO's Website](https://cocodataset.org/#upload). Finally, we need to compress the json and the directory where the masks are stored into a zip file, and rename the zip file according to the naming convention. Note that the zip file should **directly** contains the above two files.
+
+The commands to rename files and zip results:
+
+```shell
+# In WORK_DIR, we have panoptic segmentation results: 'panoptic' and 'results.panoptic.json'.
+cd ${WORK_DIR}
+
+# replace '[algorithm_name]' with the name of algorithm you used.
+mv ./panoptic ./panoptic_test-dev2017_[algorithm_name]_results
+mv ./results.panoptic.json ./panoptic_test-dev2017_[algorithm_name]_results.json
+zip panoptic_test-dev2017_[algorithm_name]_results.zip -ur panoptic_test-dev2017_[algorithm_name]_results panoptic_test-dev2017_[algorithm_name]_results.json
+```

docs/en/user_guides/tracking_analysis_tools.md

+**We provide lots of useful tools under the `tools/` directory.**
+
+## MOT Test-time Parameter Search
+
+`tools/analysis_tools/mot/mot_param_search.py` can search the parameters of the `tracker` in MOT models.
+It is used as the same manner with `tools/test.py` but **different** in the configs.
+
+Here is an example that shows how to modify the configs:
+
+1. Define the desirable evaluation metrics to record.
+
+   For example, you can define the `evaluator` as
+
+   ```python
+   test_evaluator=dict(type='MOTChallengeMetrics', metric=['HOTA', 'CLEAR', 'Identity'])
+   ```
+
+   Of course, you can also customize the content of `metric` in `test_evaluator`. You are free to choose one or more of `['HOTA', 'CLEAR', 'Identity']`.
+
+2. Define the parameters and the values to search.
+
+   Assume you have a tracker like
+
+   ```python
+   model=dict(
+       tracker=dict(
+           type='BaseTracker',
+           obj_score_thr=0.5,
+           match_iou_thr=0.5
+       )
+   )
+   ```
+
+   If you want to search the parameters of the tracker, just change the value to a list as follow
+
+   ```python
+   model=dict(
+       tracker=dict(
+           type='BaseTracker',
+           obj_score_thr=[0.4, 0.5, 0.6],
+           match_iou_thr=[0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7]
+       )
+   )
+   ```
+
+   Then the script will test the totally 12 cases and log the results.
+
+## MOT Error Visualize
+
+`tools/analysis_tools/mot/mot_error_visualize.py` can visualize errors for multiple object tracking.
+This script needs the result of inference. By Default, the **red** bounding box denotes false positive, the **yellow** bounding box denotes the false negative and the **blue** bounding box denotes ID switch.
+
+```
+python tools/analysis_tools/mot/mot_error_visualize.py \
+    ${CONFIG_FILE}\
+    --input ${INPUT} \
+    --result-dir ${RESULT_DIR} \
+    [--output-dir ${OUTPUT}] \
+    [--fps ${FPS}] \
+    [--show] \
+    [--backend ${BACKEND}]
+```
+
+The `RESULT_DIR` contains the inference results of all videos and the inference result is a `txt` file.
+
+Optional arguments:
+
+- `OUTPUT`: Output of the visualized demo. If not specified, the `--show` is obligate to show the video on the fly.
+- `FPS`: FPS of the output video.
+- `--show`: Whether show the video on the fly.
+- `BACKEND`: The backend to visualize the boxes. Options are `cv2` and `plt`.
+
+## Browse dataset
+
+`tools/analysis_tools/mot/browse_dataset.py` can visualize the training dataset to check whether the dataset configuration is correct.
+
+**Examples:**
+
+```shell
+python tools/analysis_tools/browse_dataset.py ${CONFIG_FILE} [--show-interval ${SHOW_INTERVAL}]
+```
+
+Optional arguments:
+
+- `SHOW_INTERVAL`: The interval of show (s).
+- `--show`: Whether show the images on the fly.

docs/en/user_guides/tracking_config.md

+# Learn about Configs
+
+We use python files as our config system. You can find all the provided configs under $MMDetection/configs.
+
+We incorporate modular and inheritance design into our config system,
+which is convenient to conduct various experiments.
+If you wish to inspect the config file,
+you may run `python tools/misc/print_config.py /PATH/TO/CONFIG` to see the complete config.
+
+## A brief description of a complete config
+
+A complete config usually contains the following primary fields:
+
+- `model`: the basic config of model, which may contain `data_preprocessor`, modules (e.g., `detector`, `motion`),`train_cfg`, `test_cfg`, etc.
+- `train_dataloader`: the config of training dataloader, which usually contains `batch_size`, `num_workers`, `sampler`, `dataset`, etc.
+- `val_dataloader`: the config of validation dataloader, which is similar with `train_dataloader`.
+- `test_dataloader`: the config of testing dataloader, which is similar with `train_dataloader`.
+- `val_evaluator`: the config of validation evaluator. For example,`type='MOTChallengeMetrics'` for MOT task on the MOTChallenge benchmarks.
+- `test_evaluator`: the config of testing evaluator, which is similar with `val_evaluator`.
+- `train_cfg`: the config of training loop. For example, `type='EpochBasedTrainLoop'`.
+- `val_cfg`: the config of validation loop. For example, `type='VideoValLoop'`.
+- `test_cfg`: the config of testing loop. For example, `type='VideoTestLoop'`.
+- `default_hooks`: the config of default hooks, which may include hooks for timer, logger, param_scheduler, checkpoint, sampler_seed, visualization, etc.
+- `vis_backends`: the config of visualization backends, which uses `type='LocalVisBackend'` as default.
+- `visualizer`: the config of visualizer.  `type='TrackLocalVisualizer'` for MOT tasks.
+- `param_scheduler`: the config of parameter scheduler, which usually sets the learning rate scheduler.
+- `optim_wrapper`: the config of optimizer wrapper, which contains optimization-related information, for example optimizer, gradient clipping, etc.
+- `load_from`: load models as a pre-trained model from a given path.
+- `resume`: If `True`, resume checkpoints from `load_from`, and the training will be resumed from the epoch when the checkpoint is saved.
+
+## Modify config through script arguments
+
+When submitting jobs using `tools/train.py` or `tools/test_tracking.py`,
+you may specify `--cfg-options` to in-place modify the config.
+We present several examples as follows.
+For more details, please refer to [MMEngine](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmengine/blob/main/docs/en/tutorials/config.md).
+
+- **Update config keys of dict chains.**
+
+  The config options can be specified following the order of the dict keys in the original config.
+  For example, `--cfg-options model.detector.backbone.norm_eval=False` changes the all BN modules in model backbones to train mode.
+
+- **Update keys inside a list of configs.**
+
+  Some config dicts are composed as a list in your config.
+  For example, the testing pipeline `test_dataloader.dataset.pipeline` is normally a list e.g. `[dict(type='LoadImageFromFile'), ...]`.
+  If you want to change `LoadImageFromFile` to `LoadImageFromWebcam` in the pipeline,
+  you may specify `--cfg-options test_dataloader.dataset.pipeline.0.type=LoadImageFromWebcam`.
+
+- **Update values of list/tuples.**
+
+  Maybe the value to be updated is a list or a tuple.
+  For example, you can change the key `mean` of `data_preprocessor` by specifying `--cfg-options model.data_preprocessor.mean=[0,0,0]`.
+  Note that **NO** white space is allowed inside the specified value.
+
+## Config File Structure
+
+There are 3 basic component types under `config/_base_`, i.e., dataset, model and default_runtime.
+Many methods could be easily constructed with one of each like SORT, DeepSORT.
+The configs that are composed by components from `_base_` are called *primitive*.
+
+For all configs under the same folder, it is recommended to have only **one** *primitive* config.
+All other configs should inherit from the *primitive* config.
+In this way, the maximum of inheritance level is 3.
+
+For easy understanding, we recommend contributors to inherit from exiting methods.
+For example, if some modification is made base on Faster R-CNN,
+user may first inherit the basic Faster R-CNN structure
+by specifying `_base_ = ../_base_/models/faster-rcnn_r50-dc5.py`,
+then modify the necessary fields in the config files.
+
+If you are building an entirely new method that does not share the structure with any of the existing methods,
+you may create a folder `method_name` under `configs`.
+
+Please refer to [MMEngine](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmengine/blob/main/docs/en/tutorials/config.md) for detailed documentation.
+
+## Config Name Style
+
+We follow the below style to name config files. Contributors are advised to follow the same style.
+
+```shell
+{method}_{module}_{train_cfg}_{train_data}_{test_data}
+```
+
+- `{method}`: method name, like `sort`.
+- `{module}`: basic modules of the method, like `faster-rcnn_r50_fpn`.
+- `{train_cfg}`: training config which usually contains batch size, epochs, etc, like `8xb4-80e`.
+- `{train_data}`: training data, like `mot17halftrain`.
+- `{test_data}`: testing data, like `test-mot17halfval`.
+
+## FAQ
+
+**Ignore some fields in the base configs**
+
+Sometimes, you may set `_delete_=True` to ignore some of fields in base configs.
+You may refer to [MMEngine](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmengine/blob/main/docs/en/tutorials/config.md) for simple illustration.
+
+## Tracking Data Structure Introduction
+
+### Advantages and new features
+
+In mmdetection tracking task, we employ videos to organize the dataset and use
+TrackDataSample to descirbe dataset info.
+
+- Based on video organization, we provide transform `UniformRefFrameSample` to sample key frames and ref frames and use `TransformBroadcaster` for for clip training.
+- TrackDataSample can be viewd as a wrapper of multiple DetDataSample to some extent. It contains a property `video_data_samples` which is a list of DetDataSample, each of which corresponds to a single frame. In addition, it's metainfo includes key_frames_inds and ref_frames_inds to apply clip training way.
+- Thanks to video-based data organization, the entire video can be directly tested. This way is more concise and intuitive. We also provide image_based test method, if your GPU mmemory cannot fit the entire video.
+
+### TODO
+
+- Some algorithms like StrongSORT, Mask2Former can not support video_based testing. These algorithms pose a challenge to GPU memory. we will optimize this problem in the future.
+- Now we do not support joint training of video_based dataset like MOT Challenge Dataset and image_based dataset like Crowdhuman for the algorithm QDTrack. we will optimize this problem in the future.