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# LTX Video
[LTX Video](https://huggingface.co/Lightricks/LTX-Video) is the first DiT-based video generation model capable of generating high-quality videos in real-time. It produces 24 FPS videos at a 768x512 resolution faster than they can be watched. Trained on a large-scale dataset of diverse videos, the model generates high-resolution videos with realistic and varied content. We provide a model for both text-to-video as well as image + text-to-video usecases.
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers.md) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading.md#reuse-a-pipeline) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
</Tip>
Available models:
| Model name | Recommended dtype |
|:-------------:|:-----------------:|
| [`LTX Video 0.9.0`](https://huggingface.co/Lightricks/LTX-Video/blob/main/ltx-video-2b-v0.9.safetensors) | `torch.bfloat16` |
| [`LTX Video 0.9.1`](https://huggingface.co/Lightricks/LTX-Video/blob/main/ltx-video-2b-v0.9.1.safetensors) | `torch.bfloat16` |
Note: The recommended dtype is for the transformer component. The VAE and text encoders can be either `torch.float32`, `torch.bfloat16` or `torch.float16` but the recommended dtype is `torch.bfloat16` as used in the original repository.
## Loading Single Files
Loading the original LTX Video checkpoints is also possible with [`~ModelMixin.from_single_file`]. We recommend using `from_single_file` for the Lightricks series of models, as they plan to release multiple models in the future in the single file format.
prompt="A woman with long brown hair and light skin smiles at another woman with long blonde hair. The woman with brown hair wears a black jacket and has a small, barely noticeable mole on her right cheek. The camera angle is a close-up, focused on the woman with brown hair's face. The lighting is warm and natural, likely from the setting sun, casting a soft glow on the scene. The scene appears to be real-life footage"
prompt="A woman with long brown hair and light skin smiles at another woman with long blonde hair. The woman with brown hair wears a black jacket and has a small, barely noticeable mole on her right cheek. The camera angle is a close-up, focused on the woman with brown hair's face. The lighting is warm and natural, likely from the setting sun, casting a soft glow on the scene. The scene appears to be real-life footage"
Refer to [this section](https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/main/en/api/pipelines/cogvideox#memory-optimization) to learn more about optimizing memory consumption.
[Lumina-Next : Making Lumina-T2X Stronger and Faster with Next-DiT](https://github.com/Alpha-VLLM/Lumina-T2X/blob/main/assets/lumina-next.pdf) from Alpha-VLLM, OpenGVLab, Shanghai AI Laboratory.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Lumina-T2X is a nascent family of Flow-based Large Diffusion Transformers (Flag-DiT) that establishes a unified framework for transforming noise into various modalities, such as images and videos, conditioned on text instructions. Despite its promising capabilities, Lumina-T2X still encounters challenges including training instability, slow inference, and extrapolation artifacts. In this paper, we present Lumina-Next, an improved version of Lumina-T2X, showcasing stronger generation performance with increased training and inference efficiency. We begin with a comprehensive analysis of the Flag-DiT architecture and identify several suboptimal components, which we address by introducing the Next-DiT architecture with 3D RoPE and sandwich normalizations. To enable better resolution extrapolation, we thoroughly compare different context extrapolation methods applied to text-to-image generation with 3D RoPE, and propose Frequency- and Time-Aware Scaled RoPE tailored for diffusion transformers. Additionally, we introduce a sigmoid time discretization schedule to reduce sampling steps in solving the Flow ODE and the Context Drop method to merge redundant visual tokens for faster network evaluation, effectively boosting the overall sampling speed. Thanks to these improvements, Lumina-Next not only improves the quality and efficiency of basic text-to-image generation but also demonstrates superior resolution extrapolation capabilities and multilingual generation using decoder-based LLMs as the text encoder, all in a zero-shot manner. To further validate Lumina-Next as a versatile generative framework, we instantiate it on diverse tasks including visual recognition, multi-view, audio, music, and point cloud generation, showcasing strong performance across these domains. By releasing all codes and model weights at https://github.com/Alpha-VLLM/Lumina-T2X, we aim to advance the development of next-generation generative AI capable of universal modeling.*
**Highlights**: Lumina-Next is a next-generation Diffusion Transformer that significantly enhances text-to-image generation, multilingual generation, and multitask performance by introducing the Next-DiT architecture, 3D RoPE, and frequency- and time-aware RoPE, among other improvements.
Lumina-Next has the following components:
* It improves sampling efficiency with fewer and faster Steps.
* It uses a Next-DiT as a transformer backbone with Sandwichnorm 3D RoPE, and Grouped-Query Attention.
* It uses a Frequency- and Time-Aware Scaled RoPE.
---
[Lumina-T2X: Transforming Text into Any Modality, Resolution, and Duration via Flow-based Large Diffusion Transformers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.05945) from Alpha-VLLM, OpenGVLab, Shanghai AI Laboratory.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Sora unveils the potential of scaling Diffusion Transformer for generating photorealistic images and videos at arbitrary resolutions, aspect ratios, and durations, yet it still lacks sufficient implementation details. In this technical report, we introduce the Lumina-T2X family - a series of Flow-based Large Diffusion Transformers (Flag-DiT) equipped with zero-initialized attention, as a unified framework designed to transform noise into images, videos, multi-view 3D objects, and audio clips conditioned on text instructions. By tokenizing the latent spatial-temporal space and incorporating learnable placeholders such as [nextline] and [nextframe] tokens, Lumina-T2X seamlessly unifies the representations of different modalities across various spatial-temporal resolutions. This unified approach enables training within a single framework for different modalities and allows for flexible generation of multimodal data at any resolution, aspect ratio, and length during inference. Advanced techniques like RoPE, RMSNorm, and flow matching enhance the stability, flexibility, and scalability of Flag-DiT, enabling models of Lumina-T2X to scale up to 7 billion parameters and extend the context window to 128K tokens. This is particularly beneficial for creating ultra-high-definition images with our Lumina-T2I model and long 720p videos with our Lumina-T2V model. Remarkably, Lumina-T2I, powered by a 5-billion-parameter Flag-DiT, requires only 35% of the training computational costs of a 600-million-parameter naive DiT. Our further comprehensive analysis underscores Lumina-T2X's preliminary capability in resolution extrapolation, high-resolution editing, generating consistent 3D views, and synthesizing videos with seamless transitions. We expect that the open-sourcing of Lumina-T2X will further foster creativity, transparency, and diversity in the generative AI community.*
You can find the original codebase at [Alpha-VLLM](https://github.com/Alpha-VLLM/Lumina-T2X) and all the available checkpoints at [Alpha-VLLM Lumina Family](https://huggingface.co/collections/Alpha-VLLM/lumina-family-66423205bedb81171fd0644b).
**Highlights**: Lumina-T2X supports Any Modality, Resolution, and Duration.
Lumina-T2X has the following components:
* It uses a Flow-based Large Diffusion Transformer as the backbone
* It supports different any modalities with one backbone and corresponding encoder, decoder.
This pipeline was contributed by [PommesPeter](https://github.com/PommesPeter). The original codebase can be found [here](https://github.com/Alpha-VLLM/Lumina-T2X). The original weights can be found under [hf.co/Alpha-VLLM](https://huggingface.co/Alpha-VLLM).
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers.md) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading.md#reuse-a-pipeline) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
</Tip>
### Inference (Text-to-Image)
Use [`torch.compile`](https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/main/en/tutorials/fast_diffusion#torchcompile) to reduce the inference latency.
image=pipeline(prompt="Upper body of a young woman in a Victorian-era outfit with brass goggles and leather straps. Background shows an industrial revolution cityscape with smoky skies and tall, metal structures").images[0]
Marigold was proposed in [Repurposing Diffusion-Based Image Generators for Monocular Depth Estimation](https://huggingface.co/papers/2312.02145), a CVPR 2024 Oral paper by [Bingxin Ke](http://www.kebingxin.com/), [Anton Obukhov](https://www.obukhov.ai/), [Shengyu Huang](https://shengyuh.github.io/), [Nando Metzger](https://nandometzger.github.io/), [Rodrigo Caye Daudt](https://rcdaudt.github.io/), and [Konrad Schindler](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=FZuNgqIAAAAJ&hl=en).
The idea is to repurpose the rich generative prior of Text-to-Image Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) for traditional computer vision tasks.
Initially, this idea was explored to fine-tune Stable Diffusion for Monocular Depth Estimation, as shown in the teaser above.
Later,
-[Tianfu Wang](https://tianfwang.github.io/) trained the first Latent Consistency Model (LCM) of Marigold, which unlocked fast single-step inference;
-[Kevin Qu](https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevin-qu-b3417621b/?locale=en_US) extended the approach to Surface Normals Estimation;
-[Anton Obukhov](https://www.obukhov.ai/) contributed the pipelines and documentation into diffusers (enabled and supported by [YiYi Xu](https://yiyixuxu.github.io/) and [Sayak Paul](https://sayak.dev/)).
The abstract from the paper is:
*Monocular depth estimation is a fundamental computer vision task. Recovering 3D depth from a single image is geometrically ill-posed and requires scene understanding, so it is not surprising that the rise of deep learning has led to a breakthrough. The impressive progress of monocular depth estimators has mirrored the growth in model capacity, from relatively modest CNNs to large Transformer architectures. Still, monocular depth estimators tend to struggle when presented with images with unfamiliar content and layout, since their knowledge of the visual world is restricted by the data seen during training, and challenged by zero-shot generalization to new domains. This motivates us to explore whether the extensive priors captured in recent generative diffusion models can enable better, more generalizable depth estimation. We introduce Marigold, a method for affine-invariant monocular depth estimation that is derived from Stable Diffusion and retains its rich prior knowledge. The estimator can be fine-tuned in a couple of days on a single GPU using only synthetic training data. It delivers state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of datasets, including over 20% performance gains in specific cases. Project page: https://marigoldmonodepth.github.io.*
## Available Pipelines
Each pipeline supports one Computer Vision task, which takes an input RGB image as input and produces a *prediction* of the modality of interest, such as a depth map of the input image.
The original checkpoints can be found under the [PRS-ETH](https://huggingface.co/prs-eth/) Hugging Face organization.
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines. Also, to know more about reducing the memory usage of this pipeline, refer to the ["Reduce memory usage"] section [here](../../using-diffusers/svd#reduce-memory-usage).
</Tip>
<Tipwarning={true}>
Marigold pipelines were designed and tested only with `DDIMScheduler` and `LCMScheduler`.
Depending on the scheduler, the number of inference steps required to get reliable predictions varies, and there is no universal value that works best across schedulers.
Because of that, the default value of `num_inference_steps` in the `__call__` method of the pipeline is set to `None` (see the API reference).
Unless set explicitly, its value will be taken from the checkpoint configuration `model_index.json`.
This is done to ensure high-quality predictions when calling the pipeline with just the `image` argument.
</Tip>
See also Marigold [usage examples](marigold_usage).
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# Mochi 1 Preview
[Mochi 1 Preview](https://huggingface.co/genmo/mochi-1-preview) from Genmo.
*Mochi 1 preview is an open state-of-the-art video generation model with high-fidelity motion and strong prompt adherence in preliminary evaluation. This model dramatically closes the gap between closed and open video generation systems. The model is released under a permissive Apache 2.0 license.*
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers.md) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading.md#reuse-a-pipeline) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
</Tip>
## Generating videos with Mochi-1 Preview
The following example will download the full precision `mochi-1-preview` weights and produce the highest quality results but will require at least 42GB VRAM to run.
The following example will use the `bfloat16` variant of the model and requires 22GB VRAM to run. There is a slight drop in the quality of the generated video as a result.
prompt="Close-up of a chameleon's eye, with its scaly skin changing color. Ultra high resolution 4k."
frames=pipe(prompt,num_frames=85).frames[0]
export_to_video(frames,"mochi.mp4",fps=30)
```
## Reproducing the results from the Genmo Mochi repo
The [Genmo Mochi implementation](https://github.com/genmoai/mochi/tree/main) uses different precision values for each stage in the inference process. The text encoder and VAE use `torch.float32`, while the DiT uses `torch.bfloat16` with the [attention kernel](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.nn.attention.sdpa_kernel.html#torch.nn.attention.sdpa_kernel) set to `EFFICIENT_ATTENTION`. Diffusers pipelines currently do not support setting different `dtypes` for different stages of the pipeline. In order to run inference in the same way as the the original implementation, please refer to the following example.
<Tip>
The original Mochi implementation zeros out empty prompts. However, enabling this option and placing the entire pipeline under autocast can lead to numerical overflows with the T5 text encoder.
When enabling `force_zeros_for_empty_prompt`, it is recommended to run the text encoding step outside the autocast context in full precision.
</Tip>
<Tip>
Decoding the latents in full precision is very memory intensive. You will need at least 70GB VRAM to generate the 163 frames in this example. To reduce memory, either reduce the number of frames or run the decoding step in `torch.bfloat16`.
It is possible to split the large Mochi transformer across multiple GPUs using the `device_map` and `max_memory` options in `from_pretrained`. In the following example we split the model across two GPUs, each with 24GB of VRAM.
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# MusicLDM
MusicLDM was proposed in [MusicLDM: Enhancing Novelty in Text-to-Music Generation Using Beat-Synchronous Mixup Strategies](https://huggingface.co/papers/2308.01546) by Ke Chen, Yusong Wu, Haohe Liu, Marianna Nezhurina, Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick, Shlomo Dubnov.
MusicLDM takes a text prompt as input and predicts the corresponding music sample.
Inspired by [Stable Diffusion](https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/api/pipelines/stable_diffusion/overview) and [AudioLDM](https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/api/pipelines/audioldm),
MusicLDM is a text-to-music _latent diffusion model (LDM)_ that learns continuous audio representations from [CLAP](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/model_doc/clap)
latents.
MusicLDM is trained on a corpus of 466 hours of music data. Beat-synchronous data augmentation strategies are applied to the music samples, both in the time domain and in the latent space. Using beat-synchronous data augmentation strategies encourages the model to interpolate between the training samples, but stay within the domain of the training data. The result is generated music that is more diverse while staying faithful to the corresponding style.
The abstract of the paper is the following:
*Diffusion models have shown promising results in cross-modal generation tasks, including text-to-image and text-to-audio generation. However, generating music, as a special type of audio, presents unique challenges due to limited availability of music data and sensitive issues related to copyright and plagiarism. In this paper, to tackle these challenges, we first construct a state-of-the-art text-to-music model, MusicLDM, that adapts Stable Diffusion and AudioLDM architectures to the music domain. We achieve this by retraining the contrastive language-audio pretraining model (CLAP) and the Hifi-GAN vocoder, as components of MusicLDM, on a collection of music data samples. Then, to address the limitations of training data and to avoid plagiarism, we leverage a beat tracking model and propose two different mixup strategies for data augmentation: beat-synchronous audio mixup and beat-synchronous latent mixup, which recombine training audio directly or via a latent embeddings space, respectively. Such mixup strategies encourage the model to interpolate between musical training samples and generate new music within the convex hull of the training data, making the generated music more diverse while still staying faithful to the corresponding style. In addition to popular evaluation metrics, we design several new evaluation metrics based on CLAP score to demonstrate that our proposed MusicLDM and beat-synchronous mixup strategies improve both the quality and novelty of generated music, as well as the correspondence between input text and generated music.*
This pipeline was contributed by [sanchit-gandhi](https://huggingface.co/sanchit-gandhi).
## Tips
When constructing a prompt, keep in mind:
* Descriptive prompt inputs work best; use adjectives to describe the sound (for example, "high quality" or "clear") and make the prompt context specific where possible (e.g. "melodic techno with a fast beat and synths" works better than "techno").
* Using a *negative prompt* can significantly improve the quality of the generated audio. Try using a negative prompt of "low quality, average quality".
During inference:
* The _quality_ of the generated audio sample can be controlled by the `num_inference_steps` argument; higher steps give higher quality audio at the expense of slower inference.
* Multiple waveforms can be generated in one go: set `num_waveforms_per_prompt` to a value greater than 1 to enable. Automatic scoring will be performed between the generated waveforms and prompt text, and the audios ranked from best to worst accordingly.
* The _length_ of the generated audio sample can be controlled by varying the `audio_length_in_s` argument.
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# Pipelines
Pipelines provide a simple way to run state-of-the-art diffusion models in inference by bundling all of the necessary components (multiple independently-trained models, schedulers, and processors) into a single end-to-end class. Pipelines are flexible and they can be adapted to use different schedulers or even model components.
All pipelines are built from the base [`DiffusionPipeline`] class which provides basic functionality for loading, downloading, and saving all the components. Specific pipeline types (for example [`StableDiffusionPipeline`]) loaded with [`~DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained`] are automatically detected and the pipeline components are loaded and passed to the `__init__` function of the pipeline.
<Tipwarning={true}>
You shouldn't use the [`DiffusionPipeline`] class for training. Individual components (for example, [`UNet2DModel`] and [`UNet2DConditionModel`]) of diffusion pipelines are usually trained individually, so we suggest directly working with them instead.
<br>
Pipelines do not offer any training functionality. You'll notice PyTorch's autograd is disabled by decorating the [`~DiffusionPipeline.__call__`] method with a [`torch.no_grad`](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.no_grad.html) decorator because pipelines should not be used for training. If you're interested in training, please take a look at the [Training](../../training/overview) guides instead!
</Tip>
The table below lists all the pipelines currently available in 🤗 Diffusers and the tasks they support. Click on a pipeline to view its abstract and published paper.
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# Perturbed-Attention Guidance
[Perturbed-Attention Guidance (PAG)](https://ku-cvlab.github.io/Perturbed-Attention-Guidance/) is a new diffusion sampling guidance that improves sample quality across both unconditional and conditional settings, achieving this without requiring further training or the integration of external modules.
PAG was introduced in [Self-Rectifying Diffusion Sampling with Perturbed-Attention Guidance](https://huggingface.co/papers/2403.17377) by Donghoon Ahn, Hyoungwon Cho, Jaewon Min, Wooseok Jang, Jungwoo Kim, SeonHwa Kim, Hyun Hee Park, Kyong Hwan Jin and Seungryong Kim.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Recent studies have demonstrated that diffusion models are capable of generating high-quality samples, but their quality heavily depends on sampling guidance techniques, such as classifier guidance (CG) and classifier-free guidance (CFG). These techniques are often not applicable in unconditional generation or in various downstream tasks such as image restoration. In this paper, we propose a novel sampling guidance, called Perturbed-Attention Guidance (PAG), which improves diffusion sample quality across both unconditional and conditional settings, achieving this without requiring additional training or the integration of external modules. PAG is designed to progressively enhance the structure of samples throughout the denoising process. It involves generating intermediate samples with degraded structure by substituting selected self-attention maps in diffusion U-Net with an identity matrix, by considering the self-attention mechanisms' ability to capture structural information, and guiding the denoising process away from these degraded samples. In both ADM and Stable Diffusion, PAG surprisingly improves sample quality in conditional and even unconditional scenarios. Moreover, PAG significantly improves the baseline performance in various downstream tasks where existing guidances such as CG or CFG cannot be fully utilized, including ControlNet with empty prompts and image restoration such as inpainting and deblurring.*
PAG can be used by specifying the `pag_applied_layers` as a parameter when instantiating a PAG pipeline. It can be a single string or a list of strings. Each string can be a unique layer identifier or a regular expression to identify one or more layers.
- Full identifier as a normal string: `down_blocks.2.attentions.0.transformer_blocks.0.attn1.processor`
- Full identifier as a RegEx: `down_blocks.2.(attentions|motion_modules).0.transformer_blocks.0.attn1.processor`
- Partial identifier as a RegEx: `down_blocks.2`, or `attn1`
- List of identifiers (can be combo of strings and ReGex): `["blocks.1", "blocks.(14|20)", r"down_blocks\.(2,3)"]`
<Tipwarning={true}>
Since RegEx is supported as a way for matching layer identifiers, it is crucial to use it correctly otherwise there might be unexpected behaviour. The recommended way to use PAG is by specifying layers as `blocks.{layer_index}` and `blocks.({layer_index_1|layer_index_2|...})`. Using it in any other way, while doable, may bypass our basic validation checks and give you unexpected results.
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# Paint by Example
[Paint by Example: Exemplar-based Image Editing with Diffusion Models](https://huggingface.co/papers/2211.13227) is by Binxin Yang, Shuyang Gu, Bo Zhang, Ting Zhang, Xuejin Chen, Xiaoyan Sun, Dong Chen, Fang Wen.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Language-guided image editing has achieved great success recently. In this paper, for the first time, we investigate exemplar-guided image editing for more precise control. We achieve this goal by leveraging self-supervised training to disentangle and re-organize the source image and the exemplar. However, the naive approach will cause obvious fusing artifacts. We carefully analyze it and propose an information bottleneck and strong augmentations to avoid the trivial solution of directly copying and pasting the exemplar image. Meanwhile, to ensure the controllability of the editing process, we design an arbitrary shape mask for the exemplar image and leverage the classifier-free guidance to increase the similarity to the exemplar image. The whole framework involves a single forward of the diffusion model without any iterative optimization. We demonstrate that our method achieves an impressive performance and enables controllable editing on in-the-wild images with high fidelity.*
The original codebase can be found at [Fantasy-Studio/Paint-by-Example](https://github.com/Fantasy-Studio/Paint-by-Example), and you can try it out in a [demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/Fantasy-Studio/Paint-by-Example).
## Tips
Paint by Example is supported by the official [Fantasy-Studio/Paint-by-Example](https://huggingface.co/Fantasy-Studio/Paint-by-Example) checkpoint. The checkpoint is warm-started from [CompVis/stable-diffusion-v1-4](https://huggingface.co/CompVis/stable-diffusion-v1-4) to inpaint partly masked images conditioned on example and reference images.
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# MultiDiffusion
[MultiDiffusion: Fusing Diffusion Paths for Controlled Image Generation](https://huggingface.co/papers/2302.08113) is by Omer Bar-Tal, Lior Yariv, Yaron Lipman, and Tali Dekel.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Recent advances in text-to-image generation with diffusion models present transformative capabilities in image quality. However, user controllability of the generated image, and fast adaptation to new tasks still remains an open challenge, currently mostly addressed by costly and long re-training and fine-tuning or ad-hoc adaptations to specific image generation tasks. In this work, we present MultiDiffusion, a unified framework that enables versatile and controllable image generation, using a pre-trained text-to-image diffusion model, without any further training or finetuning. At the center of our approach is a new generation process, based on an optimization task that binds together multiple diffusion generation processes with a shared set of parameters or constraints. We show that MultiDiffusion can be readily applied to generate high quality and diverse images that adhere to user-provided controls, such as desired aspect ratio (e.g., panorama), and spatial guiding signals, ranging from tight segmentation masks to bounding boxes.*
You can find additional information about MultiDiffusion on the [project page](https://multidiffusion.github.io/), [original codebase](https://github.com/omerbt/MultiDiffusion), and try it out in a [demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/weizmannscience/MultiDiffusion).
## Tips
While calling [`StableDiffusionPanoramaPipeline`], it's possible to specify the `view_batch_size` parameter to be > 1.
For some GPUs with high performance, this can speedup the generation process and increase VRAM usage.
To generate panorama-like images make sure you pass the width parameter accordingly. We recommend a width value of 2048 which is the default.
Circular padding is applied to ensure there are no stitching artifacts when working with panoramas to ensure a seamless transition from the rightmost part to the leftmost part. By enabling circular padding (set `circular_padding=True`), the operation applies additional crops after the rightmost point of the image, allowing the model to "see” the transition from the rightmost part to the leftmost part. This helps maintain visual consistency in a 360-degree sense and creates a proper “panorama” that can be viewed using 360-degree panorama viewers. When decoding latents in Stable Diffusion, circular padding is applied to ensure that the decoded latents match in the RGB space.
For example, without circular padding, there is a stitching artifact (default):
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# Image-to-Video Generation with PIA (Personalized Image Animator)
## Overview
[PIA: Your Personalized Image Animator via Plug-and-Play Modules in Text-to-Image Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13964) by Yiming Zhang, Zhening Xing, Yanhong Zeng, Youqing Fang, Kai Chen
Recent advancements in personalized text-to-image (T2I) models have revolutionized content creation, empowering non-experts to generate stunning images with unique styles. While promising, adding realistic motions into these personalized images by text poses significant challenges in preserving distinct styles, high-fidelity details, and achieving motion controllability by text. In this paper, we present PIA, a Personalized Image Animator that excels in aligning with condition images, achieving motion controllability by text, and the compatibility with various personalized T2I models without specific tuning. To achieve these goals, PIA builds upon a base T2I model with well-trained temporal alignment layers, allowing for the seamless transformation of any personalized T2I model into an image animation model. A key component of PIA is the introduction of the condition module, which utilizes the condition frame and inter-frame affinity as input to transfer appearance information guided by the affinity hint for individual frame synthesis in the latent space. This design mitigates the challenges of appearance-related image alignment within and allows for a stronger focus on aligning with motion-related guidance.
[Project page](https://pi-animator.github.io/)
## Available Pipelines
| Pipeline | Tasks | Demo
|---|---|:---:|
| [PIAPipeline](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/blob/main/src/diffusers/pipelines/pia/pipeline_pia.py) | *Image-to-Video Generation with PIA* |
## Available checkpoints
Motion Adapter checkpoints for PIA can be found under the [OpenMMLab org](https://huggingface.co/openmmlab/PIA-condition-adapter). These checkpoints are meant to work with any model based on Stable Diffusion 1.5
## Usage example
PIA works with a MotionAdapter checkpoint and a Stable Diffusion 1.5 model checkpoint. The MotionAdapter is a collection of Motion Modules that are responsible for adding coherent motion across image frames. These modules are applied after the Resnet and Attention blocks in the Stable Diffusion UNet. In addition to the motion modules, PIA also replaces the input convolution layer of the SD 1.5 UNet model with a 9 channel input convolution layer.
The following example demonstrates how to use PIA to generate a video from a single image.
If you plan on using a scheduler that can clip samples, make sure to disable it by setting `clip_sample=False` in the scheduler as this can also have an adverse effect on generated samples. Additionally, the PIA checkpoints can be sensitive to the beta schedule of the scheduler. We recommend setting this to `linear`.
</Tip>
## Using FreeInit
[FreeInit: Bridging Initialization Gap in Video Diffusion Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.07537) by Tianxing Wu, Chenyang Si, Yuming Jiang, Ziqi Huang, Ziwei Liu.
FreeInit is an effective method that improves temporal consistency and overall quality of videos generated using video-diffusion-models without any addition training. It can be applied to PIA, AnimateDiff, ModelScope, VideoCrafter and various other video generation models seamlessly at inference time, and works by iteratively refining the latent-initialization noise. More details can be found it the paper.
The following example demonstrates the usage of FreeInit.
FreeInit is not really free - the improved quality comes at the cost of extra computation. It requires sampling a few extra times depending on the `num_iters` parameter that is set when enabling it. Setting the `use_fast_sampling` parameter to `True` can improve the overall performance (at the cost of lower quality compared to when `use_fast_sampling=False` but still better results than vanilla video generation models).
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# InstructPix2Pix
[InstructPix2Pix: Learning to Follow Image Editing Instructions](https://huggingface.co/papers/2211.09800) is by Tim Brooks, Aleksander Holynski and Alexei A. Efros.
The abstract from the paper is:
*We propose a method for editing images from human instructions: given an input image and a written instruction that tells the model what to do, our model follows these instructions to edit the image. To obtain training data for this problem, we combine the knowledge of two large pretrained models -- a language model (GPT-3) and a text-to-image model (Stable Diffusion) -- to generate a large dataset of image editing examples. Our conditional diffusion model, InstructPix2Pix, is trained on our generated data, and generalizes to real images and user-written instructions at inference time. Since it performs edits in the forward pass and does not require per example fine-tuning or inversion, our model edits images quickly, in a matter of seconds. We show compelling editing results for a diverse collection of input images and written instructions.*
You can find additional information about InstructPix2Pix on the [project page](https://www.timothybrooks.com/instruct-pix2pix), [original codebase](https://github.com/timothybrooks/instruct-pix2pix), and try it out in a [demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/timbrooks/instruct-pix2pix).
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
[PixArt-α: Fast Training of Diffusion Transformer for Photorealistic Text-to-Image Synthesis](https://huggingface.co/papers/2310.00426) is Junsong Chen, Jincheng Yu, Chongjian Ge, Lewei Yao, Enze Xie, Yue Wu, Zhongdao Wang, James Kwok, Ping Luo, Huchuan Lu, and Zhenguo Li.
The abstract from the paper is:
*The most advanced text-to-image (T2I) models require significant training costs (e.g., millions of GPU hours), seriously hindering the fundamental innovation for the AIGC community while increasing CO2 emissions. This paper introduces PIXART-α, a Transformer-based T2I diffusion model whose image generation quality is competitive with state-of-the-art image generators (e.g., Imagen, SDXL, and even Midjourney), reaching near-commercial application standards. Additionally, it supports high-resolution image synthesis up to 1024px resolution with low training cost, as shown in Figure 1 and 2. To achieve this goal, three core designs are proposed: (1) Training strategy decomposition: We devise three distinct training steps that separately optimize pixel dependency, text-image alignment, and image aesthetic quality; (2) Efficient T2I Transformer: We incorporate cross-attention modules into Diffusion Transformer (DiT) to inject text conditions and streamline the computation-intensive class-condition branch; (3) High-informative data: We emphasize the significance of concept density in text-image pairs and leverage a large Vision-Language model to auto-label dense pseudo-captions to assist text-image alignment learning. As a result, PIXART-α's training speed markedly surpasses existing large-scale T2I models, e.g., PIXART-α only takes 10.8% of Stable Diffusion v1.5's training time (675 vs. 6,250 A100 GPU days), saving nearly $300,000 ($26,000 vs. $320,000) and reducing 90% CO2 emissions. Moreover, compared with a larger SOTA model, RAPHAEL, our training cost is merely 1%. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PIXART-α excels in image quality, artistry, and semantic control. We hope PIXART-α will provide new insights to the AIGC community and startups to accelerate building their own high-quality yet low-cost generative models from scratch.*
You can find the original codebase at [PixArt-alpha/PixArt-alpha](https://github.com/PixArt-alpha/PixArt-alpha) and all the available checkpoints at [PixArt-alpha](https://huggingface.co/PixArt-alpha).
Some notes about this pipeline:
* It uses a Transformer backbone (instead of a UNet) for denoising. As such it has a similar architecture as [DiT](./dit).
* It was trained using text conditions computed from T5. This aspect makes the pipeline better at following complex text prompts with intricate details.
* It is good at producing high-resolution images at different aspect ratios. To get the best results, the authors recommend some size brackets which can be found [here](https://github.com/PixArt-alpha/PixArt-alpha/blob/08fbbd281ec96866109bdd2cdb75f2f58fb17610/diffusion/data/datasets/utils.py).
* It rivals the quality of state-of-the-art text-to-image generation systems (as of this writing) such as Stable Diffusion XL, Imagen, and DALL-E 2, while being more efficient than them.
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers.md) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading.md#reuse-a-pipeline) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
</Tip>
## Inference with under 8GB GPU VRAM
Run the [`PixArtAlphaPipeline`] with under 8GB GPU VRAM by loading the text encoder in 8-bit precision. Let's walk through a full-fledged example.
First, install the [bitsandbytes](https://github.com/TimDettmers/bitsandbytes) library:
If you want a report of your memory-usage, run this [script](https://gist.github.com/sayakpaul/3ae0f847001d342af27018a96f467e4e).
<Tipwarning={true}>
Text embeddings computed in 8-bit can impact the quality of the generated images because of the information loss in the representation space caused by the reduced precision. It's recommended to compare the outputs with and without 8-bit.
</Tip>
While loading the `text_encoder`, you set `load_in_8bit` to `True`. You could also specify `load_in_4bit` to bring your memory requirements down even further to under 7GB.
[PixArt-Σ: Weak-to-Strong Training of Diffusion Transformer for 4K Text-to-Image Generation](https://huggingface.co/papers/2403.04692) is Junsong Chen, Jincheng Yu, Chongjian Ge, Lewei Yao, Enze Xie, Yue Wu, Zhongdao Wang, James Kwok, Ping Luo, Huchuan Lu, and Zhenguo Li.
The abstract from the paper is:
*In this paper, we introduce PixArt-Σ, a Diffusion Transformer model (DiT) capable of directly generating images at 4K resolution. PixArt-Σ represents a significant advancement over its predecessor, PixArt-α, offering images of markedly higher fidelity and improved alignment with text prompts. A key feature of PixArt-Σ is its training efficiency. Leveraging the foundational pre-training of PixArt-α, it evolves from the ‘weaker’ baseline to a ‘stronger’ model via incorporating higher quality data, a process we term “weak-to-strong training”. The advancements in PixArt-Σ are twofold: (1) High-Quality Training Data: PixArt-Σ incorporates superior-quality image data, paired with more precise and detailed image captions. (2) Efficient Token Compression: we propose a novel attention module within the DiT framework that compresses both keys and values, significantly improving efficiency and facilitating ultra-high-resolution image generation. Thanks to these improvements, PixArt-Σ achieves superior image quality and user prompt adherence capabilities with significantly smaller model size (0.6B parameters) than existing text-to-image diffusion models, such as SDXL (2.6B parameters) and SD Cascade (5.1B parameters). Moreover, PixArt-Σ’s capability to generate 4K images supports the creation of high-resolution posters and wallpapers, efficiently bolstering the production of highquality visual content in industries such as film and gaming.*
You can find the original codebase at [PixArt-alpha/PixArt-sigma](https://github.com/PixArt-alpha/PixArt-sigma) and all the available checkpoints at [PixArt-alpha](https://huggingface.co/PixArt-alpha).
Some notes about this pipeline:
* It uses a Transformer backbone (instead of a UNet) for denoising. As such it has a similar architecture as [DiT](https://hf.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/dit).
* It was trained using text conditions computed from T5. This aspect makes the pipeline better at following complex text prompts with intricate details.
* It is good at producing high-resolution images at different aspect ratios. To get the best results, the authors recommend some size brackets which can be found [here](https://github.com/PixArt-alpha/PixArt-sigma/blob/master/diffusion/data/datasets/utils.py).
* It rivals the quality of state-of-the-art text-to-image generation systems (as of this writing) such as PixArt-α, Stable Diffusion XL, Playground V2.0 and DALL-E 3, while being more efficient than them.
* It shows the ability of generating super high resolution images, such as 2048px or even 4K.
* It shows that text-to-image models can grow from a weak model to a stronger one through several improvements (VAEs, datasets, and so on.)
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-a-pipeline) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
</Tip>
<Tip>
You can further improve generation quality by passing the generated image from [`PixArtSigmaPipeline`] to the [SDXL refiner](../../using-diffusers/sdxl#base-to-refiner-model) model.
</Tip>
## Inference with under 8GB GPU VRAM
Run the [`PixArtSigmaPipeline`] with under 8GB GPU VRAM by loading the text encoder in 8-bit precision. Let's walk through a full-fledged example.
First, install the [bitsandbytes](https://github.com/TimDettmers/bitsandbytes) library:
If you want a report of your memory-usage, run this [script](https://gist.github.com/sayakpaul/3ae0f847001d342af27018a96f467e4e).
<Tipwarning={true}>
Text embeddings computed in 8-bit can impact the quality of the generated images because of the information loss in the representation space caused by the reduced precision. It's recommended to compare the outputs with and without 8-bit.
</Tip>
While loading the `text_encoder`, you set `load_in_8bit` to `True`. You could also specify `load_in_4bit` to bring your memory requirements down even further to under 7GB.
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# SanaPipeline
[SANA: Efficient High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Linear Diffusion Transformers](https://huggingface.co/papers/2410.10629) from NVIDIA and MIT HAN Lab, by Enze Xie, Junsong Chen, Junyu Chen, Han Cai, Haotian Tang, Yujun Lin, Zhekai Zhang, Muyang Li, Ligeng Zhu, Yao Lu, Song Han.
The abstract from the paper is:
*We introduce Sana, a text-to-image framework that can efficiently generate images up to 4096×4096 resolution. Sana can synthesize high-resolution, high-quality images with strong text-image alignment at a remarkably fast speed, deployable on laptop GPU. Core designs include: (1) Deep compression autoencoder: unlike traditional AEs, which compress images only 8×, we trained an AE that can compress images 32×, effectively reducing the number of latent tokens. (2) Linear DiT: we replace all vanilla attention in DiT with linear attention, which is more efficient at high resolutions without sacrificing quality. (3) Decoder-only text encoder: we replaced T5 with modern decoder-only small LLM as the text encoder and designed complex human instruction with in-context learning to enhance the image-text alignment. (4) Efficient training and sampling: we propose Flow-DPM-Solver to reduce sampling steps, with efficient caption labeling and selection to accelerate convergence. As a result, Sana-0.6B is very competitive with modern giant diffusion model (e.g. Flux-12B), being 20 times smaller and 100+ times faster in measured throughput. Moreover, Sana-0.6B can be deployed on a 16GB laptop GPU, taking less than 1 second to generate a 1024×1024 resolution image. Sana enables content creation at low cost. Code and model will be publicly released.*
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers.md) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading.md#reuse-a-pipeline) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
</Tip>
This pipeline was contributed by [lawrence-cj](https://github.com/lawrence-cj) and [chenjy2003](https://github.com/chenjy2003). The original codebase can be found [here](https://github.com/NVlabs/Sana). The original weights can be found under [hf.co/Efficient-Large-Model](https://huggingface.co/Efficient-Large-Model).
Refer to [this](https://huggingface.co/collections/Efficient-Large-Model/sana-673efba2a57ed99843f11f9e) collection for more information.
Note: The recommended dtype mentioned is for the transformer weights. The text encoder and VAE weights must stay in `torch.bfloat16` or `torch.float32` for the model to work correctly. Please refer to the inference example below to see how to load the model with the recommended dtype.
<Tip>
Make sure to pass the `variant` argument for downloaded checkpoints to use lower disk space. Set it to `"fp16"` for models with recommended dtype as `torch.float16`, and `"bf16"` for models with recommended dtype as `torch.bfloat16`. By default, `torch.float32` weights are downloaded, which use twice the amount of disk storage. Additionally, `torch.float32` weights can be downcasted on-the-fly by specifying the `torch_dtype` argument. Read about it in the [docs](https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/v0.31.0/en/api/pipelines/overview#diffusers.DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained).
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# Self-Attention Guidance
[Improving Sample Quality of Diffusion Models Using Self-Attention Guidance](https://huggingface.co/papers/2210.00939) is by Susung Hong et al.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Denoising diffusion models (DDMs) have attracted attention for their exceptional generation quality and diversity. This success is largely attributed to the use of class- or text-conditional diffusion guidance methods, such as classifier and classifier-free guidance. In this paper, we present a more comprehensive perspective that goes beyond the traditional guidance methods. From this generalized perspective, we introduce novel condition- and training-free strategies to enhance the quality of generated images. As a simple solution, blur guidance improves the suitability of intermediate samples for their fine-scale information and structures, enabling diffusion models to generate higher quality samples with a moderate guidance scale. Improving upon this, Self-Attention Guidance (SAG) uses the intermediate self-attention maps of diffusion models to enhance their stability and efficacy. Specifically, SAG adversarially blurs only the regions that diffusion models attend to at each iteration and guides them accordingly. Our experimental results show that our SAG improves the performance of various diffusion models, including ADM, IDDPM, Stable Diffusion, and DiT. Moreover, combining SAG with conventional guidance methods leads to further improvement.*
You can find additional information about Self-Attention Guidance on the [project page](https://ku-cvlab.github.io/Self-Attention-Guidance), [original codebase](https://github.com/KU-CVLAB/Self-Attention-Guidance), and try it out in a [demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/susunghong/Self-Attention-Guidance) or [notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/SusungHong/Self-Attention-Guidance/blob/main/SAG_Stable.ipynb).
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# Semantic Guidance
Semantic Guidance for Diffusion Models was proposed in [SEGA: Instructing Text-to-Image Models using Semantic Guidance](https://huggingface.co/papers/2301.12247) and provides strong semantic control over image generation.
Small changes to the text prompt usually result in entirely different output images. However, with SEGA a variety of changes to the image are enabled that can be controlled easily and intuitively, while staying true to the original image composition.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Text-to-image diffusion models have recently received a lot of interest for their astonishing ability to produce high-fidelity images from text only. However, achieving one-shot generation that aligns with the user's intent is nearly impossible, yet small changes to the input prompt often result in very different images. This leaves the user with little semantic control. To put the user in control, we show how to interact with the diffusion process to flexibly steer it along semantic directions. This semantic guidance (SEGA) generalizes to any generative architecture using classifier-free guidance. More importantly, it allows for subtle and extensive edits, changes in composition and style, as well as optimizing the overall artistic conception. We demonstrate SEGA's effectiveness on both latent and pixel-based diffusion models such as Stable Diffusion, Paella, and DeepFloyd-IF using a variety of tasks, thus providing strong evidence for its versatility, flexibility, and improvements over existing methods.*
<Tip>
Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# Shap-E
The Shap-E model was proposed in [Shap-E: Generating Conditional 3D Implicit Functions](https://huggingface.co/papers/2305.02463) by Alex Nichol and Heewoo Jun from [OpenAI](https://github.com/openai).
The abstract from the paper is:
*We present Shap-E, a conditional generative model for 3D assets. Unlike recent work on 3D generative models which produce a single output representation, Shap-E directly generates the parameters of implicit functions that can be rendered as both textured meshes and neural radiance fields. We train Shap-E in two stages: first, we train an encoder that deterministically maps 3D assets into the parameters of an implicit function; second, we train a conditional diffusion model on outputs of the encoder. When trained on a large dataset of paired 3D and text data, our resulting models are capable of generating complex and diverse 3D assets in a matter of seconds. When compared to Point-E, an explicit generative model over point clouds, Shap-E converges faster and reaches comparable or better sample quality despite modeling a higher-dimensional, multi-representation output space.*
The original codebase can be found at [openai/shap-e](https://github.com/openai/shap-e).
<Tip>
See the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-components-across-pipelines) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# Stable Audio
Stable Audio was proposed in [Stable Audio Open](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.14358) by Zach Evans et al. . it takes a text prompt as input and predicts the corresponding sound or music sample.
Stable Audio Open generates variable-length (up to 47s) stereo audio at 44.1kHz from text prompts. It comprises three components: an autoencoder that compresses waveforms into a manageable sequence length, a T5-based text embedding for text conditioning, and a transformer-based diffusion (DiT) model that operates in the latent space of the autoencoder.
Stable Audio is trained on a corpus of around 48k audio recordings, where around 47k are from Freesound and the rest are from the Free Music Archive (FMA). All audio files are licensed under CC0, CC BY, or CC Sampling+. This data is used to train the autoencoder and the DiT.
The abstract of the paper is the following:
*Open generative models are vitally important for the community, allowing for fine-tunes and serving as baselines when presenting new models. However, most current text-to-audio models are private and not accessible for artists and researchers to build upon. Here we describe the architecture and training process of a new open-weights text-to-audio model trained with Creative Commons data. Our evaluation shows that the model's performance is competitive with the state-of-the-art across various metrics. Notably, the reported FDopenl3 results (measuring the realism of the generations) showcase its potential for high-quality stereo sound synthesis at 44.1kHz.*
This pipeline was contributed by [Yoach Lacombe](https://huggingface.co/ylacombe). The original codebase can be found at [Stability-AI/stable-audio-tools](https://github.com/Stability-AI/stable-audio-tools).
## Tips
When constructing a prompt, keep in mind:
* Descriptive prompt inputs work best; use adjectives to describe the sound (for example, "high quality" or "clear") and make the prompt context specific where possible (e.g. "melodic techno with a fast beat and synths" works better than "techno").
* Using a *negative prompt* can significantly improve the quality of the generated audio. Try using a negative prompt of "low quality, average quality".
During inference:
* The _quality_ of the generated audio sample can be controlled by the `num_inference_steps` argument; higher steps give higher quality audio at the expense of slower inference.
* Multiple waveforms can be generated in one go: set `num_waveforms_per_prompt` to a value greater than 1 to enable. Automatic scoring will be performed between the generated waveforms and prompt text, and the audios ranked from best to worst accordingly.
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# Stable Cascade
This model is built upon the [Würstchen](https://openreview.net/forum?id=gU58d5QeGv) architecture and its main
difference to other models like Stable Diffusion is that it is working at a much smaller latent space. Why is this
important? The smaller the latent space, the **faster** you can run inference and the **cheaper** the training becomes.
How small is the latent space? Stable Diffusion uses a compression factor of 8, resulting in a 1024x1024 image being
encoded to 128x128. Stable Cascade achieves a compression factor of 42, meaning that it is possible to encode a
1024x1024 image to 24x24, while maintaining crisp reconstructions. The text-conditional model is then trained in the
highly compressed latent space. Previous versions of this architecture, achieved a 16x cost reduction over Stable
Diffusion 1.5.
Therefore, this kind of model is well suited for usages where efficiency is important. Furthermore, all known extensions
like finetuning, LoRA, ControlNet, IP-Adapter, LCM etc. are possible with this method as well.
The original codebase can be found at [Stability-AI/StableCascade](https://github.com/Stability-AI/StableCascade).
## Model Overview
Stable Cascade consists of three models: Stage A, Stage B and Stage C, representing a cascade to generate images,
hence the name "Stable Cascade".
Stage A & B are used to compress images, similar to what the job of the VAE is in Stable Diffusion.
However, with this setup, a much higher compression of images can be achieved. While the Stable Diffusion models use a
spatial compression factor of 8, encoding an image with resolution of 1024 x 1024 to 128 x 128, Stable Cascade achieves
a compression factor of 42. This encodes a 1024 x 1024 image to 24 x 24, while being able to accurately decode the
image. This comes with the great benefit of cheaper training and inference. Furthermore, Stage C is responsible
for generating the small 24 x 24 latents given a text prompt.
The Stage C model operates on the small 24 x 24 latents and denoises the latents conditioned on text prompts. The model is also the largest component in the Cascade pipeline and is meant to be used with the `StableCascadePriorPipeline`
The Stage B and Stage A models are used with the `StableCascadeDecoderPipeline` and are responsible for generating the final image given the small 24 x 24 latents.
<Tipwarning={true}>
There are some restrictions on data types that can be used with the Stable Cascade models. The official checkpoints for the `StableCascadePriorPipeline` do not support the `torch.float16` data type. Please use `torch.bfloat16` instead.
In order to use the `torch.bfloat16` data type with the `StableCascadeDecoderPipeline` you need to have PyTorch 2.2.0 or higher installed. This also means that using the `StableCascadeCombinedPipeline` with `torch.bfloat16` requires PyTorch 2.2.0 or higher, since it calls the `StableCascadeDecoderPipeline` internally.
If it is not possible to install PyTorch 2.2.0 or higher in your environment, the `StableCascadeDecoderPipeline` can be used on its own with the `torch.float16` data type. You can download the full precision or `bf16` variant weights for the pipeline and cast the weights to `torch.float16`.
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# T2I-Adapter
[T2I-Adapter: Learning Adapters to Dig out More Controllable Ability for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.08453) by Chong Mou, Xintao Wang, Liangbin Xie, Jian Zhang, Zhongang Qi, Ying Shan, Xiaohu Qie.
Using the pretrained models we can provide control images (for example, a depth map) to control Stable Diffusion text-to-image generation so that it follows the structure of the depth image and fills in the details.
The abstract of the paper is the following:
*The incredible generative ability of large-scale text-to-image (T2I) models has demonstrated strong power of learning complex structures and meaningful semantics. However, relying solely on text prompts cannot fully take advantage of the knowledge learned by the model, especially when flexible and accurate controlling (e.g., color and structure) is needed. In this paper, we aim to ``dig out" the capabilities that T2I models have implicitly learned, and then explicitly use them to control the generation more granularly. Specifically, we propose to learn simple and lightweight T2I-Adapters to align internal knowledge in T2I models with external control signals, while freezing the original large T2I models. In this way, we can train various adapters according to different conditions, achieving rich control and editing effects in the color and structure of the generation results. Further, the proposed T2I-Adapters have attractive properties of practical value, such as composability and generalization ability. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our T2I-Adapter has promising generation quality and a wide range of applications.*
This model was contributed by the community contributor [HimariO](https://github.com/HimariO) ❤️ .
