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# T2I-Adapter
[T2I-Adapter: Learning Adapters to Dig out More Controllable Ability for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models](https://huggingface.co/papers/2302.08453) by Chong Mou, Xintao Wang, Liangbin Xie, Jian Zhang, Zhongang Qi, Ying Shan, Xiaohu Qie.
Using the pretrained models we can provide control images (for example, a depth map) to control Stable Diffusion text-to-image generation so that it follows the structure of the depth image and fills in the details.
The abstract of the paper is the following:
*The incredible generative ability of large-scale text-to-image (T2I) models has demonstrated strong power of learning complex structures and meaningful semantics. However, relying solely on text prompts cannot fully take advantage of the knowledge learned by the model, especially when flexible and accurate controlling (e.g., color and structure) is needed. In this paper, we aim to ``dig out" the capabilities that T2I models have implicitly learned, and then explicitly use them to control the generation more granularly. Specifically, we propose to learn simple and lightweight T2I-Adapters to align internal knowledge in T2I models with external control signals, while freezing the original large T2I models. In this way, we can train various adapters according to different conditions, achieving rich control and editing effects in the color and structure of the generation results. Further, the proposed T2I-Adapters have attractive properties of practical value, such as composability and generalization ability. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our T2I-Adapter has promising generation quality and a wide range of applications.*
This model was contributed by the community contributor [HimariO](https://github.com/HimariO) ❤️ .
The Stable Diffusion model can also infer depth based on an image using [MiDaS](https://github.com/isl-org/MiDaS). This allows you to pass a text prompt and an initial image to condition the generation of new images as well as a `depth_map` to preserve the image structure.
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
>
> If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis) and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
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# Image variation
The Stable Diffusion model can also generate variations from an input image. It uses a fine-tuned version of a Stable Diffusion model by [Justin Pinkney](https://www.justinpinkney.com/) from [Lambda](https://lambdalabs.com/).
The original codebase can be found at [LambdaLabsML/lambda-diffusers](https://github.com/LambdaLabsML/lambda-diffusers#stable-diffusion-image-variations) and additional official checkpoints for image variation can be found at [lambdalabs/sd-image-variations-diffusers](https://huggingface.co/lambdalabs/sd-image-variations-diffusers).
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](./overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
The Stable Diffusion model can also be applied to image-to-image generation by passing a text prompt and an initial image to condition the generation of new images.
The [`StableDiffusionImg2ImgPipeline`] uses the diffusion-denoising mechanism proposed in [SDEdit: Guided Image Synthesis and Editing with Stochastic Differential Equations](https://huggingface.co/papers/2108.01073) by Chenlin Meng, Yutong He, Yang Song, Jiaming Song, Jiajun Wu, Jun-Yan Zhu, Stefano Ermon.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Guided image synthesis enables everyday users to create and edit photo-realistic images with minimum effort. The key challenge is balancing faithfulness to the user input (e.g., hand-drawn colored strokes) and realism of the synthesized image. Existing GAN-based methods attempt to achieve such balance using either conditional GANs or GAN inversions, which are challenging and often require additional training data or loss functions for individual applications. To address these issues, we introduce a new image synthesis and editing method, Stochastic Differential Editing (SDEdit), based on a diffusion model generative prior, which synthesizes realistic images by iteratively denoising through a stochastic differential equation (SDE). Given an input image with user guide of any type, SDEdit first adds noise to the input, then subsequently denoises the resulting image through the SDE prior to increase its realism. SDEdit does not require task-specific training or inversions and can naturally achieve the balance between realism and faithfulness. SDEdit significantly outperforms state-of-the-art GAN-based methods by up to 98.09% on realism and 91.72% on overall satisfaction scores, according to a human perception study, on multiple tasks, including stroke-based image synthesis and editing as well as image compositing.*
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
The Stable Diffusion model can also be applied to inpainting which lets you edit specific parts of an image by providing a mask and a text prompt using Stable Diffusion.
## Tips
It is recommended to use this pipeline with checkpoints that have been specifically fine-tuned for inpainting, such
as [stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-inpainting](https://huggingface.co/stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-inpainting). Default
text-to-image Stable Diffusion checkpoints, such as
[stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5](https://huggingface.co/stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5) are also compatible but they might be less performant.
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
>
> If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis) and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
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# Latent upscaler
The Stable Diffusion latent upscaler model was created by [Katherine Crowson](https://github.com/crowsonkb/k-diffusion) in collaboration with [Stability AI](https://stability.ai/). It is used to enhance the output image resolution by a factor of 2 (see this demo [notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1o1qYJcFeywzCIdkfKJy7cTpgZTCM2EI4) for a demonstration of the original implementation).
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
>
> If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis) and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
Stable Diffusion is a text-to-image latent diffusion model created by the researchers and engineers from [CompVis](https://github.com/CompVis), [Stability AI](https://stability.ai/) and [LAION](https://laion.ai/). Latent diffusion applies the diffusion process over a lower dimensional latent space to reduce memory and compute complexity. This specific type of diffusion model was proposed in [High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models](https://huggingface.co/papers/2112.10752) by Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattmann, Dominik Lorenz, Patrick Esser, Björn Ommer.
Stable Diffusion is trained on 512x512 images from a subset of the LAION-5B dataset. This model uses a frozen CLIP ViT-L/14 text encoder to condition the model on text prompts. With its 860M UNet and 123M text encoder, the model is relatively lightweight and can run on consumer GPUs.
For more details about how Stable Diffusion works and how it differs from the base latent diffusion model, take a look at the Stability AI [announcement](https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-announcement) and our own [blog post](https://huggingface.co/blog/stable_diffusion#how-does-stable-diffusion-work) for more technical details.
You can find the original codebase for Stable Diffusion v1.0 at [CompVis/stable-diffusion](https://github.com/CompVis/stable-diffusion) and Stable Diffusion v2.0 at [Stability-AI/stablediffusion](https://github.com/Stability-AI/stablediffusion) as well as their original scripts for various tasks. Additional official checkpoints for the different Stable Diffusion versions and tasks can be found on the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis) and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations. Explore these organizations to find the best checkpoint for your use-case!
The table below summarizes the available Stable Diffusion pipelines, their supported tasks, and an interactive demo:
To help you get the most out of the Stable Diffusion pipelines, here are a few tips for improving performance and usability. These tips are applicable to all Stable Diffusion pipelines.
### Explore tradeoff between speed and quality
[`StableDiffusionPipeline`] uses the [`PNDMScheduler`] by default, but 🤗 Diffusers provides many other schedulers (some of which are faster or output better quality) that are compatible. For example, if you want to use the [`EulerDiscreteScheduler`] instead of the default:
# now you can use text2img(...), img2img(...), inpaint(...) just like the call methods of each respective pipeline
```
### Create web demos using `gradio`
The Stable Diffusion pipelines are automatically supported in [Gradio](https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio/), a library that makes creating beautiful and user-friendly machine learning apps on the web a breeze. First, make sure you have Gradio installed:
```sh
pip install-U gradio
```
Then, create a web demo around any Stable Diffusion-based pipeline. For example, you can create an image generation pipeline in a single line of code with Gradio's [`Interface.from_pipeline`](https://www.gradio.app/docs/interface#interface-from-pipeline) function:
By default, the web demo runs on a local server. If you'd like to share it with others, you can generate a temporary public
link by setting `share=True` in `launch()`. Or, you can host your demo on [Hugging Face Spaces](https://huggingface.co/spaces)https://huggingface.co/spaces for a permanent link.
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# SDXL Turbo
Stable Diffusion XL (SDXL) Turbo was proposed in [Adversarial Diffusion Distillation](https://stability.ai/research/adversarial-diffusion-distillation) by Axel Sauer, Dominik Lorenz, Andreas Blattmann, and Robin Rombach.
The abstract from the paper is:
*We introduce Adversarial Diffusion Distillation (ADD), a novel training approach that efficiently samples large-scale foundational image diffusion models in just 1–4 steps while maintaining high image quality. We use score distillation to leverage large-scale off-the-shelf image diffusion models as a teacher signal in combination with an adversarial loss to ensure high image fidelity even in the low-step regime of one or two sampling steps. Our analyses show that our model clearly outperforms existing few-step methods (GANs,Latent Consistency Models) in a single step and reaches the performance of state-of-the-art diffusion models (SDXL) in only four steps. ADD is the first method to unlock single-step, real-time image synthesis with foundation models.*
## Tips
- SDXL Turbo uses the exact same architecture as [SDXL](./stable_diffusion_xl), which means it also has the same API. Please refer to the [SDXL](./stable_diffusion_xl) API reference for more details.
- SDXL Turbo should disable guidance scale by setting `guidance_scale=0.0`.
- SDXL Turbo should use `timestep_spacing='trailing'` for the scheduler and use between 1 and 4 steps.
- SDXL Turbo has been trained to generate images of size 512x512.
- SDXL Turbo is open-access, but not open-source meaning that one might have to buy a model license in order to use it for commercial applications. Make sure to read the [official model card](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/sdxl-turbo) to learn more.
> [!TIP]
> To learn how to use SDXL Turbo for various tasks, how to optimize performance, and other usage examples, take a look at the [SDXL Turbo](../../../using-diffusers/sdxl_turbo) guide.
>
> Check out the [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organization for the official base and refiner model checkpoints!
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# Stable Diffusion 2
Stable Diffusion 2 is a text-to-image _latent diffusion_ model built upon the work of the original [Stable Diffusion](https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-public-release), and it was led by Robin Rombach and Katherine Crowson from [Stability AI](https://stability.ai/) and [LAION](https://laion.ai/).
*The Stable Diffusion 2.0 release includes robust text-to-image models trained using a brand new text encoder (OpenCLIP), developed by LAION with support from Stability AI, which greatly improves the quality of the generated images compared to earlier V1 releases. The text-to-image models in this release can generate images with default resolutions of both 512x512 pixels and 768x768 pixels.
These models are trained on an aesthetic subset of the [LAION-5B dataset](https://laion.ai/blog/laion-5b/) created by the DeepFloyd team at Stability AI, which is then further filtered to remove adult content using [LAION’s NSFW filter](https://openreview.net/forum?id=M3Y74vmsMcY).*
For more details about how Stable Diffusion 2 works and how it differs from the original Stable Diffusion, please refer to the official [announcement post](https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-v2-release).
The architecture of Stable Diffusion 2 is more or less identical to the original [Stable Diffusion model](./text2img) so check out it's API documentation for how to use Stable Diffusion 2. We recommend using the [`DPMSolverMultistepScheduler`] as it gives a reasonable speed/quality trade-off and can be run with as little as 20 steps.
Stable Diffusion 2 is available for tasks like text-to-image, inpainting, super-resolution, and depth-to-image:
Here are some examples for how to use Stable Diffusion 2 for each task:
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
>
> If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis) and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
Stable Diffusion 3 (SD3) was proposed in [Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis](https://huggingface.co/papers/2403.03206) by Patrick Esser, Sumith Kulal, Andreas Blattmann, Rahim Entezari, Jonas Muller, Harry Saini, Yam Levi, Dominik Lorenz, Axel Sauer, Frederic Boesel, Dustin Podell, Tim Dockhorn, Zion English, Kyle Lacey, Alex Goodwin, Yannik Marek, and Robin Rombach.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Diffusion models create data from noise by inverting the forward paths of data towards noise and have emerged as a powerful generative modeling technique for high-dimensional, perceptual data such as images and videos. Rectified flow is a recent generative model formulation that connects data and noise in a straight line. Despite its better theoretical properties and conceptual simplicity, it is not yet decisively established as standard practice. In this work, we improve existing noise sampling techniques for training rectified flow models by biasing them towards perceptually relevant scales. Through a large-scale study, we demonstrate the superior performance of this approach compared to established diffusion formulations for high-resolution text-to-image synthesis. Additionally, we present a novel transformer-based architecture for text-to-image generation that uses separate weights for the two modalities and enables a bidirectional flow of information between image and text tokens, improving text comprehension typography, and human preference ratings. We demonstrate that this architecture follows predictable scaling trends and correlates lower validation loss to improved text-to-image synthesis as measured by various metrics and human evaluations.*
## Usage Example
_As the model is gated, before using it with diffusers you first need to go to the [Stable Diffusion 3 Medium Hugging Face page](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-diffusion-3-medium-diffusers), fill in the form and accept the gate. Once you are in, you need to login so that your system knows you’ve accepted the gate._
Use the command below to log in:
```bash
hf auth login
```
> [!TIP]
> The SD3 pipeline uses three text encoders to generate an image. Model offloading is necessary in order for it to run on most commodity hardware. Please use the `torch.float16` data type for additional memory savings.
prompt="a photo of a cat holding a sign that says hello world",
negative_prompt="",
num_inference_steps=28,
height=1024,
width=1024,
guidance_scale=7.0,
).images[0]
image.save("sd3_hello_world.png")
```
**Note:** Stable Diffusion 3.5 can also be run using the SD3 pipeline, and all mentioned optimizations and techniques apply to it as well. In total there are three official models in the SD3 family:
An IP-Adapter lets you prompt SD3 with images, in addition to the text prompt. This is especially useful when describing complex concepts that are difficult to articulate through text alone and you have reference images. To load and use an IP-Adapter, you need:
-`image_encoder`: Pre-trained vision model used to obtain image features, usually a CLIP image encoder.
-`feature_extractor`: Image processor that prepares the input image for the chosen `image_encoder`.
-`ip_adapter_id`: Checkpoint containing parameters of image cross attention layers and image projection.
IP-Adapters are trained for a specific model architecture, so they also work in finetuned variations of the base model. You can use the [`~SD3IPAdapterMixin.set_ip_adapter_scale`] function to adjust how strongly the output aligns with the image prompt. The higher the value, the more closely the model follows the image prompt. A default value of 0.5 is typically a good balance, ensuring the model considers both the text and image prompts equally.
<figcaptionclass="mt-2 text-sm text-center text-gray-500">IP-Adapter examples with prompt "a cat"</figcaption>
</div>
> [!TIP]
> Check out [IP-Adapter](../../../using-diffusers/ip_adapter) to learn more about how IP-Adapters work.
## Memory Optimisations for SD3
SD3 uses three text encoders, one of which is the very large T5-XXL model. This makes it challenging to run the model on GPUs with less than 24GB of VRAM, even when using `fp16` precision. The following section outlines a few memory optimizations in Diffusers that make it easier to run SD3 on low resource hardware.
### Running Inference with Model Offloading
The most basic memory optimization available in Diffusers allows you to offload the components of the model to CPU during inference in order to save memory, while seeing a slight increase in inference latency. Model offloading will only move a model component onto the GPU when it needs to be executed, while keeping the remaining components on the CPU.
prompt="a photo of a cat holding a sign that says hello world",
negative_prompt="",
num_inference_steps=28,
height=1024,
width=1024,
guidance_scale=7.0,
).images[0]
image.save("sd3_hello_world.png")
```
### Dropping the T5 Text Encoder during Inference
Removing the memory-intensive 4.7B parameter T5-XXL text encoder during inference can significantly decrease the memory requirements for SD3 with only a slight loss in performance.
prompt="a photo of a cat holding a sign that says hello world",
negative_prompt="",
num_inference_steps=28,
height=1024,
width=1024,
guidance_scale=7.0,
).images[0]
image.save("sd3_hello_world-no-T5.png")
```
### Using a Quantized Version of the T5 Text Encoder
We can leverage the `bitsandbytes` library to load and quantize the T5-XXL text encoder to 8-bit precision. This allows you to keep using all three text encoders while only slightly impacting performance.
First install the `bitsandbytes` library.
```shell
pip install bitsandbytes
```
Then load the T5-XXL model using the `BitsAndBytesConfig`.
prompt="a photo of a cat holding a sign that says hello world",
negative_prompt="",
num_inference_steps=28,
height=1024,
width=1024,
guidance_scale=7.0,
).images[0]
image.save("sd3_hello_world-8bit-T5.png")
```
You can find the end-to-end script [here](https://gist.github.com/sayakpaul/82acb5976509851f2db1a83456e504f1).
## Performance Optimizations for SD3
### Using Torch Compile to Speed Up Inference
Using compiled components in the SD3 pipeline can speed up inference by as much as 4X. The following code snippet demonstrates how to compile the Transformer and VAE components of the SD3 pipeline.
Check out the full script [here](https://gist.github.com/sayakpaul/508d89d7aad4f454900813da5d42ca97).
## Quantization
Quantization helps reduce the memory requirements of very large models by storing model weights in a lower precision data type. However, quantization may have varying impact on video quality depending on the video model.
Refer to the [Quantization](../../../quantization/overview) overview to learn more about supported quantization backends and selecting a quantization backend that supports your use case. The example below demonstrates how to load a quantized [`StableDiffusion3Pipeline`] for inference with bitsandbytes.
By default, the T5 Text Encoder prompt uses a maximum sequence length of `256`. This can be adjusted by setting the `max_sequence_length` to accept fewer or more tokens. Keep in mind that longer sequences require additional resources and result in longer generation times, such as during batch inference.
```python
prompt="A whimsical and creative image depicting a hybrid creature that is a mix of a waffle and a hippopotamus, basking in a river of melted butter amidst a breakfast-themed landscape. It features the distinctive, bulky body shape of a hippo. However, instead of the usual grey skin, the creature’s body resembles a golden-brown, crispy waffle fresh off the griddle. The skin is textured with the familiar grid pattern of a waffle, each square filled with a glistening sheen of syrup. The environment combines the natural habitat of a hippo with elements of a breakfast table setting, a river of warm, melted butter, with oversized utensils or plates peeking out from the lush, pancake-like foliage in the background, a towering pepper mill standing in for a tree. As the sun rises in this fantastical world, it casts a warm, buttery glow over the scene. The creature, content in its butter river, lets out a yawn. Nearby, a flock of birds take flight"
image=pipe(
prompt=prompt,
negative_prompt="",
num_inference_steps=28,
guidance_scale=4.5,
max_sequence_length=512,
).images[0]
```
### Sending a different prompt to the T5 Text Encoder
You can send a different prompt to the CLIP Text Encoders and the T5 Text Encoder to prevent the prompt from being truncated by the CLIP Text Encoders and to improve generation.
> [!TIP]
> The prompt with the CLIP Text Encoders is still truncated to the 77 token limit.
```python
prompt="A whimsical and creative image depicting a hybrid creature that is a mix of a waffle and a hippopotamus, basking in a river of melted butter amidst a breakfast-themed landscape. A river of warm, melted butter, pancake-like foliage in the background, a towering pepper mill standing in for a tree."
prompt_3="A whimsical and creative image depicting a hybrid creature that is a mix of a waffle and a hippopotamus, basking in a river of melted butter amidst a breakfast-themed landscape. It features the distinctive, bulky body shape of a hippo. However, instead of the usual grey skin, the creature’s body resembles a golden-brown, crispy waffle fresh off the griddle. The skin is textured with the familiar grid pattern of a waffle, each square filled with a glistening sheen of syrup. The environment combines the natural habitat of a hippo with elements of a breakfast table setting, a river of warm, melted butter, with oversized utensils or plates peeking out from the lush, pancake-like foliage in the background, a towering pepper mill standing in for a tree. As the sun rises in this fantastical world, it casts a warm, buttery glow over the scene. The creature, content in its butter river, lets out a yawn. Nearby, a flock of birds take flight"
image=pipe(
prompt=prompt,
prompt_3=prompt_3,
negative_prompt="",
num_inference_steps=28,
guidance_scale=4.5,
max_sequence_length=512,
).images[0]
```
## Tiny AutoEncoder for Stable Diffusion 3
Tiny AutoEncoder for Stable Diffusion (TAESD3) is a tiny distilled version of Stable Diffusion 3's VAE by [Ollin Boer Bohan](https://github.com/madebyollin/taesd) that can decode [`StableDiffusion3Pipeline`] latents almost instantly.
## Loading the original checkpoints via `from_single_file`
The `SD3Transformer2DModel` and `StableDiffusion3Pipeline` classes support loading the original checkpoints via the `from_single_file` method. This method allows you to load the original checkpoint files that were used to train the models.
## Loading the original checkpoints for the `SD3Transformer2DModel`
Stable Diffusion XL (SDXL) was proposed in [SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesis](https://huggingface.co/papers/2307.01952) by Dustin Podell, Zion English, Kyle Lacey, Andreas Blattmann, Tim Dockhorn, Jonas Müller, Joe Penna, and Robin Rombach.
The abstract from the paper is:
*We present SDXL, a latent diffusion model for text-to-image synthesis. Compared to previous versions of Stable Diffusion, SDXL leverages a three times larger UNet backbone: The increase of model parameters is mainly due to more attention blocks and a larger cross-attention context as SDXL uses a second text encoder. We design multiple novel conditioning schemes and train SDXL on multiple aspect ratios. We also introduce a refinement model which is used to improve the visual fidelity of samples generated by SDXL using a post-hoc image-to-image technique. We demonstrate that SDXL shows drastically improved performance compared the previous versions of Stable Diffusion and achieves results competitive with those of black-box state-of-the-art image generators.*
## Tips
- Using SDXL with a DPM++ scheduler for less than 50 steps is known to produce [visual artifacts](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/issues/5433) because the solver becomes numerically unstable. To fix this issue, take a look at this [PR](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/5541) which recommends for ODE/SDE solvers:
- set `use_karras_sigmas=True` or `lu_lambdas=True` to improve image quality
- set `euler_at_final=True` if you're using a solver with uniform step sizes (DPM++2M or DPM++2M SDE)
- Most SDXL checkpoints work best with an image size of 1024x1024. Image sizes of 768x768 and 512x512 are also supported, but the results aren't as good. Anything below 512x512 is not recommended and likely won't be for default checkpoints like [stabilityai/stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0).
- SDXL can pass a different prompt for each of the text encoders it was trained on. We can even pass different parts of the same prompt to the text encoders.
- SDXL output images can be improved by making use of a refiner model in an image-to-image setting.
- SDXL offers `negative_original_size`, `negative_crops_coords_top_left`, and `negative_target_size` to negatively condition the model on image resolution and cropping parameters.
> [!TIP]
> To learn how to use SDXL for various tasks, how to optimize performance, and other usage examples, take a look at the [Stable Diffusion XL](../../../using-diffusers/sdxl) guide.
>
> Check out the [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organization for the official base and refiner model checkpoints!
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http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
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-->
# Stable Video Diffusion
Stable Video Diffusion was proposed in [Stable Video Diffusion: Scaling Latent Video Diffusion Models to Large Datasets](https://hf.co/papers/2311.15127) by Andreas Blattmann, Tim Dockhorn, Sumith Kulal, Daniel Mendelevitch, Maciej Kilian, Dominik Lorenz, Yam Levi, Zion English, Vikram Voleti, Adam Letts, Varun Jampani, Robin Rombach.
The abstract from the paper is:
*We present Stable Video Diffusion - a latent video diffusion model for high-resolution, state-of-the-art text-to-video and image-to-video generation. Recently, latent diffusion models trained for 2D image synthesis have been turned into generative video models by inserting temporal layers and finetuning them on small, high-quality video datasets. However, training methods in the literature vary widely, and the field has yet to agree on a unified strategy for curating video data. In this paper, we identify and evaluate three different stages for successful training of video LDMs: text-to-image pretraining, video pretraining, and high-quality video finetuning. Furthermore, we demonstrate the necessity of a well-curated pretraining dataset for generating high-quality videos and present a systematic curation process to train a strong base model, including captioning and filtering strategies. We then explore the impact of finetuning our base model on high-quality data and train a text-to-video model that is competitive with closed-source video generation. We also show that our base model provides a powerful motion representation for downstream tasks such as image-to-video generation and adaptability to camera motion-specific LoRA modules. Finally, we demonstrate that our model provides a strong multi-view 3D-prior and can serve as a base to finetune a multi-view diffusion model that jointly generates multiple views of objects in a feedforward fashion, outperforming image-based methods at a fraction of their compute budget. We release code and model weights at this https URL.*
> [!TIP]
> To learn how to use Stable Video Diffusion, take a look at the [Stable Video Diffusion](../../../using-diffusers/svd) guide.
>
> <br>
>
> Check out the [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organization for the [base](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-video-diffusion-img2vid) and [extended frame](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-video-diffusion-img2vid-xt) checkpoints!
## Tips
Video generation is memory-intensive and one way to reduce your memory usage is to set `enable_forward_chunking` on the pipeline's UNet so you don't run the entire feedforward layer at once. Breaking it up into chunks in a loop is more efficient.
Check out the [Text or image-to-video](../../../using-diffusers/text-img2vid) guide for more details about how certain parameters can affect video generation and how to optimize inference by reducing memory usage.
The Stable Diffusion model was created by researchers and engineers from [CompVis](https://github.com/CompVis), [Stability AI](https://stability.ai/), [Runway](https://github.com/runwayml), and [LAION](https://laion.ai/). The [`StableDiffusionPipeline`] is capable of generating photorealistic images given any text input. It's trained on 512x512 images from a subset of the LAION-5B dataset. This model uses a frozen CLIP ViT-L/14 text encoder to condition the model on text prompts. With its 860M UNet and 123M text encoder, the model is relatively lightweight and can run on consumer GPUs. Latent diffusion is the research on top of which Stable Diffusion was built. It was proposed in [High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models](https://huggingface.co/papers/2112.10752) by Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattmann, Dominik Lorenz, Patrick Esser, Björn Ommer.
The abstract from the paper is:
*By decomposing the image formation process into a sequential application of denoising autoencoders, diffusion models (DMs) achieve state-of-the-art synthesis results on image data and beyond. Additionally, their formulation allows for a guiding mechanism to control the image generation process without retraining. However, since these models typically operate directly in pixel space, optimization of powerful DMs often consumes hundreds of GPU days and inference is expensive due to sequential evaluations. To enable DM training on limited computational resources while retaining their quality and flexibility, we apply them in the latent space of powerful pretrained autoencoders. In contrast to previous work, training diffusion models on such a representation allows for the first time to reach a near-optimal point between complexity reduction and detail preservation, greatly boosting visual fidelity. By introducing cross-attention layers into the model architecture, we turn diffusion models into powerful and flexible generators for general conditioning inputs such as text or bounding boxes and high-resolution synthesis becomes possible in a convolutional manner. Our latent diffusion models (LDMs) achieve a new state of the art for image inpainting and highly competitive performance on various tasks, including unconditional image generation, semantic scene synthesis, and super-resolution, while significantly reducing computational requirements compared to pixel-based DMs. Code is available at https://github.com/CompVis/latent-diffusion.*
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
>
> If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis) and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
The Stable Diffusion upscaler diffusion model was created by the researchers and engineers from [CompVis](https://github.com/CompVis), [Stability AI](https://stability.ai/), and [LAION](https://laion.ai/). It is used to enhance the resolution of input images by a factor of 4.
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Stable Diffusion [Tips](overview#tips) section to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and how to reuse pipeline components efficiently!
>
> If you're interested in using one of the official checkpoints for a task, explore the [CompVis](https://huggingface.co/CompVis) and [Stability AI](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai) Hub organizations!
Stable unCLIP checkpoints are finetuned from [Stable Diffusion 2.1](./stable_diffusion/stable_diffusion_2) checkpoints to condition on CLIP image embeddings.
Stable unCLIP still conditions on text embeddings. Given the two separate conditionings, stable unCLIP can be used
for text guided image variation. When combined with an unCLIP prior, it can also be used for full text to image generation.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Contrastive models like CLIP have been shown to learn robust representations of images that capture both semantics and style. To leverage these representations for image generation, we propose a two-stage model: a prior that generates a CLIP image embedding given a text caption, and a decoder that generates an image conditioned on the image embedding. We show that explicitly generating image representations improves image diversity with minimal loss in photorealism and caption similarity. Our decoders conditioned on image representations can also produce variations of an image that preserve both its semantics and style, while varying the non-essential details absent from the image representation. Moreover, the joint embedding space of CLIP enables language-guided image manipulations in a zero-shot fashion. We use diffusion models for the decoder and experiment with both autoregressive and diffusion models for the prior, finding that the latter are computationally more efficient and produce higher-quality samples.*
## Tips
Stable unCLIP takes `noise_level` as input during inference which determines how much noise is added to the image embeddings. A higher `noise_level` increases variation in the final un-noised images. By default, we do not add any additional noise to the image embeddings (`noise_level = 0`).
### Text-to-Image Generation
Stable unCLIP can be leveraged for text-to-image generation by pipelining it with the prior model of KakaoBrain's open source DALL-E 2 replication [Karlo](https://huggingface.co/kakaobrain/karlo-v1-alpha):
wave_prompt="dramatic wave, the Oceans roar, Strong wave spiral across the oceans as the waves unfurl into roaring crests; perfect wave form; perfect wave shape; dramatic wave shape; wave shape unbelievable; wave; wave shape spectacular"
image=pipe(prompt=wave_prompt).images[0]
image
```
> [!WARNING]
> For text-to-image we use `stabilityai/stable-diffusion-2-1-unclip-small` as it was trained on CLIP ViT-L/14 embedding, the same as the Karlo model prior. [stabilityai/stable-diffusion-2-1-unclip](https://hf.co/stabilityai/stable-diffusion-2-1-unclip) was trained on OpenCLIP ViT-H, so we don't recommend its use.
Optionally, you can also pass a prompt to `pipe` such as:
```python
prompt="A fantasy landscape, trending on artstation"
image=pipe(init_image,prompt=prompt).images[0]
image
```
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-a-pipeline) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# Value-guided planning
> [!WARNING]
> 🧪 This is an experimental pipeline for reinforcement learning!
This pipeline is based on the [Planning with Diffusion for Flexible Behavior Synthesis](https://huggingface.co/papers/2205.09991) paper by Michael Janner, Yilun Du, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Sergey Levine.
The abstract from the paper is:
*Model-based reinforcement learning methods often use learning only for the purpose of estimating an approximate dynamics model, offloading the rest of the decision-making work to classical trajectory optimizers. While conceptually simple, this combination has a number of empirical shortcomings, suggesting that learned models may not be well-suited to standard trajectory optimization. In this paper, we consider what it would look like to fold as much of the trajectory optimization pipeline as possible into the modeling problem, such that sampling from the model and planning with it become nearly identical. The core of our technical approach lies in a diffusion probabilistic model that plans by iteratively denoising trajectories. We show how classifier-guided sampling and image inpainting can be reinterpreted as coherent planning strategies, explore the unusual and useful properties of diffusion-based planning methods, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework in control settings that emphasize long-horizon decision-making and test-time flexibility.*
You can find additional information about the model on the [project page](https://diffusion-planning.github.io/), the [original codebase](https://github.com/jannerm/diffuser), or try it out in a demo [notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1rXm8CX4ZdN5qivjJ2lhwhkOmt_m0CvU0#scrollTo=6HXJvhyqcITc&uniqifier=1).
The script to run the model is available [here](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/tree/main/examples/reinforcement_learning).
> [!TIP]
> Make sure to check out the Schedulers [guide](../../using-diffusers/schedulers) to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the [reuse components across pipelines](../../using-diffusers/loading#reuse-a-pipeline) section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.
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# VisualCloze
[VisualCloze: A Universal Image Generation Framework via Visual In-Context Learning](https://huggingface.co/papers/2504.07960) is an innovative in-context learning based universal image generation framework that offers key capabilities:
1. Support for various in-domain tasks
2. Generalization to unseen tasks through in-context learning
3. Unify multiple tasks into one step and generate both target image and intermediate results
4. Support reverse-engineering conditions from target images
## Overview
The abstract from the paper is:
*Recent progress in diffusion models significantly advances various image generation tasks. However, the current mainstream approach remains focused on building task-specific models, which have limited efficiency when supporting a wide range of different needs. While universal models attempt to address this limitation, they face critical challenges, including generalizable task instruction, appropriate task distributions, and unified architectural design. To tackle these challenges, we propose VisualCloze, a universal image generation framework, which supports a wide range of in-domain tasks, generalization to unseen ones, unseen unification of multiple tasks, and reverse generation. Unlike existing methods that rely on language-based task instruction, leading to task ambiguity and weak generalization, we integrate visual in-context learning, allowing models to identify tasks from visual demonstrations. Meanwhile, the inherent sparsity of visual task distributions hampers the learning of transferable knowledge across tasks. To this end, we introduce Graph200K, a graph-structured dataset that establishes various interrelated tasks, enhancing task density and transferable knowledge. Furthermore, we uncover that our unified image generation formulation shared a consistent objective with image infilling, enabling us to leverage the strong generative priors of pre-trained infilling models without modifying the architectures. The codes, dataset, and models are available at https://visualcloze.github.io.*
## Inference
### Model loading
VisualCloze is a two-stage cascade pipeline, containing `VisualClozeGenerationPipeline` and `VisualClozeUpsamplingPipeline`.
- In `VisualClozeGenerationPipeline`, each image is downsampled before concatenating images into a grid layout, avoiding excessively high resolutions. VisualCloze releases two models suitable for diffusers, i.e., [VisualClozePipeline-384](https://huggingface.co/VisualCloze/VisualClozePipeline-384) and [VisualClozePipeline-512](https://huggingface.co/VisualCloze/VisualClozePipeline-384), which downsample images to resolutions of 384 and 512, respectively.
-`VisualClozeUpsamplingPipeline` uses [SDEdit](https://huggingface.co/papers/2108.01073) to enable high-resolution image synthesis.
The `VisualClozePipeline` integrates both stages to support convenient end-to-end sampling, while also allowing users to utilize each pipeline independently as needed.
### Input Specifications
#### Task and Content Prompts
- Task prompt: Required to describe the generation task intention
- Content prompt: Optional description or caption of the target image
- When content prompt is not needed, pass `None`
- For batch inference, pass `List[str|None]`
#### Image Input Format
- Format: `List[List[Image|None]]`
- Structure:
- All rows except the last represent in-context examples
- Last row represents the current query (target image set to `None`)
- For batch inference, pass `List[List[List[Image|None]]]`
#### Resolution Control
- Default behavior:
- Initial generation in the first stage: area of ${pipe.resolution}^2$
- Upsampling in the second stage: 3x factor
- Custom resolution: Adjust using `upsampling_height` and `upsampling_width` parameters
### Examples
For comprehensive examples covering a wide range of tasks, please refer to the [Online Demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/VisualCloze/VisualCloze) and [GitHub Repository](https://github.com/lzyhha/VisualCloze). Below are simple examples for three cases: mask-to-image conversion, edge detection, and subject-driven generation.
task_prompt="In each row, a logical task is demonstrated to achieve [IMAGE2] an aesthetically pleasing photograph based on [IMAGE1] sam 2-generated masks with rich color coding."
content_prompt="""Majestic photo of a golden eagle perched on a rocky outcrop in a mountainous landscape.
The eagle is positioned in the right foreground, facing left, with its sharp beak and keen eyes prominently visible.
Its plumage is a mix of dark brown and golden hues, with intricate feather details.
The background features a soft-focus view of snow-capped mountains under a cloudy sky, creating a serene and grandiose atmosphere.
The foreground includes rugged rocks and patches of green moss. Photorealistic, medium depth of field,
soft natural lighting, cool color palette, high contrast, sharp focus on the eagle, blurred background,
task_prompt="Each row illustrates a pathway from [IMAGE1] a sharp and beautifully composed photograph to [IMAGE2] edge map with natural well-connected outlines using a clear logical task."
task_prompt="In each row, a logical task is demonstrated to achieve [IMAGE2] an aesthetically pleasing photograph based on [IMAGE1] sam 2-generated masks with rich color coding."
content_prompt="Majestic photo of a golden eagle perched on a rocky outcrop in a mountainous landscape. The eagle is positioned in the right foreground, facing left, with its sharp beak and keen eyes prominently visible. Its plumage is a mix of dark brown and golden hues, with intricate feather details. The background features a soft-focus view of snow-capped mountains under a cloudy sky, creating a serene and grandiose atmosphere. The foreground includes rugged rocks and patches of green moss. Photorealistic, medium depth of field, soft natural lighting, cool color palette, high contrast, sharp focus on the eagle, blurred background, tranquil, majestic, wildlife photography."
# Stage 1: Generate initial image
image=pipe(
task_prompt=task_prompt,
content_prompt=content_prompt,
image=image_paths,
guidance_scale=30,
num_inference_steps=30,
max_sequence_length=512,
generator=torch.Generator("cpu").manual_seed(0),
).images[0][0]
# Stage 2 (optional): Upsample the generated image
[Wan-2.1](https://huggingface.co/papers/2503.20314) by the Wan Team.
*This report presents Wan, a comprehensive and open suite of video foundation models designed to push the boundaries of video generation. Built upon the mainstream diffusion transformer paradigm, Wan achieves significant advancements in generative capabilities through a series of innovations, including our novel VAE, scalable pre-training strategies, large-scale data curation, and automated evaluation metrics. These contributions collectively enhance the model's performance and versatility. Specifically, Wan is characterized by four key features: Leading Performance: The 14B model of Wan, trained on a vast dataset comprising billions of images and videos, demonstrates the scaling laws of video generation with respect to both data and model size. It consistently outperforms the existing open-source models as well as state-of-the-art commercial solutions across multiple internal and external benchmarks, demonstrating a clear and significant performance superiority. Comprehensiveness: Wan offers two capable models, i.e., 1.3B and 14B parameters, for efficiency and effectiveness respectively. It also covers multiple downstream applications, including image-to-video, instruction-guided video editing, and personal video generation, encompassing up to eight tasks. Consumer-Grade Efficiency: The 1.3B model demonstrates exceptional resource efficiency, requiring only 8.19 GB VRAM, making it compatible with a wide range of consumer-grade GPUs. Openness: We open-source the entire series of Wan, including source code and all models, with the goal of fostering the growth of the video generation community. This openness seeks to significantly expand the creative possibilities of video production in the industry and provide academia with high-quality video foundation models. All the code and models are available at [this https URL](https://github.com/Wan-Video/Wan2.1).*
You can find all the original Wan2.1 checkpoints under the [Wan-AI](https://huggingface.co/Wan-AI) organization.
The following Wan models are supported in Diffusers:
misshapen limbs, fused fingers, still picture, messy background, three legs, many people in the background, walking backwards
"""
output=pipeline(
prompt=prompt,
negative_prompt=negative_prompt,
num_frames=81,
guidance_scale=5.0,
).frames[0]
export_to_video(output,"output.mp4",fps=16)
```
</hfoption>
<hfoptionid="T2V inference speed">
[Compilation](../../optimization/fp16#torchcompile) is slow the first time but subsequent calls to the pipeline are faster. [Caching](../../optimization/cache) may also speed up inference by storing and reusing intermediate outputs.
misshapen limbs, fused fingers, still picture, messy background, three legs, many people in the background, walking backwards
"""
output=pipeline(
prompt=prompt,
negative_prompt=negative_prompt,
num_frames=81,
guidance_scale=5.0,
).frames[0]
export_to_video(output,"output.mp4",fps=16)
```
</hfoption>
</hfoptions>
### First-Last-Frame-to-Video Generation
The example below demonstrates how to use the image-to-video pipeline to generate a video using a text description, a starting frame, and an ending frame.
prompt="CG animation style, a small blue bird takes off from the ground, flapping its wings. The bird's feathers are delicate, with a unique pattern on its chest. The background shows a blue sky with white clouds under bright sunshine. The camera follows the bird upward, capturing its flight and the vastness of the sky from a close-up, low-angle perspective."
Wan VACE supports various generation techniques which achieve controllable video generation. Some of the capabilities include:
- Control to Video (Depth, Pose, Sketch, Flow, Grayscale, Scribble, Layout, Boundary Box, etc.). Recommended library for preprocessing videos to obtain control videos: [huggingface/controlnet_aux]()
- Image/Video to Video (first frame, last frame, starting clip, ending clip, random clips)
- Inpainting and Outpainting
- Subject to Video (faces, object, characters, etc.)
- Composition to Video (reference anything, animate anything, swap anything, expand anything, move anything, etc.)
The code snippets available in [this](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/11582) pull request demonstrate some examples of how videos can be generated with controllability signals.
The general rule of thumb to keep in mind when preparing inputs for the VACE pipeline is that the input images, or frames of a video that you want to use for conditioning, should have a corresponding mask that is black in color. The black mask signifies that the model will not generate new content for that area, and only use those parts for conditioning the generation process. For parts/frames that should be generated by the model, the mask should be white in color.
### Wan-Animate: Unified Character Animation and Replacement with Holistic Replication
[Wan-Animate](https://huggingface.co/papers/2509.14055) by the Wan Team.
*We introduce Wan-Animate, a unified framework for character animation and replacement. Given a character image and a reference video, Wan-Animate can animate the character by precisely replicating the expressions and movements of the character in the video to generate high-fidelity character videos. Alternatively, it can integrate the animated character into the reference video to replace the original character, replicating the scene's lighting and color tone to achieve seamless environmental integration. Wan-Animate is built upon the Wan model. To adapt it for character animation tasks, we employ a modified input paradigm to differentiate between reference conditions and regions for generation. This design unifies multiple tasks into a common symbolic representation. We use spatially-aligned skeleton signals to replicate body motion and implicit facial features extracted from source images to reenact expressions, enabling the generation of character videos with high controllability and expressiveness. Furthermore, to enhance environmental integration during character replacement, we develop an auxiliary Relighting LoRA. This module preserves the character's appearance consistency while applying the appropriate environmental lighting and color tone. Experimental results demonstrate that Wan-Animate achieves state-of-the-art performance. We are committed to open-sourcing the model weights and its source code.*
The project page: https://humanaigc.github.io/wan-animate
This model was mostly contributed by [M. Tolga Cangöz](https://github.com/tolgacangoz).
#### Usage
The Wan-Animate pipeline supports two modes of operation:
1.**Animation Mode** (default): Animates a character image based on motion and expression from reference videos
2.**Replacement Mode**: Replaces a character in a background video with a new character while preserving the scene
##### Prerequisites
Before using the pipeline, you need to preprocess your reference video to extract:
-**Pose video**: Contains skeletal keypoints representing body motion
-**Face video**: Contains facial feature representations for expression control
For replacement mode, you additionally need:
-**Background video**: The original video containing the scene
-**Mask video**: A mask indicating where to generate content (white) vs. preserve original (black)
> [!NOTE]
> Raw videos should not be used for inputs such as `pose_video`, which the pipeline expects to be preprocessed to extract the proper information. Preprocessing scripts to prepare these inputs are available in the [original Wan-Animate repository](https://github.com/Wan-Video/Wan2.2?tab=readme-ov-file#1-preprocessing). Integration of these preprocessing steps into Diffusers is planned for a future release.
The example below demonstrates how to use the Wan-Animate pipeline:
-**mode**: Choose between `"animate"` (default) or `"replace"`
-**prev_segment_conditioning_frames**: Number of frames for temporal guidance (1 or 5 recommended). Using 5 provides better temporal consistency but requires more memory
-**guidance_scale**: Controls how closely the output follows the text prompt. Higher values (5-7) produce results more aligned with the prompt. For Wan-Animate, CFG is disabled by default (`guidance_scale=1.0`) but can be enabled to support negative prompts and finer control over facial expressions. (Note that CFG will only target the text prompt and face conditioning.)
## Notes
- Wan2.1 supports LoRAs with [`~loaders.WanLoraLoaderMixin.load_lora_weights`].
- Set the [`AutoencoderKLWan`] dtype to `torch.float32` for better decoding quality.
- The number of frames per second (fps) or `k` should be calculated by `4 * k + 1`.
- Try lower `shift` values (`2.0` to `5.0`) for lower resolution videos and higher `shift` values (`7.0` to `12.0`) for higher resolution images.
- Wan 2.1 and 2.2 support using [LightX2V LoRAs](https://huggingface.co/Kijai/WanVideo_comfy/tree/main/Lightx2v) to speed up inference. Using them on Wan 2.2 is slightly more involed. Refer to [this code snippet](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/12040#issuecomment-3144185272) to learn more.
- Wan 2.2 has two denoisers. By default, LoRAs are only loaded into the first denoiser. One can set `load_into_transformer_2=True` to load LoRAs into the second denoiser. Refer to [this](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/12074#issue-3292620048) and [this](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/12074#issuecomment-3155896144) examples to learn more.
[Z-Image](https://huggingface.co/papers/2511.22699) is a powerful and highly efficient image generation model with 6B parameters. Currently there's only one model with two more to be released:
Z-Image-Turbo is a distilled version of Z-Image that matches or exceeds leading competitors with only 8 NFEs (Number of Function Evaluations). It offers sub-second inference latency on enterprise-grade H800 GPUs and fits comfortably within 16G VRAM consumer devices. It excels in photorealistic image generation, bilingual text rendering (English & Chinese), and robust instruction adherence.
## Image-to-image
Use [`ZImageImg2ImgPipeline`] to transform an existing image based on a text prompt.
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# Quantization
Quantization techniques reduce memory and computational costs by representing weights and activations with lower-precision data types like 8-bit integers (int8). This enables loading larger models you normally wouldn't be able to fit into memory, and speeding up inference.
> [!TIP]
> Learn how to quantize models in the [Quantization](../quantization/overview) guide.
