[["Question: The following pairs were placed in solution together. Which two could be separated by performing low-speed centrifugation?\nChoices:\nA. DNA and mRNA\nB. Nuclei and secretory vesicles\nC. Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum\nD. Lysosomes and endosomes\nAnswer:", " DNA and mRNA"], ["Question: The following pairs were placed in solution together. Which two could be separated by performing low-speed centrifugation?\nChoices:\nA. DNA and mRNA\nB. Nuclei and secretory vesicles\nC. Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum\nD. Lysosomes and endosomes\nAnswer:", " Nuclei and secretory vesicles"], ["Question: The following pairs were placed in solution together. Which two could be separated by performing low-speed centrifugation?\nChoices:\nA. DNA and mRNA\nB. Nuclei and secretory vesicles\nC. Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum\nD. Lysosomes and endosomes\nAnswer:", " Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum"], ["Question: The following pairs were placed in solution together. Which two could be separated by performing low-speed centrifugation?\nChoices:\nA. DNA and mRNA\nB. Nuclei and secretory vesicles\nC. Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum\nD. Lysosomes and endosomes\nAnswer:", " Lysosomes and endosomes"], ["Question: Mimicry is a strategy that has evolved through natural selection to increase the fitness of organisms to their environment. Which of the following represents a form of Batesian mimicry?\nChoices:\nA. A type of millipede that is toxic to a toad is permanently avoided by the toad following the toad's initial attempt to consume it.\nB. A moth exhibits false eyes at its tail end in order to disorient predators.\nC. A moth exhibits nearly identical coloration to that of a stinging bee.\nD. A ground-nesting gull chick displays a coloration pattern that is nearly indistinguishable from its surroundings.\nAnswer:", " A type of millipede that is toxic to a toad is permanently avoided by the toad following the toad's initial attempt to consume it."], ["Question: Mimicry is a strategy that has evolved through natural selection to increase the fitness of organisms to their environment. Which of the following represents a form of Batesian mimicry?\nChoices:\nA. A type of millipede that is toxic to a toad is permanently avoided by the toad following the toad's initial attempt to consume it.\nB. A moth exhibits false eyes at its tail end in order to disorient predators.\nC. A moth exhibits nearly identical coloration to that of a stinging bee.\nD. A ground-nesting gull chick displays a coloration pattern that is nearly indistinguishable from its surroundings.\nAnswer:", " A moth exhibits false eyes at its tail end in order to disorient predators."], ["Question: Mimicry is a strategy that has evolved through natural selection to increase the fitness of organisms to their environment. Which of the following represents a form of Batesian mimicry?\nChoices:\nA. A type of millipede that is toxic to a toad is permanently avoided by the toad following the toad's initial attempt to consume it.\nB. A moth exhibits false eyes at its tail end in order to disorient predators.\nC. A moth exhibits nearly identical coloration to that of a stinging bee.\nD. A ground-nesting gull chick displays a coloration pattern that is nearly indistinguishable from its surroundings.\nAnswer:", " A moth exhibits nearly identical coloration to that of a stinging bee."], ["Question: Mimicry is a strategy that has evolved through natural selection to increase the fitness of organisms to their environment. Which of the following represents a form of Batesian mimicry?\nChoices:\nA. A type of millipede that is toxic to a toad is permanently avoided by the toad following the toad's initial attempt to consume it.\nB. A moth exhibits false eyes at its tail end in order to disorient predators.\nC. A moth exhibits nearly identical coloration to that of a stinging bee.\nD. A ground-nesting gull chick displays a coloration pattern that is nearly indistinguishable from its surroundings.\nAnswer:", " A ground-nesting gull chick displays a coloration pattern that is nearly indistinguishable from its surroundings."], ["Question: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium generally assumes all of the following EXCEPT\nChoices:\nA. a large population\nB. genetic drift\nC. random mating\nD. absence of selection\nAnswer:", " a large population"], ["Question: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium generally assumes all of the following EXCEPT\nChoices:\nA. a large population\nB. genetic drift\nC. random mating\nD. absence of selection\nAnswer:", " genetic drift"], ["Question: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium generally assumes all of the following EXCEPT\nChoices:\nA. a large population\nB. genetic drift\nC. random mating\nD. absence of selection\nAnswer:", " random mating"], ["Question: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium generally assumes all of the following EXCEPT\nChoices:\nA. a large population\nB. genetic drift\nC. random mating\nD. absence of selection\nAnswer:", " absence of selection"], ["Question: All of the following may serve as intracellular messengers EXCEPT\nChoices:\nA. calcium ions\nB. cAMP\nC. acetylcholine\nD. inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate\nAnswer:", " calcium ions"], ["Question: All of the following may serve as intracellular messengers EXCEPT\nChoices:\nA. calcium ions\nB. cAMP\nC. acetylcholine\nD. inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate\nAnswer:", " cAMP"], ["Question: All of the following may serve as intracellular messengers EXCEPT\nChoices:\nA. calcium ions\nB. cAMP\nC. acetylcholine\nD. inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate\nAnswer:", " acetylcholine"], ["Question: All of the following may serve as intracellular messengers EXCEPT\nChoices:\nA. calcium ions\nB. cAMP\nC. acetylcholine\nD. inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate\nAnswer:", " inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate"], ["Question: In the formation of the earliest cells, which of the following components most likely arose first?\nChoices:\nA. Nucleus\nB. Plasma membrane\nC. Mitochondrion\nD. Flagellum\nAnswer:", " Nucleus"], ["Question: In the formation of the earliest cells, which of the following components most likely arose first?\nChoices:\nA. Nucleus\nB. Plasma membrane\nC. Mitochondrion\nD. Flagellum\nAnswer:", " Plasma membrane"], ["Question: In the formation of the earliest cells, which of the following components most likely arose first?\nChoices:\nA. Nucleus\nB. Plasma membrane\nC. Mitochondrion\nD. Flagellum\nAnswer:", " Mitochondrion"], ["Question: In the formation of the earliest cells, which of the following components most likely arose first?\nChoices:\nA. Nucleus\nB. Plasma membrane\nC. Mitochondrion\nD. Flagellum\nAnswer:", " Flagellum"], ["Question: In fungi, cell walls are reinforced by which of the following?\nChoices:\nA. Chitin\nB. Silica\nC. Lignin\nD. Collagen fibers\nAnswer:", " Chitin"], ["Question: In fungi, cell walls are reinforced by which of the following?\nChoices:\nA. Chitin\nB. Silica\nC. Lignin\nD. Collagen fibers\nAnswer:", " Silica"], ["Question: In fungi, cell walls are reinforced by which of the following?\nChoices:\nA. Chitin\nB. Silica\nC. Lignin\nD. Collagen fibers\nAnswer:", " Lignin"], ["Question: In fungi, cell walls are reinforced by which of the following?\nChoices:\nA. Chitin\nB. Silica\nC. Lignin\nD. Collagen fibers\nAnswer:", " Collagen fibers"], ["Question: If the activity of an enzyme is constant over a broad range of pH values, it is likely that\nChoices:\nA. only ionizing groups on the enzyme participate in the reaction\nB. only ionizing groups on the substrate participate in the reaction\nC. ionizing groups on both the enzyme and substrate participate in the reaction\nD. no ionizing groups on the enzyme or substrate participate in the reaction\nAnswer:", " only ionizing groups on the enzyme participate in the reaction"], ["Question: If the activity of an enzyme is constant over a broad range of pH values, it is likely that\nChoices:\nA. only ionizing groups on the enzyme participate in the reaction\nB. only ionizing groups on the substrate participate in the reaction\nC. ionizing groups on both the enzyme and substrate participate in the reaction\nD. no ionizing groups on the enzyme or substrate participate in the reaction\nAnswer:", " only ionizing groups on the substrate participate in the reaction"], ["Question: If the activity of an enzyme is constant over a broad range of pH values, it is likely that\nChoices:\nA. only ionizing groups on the enzyme participate in the reaction\nB. only ionizing groups on the substrate participate in the reaction\nC. ionizing groups on both the enzyme and substrate participate in the reaction\nD. no ionizing groups on the enzyme or substrate participate in the reaction\nAnswer:", " ionizing groups on both the enzyme and substrate participate in the reaction"], ["Question: If the activity of an enzyme is constant over a broad range of pH values, it is likely that\nChoices:\nA. only ionizing groups on the enzyme participate in the reaction\nB. only ionizing groups on the substrate participate in the reaction\nC. ionizing groups on both the enzyme and substrate participate in the reaction\nD. no ionizing groups on the enzyme or substrate participate in the reaction\nAnswer:", " no ionizing groups on the enzyme or substrate participate in the reaction"], ["Question: During the mammalian cardiac cycle, a volume of blood equivalent to ventricular stroke volume is transferred from the more compliant venous side to the less compliant arterial side of the circulation. In terms of pressures within the venous and arterial compartments, this transfer results in\nChoices:\nA. no change in pressure in either compartment\nB. no effect on venous pressure and a small increase in arterial pressure\nC. an increase in venous pressure and an equal but opposite decrease in arterial pressure\nD. little effect on venous pressure and a large increase in arterial pressure\nAnswer:", " no change in pressure in either compartment"], ["Question: During the mammalian cardiac cycle, a volume of blood equivalent to ventricular stroke volume is transferred from the more compliant venous side to the less compliant arterial side of the circulation. In terms of pressures within the venous and arterial compartments, this transfer results in\nChoices:\nA. no change in pressure in either compartment\nB. no effect on venous pressure and a small increase in arterial pressure\nC. an increase in venous pressure and an equal but opposite decrease in arterial pressure\nD. little effect on venous pressure and a large increase in arterial pressure\nAnswer:", " no effect on venous pressure and a small increase in arterial pressure"], ["Question: During the mammalian cardiac cycle, a volume of blood equivalent to ventricular stroke volume is transferred from the more compliant venous side to the less compliant arterial side of the circulation. In terms of pressures within the venous and arterial compartments, this transfer results in\nChoices:\nA. no change in pressure in either compartment\nB. no effect on venous pressure and a small increase in arterial pressure\nC. an increase in venous pressure and an equal but opposite decrease in arterial pressure\nD. little effect on venous pressure and a large increase in arterial pressure\nAnswer:", " an increase in venous pressure and an equal but opposite decrease in arterial pressure"], ["Question: During the mammalian cardiac cycle, a volume of blood equivalent to ventricular stroke volume is transferred from the more compliant venous side to the less compliant arterial side of the circulation. In terms of pressures within the venous and arterial compartments, this transfer results in\nChoices:\nA. no change in pressure in either compartment\nB. no effect on venous pressure and a small increase in arterial pressure\nC. an increase in venous pressure and an equal but opposite decrease in arterial pressure\nD. little effect on venous pressure and a large increase in arterial pressure\nAnswer:", " little effect on venous pressure and a large increase in arterial pressure"], ["Question: A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme exerts its effect by\nChoices:\nA. irreversibly forming covalent links with the enzyme, effectively preventing the enzyme's dissociation from it\nB. irreversibly modifying some of the amino acid residues that help to comprise the enzyme's active site\nC. competing with the substrate molecule for the same enzyme but a different binding site than the substrate binding site\nD. reversibly decreasing the number of enzyme molecules that are available to bind substrates\nAnswer:", " irreversibly forming covalent links with the enzyme, effectively preventing the enzyme's dissociation from it"], ["Question: A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme exerts its effect by\nChoices:\nA. irreversibly forming covalent links with the enzyme, effectively preventing the enzyme's dissociation from it\nB. irreversibly modifying some of the amino acid residues that help to comprise the enzyme's active site\nC. competing with the substrate molecule for the same enzyme but a different binding site than the substrate binding site\nD. reversibly decreasing the number of enzyme molecules that are available to bind substrates\nAnswer:", " irreversibly modifying some of the amino acid residues that help to comprise the enzyme's active site"], ["Question: A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme exerts its effect by\nChoices:\nA. irreversibly forming covalent links with the enzyme, effectively preventing the enzyme's dissociation from it\nB. irreversibly modifying some of the amino acid residues that help to comprise the enzyme's active site\nC. competing with the substrate molecule for the same enzyme but a different binding site than the substrate binding site\nD. reversibly decreasing the number of enzyme molecules that are available to bind substrates\nAnswer:", " competing with the substrate molecule for the same enzyme but a different binding site than the substrate binding site"], ["Question: A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme exerts its effect by\nChoices:\nA. irreversibly forming covalent links with the enzyme, effectively preventing the enzyme's dissociation from it\nB. irreversibly modifying some of the amino acid residues that help to comprise the enzyme's active site\nC. competing with the substrate molecule for the same enzyme but a different binding site than the substrate binding site\nD. reversibly decreasing the number of enzyme molecules that are available to bind substrates\nAnswer:", " reversibly decreasing the number of enzyme molecules that are available to bind substrates"], ["Question: An embryologist studying the development of a vertebrate organism from the zygote stage to fetus would be justified in drawing which of the following conclusions?\nChoices:\nA. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.\nB. Early embryos display identical features of their class, order, and species.\nC. An early human embryo has features in common with early fish and avian embryos.\nD. A human embryo displays features of adult fish and birds in the course of its development.\nAnswer:", " Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny."], ["Question: An embryologist studying the development of a vertebrate organism from the zygote stage to fetus would be justified in drawing which of the following conclusions?\nChoices:\nA. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.\nB. Early embryos display identical features of their class, order, and species.\nC. An early human embryo has features in common with early fish and avian embryos.\nD. A human embryo displays features of adult fish and birds in the course of its development.\nAnswer:", " Early embryos display identical features of their class, order, and species."], ["Question: An embryologist studying the development of a vertebrate organism from the zygote stage to fetus would be justified in drawing which of the following conclusions?\nChoices:\nA. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.\nB. Early embryos display identical features of their class, order, and species.\nC. An early human embryo has features in common with early fish and avian embryos.\nD. A human embryo displays features of adult fish and birds in the course of its development.\nAnswer:", " An early human embryo has features in common with early fish and avian embryos."], ["Question: An embryologist studying the development of a vertebrate organism from the zygote stage to fetus would be justified in drawing which of the following conclusions?\nChoices:\nA. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.\nB. Early embryos display identical features of their class, order, and species.\nC. An early human embryo has features in common with early fish and avian embryos.\nD. A human embryo displays features of adult fish and birds in the course of its development.\nAnswer:", " A human embryo displays features of adult fish and birds in the course of its development."]]