[["Question: Jupiter's orbital distance is roughly 5 AU. How many times brighter would the Sun have to be for Europa to receive the same solar flux that we currently receive on Earth (1380W/m2)?\nChoices:\nA. 100 times brighter\nB. 25 times brighter\nC. 2 times brighter\nD. 50 times brighter\nAnswer:", " 100 times brighter"], ["Question: Jupiter's orbital distance is roughly 5 AU. How many times brighter would the Sun have to be for Europa to receive the same solar flux that we currently receive on Earth (1380W/m2)?\nChoices:\nA. 100 times brighter\nB. 25 times brighter\nC. 2 times brighter\nD. 50 times brighter\nAnswer:", " 25 times brighter"], ["Question: Jupiter's orbital distance is roughly 5 AU. How many times brighter would the Sun have to be for Europa to receive the same solar flux that we currently receive on Earth (1380W/m2)?\nChoices:\nA. 100 times brighter\nB. 25 times brighter\nC. 2 times brighter\nD. 50 times brighter\nAnswer:", " 2 times brighter"], ["Question: Jupiter's orbital distance is roughly 5 AU. How many times brighter would the Sun have to be for Europa to receive the same solar flux that we currently receive on Earth (1380W/m2)?\nChoices:\nA. 100 times brighter\nB. 25 times brighter\nC. 2 times brighter\nD. 50 times brighter\nAnswer:", " 50 times brighter"], ["Question: From shortest to longest wavelength which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation?\nChoices:\nA. infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays radio\nB. radio infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays\nC. gamma rays X rays visible light ultraviolet infrared radio\nD. gamma rays X rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radio\nAnswer:", " infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays radio"], ["Question: From shortest to longest wavelength which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation?\nChoices:\nA. infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays radio\nB. radio infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays\nC. gamma rays X rays visible light ultraviolet infrared radio\nD. gamma rays X rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radio\nAnswer:", " radio infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays"], ["Question: From shortest to longest wavelength which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation?\nChoices:\nA. infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays radio\nB. radio infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays\nC. gamma rays X rays visible light ultraviolet infrared radio\nD. gamma rays X rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radio\nAnswer:", " gamma rays X rays visible light ultraviolet infrared radio"], ["Question: From shortest to longest wavelength which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation?\nChoices:\nA. infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays radio\nB. radio infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays\nC. gamma rays X rays visible light ultraviolet infrared radio\nD. gamma rays X rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radio\nAnswer:", " gamma rays X rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radio"], ["Question: The so-called \u201cbigfoot\u201d on Mars was actually a rock that was about 5 cm tall. It had an angular size of about 0.5 degrees (~30 pixels). How far away was this rock from the rover?\nChoices:\nA. About 6 meters\nB. About 6 feet\nC. About 10 meters\nD. About 10 feet\nAnswer:", " About 6 meters"], ["Question: The so-called \u201cbigfoot\u201d on Mars was actually a rock that was about 5 cm tall. It had an angular size of about 0.5 degrees (~30 pixels). How far away was this rock from the rover?\nChoices:\nA. About 6 meters\nB. About 6 feet\nC. About 10 meters\nD. About 10 feet\nAnswer:", " About 6 feet"], ["Question: The so-called \u201cbigfoot\u201d on Mars was actually a rock that was about 5 cm tall. It had an angular size of about 0.5 degrees (~30 pixels). How far away was this rock from the rover?\nChoices:\nA. About 6 meters\nB. About 6 feet\nC. About 10 meters\nD. About 10 feet\nAnswer:", " About 10 meters"], ["Question: The so-called \u201cbigfoot\u201d on Mars was actually a rock that was about 5 cm tall. It had an angular size of about 0.5 degrees (~30 pixels). How far away was this rock from the rover?\nChoices:\nA. About 6 meters\nB. About 6 feet\nC. About 10 meters\nD. About 10 feet\nAnswer:", " About 10 feet"], ["Question: Which of the following methods has led to the most discoveries of massive planets orbiting near their parent stars?\nChoices:\nA. detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum\nB. detecting the shift of the star's position against the sky due to the planet's gravitational pull\nC. detecting a planet ejected from a binary star system\nD. detecting the starlight reflected off the planet\nAnswer:", " detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum"], ["Question: Which of the following methods has led to the most discoveries of massive planets orbiting near their parent stars?\nChoices:\nA. detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum\nB. detecting the shift of the star's position against the sky due to the planet's gravitational pull\nC. detecting a planet ejected from a binary star system\nD. detecting the starlight reflected off the planet\nAnswer:", " detecting the shift of the star's position against the sky due to the planet's gravitational pull"], ["Question: Which of the following methods has led to the most discoveries of massive planets orbiting near their parent stars?\nChoices:\nA. detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum\nB. detecting the shift of the star's position against the sky due to the planet's gravitational pull\nC. detecting a planet ejected from a binary star system\nD. detecting the starlight reflected off the planet\nAnswer:", " detecting a planet ejected from a binary star system"], ["Question: Which of the following methods has led to the most discoveries of massive planets orbiting near their parent stars?\nChoices:\nA. detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum\nB. detecting the shift of the star's position against the sky due to the planet's gravitational pull\nC. detecting a planet ejected from a binary star system\nD. detecting the starlight reflected off the planet\nAnswer:", " detecting the starlight reflected off the planet"], ["Question: Approximately how far away is the Andromeda Galaxy?\nChoices:\nA. 1.7 million light years\nB. 2.1 million light years\nC. 2.5 million light years\nD. 3.2 million light years\nAnswer:", " 1.7 million light years"], ["Question: Approximately how far away is the Andromeda Galaxy?\nChoices:\nA. 1.7 million light years\nB. 2.1 million light years\nC. 2.5 million light years\nD. 3.2 million light years\nAnswer:", " 2.1 million light years"], ["Question: Approximately how far away is the Andromeda Galaxy?\nChoices:\nA. 1.7 million light years\nB. 2.1 million light years\nC. 2.5 million light years\nD. 3.2 million light years\nAnswer:", " 2.5 million light years"], ["Question: Approximately how far away is the Andromeda Galaxy?\nChoices:\nA. 1.7 million light years\nB. 2.1 million light years\nC. 2.5 million light years\nD. 3.2 million light years\nAnswer:", " 3.2 million light years"], ["Question: How do scientists know that the majority of meteorites come from the asteroid belt?\nChoices:\nA. Bubbles of gas trapped in the crystals within meteorites are identical to the gases trapped in asteroids.\nB. The spectra of some meteorites are similar to the spectra of asteroids in the asteroid belt.\nC. Collisions are common in the asteroid belt and we can track the fragments from their source asteroid to the Earth where they become meteorites.\nD. The asteroid belt is the only possible source of meteorites therefore they must originate there.\nAnswer:", " Bubbles of gas trapped in the crystals within meteorites are identical to the gases trapped in asteroids."], ["Question: How do scientists know that the majority of meteorites come from the asteroid belt?\nChoices:\nA. Bubbles of gas trapped in the crystals within meteorites are identical to the gases trapped in asteroids.\nB. The spectra of some meteorites are similar to the spectra of asteroids in the asteroid belt.\nC. Collisions are common in the asteroid belt and we can track the fragments from their source asteroid to the Earth where they become meteorites.\nD. The asteroid belt is the only possible source of meteorites therefore they must originate there.\nAnswer:", " The spectra of some meteorites are similar to the spectra of asteroids in the asteroid belt."], ["Question: How do scientists know that the majority of meteorites come from the asteroid belt?\nChoices:\nA. Bubbles of gas trapped in the crystals within meteorites are identical to the gases trapped in asteroids.\nB. The spectra of some meteorites are similar to the spectra of asteroids in the asteroid belt.\nC. Collisions are common in the asteroid belt and we can track the fragments from their source asteroid to the Earth where they become meteorites.\nD. The asteroid belt is the only possible source of meteorites therefore they must originate there.\nAnswer:", " Collisions are common in the asteroid belt and we can track the fragments from their source asteroid to the Earth where they become meteorites."], ["Question: How do scientists know that the majority of meteorites come from the asteroid belt?\nChoices:\nA. Bubbles of gas trapped in the crystals within meteorites are identical to the gases trapped in asteroids.\nB. The spectra of some meteorites are similar to the spectra of asteroids in the asteroid belt.\nC. Collisions are common in the asteroid belt and we can track the fragments from their source asteroid to the Earth where they become meteorites.\nD. The asteroid belt is the only possible source of meteorites therefore they must originate there.\nAnswer:", " The asteroid belt is the only possible source of meteorites therefore they must originate there."], ["Question: Which of the following is/are common feature(s) of all fresh (i.e. not eroded) impact craters formed on solid surfaces:\nChoices:\nA. ejecta\nB. raised rims\nC. central peaks\nD. A and B only\nAnswer:", " ejecta"], ["Question: Which of the following is/are common feature(s) of all fresh (i.e. not eroded) impact craters formed on solid surfaces:\nChoices:\nA. ejecta\nB. raised rims\nC. central peaks\nD. A and B only\nAnswer:", " raised rims"], ["Question: Which of the following is/are common feature(s) of all fresh (i.e. not eroded) impact craters formed on solid surfaces:\nChoices:\nA. ejecta\nB. raised rims\nC. central peaks\nD. A and B only\nAnswer:", " central peaks"], ["Question: Which of the following is/are common feature(s) of all fresh (i.e. not eroded) impact craters formed on solid surfaces:\nChoices:\nA. ejecta\nB. raised rims\nC. central peaks\nD. A and B only\nAnswer:", " A and B only"], ["Question: Why are the inner planets made of denser materials than the outer planets?\nChoices:\nA. In the beginning when the protoplanetary disk was spinning faster centrifugal forces flung the lighter materials toward the outer parts of the solar nebula.\nB. In the inner part of the nebula only metals and rocks were able to condense because of the high temperatures whereas hydrogen compounds although more abundant were only able to condense in the cooler outer regions.\nC. Denser materials were heavier and sank to the center of the nebula.\nD. When the solar nebula formed a disk materials naturally segregated into bands and in our particular solar system the denser materials settled nearer the Sun while lighter materials are found in the outer part.\nAnswer:", " In the beginning when the protoplanetary disk was spinning faster centrifugal forces flung the lighter materials toward the outer parts of the solar nebula."], ["Question: Why are the inner planets made of denser materials than the outer planets?\nChoices:\nA. In the beginning when the protoplanetary disk was spinning faster centrifugal forces flung the lighter materials toward the outer parts of the solar nebula.\nB. In the inner part of the nebula only metals and rocks were able to condense because of the high temperatures whereas hydrogen compounds although more abundant were only able to condense in the cooler outer regions.\nC. Denser materials were heavier and sank to the center of the nebula.\nD. When the solar nebula formed a disk materials naturally segregated into bands and in our particular solar system the denser materials settled nearer the Sun while lighter materials are found in the outer part.\nAnswer:", " In the inner part of the nebula only metals and rocks were able to condense because of the high temperatures whereas hydrogen compounds although more abundant were only able to condense in the cooler outer regions."], ["Question: Why are the inner planets made of denser materials than the outer planets?\nChoices:\nA. In the beginning when the protoplanetary disk was spinning faster centrifugal forces flung the lighter materials toward the outer parts of the solar nebula.\nB. In the inner part of the nebula only metals and rocks were able to condense because of the high temperatures whereas hydrogen compounds although more abundant were only able to condense in the cooler outer regions.\nC. Denser materials were heavier and sank to the center of the nebula.\nD. When the solar nebula formed a disk materials naturally segregated into bands and in our particular solar system the denser materials settled nearer the Sun while lighter materials are found in the outer part.\nAnswer:", " Denser materials were heavier and sank to the center of the nebula."], ["Question: Why are the inner planets made of denser materials than the outer planets?\nChoices:\nA. In the beginning when the protoplanetary disk was spinning faster centrifugal forces flung the lighter materials toward the outer parts of the solar nebula.\nB. In the inner part of the nebula only metals and rocks were able to condense because of the high temperatures whereas hydrogen compounds although more abundant were only able to condense in the cooler outer regions.\nC. Denser materials were heavier and sank to the center of the nebula.\nD. When the solar nebula formed a disk materials naturally segregated into bands and in our particular solar system the denser materials settled nearer the Sun while lighter materials are found in the outer part.\nAnswer:", " When the solar nebula formed a disk materials naturally segregated into bands and in our particular solar system the denser materials settled nearer the Sun while lighter materials are found in the outer part."], ["Question: Pluto's extremely cold (~40 K) surface is composed of:\nChoices:\nA. mainly water ice which always remains frozen\nB. nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which sublimate into an atmosphere near perihelion\nC. nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which always remain frozen\nD. roughly half ices and half rocky materials\nAnswer:", " mainly water ice which always remains frozen"], ["Question: Pluto's extremely cold (~40 K) surface is composed of:\nChoices:\nA. mainly water ice which always remains frozen\nB. nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which sublimate into an atmosphere near perihelion\nC. nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which always remain frozen\nD. roughly half ices and half rocky materials\nAnswer:", " nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which sublimate into an atmosphere near perihelion"], ["Question: Pluto's extremely cold (~40 K) surface is composed of:\nChoices:\nA. mainly water ice which always remains frozen\nB. nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which sublimate into an atmosphere near perihelion\nC. nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which always remain frozen\nD. roughly half ices and half rocky materials\nAnswer:", " nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which always remain frozen"], ["Question: Pluto's extremely cold (~40 K) surface is composed of:\nChoices:\nA. mainly water ice which always remains frozen\nB. nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which sublimate into an atmosphere near perihelion\nC. nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which always remain frozen\nD. roughly half ices and half rocky materials\nAnswer:", " roughly half ices and half rocky materials"], ["Question: Why did the solar nebula heat up as it collapsed?\nChoices:\nA. Collisions among planetesimals generated friction and heat.\nB. Radiation from other nearby stars that had formed earlier heated the nebula.\nC. The shock wave from a nearby supernova heated the gas.\nD. As the cloud shrank its gravitational potential energy was converted to kinetic energy and then into thermal energy.\nAnswer:", " Collisions among planetesimals generated friction and heat."], ["Question: Why did the solar nebula heat up as it collapsed?\nChoices:\nA. Collisions among planetesimals generated friction and heat.\nB. Radiation from other nearby stars that had formed earlier heated the nebula.\nC. The shock wave from a nearby supernova heated the gas.\nD. As the cloud shrank its gravitational potential energy was converted to kinetic energy and then into thermal energy.\nAnswer:", " Radiation from other nearby stars that had formed earlier heated the nebula."], ["Question: Why did the solar nebula heat up as it collapsed?\nChoices:\nA. Collisions among planetesimals generated friction and heat.\nB. Radiation from other nearby stars that had formed earlier heated the nebula.\nC. The shock wave from a nearby supernova heated the gas.\nD. As the cloud shrank its gravitational potential energy was converted to kinetic energy and then into thermal energy.\nAnswer:", " The shock wave from a nearby supernova heated the gas."], ["Question: Why did the solar nebula heat up as it collapsed?\nChoices:\nA. Collisions among planetesimals generated friction and heat.\nB. Radiation from other nearby stars that had formed earlier heated the nebula.\nC. The shock wave from a nearby supernova heated the gas.\nD. As the cloud shrank its gravitational potential energy was converted to kinetic energy and then into thermal energy.\nAnswer:", " As the cloud shrank its gravitational potential energy was converted to kinetic energy and then into thermal energy."]]