dataset_name: high_school_european_history
description: "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about high\
  \ school european history.\n\nQ: This question refers to the following information.\n\
  Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head\
  \ of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm in\
  \ their convocations, yet nevertheless, for corroboration and confirmation thereof,\
  \ and for increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England,\
  \ and to repress and extirpate all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses\
  \ heretofore used in the same, be it enacted, by authority of this present Parliament,\
  \ that the king, our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm,\
  \ shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church\
  \ of England, called Anglicans Ecclesia; and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united\
  \ to the imperial crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof, as all\
  \ honors, dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities,\
  \ profits, and commodities to the said dignity of the supreme head of the same Church\
  \ belonging and appertaining; and that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors,\
  \ kings of this realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to\
  \ visit, repress, redress, record, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such\
  \ errors, heresies, abuses, offenses, contempts, and enormities, whatsoever they\
  \ be, which by any manner of spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may lawfully\
  \ be reformed, repressed, ordered, redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended,\
  \ most to the pleasure of Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion,\
  \ and for the conservation of the peace, unity, and tranquility of this realm; any\
  \ usage, foreign land, foreign authority, prescription, or any other thing or things\
  \ to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.\nEnglish Parliament, Act of Supremacy,\
  \ 1534\nFrom the passage, one may infer that the English Parliament wished to argue\
  \ that the Act of Supremacy would\n(A) give the English king a new position of authority\
  \ (B) give the position of head of the Church of England to Henry VIII alone and\
  \ exclude his heirs (C) establish Calvinism as the one true theology in England\
  \ (D) end various forms of corruption plaguing the Church in England\nA: Let's think\
  \ step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on european history for help. The\
  \ Act of Supremacy states that it grants authority to the king \"to repress and\
  \ extirpate all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses\", referring to\
  \ the corruption in the Church of England. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: This question\
  \ refers to the following information.\nRead the following excerpt.\nThe revolutionary\
  \ seed had penetrated into every country and spread more or less. It was greatly\
  \ developed under the r\xE9gime of the military despotism of Bonaparte. His conquests\
  \ displaced a number of laws, institutions, and customs; broke through bonds sacred\
  \ among all nations, strong enough to resist time itself; which is more than can\
  \ be said of certain benefits conferred by these innovators.\nThe monarchs will\
  \ fulfil the duties imposed upon them by Him who, by entrusting them with power,\
  \ has charged them to watch over the maintenance of justice, and the rights of all,\
  \ to avoid the paths of error, and tread firmly in the way of truth. Placed beyond\
  \ the passions which agitate society, it is in days of trial chiefly that they are\
  \ called upon to despoil realities of their false appearances, and to show themselves\
  \ as they are, fathers invested with the authority belonging by right to the heads\
  \ of families, to prove that, in days of mourning, they know how to be just, wise,\
  \ and therefore strong, and that they will not abandon the people whom they ought\
  \ to govern to be the sport of factions, to error and its consequences, which must\
  \ involve the loss of society.\nUnion between the monarchs is the basis of the policy\
  \ which must now be followed to save society from total ruin. . . .\nLet them not\
  \ confound concessions made to parties with the good they ought to do for their\
  \ people, in modifying, according to their recognized needs, such branches of the\
  \ administration as require it.\nLet them be just, but strong; beneficent, but strict.\n\
  Let them maintain religious principles in all their purity, and not allow the faith\
  \ to be attacked and morality interpreted according to the social contract or the\
  \ visions of foolish sectarians.\nLet them suppress Secret Societies; that gangrene\
  \ of society.\n\u2014Klemens von Metternich, Political Confession of Faith, 1820\n\
  Which of the following was the greatest cause of the fears expressed by Metternich\
  \ in the document above?\n(A) The ideas of personal liberty and nationalism conceived\
  \ during the Enlightenment resulted in radical revolutions that could spread throughout\
  \ Europe. (B) The conquest of Europe by Napoleon led to the creation of new factions\
  \ and shifted the European balance of power. (C) The power of monarchs had grown\
  \ to the point where it needed to be checked by other powers within each nation\
  \ or domination of civilians would occur. (D) The rising and falling economic cycle\
  \ of the newly emerging capitalist economy could lead to civilian unrest that must\
  \ be suppressed.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on\
  \ european history for help. The fears of revolution in early 19th century Europe\
  \ expressed by Klemens von Metternich, a conservative Austrian statesman, were a\
  \ direct result of the age of Enlightenment, a period of European history where\
  \ the absolute power of the monarchy was challenged with ideas of individual liberty\
  \ and nationalism, leading to the French revolution and its effects all over Europe.\
  \ The answer is (A).\n\nQ: This question refers to the following information.\n\
  The excerpts below are from the Navigation Acts of 1651.\n[A]fter the first day\
  \ of December, one thousand six hundred fifty and one, and from thence forwards,\
  \ no goods or commodities whatsoever of the growth, production or manufacture of\
  \ Asia, Africa or America, or of any part thereof; or of any islands belonging to\
  \ them, or which are described or laid down in the usual maps or cards of those\
  \ places, as well of the English plantations as others, shall be imported or brought\
  \ into this Commonwealth of England, or into Ireland, or any other lands, islands,\
  \ plantations, or territories to this Commonwealth belonging, or in their possession,\
  \ in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but only in such as\
  \ do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of this Commonwealth, or\
  \ the plantations thereof, as the proprietors or right owners thereof; and whereof\
  \ the master and mariners are also of the people of this Commonwealth, under the\
  \ penalty of the forfeiture and loss of all the goods that shall be imported contrary\
  \ to this act, , , ,\n[N]o goods or commodities of the growth, production, or manufacture\
  \ of Europe, or of any part thereof, shall after the first day of December, one\
  \ thousand six hundred fifty and one, be imported or brought into this Commonwealth\
  \ of England, or any other lands or territories to this Commonwealth belonging,\
  \ or in their possession, in any ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but\
  \ in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of this Commonwealth,\
  \ and in no other, except only such foreign ships and vessels as do truly and properly\
  \ belong to the people of that country or place, of which the said goods are the\
  \ growth, production or manufacture.\nWhich of the following best describes the\
  \ outcome of the Navigation Acts of 1651?\n(A) They served as a catalyst for the\
  \ growth of English shipping and overseas trade, but did little to limit the prospects\
  \ of the Dutch in the seventeenth century. (B) They brought about almost immediate\
  \ hardships for the Dutch economy as their dominance of overseas trade quickly ended.\
  \ (C) They were rescinded during the restoration of the Stuarts as they sought normal\
  \ diplomatic relations with the Dutch so not as to need Parliament's financial support\
  \ for war. (D) They led to nearly a century of recurrent war between England and\
  \ the Netherlands, which would not end until after American independence.\nA: Let's\
  \ think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on european history for help.\
  \ The Navigation Acts of 1651 helped English shipping by restricting the ability\
  \ of ships from other European countries, especially the Dutch, to transport goods\
  \ from colonies in Asia and Africa into England. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: This question\
  \ refers to the following information.\nIn Russia there was nothing going on well,\
  \ and [Souvarine] was in despair over the news he had received. His old companions\
  \ were all turning to the politicians; the famous Nihilists who made Europe tremble-sons\
  \ of village priests, of the lower middle class, of tradesmen-could not rise above\
  \ the idea of national liberation, and seemed to believe that the world would be\
  \ delivered-when they had killed their despot&\u2026\n\"Foolery! They'll never get\
  \ out of it with their foolery.\"\nThen, lowering his voice still more, in a few\
  \ bitter words he described his old dream of fraternity. He had renounced his rank\
  \ and his fortune; he had gone among workmen, only in the hope of seeing at last\
  \ the foundation of a new society of labour in common. All the sous in his pockets\
  \ had long gone to the urchins of the settlement; he had been as tender as a brother\
  \ with the colliers, smiling at their suspicion, winning them over by his quiet\
  \ workmanlike ways and his dislike of chattering. But decidedly the fusion had not\
  \ taken place.\nHis voice changed, his eyes grew bright, he fixed them on \xE9tienne,\
  \ directly addressing him:\n\"Now, do you understand that? These hatworkers at Marseilles\
  \ who have won the great lottery prize of a hundred thousand francs have gone off\
  \ at once and invested it, declaring that they are going to live without doing anything!\
  \ Yes, that is your idea, all of you French workmen; you want to unearth a treasure\
  \ in order to devour it alone afterwards in some lazy, selfish corner. You may cry\
  \ out as much as you like against the rich, you haven't got courage enough to give\
  \ back to the poor the money that luck brings you. You will never be worthy of happiness\
  \ as long as you own anything, and your hatred of the bourgeois proceeds solely\
  \ from an angry desire to be bourgeois yourselves in their place.\"\n\xE9mile Zola,\
  \ French writer, Germinal, 1885\nThe passage displays the direct concern for the\
  \ welfare of the working classes that was typically a part of which movement?\n\
  (A) Capitalist (B) Scientific (C) Communist (D) Existentialist\nA: Let's think step\
  \ by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on european history for help. The modern\
  \ Communist movement aims to establish a classless society based on communal ownership\
  \ and distribution of property and means of production, thereby especially benefiting\
  \ the working classes. The answer is (C).\n\nQ: This question refers to the following\
  \ information.\nThe following excerpt is from a pamphlet.\nYou will do me the justice\
  \ to remember, that I have always strenuously supported the Right of every man to\
  \ his own opinion, however different that opinion might be to mine. He who denies\
  \ to another this right, makes a slave of himself to his present opinion, because\
  \ he precludes himself the right of changing it.\nThe most formidable weapon against\
  \ errors of every kind is Reason. I have never used any other, and I trust I never\
  \ shall.\nThe circumstance that has now taken place in France of the total abolition\
  \ of the whole national order of priesthood, and of everything appertaining to compulsive\
  \ systems of religion, and compulsive articles of faith, has not only precipitated\
  \ my intention, but rendered a work of this kind exceedingly necessary, lest in\
  \ the general wreck of superstition, of false systems of government, and false theology,\
  \ we lose sight of morality, of humanity, and of the theology that is true.\nI believe\
  \ in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life.\nI believe\
  \ in the equality of man; and I believe that religious duties consist in doing justice,\
  \ loving mercy, and endeavoring to make our fellow-creatures happy.\nI do not believe\
  \ in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek\
  \ church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that\
  \ I know of. My own mind is my own church.\nAll national institutions of churches,\
  \ whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions,\
  \ set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.\nI do\
  \ not mean by this declaration to condemn those who believe otherwise; they have\
  \ the same right to their belief as I have to mine.\n\u2014Thomas Paine, The Age\
  \ of Reason, 1794\u20131795\nWhich of the following Enlightenment philosophes designed\
  \ a system of checks and balances for government to avoid abuses of power?\n(A)\
  \ Jean Jacques Rousseau (B) Baron Montesquieu (C) Mary Wollstonecraft (D) Adam Smith\n\
  A: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on european history\
  \ for help. Baron Montesquieu was a 18th centrury French philsopher who wrote extensively\
  \ against the monoplization of power and advocated for a system of checks and balances\
  \ in government to prevent the rise of despotism. The answer is (B)."
include: _mmlu_flan_cot_fewshot_template_yaml
task: mmlu_flan_cot_fewshot_high_school_european_history
