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*This model was released on 2022-04-26 and added to Hugging Face Transformers on 2025-01-08.*

<div style="float: right;">
  <div class="flex flex-wrap space-x-1">
    <img alt="PyTorch" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/PyTorch-DE3412?style=flat&logo=pytorch&logoColor=white">
  </div>
</div>

# ViTPose

[ViTPose](https://huggingface.co/papers/2204.12484) is a vision transformer-based model for keypoint (pose) estimation. It uses a simple, non-hierarchical [ViT](./vit) backbone and a lightweight decoder head. This architecture simplifies model design, takes advantage of transformer scalability, and can be adapted to different training strategies.

[ViTPose++](https://huggingface.co/papers/2212.04246) improves on ViTPose by incorporating a mixture-of-experts (MoE) module in the backbone and using more diverse pretraining data.

<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/model_doc/vitpose-architecture.png"
alt="drawing" width="600"/>

You can find all ViTPose and ViTPose++ checkpoints under the [ViTPose collection](https://huggingface.co/collections/usyd-community/vitpose-677fcfd0a0b2b5c8f79c4335).

The example below demonstrates pose estimation with the [`VitPoseForPoseEstimation`] class.

```py
import torch
import requests
import numpy as np
import supervision as sv
from PIL import Image
from transformers import AutoProcessor, RTDetrForObjectDetection, VitPoseForPoseEstimation
from accelerate import Accelerator

device = Accelerator().device

url = "https://www.fcbarcelona.com/fcbarcelona/photo/2021/01/31/3c55a19f-dfc1-4451-885e-afd14e890a11/mini_2021-01-31-BARCELONA-ATHLETIC-BILBAOI-30.JPG"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

# Detect humans in the image
person_image_processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("PekingU/rtdetr_r50vd_coco_o365")
person_model = RTDetrForObjectDetection.from_pretrained("PekingU/rtdetr_r50vd_coco_o365", device_map=device)

inputs = person_image_processor(images=image, return_tensors="pt").to(person_model.device)

with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = person_model(**inputs)

results = person_image_processor.post_process_object_detection(
    outputs, target_sizes=torch.tensor([(image.height, image.width)]), threshold=0.3
)
result = results[0]

# Human label refers 0 index in COCO dataset
person_boxes = result["boxes"][result["labels"] == 0]
person_boxes = person_boxes.cpu().numpy()

# Convert boxes from VOC (x1, y1, x2, y2) to COCO (x1, y1, w, h) format
person_boxes[:, 2] = person_boxes[:, 2] - person_boxes[:, 0]
person_boxes[:, 3] = person_boxes[:, 3] - person_boxes[:, 1]

# Detect keypoints for each person found
image_processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("usyd-community/vitpose-base-simple")
model = VitPoseForPoseEstimation.from_pretrained("usyd-community/vitpose-base-simple", device_map=device)

inputs = image_processor(image, boxes=[person_boxes], return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)

with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = model(**inputs)

pose_results = image_processor.post_process_pose_estimation(outputs, boxes=[person_boxes])
image_pose_result = pose_results[0]

xy = torch.stack([pose_result['keypoints'] for pose_result in image_pose_result]).cpu().numpy()
scores = torch.stack([pose_result['scores'] for pose_result in image_pose_result]).cpu().numpy()

key_points = sv.KeyPoints(
    xy=xy, confidence=scores
)

edge_annotator = sv.EdgeAnnotator(
    color=sv.Color.GREEN,
    thickness=1
)
vertex_annotator = sv.VertexAnnotator(
    color=sv.Color.RED,
    radius=2
)
annotated_frame = edge_annotator.annotate(
    scene=image.copy(),
    key_points=key_points
)
annotated_frame = vertex_annotator.annotate(
    scene=annotated_frame,
    key_points=key_points
)
annotated_frame
```

<div class="flex justify-center">
    <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/model_doc/vitpose.png"/>
</div>

Quantization reduces the memory burden of large models by representing the weights in a lower precision. Refer to the [Quantization](../quantization/overview) overview for more available quantization backends.

The example below uses [torchao](../quantization/torchao) to only quantize the weights to int4.

```py
# pip install torchao
import torch
import requests
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
from transformers import AutoProcessor, RTDetrForObjectDetection, VitPoseForPoseEstimation, TorchAoConfig

url = "https://www.fcbarcelona.com/fcbarcelona/photo/2021/01/31/3c55a19f-dfc1-4451-885e-afd14e890a11/mini_2021-01-31-BARCELONA-ATHLETIC-BILBAOI-30.JPG"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

person_image_processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("PekingU/rtdetr_r50vd_coco_o365")
person_model = RTDetrForObjectDetection.from_pretrained("PekingU/rtdetr_r50vd_coco_o365", device_map=device)

inputs = person_image_processor(images=image, return_tensors="pt").to(device)

with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = person_model(**inputs)

results = person_image_processor.post_process_object_detection(
    outputs, target_sizes=torch.tensor([(image.height, image.width)]), threshold=0.3
)
result = results[0]

person_boxes = result["boxes"][result["labels"] == 0]
person_boxes = person_boxes.cpu().numpy()

person_boxes[:, 2] = person_boxes[:, 2] - person_boxes[:, 0]
person_boxes[:, 3] = person_boxes[:, 3] - person_boxes[:, 1]

quantization_config = TorchAoConfig("int4_weight_only", group_size=128)

image_processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("usyd-community/vitpose-plus-huge")
model = VitPoseForPoseEstimation.from_pretrained("usyd-community/vitpose-plus-huge", device_map=device, quantization_config=quantization_config)

inputs = image_processor(image, boxes=[person_boxes], return_tensors="pt").to(device)

with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = model(**inputs)

pose_results = image_processor.post_process_pose_estimation(outputs, boxes=[person_boxes])
image_pose_result = pose_results[0]
```

## Notes

- Use [`AutoProcessor`] to automatically prepare bounding box and image inputs.
- ViTPose is a top-down pose estimator. It uses a object detector to detect individuals first before keypoint prediction.
- ViTPose++ has 6 different MoE expert heads (COCO validation `0`, AiC `1`, MPII `2`, AP-10K `3`, APT-36K `4`, COCO-WholeBody `5`) which supports 6 different datasets. Pass a specific value corresponding to the dataset to the `dataset_index` to indicate which expert to use.

    ```py
    from transformers import AutoProcessor, VitPoseForPoseEstimation
    from accelerate import Accelerator

    device = Accelerator().device

    image_processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("usyd-community/vitpose-plus-base")
    model = VitPoseForPoseEstimation.from_pretrained("usyd-community/vitpose-plus-base", device=device)

    inputs = image_processor(image, boxes=[person_boxes], return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
    dataset_index = torch.tensor([0], device=device) # must be a tensor of shape (batch_size,)

    with torch.no_grad():
        outputs = model(**inputs, dataset_index=dataset_index)
    ```

- [OpenCV](https://opencv.org/) is an alternative option for visualizing the estimated pose.

    ```py
    # pip install opencv-python
    import math
    import cv2

    def draw_points(image, keypoints, scores, pose_keypoint_color, keypoint_score_threshold, radius, show_keypoint_weight):
        if pose_keypoint_color is not None:
            assert len(pose_keypoint_color) == len(keypoints)
        for kid, (kpt, kpt_score) in enumerate(zip(keypoints, scores)):
            x_coord, y_coord = int(kpt[0]), int(kpt[1])
            if kpt_score > keypoint_score_threshold:
                color = tuple(int(c) for c in pose_keypoint_color[kid])
                if show_keypoint_weight:
                    cv2.circle(image, (int(x_coord), int(y_coord)), radius, color, -1)
                    transparency = max(0, min(1, kpt_score))
                    cv2.addWeighted(image, transparency, image, 1 - transparency, 0, dst=image)
                else:
                    cv2.circle(image, (int(x_coord), int(y_coord)), radius, color, -1)

    def draw_links(image, keypoints, scores, keypoint_edges, link_colors, keypoint_score_threshold, thickness, show_keypoint_weight, stick_width = 2):
        height, width, _ = image.shape
        if keypoint_edges is not None and link_colors is not None:
            assert len(link_colors) == len(keypoint_edges)
            for sk_id, sk in enumerate(keypoint_edges):
                x1, y1, score1 = (int(keypoints[sk[0], 0]), int(keypoints[sk[0], 1]), scores[sk[0]])
                x2, y2, score2 = (int(keypoints[sk[1], 0]), int(keypoints[sk[1], 1]), scores[sk[1]])
                if (
                    x1 > 0
                    and x1 < width
                    and y1 > 0
                    and y1 < height
                    and x2 > 0
                    and x2 < width
                    and y2 > 0
                    and y2 < height
                    and score1 > keypoint_score_threshold
                    and score2 > keypoint_score_threshold
                ):
                    color = tuple(int(c) for c in link_colors[sk_id])
                    if show_keypoint_weight:
                        X = (x1, x2)
                        Y = (y1, y2)
                        mean_x = np.mean(X)
                        mean_y = np.mean(Y)
                        length = ((Y[0] - Y[1]) ** 2 + (X[0] - X[1]) ** 2) ** 0.5
                        angle = math.degrees(math.atan2(Y[0] - Y[1], X[0] - X[1]))
                        polygon = cv2.ellipse2Poly(
                            (int(mean_x), int(mean_y)), (int(length / 2), int(stick_width)), int(angle), 0, 360, 1
                        )
                        cv2.fillConvexPoly(image, polygon, color)
                        transparency = max(0, min(1, 0.5 * (keypoints[sk[0], 2] + keypoints[sk[1], 2])))
                        cv2.addWeighted(image, transparency, image, 1 - transparency, 0, dst=image)
                    else:
                        cv2.line(image, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), color, thickness=thickness)

    # Note: keypoint_edges and color palette are dataset-specific
    keypoint_edges = model.config.edges

    palette = np.array(
        [
            [255, 128, 0],
            [255, 153, 51],
            [255, 178, 102],
            [230, 230, 0],
            [255, 153, 255],
            [153, 204, 255],
            [255, 102, 255],
            [255, 51, 255],
            [102, 178, 255],
            [51, 153, 255],
            [255, 153, 153],
            [255, 102, 102],
            [255, 51, 51],
            [153, 255, 153],
            [102, 255, 102],
            [51, 255, 51],
            [0, 255, 0],
            [0, 0, 255],
            [255, 0, 0],
            [255, 255, 255],
        ]
    )

    link_colors = palette[[0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16]]
    keypoint_colors = palette[[16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]

    numpy_image = np.array(image)

    for pose_result in image_pose_result:
        scores = np.array(pose_result["scores"])
        keypoints = np.array(pose_result["keypoints"])

        # draw each point on image
        draw_points(numpy_image, keypoints, scores, keypoint_colors, keypoint_score_threshold=0.3, radius=4, show_keypoint_weight=False)

        # draw links
        draw_links(numpy_image, keypoints, scores, keypoint_edges, link_colors, keypoint_score_threshold=0.3, thickness=1, show_keypoint_weight=False)

    pose_image = Image.fromarray(numpy_image)
    pose_image
    ```

## Resources

Refer to resources below to learn more about using ViTPose.

- This [notebook](https://github.com/NielsRogge/Transformers-Tutorials/blob/master/ViTPose/Inference_with_ViTPose_for_body_pose_estimation.ipynb) demonstrates inference and visualization.
- This [Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/hysts/ViTPose-transformers) demonstrates ViTPose on images and video.

## VitPoseImageProcessor

[[autodoc]] VitPoseImageProcessor
    - preprocess
    - post_process_pose_estimation

## VitPoseConfig

[[autodoc]] VitPoseConfig

## VitPoseForPoseEstimation

[[autodoc]] VitPoseForPoseEstimation
    - forward
