Demoing LXMERT with raw images by incorporating the FRCNN model for roi-pooled...

Demoing LXMERT with raw images by incorporating the FRCNN model for roi-pooled extraction and bounding-box predction on the GQA answer set. (#6986)

* adding demo

* Update examples/lxmert/requirements.txt
Co-authored-by: Lysandre Debut <lysandre@huggingface.co>

* Update examples/lxmert/checkpoint.sh
Co-authored-by: Lysandre Debut <lysandre@huggingface.co>

* added user input for .py demo

* updated model loading, data extrtaction, checkpoints, and lots of other automation

* adding normalizing for bounding boxes

* Update requirements.txt

* some optimizations for extracting data

* added data extracting file

* added data extraction file

* minor fixes to reqs and readme

* Style

* remove options
Co-authored-by: Lysandre Debut <lysandre@huggingface.co>
Co-authored-by: Lysandre <lysandre.debut@reseau.eseo.fr>

examples/lxmert/README.md

+# LXMERT DEMO
+
+1. make a virtualenv: ``virtualenv venv`` and activate ``source venv/bin/activate``
+2. install reqs: ``pip install -r ./requirements.txt``
+3. usage is as shown in demo.ipynb

examples/lxmert/extracting_data.py

+import getopt
+import json
+import os
+
+# import numpy as np
+import sys
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+import datasets
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+from modeling_frcnn import GeneralizedRCNN
+from processing_image import Preprocess
+from utils import Config
+
+
+"""
+USAGE:
+``python extracting_data.py -i <img_dir> -o <dataset_file>.datasets <batch_size>``
+"""
+
+
+TEST = False
+CONFIG = Config.from_pretrained("unc-nlp/frcnn-vg-finetuned")
+DEFAULT_SCHEMA = datasets.Features(
+    OrderedDict(
+        {
+            "attr_ids": datasets.Sequence(length=CONFIG.MAX_DETECTIONS, feature=datasets.Value("float32")),
+            "attr_probs": datasets.Sequence(length=CONFIG.MAX_DETECTIONS, feature=datasets.Value("float32")),
+            "boxes": datasets.Array2D((CONFIG.MAX_DETECTIONS, 4), dtype="float32"),
+            "img_id": datasets.Value("int32"),
+            "obj_ids": datasets.Sequence(length=CONFIG.MAX_DETECTIONS, feature=datasets.Value("float32")),
+            "obj_probs": datasets.Sequence(length=CONFIG.MAX_DETECTIONS, feature=datasets.Value("float32")),
+            "roi_features": datasets.Array2D((CONFIG.MAX_DETECTIONS, 2048), dtype="float32"),
+            "sizes": datasets.Sequence(length=2, feature=datasets.Value("float32")),
+            "preds_per_image": datasets.Value(dtype="int32"),
+        }
+    )
+)
+
+
+class Extract:
+    def __init__(self, argv=sys.argv[1:]):
+        inputdir = None
+        outputfile = None
+        subset_list = None
+        batch_size = 1
+        opts, args = getopt.getopt(argv, "i:o:b:s", ["inputdir=", "outfile=", "batch_size=", "subset_list="])
+        for opt, arg in opts:
+            if opt in ("-i", "--inputdir"):
+                inputdir = arg
+            elif opt in ("-o", "--outfile"):
+                outputfile = arg
+            elif opt in ("-b", "--batch_size"):
+                batch_size = int(arg)
+            elif opt in ("-s", "--subset_list"):
+                subset_list = arg
+
+        assert inputdir is not None  # and os.path.isdir(inputdir), f"{inputdir}"
+        assert outputfile is not None and not os.path.isfile(outputfile), f"{outputfile}"
+        if subset_list is not None:
+            with open(os.path.realpath(subset_list)) as f:
+                self.subset_list = set(map(lambda x: self._vqa_file_split()[0], tryload(f)))
+        else:
+            self.subset_list = None
+
+        self.config = CONFIG
+        if torch.cuda.is_available():
+            self.config.model.device = "cuda"
+        self.inputdir = os.path.realpath(inputdir)
+        self.outputfile = os.path.realpath(outputfile)
+        self.preprocess = Preprocess(self.config)
+        self.model = GeneralizedRCNN.from_pretrained("unc-nlp/frcnn-vg-finetuned", config=self.config)
+        self.batch = batch_size if batch_size != 0 else 1
+        self.schema = DEFAULT_SCHEMA
+
+    def _vqa_file_split(self, file):
+        img_id = int(file.split(".")[0].split("_")[-1])
+        filepath = os.path.join(self.inputdir, file)
+        return (img_id, filepath)
+
+    @property
+    def file_generator(self):
+        batch = []
+        for i, file in enumerate(os.listdir(self.inputdir)):
+            if self.subset_list is not None and i not in self.subset_list:
+                continue
+            batch.append(self._vqa_file_split(file))
+            if len(batch) == self.batch:
+                temp = batch
+                batch = []
+                yield list(map(list, zip(*temp)))
+
+        for i in range(1):
+            yield list(map(list, zip(*batch)))
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        # make writer
+        if not TEST:
+            writer = datasets.ArrowWriter(features=self.schema, path=self.outputfile)
+        # do file generator
+        for i, (img_ids, filepaths) in enumerate(self.file_generator):
+            images, sizes, scales_yx = self.preprocess(filepaths)
+            output_dict = self.model(
+                images,
+                sizes,
+                scales_yx=scales_yx,
+                padding="max_detections",
+                max_detections=self.config.MAX_DETECTIONS,
+                pad_value=0,
+                return_tensors="np",
+                location="cpu",
+            )
+            output_dict["boxes"] = output_dict.pop("normalized_boxes")
+            if not TEST:
+                output_dict["img_id"] = np.array(img_ids)
+                batch = self.schema.encode_batch(output_dict)
+                writer.write_batch(batch)
+            if TEST:
+                break
+            # finalizer the writer
+        if not TEST:
+            num_examples, num_bytes = writer.finalize()
+            print(f"Success! You wrote {num_examples} entry(s) and {num_bytes >> 20} mb")
+
+
+def tryload(stream):
+    try:
+        data = json.load(stream)
+        try:
+            data = list(data.keys())
+        except Exception:
+            data = [d["img_id"] for d in data]
+    except Exception:
+        try:
+            data = eval(stream.read())
+        except Exception:
+            data = stream.read().split("\n")
+    return data
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    extract = Extract(sys.argv[1:])
+    extract()
+    if not TEST:
+        dataset = datasets.Dataset.from_file(extract.outputfile)
+        # wala!
+        # print(np.array(dataset[0:2]["roi_features"]).shape)

examples/lxmert/processing_image.py

+"""
+ coding=utf-8
+ Copyright 2018, Antonio Mendoza Hao Tan, Mohit Bansal
+ Adapted From Facebook Inc, Detectron2
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.import copy
+ """
+import sys
+from typing import Tuple
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+from PIL import Image
+
+from utils import img_tensorize
+
+
+class ResizeShortestEdge:
+    def __init__(self, short_edge_length, max_size=sys.maxsize):
+        """
+        Args:
+            short_edge_length (list[min, max])
+            max_size (int): maximum allowed longest edge length.
+        """
+        self.interp_method = "bilinear"
+        self.max_size = max_size
+        self.short_edge_length = short_edge_length
+
+    def __call__(self, imgs):
+        img_augs = []
+        for img in imgs:
+            h, w = img.shape[:2]
+            # later: provide list and randomly choose index for resize
+            size = np.random.randint(self.short_edge_length[0], self.short_edge_length[1] + 1)
+            if size == 0:
+                return img
+            scale = size * 1.0 / min(h, w)
+            if h < w:
+                newh, neww = size, scale * w
+            else:
+                newh, neww = scale * h, size
+            if max(newh, neww) > self.max_size:
+                scale = self.max_size * 1.0 / max(newh, neww)
+                newh = newh * scale
+                neww = neww * scale
+            neww = int(neww + 0.5)
+            newh = int(newh + 0.5)
+
+            if img.dtype == np.uint8:
+                pil_image = Image.fromarray(img)
+                pil_image = pil_image.resize((neww, newh), Image.BILINEAR)
+                img = np.asarray(pil_image)
+            else:
+                img = img.permute(2, 0, 1).unsqueeze(0)  # 3, 0, 1)  # hw(c) -> nchw
+                img = F.interpolate(img, (newh, neww), mode=self.interp_method, align_corners=False).squeeze(0)
+            img_augs.append(img)
+
+        return img_augs
+
+
+class Preprocess:
+    def __init__(self, cfg):
+        self.aug = ResizeShortestEdge([cfg.INPUT.MIN_SIZE_TEST, cfg.INPUT.MIN_SIZE_TEST], cfg.INPUT.MAX_SIZE_TEST)
+        self.input_format = cfg.INPUT.FORMAT
+        self.size_divisibility = cfg.SIZE_DIVISIBILITY
+        self.pad_value = cfg.PAD_VALUE
+        self.max_image_size = cfg.INPUT.MAX_SIZE_TEST
+        self.device = cfg.MODEL.DEVICE
+        self.pixel_std = torch.tensor(cfg.MODEL.PIXEL_STD).to(self.device).view(len(cfg.MODEL.PIXEL_STD), 1, 1)
+        self.pixel_mean = torch.tensor(cfg.MODEL.PIXEL_MEAN).to(self.device).view(len(cfg.MODEL.PIXEL_STD), 1, 1)
+        self.normalizer = lambda x: (x - self.pixel_mean) / self.pixel_std
+
+    def pad(self, images):
+        max_size = tuple(max(s) for s in zip(*[img.shape for img in images]))
+        image_sizes = [im.shape[-2:] for im in images]
+        images = [
+            F.pad(
+                im,
+                [0, max_size[-1] - size[1], 0, max_size[-2] - size[0]],
+                value=self.pad_value,
+            )
+            for size, im in zip(image_sizes, images)
+        ]
+
+        return torch.stack(images), torch.tensor(image_sizes)
+
+    def __call__(self, images, single_image=False):
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            if not isinstance(images, list):
+                images = [images]
+            if single_image:
+                assert len(images) == 1
+            for i in range(len(images)):
+                if isinstance(images[i], torch.Tensor):
+                    images.insert(i, images.pop(i).to(self.device).float())
+                elif not isinstance(images[i], torch.Tensor):
+                    images.insert(
+                        i,
+                        torch.as_tensor(img_tensorize(images.pop(i), input_format=self.input_format))
+                        .to(self.device)
+                        .float(),
+                    )
+            # resize smallest edge
+            raw_sizes = torch.tensor([im.shape[:2] for im in images])
+            images = self.aug(images)
+            # transpose images and convert to torch tensors
+            # images = [torch.as_tensor(i.astype("float32")).permute(2, 0, 1).to(self.device) for i in images]
+            # now normalize before pad to aoid useless arithmatic
+            images = [self.normalizer(x) for x in images]
+            # now pad them to do the following operations
+            images, sizes = self.pad(images)
+            # Normalize
+
+            if self.size_divisibility > 0:
+                raise NotImplementedError()
+            # pad
+            scales_yx = torch.true_divide(raw_sizes, sizes)
+            if single_image:
+                return images[0], sizes[0], scales_yx[0]
+            else:
+                return images, sizes, scales_yx
+
+
+def _scale_box(boxes, scale_yx):
+    boxes[:, 0::2] *= scale_yx[:, 1]
+    boxes[:, 1::2] *= scale_yx[:, 0]
+    return boxes
+
+
+def _clip_box(tensor, box_size: Tuple[int, int]):
+    assert torch.isfinite(tensor).all(), "Box tensor contains infinite or NaN!"
+    h, w = box_size
+    tensor[:, 0].clamp_(min=0, max=w)
+    tensor[:, 1].clamp_(min=0, max=h)
+    tensor[:, 2].clamp_(min=0, max=w)
+    tensor[:, 3].clamp_(min=0, max=h)

examples/lxmert/requirements.txt

+appdirs==1.4.3
+argon2-cffi==20.1.0
+async-generator==1.10
+attrs==20.2.0
+backcall==0.2.0
+bleach==3.1.5
+CacheControl==0.12.6
+certifi==2020.6.20
+cffi==1.14.2
+chardet==3.0.4
+click==7.1.2
+colorama==0.4.3
+contextlib2==0.6.0
+cycler==0.10.0
+datasets==1.0.0
+decorator==4.4.2
+defusedxml==0.6.0
+dill==0.3.2
+distlib==0.3.0
+distro==1.4.0
+entrypoints==0.3
+filelock==3.0.12
+future==0.18.2
+html5lib==1.0.1
+idna==2.8
+ipaddr==2.2.0
+ipykernel==5.3.4
+ipython
+ipython-genutils==0.2.0
+ipywidgets==7.5.1
+jedi==0.17.2
+Jinja2==2.11.2
+joblib==0.16.0
+jsonschema==3.2.0
+jupyter==1.0.0
+jupyter-client==6.1.7
+jupyter-console==6.2.0
+jupyter-core==4.6.3
+jupyterlab-pygments==0.1.1
+kiwisolver==1.2.0
+lockfile==0.12.2
+MarkupSafe==1.1.1
+matplotlib==3.3.1
+mistune==0.8.4
+msgpack==0.6.2
+nbclient==0.5.0
+nbconvert==6.0.1
+nbformat==5.0.7
+nest-asyncio==1.4.0
+notebook==6.1.4
+numpy==1.19.2
+opencv-python==4.4.0.42
+packaging==20.3
+pandas==1.1.2
+pandocfilters==1.4.2
+parso==0.7.1
+pep517==0.8.2
+pexpect==4.8.0
+pickleshare==0.7.5
+Pillow==7.2.0
+progress==1.5
+prometheus-client==0.8.0
+prompt-toolkit==3.0.7
+ptyprocess==0.6.0
+pyaml==20.4.0
+pyarrow==1.0.1
+pycparser==2.20
+Pygments==2.6.1
+pyparsing==2.4.6
+pyrsistent==0.16.0
+python-dateutil==2.8.1
+pytoml==0.1.21
+pytz==2020.1
+PyYAML==5.3.1
+pyzmq==19.0.2
+qtconsole==4.7.7
+QtPy==1.9.0
+regex==2020.7.14
+requests==2.22.0
+retrying==1.3.3
+sacremoses==0.0.43
+Send2Trash==1.5.0
+sentencepiece==0.1.91
+six==1.14.0
+terminado==0.8.3
+testpath==0.4.4
+tokenizers==0.8.1rc2
+torch==1.6.0
+torchvision==0.7.0
+tornado==6.0.4
+tqdm==4.48.2
+traitlets
+git+https://github.com/huggingface/transformers.git
+urllib3==1.25.8
+wcwidth==0.2.5
+webencodings==0.5.1
+wget==3.2
+widgetsnbextension==3.5.1
+xxhash==2.0.0

examples/lxmert/utils.py

+"""
+ coding=utf-8
+ Copyright 2018, Antonio Mendoza Hao Tan, Mohit Bansal, Huggingface team :)
+ Adapted From Facebook Inc, Detectron2
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.import copy
+ """
+
+import copy
+import fnmatch
+import json
+import os
+import pickle as pkl
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tarfile
+import tempfile
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import partial
+from hashlib import sha256
+from io import BytesIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
+from zipfile import ZipFile, is_zipfile
+
+import numpy as np
+from PIL import Image
+from tqdm.auto import tqdm
+
+import cv2
+import requests
+import wget
+from filelock import FileLock
+from yaml import Loader, dump, load
+
+
+try:
+    import torch
+
+    _torch_available = True
+except ImportError:
+    _torch_available = False
+
+
+try:
+    from torch.hub import _get_torch_home
+
+    torch_cache_home = _get_torch_home()
+except ImportError:
+    torch_cache_home = os.path.expanduser(
+        os.getenv("TORCH_HOME", os.path.join(os.getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", "~/.cache"), "torch"))
+    )
+
+default_cache_path = os.path.join(torch_cache_home, "transformers")
+
+CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIB_PREFIX = "https://cdn.huggingface.co"
+S3_BUCKET_PREFIX = "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert"
+PATH = "/".join(str(Path(__file__).resolve()).split("/")[:-1])
+CONFIG = os.path.join(PATH, "config.yaml")
+ATTRIBUTES = os.path.join(PATH, "attributes.txt")
+OBJECTS = os.path.join(PATH, "objects.txt")
+PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE = os.getenv("PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE", default_cache_path)
+PYTORCH_TRANSFORMERS_CACHE = os.getenv("PYTORCH_TRANSFORMERS_CACHE", PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE)
+TRANSFORMERS_CACHE = os.getenv("TRANSFORMERS_CACHE", PYTORCH_TRANSFORMERS_CACHE)
+WEIGHTS_NAME = "pytorch_model.bin"
+CONFIG_NAME = "config.yaml"
+
+
+def load_labels(objs=OBJECTS, attrs=ATTRIBUTES):
+    vg_classes = []
+    with open(objs) as f:
+        for object in f.readlines():
+            vg_classes.append(object.split(",")[0].lower().strip())
+
+    vg_attrs = []
+    with open(attrs) as f:
+        for object in f.readlines():
+            vg_attrs.append(object.split(",")[0].lower().strip())
+    return vg_classes, vg_attrs
+
+
+def load_checkpoint(ckp):
+    r = OrderedDict()
+    with open(ckp, "rb") as f:
+        ckp = pkl.load(f)["model"]
+    for k in copy.deepcopy(list(ckp.keys())):
+        v = ckp.pop(k)
+        if isinstance(v, np.ndarray):
+            v = torch.tensor(v)
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(v, torch.tensor), type(v)
+        r[k] = v
+    return r
+
+
+class Config:
+    _pointer = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, dictionary: dict, name: str = "root", level=0):
+        self._name = name
+        self._level = level
+        d = {}
+        for k, v in dictionary.items():
+            if v is None:
+                raise ValueError()
+            k = copy.deepcopy(k)
+            v = copy.deepcopy(v)
+            if isinstance(v, dict):
+                v = Config(v, name=k, level=level + 1)
+            d[k] = v
+            setattr(self, k, v)
+
+        self._pointer = d
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(list((self._pointer.keys())))
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, val):
+        self.__dict__[key] = val
+        self.__dict__[key.upper()] = val
+        levels = key.split(".")
+        last_level = len(levels) - 1
+        pointer = self._pointer
+        if len(levels) > 1:
+            for i, l in enumerate(levels):
+                if hasattr(self, l) and isinstance(getattr(self, l), Config):
+                    setattr(getattr(self, l), ".".join(levels[i:]), val)
+                if l == last_level:
+                    pointer[l] = val
+                else:
+                    pointer = pointer[l]
+
+    def to_dict(self):
+        return self._pointer
+
+    def dump_yaml(self, data, file_name):
+        with open(f"{file_name}", "w") as stream:
+            dump(data, stream)
+
+    def dump_json(self, data, file_name):
+        with open(f"{file_name}", "w") as stream:
+            json.dump(data, stream)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def load_yaml(config):
+        with open(config) as stream:
+            data = load(stream, Loader=Loader)
+        return data
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        t = "    "
+        if self._name != "root":
+            r = f"{t * (self._level-1)}{self._name}:\n"
+        else:
+            r = ""
+        level = self._level
+        for i, (k, v) in enumerate(self._pointer.items()):
+            if isinstance(v, Config):
+                r += f"{t * (self._level)}{v}\n"
+                self._level += 1
+            else:
+                r += f"{t * (self._level)}{k}: {v} ({type(v).__name__})\n"
+            self._level = level
+        return r[:-1]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path: str, **kwargs):
+        config_dict, kwargs = cls.get_config_dict(pretrained_model_name_or_path, **kwargs)
+        return cls(config_dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_config_dict(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path: str, **kwargs):
+
+        cache_dir = kwargs.pop("cache_dir", None)
+        force_download = kwargs.pop("force_download", False)
+        resume_download = kwargs.pop("resume_download", False)
+        proxies = kwargs.pop("proxies", None)
+        local_files_only = kwargs.pop("local_files_only", False)
+
+        if os.path.isdir(pretrained_model_name_or_path):
+            config_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, CONFIG_NAME)
+        elif os.path.isfile(pretrained_model_name_or_path) or is_remote_url(pretrained_model_name_or_path):
+            config_file = pretrained_model_name_or_path
+        else:
+            config_file = hf_bucket_url(pretrained_model_name_or_path, filename=CONFIG_NAME, use_cdn=False)
+
+        try:
+            # Load from URL or cache if already cached
+            resolved_config_file = cached_path(
+                config_file,
+                cache_dir=cache_dir,
+                force_download=force_download,
+                proxies=proxies,
+                resume_download=resume_download,
+                local_files_only=local_files_only,
+            )
+            # Load config dict
+            if resolved_config_file is None:
+                raise EnvironmentError
+
+            config_file = Config.load_yaml(resolved_config_file)
+
+        except EnvironmentError:
+            msg = "Can't load config for"
+            raise EnvironmentError(msg)
+
+        if resolved_config_file == config_file:
+            print("loading configuration file from path")
+        else:
+            print("loading configuration file cache")
+
+        return Config.load_yaml(resolved_config_file), kwargs
+
+
+# quick compare tensors
+def compare(in_tensor):
+
+    out_tensor = torch.load("dump.pt", map_location=in_tensor.device)
+    n1 = in_tensor.numpy()
+    n2 = out_tensor.numpy()[0]
+    print(n1.shape, n1[0, 0, :5])
+    print(n2.shape, n2[0, 0, :5])
+    assert np.allclose(
+        n1, n2, rtol=0.01, atol=0.1
+    ), f"{sum([1 for x in np.isclose(n1, n2, rtol=0.01, atol=0.1).flatten() if x == False])/len(n1.flatten())*100:.4f} % element-wise mismatch"
+    raise Exception("tensors are all good")
+
+    # Hugging face functiions below
+
+
+def is_remote_url(url_or_filename):
+    parsed = urlparse(url_or_filename)
+    return parsed.scheme in ("http", "https")
+
+
+def hf_bucket_url(model_id: str, filename: str, use_cdn=True) -> str:
+    endpoint = CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIB_PREFIX if use_cdn else S3_BUCKET_PREFIX
+    legacy_format = "/" not in model_id
+    if legacy_format:
+        return f"{endpoint}/{model_id}-{filename}"
+    else:
+        return f"{endpoint}/{model_id}/{filename}"
+
+
+def http_get(
+    url,
+    temp_file,
+    proxies=None,
+    resume_size=0,
+    user_agent=None,
+):
+    ua = "python/{}".format(sys.version.split()[0])
+    if _torch_available:
+        ua += "; torch/{}".format(torch.__version__)
+    if isinstance(user_agent, dict):
+        ua += "; " + "; ".join("{}/{}".format(k, v) for k, v in user_agent.items())
+    elif isinstance(user_agent, str):
+        ua += "; " + user_agent
+    headers = {"user-agent": ua}
+    if resume_size > 0:
+        headers["Range"] = "bytes=%d-" % (resume_size,)
+    response = requests.get(url, stream=True, proxies=proxies, headers=headers)
+    if response.status_code == 416:  # Range not satisfiable
+        return
+    content_length = response.headers.get("Content-Length")
+    total = resume_size + int(content_length) if content_length is not None else None
+    progress = tqdm(
+        unit="B",
+        unit_scale=True,
+        total=total,
+        initial=resume_size,
+        desc="Downloading",
+    )
+    for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=1024):
+        if chunk:  # filter out keep-alive new chunks
+            progress.update(len(chunk))
+            temp_file.write(chunk)
+    progress.close()
+
+
+def get_from_cache(
+    url,
+    cache_dir=None,
+    force_download=False,
+    proxies=None,
+    etag_timeout=10,
+    resume_download=False,
+    user_agent=None,
+    local_files_only=False,
+):
+
+    if cache_dir is None:
+        cache_dir = TRANSFORMERS_CACHE
+    if isinstance(cache_dir, Path):
+        cache_dir = str(cache_dir)
+
+    os.makedirs(cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+    etag = None
+    if not local_files_only:
+        try:
+            response = requests.head(url, allow_redirects=True, proxies=proxies, timeout=etag_timeout)
+            if response.status_code == 200:
+                etag = response.headers.get("ETag")
+        except (EnvironmentError, requests.exceptions.Timeout):
+            # etag is already None
+            pass
+
+    filename = url_to_filename(url, etag)
+
+    # get cache path to put the file
+    cache_path = os.path.join(cache_dir, filename)
+
+    # etag is None = we don't have a connection, or url doesn't exist, or is otherwise inaccessible.
+    # try to get the last downloaded one
+    if etag is None:
+        if os.path.exists(cache_path):
+            return cache_path
+        else:
+            matching_files = [
+                file
+                for file in fnmatch.filter(os.listdir(cache_dir), filename + ".*")
+                if not file.endswith(".json") and not file.endswith(".lock")
+            ]
+            if len(matching_files) > 0:
+                return os.path.join(cache_dir, matching_files[-1])
+            else:
+                # If files cannot be found and local_files_only=True,
+                # the models might've been found if local_files_only=False
+                # Notify the user about that
+                if local_files_only:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Cannot find the requested files in the cached path and outgoing traffic has been"
+                        " disabled. To enable model look-ups and downloads online, set 'local_files_only'"
+                        " to False."
+                    )
+                return None
+
+    # From now on, etag is not None.
+    if os.path.exists(cache_path) and not force_download:
+        return cache_path
+
+    # Prevent parallel downloads of the same file with a lock.
+    lock_path = cache_path + ".lock"
+    with FileLock(lock_path):
+
+        # If the download just completed while the lock was activated.
+        if os.path.exists(cache_path) and not force_download:
+            # Even if returning early like here, the lock will be released.
+            return cache_path
+
+        if resume_download:
+            incomplete_path = cache_path + ".incomplete"
+
+            @contextmanager
+            def _resumable_file_manager():
+                with open(incomplete_path, "a+b") as f:
+                    yield f
+
+            temp_file_manager = _resumable_file_manager
+            if os.path.exists(incomplete_path):
+                resume_size = os.stat(incomplete_path).st_size
+            else:
+                resume_size = 0
+        else:
+            temp_file_manager = partial(tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile, dir=cache_dir, delete=False)
+            resume_size = 0
+
+        # Download to temporary file, then copy to cache dir once finished.
+        # Otherwise you get corrupt cache entries if the download gets interrupted.
+        with temp_file_manager() as temp_file:
+            print(
+                "%s not found in cache or force_download set to True, downloading to %s",
+                url,
+                temp_file.name,
+            )
+
+            http_get(
+                url,
+                temp_file,
+                proxies=proxies,
+                resume_size=resume_size,
+                user_agent=user_agent,
+            )
+
+        os.replace(temp_file.name, cache_path)
+
+        meta = {"url": url, "etag": etag}
+        meta_path = cache_path + ".json"
+        with open(meta_path, "w") as meta_file:
+            json.dump(meta, meta_file)
+
+    return cache_path
+
+
+def url_to_filename(url, etag=None):
+
+    url_bytes = url.encode("utf-8")
+    url_hash = sha256(url_bytes)
+    filename = url_hash.hexdigest()
+
+    if etag:
+        etag_bytes = etag.encode("utf-8")
+        etag_hash = sha256(etag_bytes)
+        filename += "." + etag_hash.hexdigest()
+
+    if url.endswith(".h5"):
+        filename += ".h5"
+
+    return filename
+
+
+def cached_path(
+    url_or_filename,
+    cache_dir=None,
+    force_download=False,
+    proxies=None,
+    resume_download=False,
+    user_agent=None,
+    extract_compressed_file=False,
+    force_extract=False,
+    local_files_only=False,
+):
+    if cache_dir is None:
+        cache_dir = TRANSFORMERS_CACHE
+    if isinstance(url_or_filename, Path):
+        url_or_filename = str(url_or_filename)
+    if isinstance(cache_dir, Path):
+        cache_dir = str(cache_dir)
+
+    if is_remote_url(url_or_filename):
+        # URL, so get it from the cache (downloading if necessary)
+        output_path = get_from_cache(
+            url_or_filename,
+            cache_dir=cache_dir,
+            force_download=force_download,
+            proxies=proxies,
+            resume_download=resume_download,
+            user_agent=user_agent,
+            local_files_only=local_files_only,
+        )
+    elif os.path.exists(url_or_filename):
+        # File, and it exists.
+        output_path = url_or_filename
+    elif urlparse(url_or_filename).scheme == "":
+        # File, but it doesn't exist.
+        raise EnvironmentError("file {} not found".format(url_or_filename))
+    else:
+        # Something unknown
+        raise ValueError("unable to parse {} as a URL or as a local path".format(url_or_filename))
+
+    if extract_compressed_file:
+        if not is_zipfile(output_path) and not tarfile.is_tarfile(output_path):
+            return output_path
+
+        # Path where we extract compressed archives
+        # We avoid '.' in dir name and add "-extracted" at the end: "./model.zip" => "./model-zip-extracted/"
+        output_dir, output_file = os.path.split(output_path)
+        output_extract_dir_name = output_file.replace(".", "-") + "-extracted"
+        output_path_extracted = os.path.join(output_dir, output_extract_dir_name)
+
+        if os.path.isdir(output_path_extracted) and os.listdir(output_path_extracted) and not force_extract:
+            return output_path_extracted
+
+        # Prevent parallel extractions
+        lock_path = output_path + ".lock"
+        with FileLock(lock_path):
+            shutil.rmtree(output_path_extracted, ignore_errors=True)
+            os.makedirs(output_path_extracted)
+            if is_zipfile(output_path):
+                with ZipFile(output_path, "r") as zip_file:
+                    zip_file.extractall(output_path_extracted)
+                    zip_file.close()
+            elif tarfile.is_tarfile(output_path):
+                tar_file = tarfile.open(output_path)
+                tar_file.extractall(output_path_extracted)
+                tar_file.close()
+            else:
+                raise EnvironmentError("Archive format of {} could not be identified".format(output_path))
+
+        return output_path_extracted
+
+    return output_path
+
+
+def get_data(query, delim=","):
+    assert isinstance(query, str)
+    if os.path.isfile(query):
+        with open(query) as f:
+            data = eval(f.read())
+    else:
+        req = requests.get(query)
+        try:
+            data = requests.json()
+        except Exception:
+            data = req.content.decode()
+            assert data is not None, "could not connect"
+            try:
+                data = eval(data)
+            except Exception:
+                data = data.split("\n")
+        req.close()
+    return data
+
+
+def get_image_from_url(url):
+    response = requests.get(url)
+    img = np.array(Image.open(BytesIO(response.content)))
+    return img
+
+
+# to load legace frcnn checkpoint from detectron
+def load_frcnn_pkl_from_url(url):
+    fn = url.split("/")[-1]
+    if fn not in os.listdir(os.getcwd()):
+        wget.download(url)
+    with open(fn, "rb") as stream:
+        weights = pkl.load(stream)
+    model = weights.pop("model")
+    new = {}
+    for k, v in model.items():
+        new[k] = torch.from_numpy(v)
+        if "running_var" in k:
+            zero = torch.Tensor([0])
+            k2 = k.replace("running_var", "num_batches_tracked")
+            new[k2] = zero
+    return new
+
+
+def get_demo_path():
+    print(f"{os.path.abspath(os.path.join(PATH, os.pardir))}/demo.ipynb")
+
+
+def img_tensorize(im, input_format="RGB"):
+    assert isinstance(im, str)
+    if os.path.isfile(im):
+        img = cv2.imread(im)
+    else:
+        img = get_image_from_url(im)
+        assert img is not None, f"could not connect to: {im}"
+    img = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
+    if input_format == "RGB":
+        img = img[:, :, ::-1]
+    return img
+
+
+def chunk(images, batch=1):
+    return (images[i : i + batch] for i in range(0, len(images), batch))

examples/lxmert/visualizing_image.py

+"""
+ coding=utf-8
+ Copyright 2018, Antonio Mendoza Hao Tan, Mohit Bansal
+ Adapted From Facebook Inc, Detectron2
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.import copy
+ """
+import colorsys
+import io
+
+import matplotlib as mpl
+import matplotlib.colors as mplc
+import matplotlib.figure as mplfigure
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+from matplotlib.backends.backend_agg import FigureCanvasAgg
+
+import cv2
+from utils import img_tensorize
+
+
+_SMALL_OBJ = 1000
+
+
+class SingleImageViz:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        img,
+        scale=1.2,
+        edgecolor="g",
+        alpha=0.5,
+        linestyle="-",
+        saveas="test_out.jpg",
+        rgb=True,
+        pynb=False,
+        id2obj=None,
+        id2attr=None,
+        pad=0.7,
+    ):
+        """
+        img: an RGB image of shape (H, W, 3).
+        """
+        if isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
+            img = img.numpy().astype("np.uint8")
+        if isinstance(img, str):
+            img = img_tensorize(img)
+        assert isinstance(img, np.ndarray)
+
+        width, height = img.shape[1], img.shape[0]
+        fig = mplfigure.Figure(frameon=False)
+        dpi = fig.get_dpi()
+        width_in = (width * scale + 1e-2) / dpi
+        height_in = (height * scale + 1e-2) / dpi
+        fig.set_size_inches(width_in, height_in)
+        ax = fig.add_axes([0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+        ax.axis("off")
+        ax.set_xlim(0.0, width)
+        ax.set_ylim(height)
+
+        self.saveas = saveas
+        self.rgb = rgb
+        self.pynb = pynb
+        self.img = img
+        self.edgecolor = edgecolor
+        self.alpha = 0.5
+        self.linestyle = linestyle
+        self.font_size = int(np.sqrt(min(height, width)) * scale // 3)
+        self.width = width
+        self.height = height
+        self.scale = scale
+        self.fig = fig
+        self.ax = ax
+        self.pad = pad
+        self.id2obj = id2obj
+        self.id2attr = id2attr
+        self.canvas = FigureCanvasAgg(fig)
+
+    def add_box(self, box, color=None):
+        if color is None:
+            color = self.edgecolor
+        (x0, y0, x1, y1) = box
+        width = x1 - x0
+        height = y1 - y0
+        self.ax.add_patch(
+            mpl.patches.Rectangle(
+                (x0, y0),
+                width,
+                height,
+                fill=False,
+                edgecolor=color,
+                linewidth=self.font_size // 3,
+                alpha=self.alpha,
+                linestyle=self.linestyle,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def draw_boxes(self, boxes, obj_ids=None, obj_scores=None, attr_ids=None, attr_scores=None):
+        if len(boxes.shape) > 2:
+            boxes = boxes[0]
+        if len(obj_ids.shape) > 1:
+            obj_ids = obj_ids[0]
+        if len(obj_scores.shape) > 1:
+            obj_scores = obj_scores[0]
+        if len(attr_ids.shape) > 1:
+            attr_ids = attr_ids[0]
+        if len(attr_scores.shape) > 1:
+            attr_scores = attr_scores[0]
+        if isinstance(boxes, torch.Tensor):
+            boxes = boxes.numpy()
+        if isinstance(boxes, list):
+            boxes = np.array(boxes)
+        assert isinstance(boxes, np.ndarray)
+        areas = np.prod(boxes[:, 2:] - boxes[:, :2], axis=1)
+        sorted_idxs = np.argsort(-areas).tolist()
+        boxes = boxes[sorted_idxs] if boxes is not None else None
+        obj_ids = obj_ids[sorted_idxs] if obj_ids is not None else None
+        obj_scores = obj_scores[sorted_idxs] if obj_scores is not None else None
+        attr_ids = attr_ids[sorted_idxs] if attr_ids is not None else None
+        attr_scores = attr_scores[sorted_idxs] if attr_scores is not None else None
+
+        assigned_colors = [self._random_color(maximum=1) for _ in range(len(boxes))]
+        assigned_colors = [assigned_colors[idx] for idx in sorted_idxs]
+        if obj_ids is not None:
+            labels = self._create_text_labels_attr(obj_ids, obj_scores, attr_ids, attr_scores)
+            for i in range(len(boxes)):
+                color = assigned_colors[i]
+                self.add_box(boxes[i], color)
+                self.draw_labels(labels[i], boxes[i], color)
+
+    def draw_labels(self, label, box, color):
+        x0, y0, x1, y1 = box
+        text_pos = (x0, y0)
+        instance_area = (y1 - y0) * (x1 - x0)
+        small = _SMALL_OBJ * self.scale
+        if instance_area < small or y1 - y0 < 40 * self.scale:
+            if y1 >= self.height - 5:
+                text_pos = (x1, y0)
+            else:
+                text_pos = (x0, y1)
+
+        height_ratio = (y1 - y0) / np.sqrt(self.height * self.width)
+        lighter_color = self._change_color_brightness(color, brightness_factor=0.7)
+        font_size = np.clip((height_ratio - 0.02) / 0.08 + 1, 1.2, 2)
+        font_size *= 0.75 * self.font_size
+
+        self.draw_text(
+            text=label,
+            position=text_pos,
+            color=lighter_color,
+        )
+
+    def draw_text(
+        self,
+        text,
+        position,
+        color="g",
+        ha="left",
+    ):
+        rotation = 0
+        font_size = self.font_size
+        color = np.maximum(list(mplc.to_rgb(color)), 0.2)
+        color[np.argmax(color)] = max(0.8, np.max(color))
+        bbox = {
+            "facecolor": "black",
+            "alpha": self.alpha,
+            "pad": self.pad,
+            "edgecolor": "none",
+        }
+        x, y = position
+        self.ax.text(
+            x,
+            y,
+            text,
+            size=font_size * self.scale,
+            family="sans-serif",
+            bbox=bbox,
+            verticalalignment="top",
+            horizontalalignment=ha,
+            color=color,
+            zorder=10,
+            rotation=rotation,
+        )
+
+    def save(self, saveas=None):
+        if saveas is None:
+            saveas = self.saveas
+        if saveas.lower().endswith(".jpg") or saveas.lower().endswith(".png"):
+            cv2.imwrite(
+                saveas,
+                self._get_buffer()[:, :, ::-1],
+            )
+        else:
+            self.fig.savefig(saveas)
+
+    def _create_text_labels_attr(self, classes, scores, attr_classes, attr_scores):
+        labels = [self.id2obj[i] for i in classes]
+        attr_labels = [self.id2attr[i] for i in attr_classes]
+        labels = [
+            f"{label} {score:.2f} {attr} {attr_score:.2f}"
+            for label, score, attr, attr_score in zip(labels, scores, attr_labels, attr_scores)
+        ]
+        return labels
+
+    def _create_text_labels(self, classes, scores):
+        labels = [self.id2obj[i] for i in classes]
+        if scores is not None:
+            if labels is None:
+                labels = ["{:.0f}%".format(s * 100) for s in scores]
+            else:
+                labels = ["{} {:.0f}%".format(li, s * 100) for li, s in zip(labels, scores)]
+        return labels
+
+    def _random_color(self, maximum=255):
+        idx = np.random.randint(0, len(_COLORS))
+        ret = _COLORS[idx] * maximum
+        if not self.rgb:
+            ret = ret[::-1]
+        return ret
+
+    def _get_buffer(self):
+        if not self.pynb:
+            s, (width, height) = self.canvas.print_to_buffer()
+            if (width, height) != (self.width, self.height):
+                img = cv2.resize(self.img, (width, height))
+            else:
+                img = self.img
+        else:
+            buf = io.BytesIO()  # works for cairo backend
+            self.canvas.print_rgba(buf)
+            width, height = self.width, self.height
+            s = buf.getvalue()
+            img = self.img
+
+        buffer = np.frombuffer(s, dtype="uint8")
+        img_rgba = buffer.reshape(height, width, 4)
+        rgb, alpha = np.split(img_rgba, [3], axis=2)
+
+        try:
+            import numexpr as ne  # fuse them with numexpr
+
+            visualized_image = ne.evaluate("img * (1 - alpha / 255.0) + rgb * (alpha / 255.0)")
+        except ImportError:
+            alpha = alpha.astype("float32") / 255.0
+            visualized_image = img * (1 - alpha) + rgb * alpha
+
+        return visualized_image.astype("uint8")
+
+    def _change_color_brightness(self, color, brightness_factor):
+        assert brightness_factor >= -1.0 and brightness_factor <= 1.0
+        color = mplc.to_rgb(color)
+        polygon_color = colorsys.rgb_to_hls(*mplc.to_rgb(color))
+        modified_lightness = polygon_color[1] + (brightness_factor * polygon_color[1])
+        modified_lightness = 0.0 if modified_lightness < 0.0 else modified_lightness
+        modified_lightness = 1.0 if modified_lightness > 1.0 else modified_lightness
+        modified_color = colorsys.hls_to_rgb(polygon_color[0], modified_lightness, polygon_color[2])
+        return modified_color
+
+
+# Color map
+_COLORS = (
+    np.array(
+        [
+            0.000,
+            0.447,
+            0.741,
+            0.850,
+            0.325,
+            0.098,
+            0.929,
+            0.694,
+            0.125,
+            0.494,
+            0.184,
+            0.556,
+            0.466,
+            0.674,
+            0.188,
+            0.301,
+            0.745,
+            0.933,
+            0.635,
+            0.078,
+            0.184,
+            0.300,
+            0.300,
+            0.300,
+            0.600,
+            0.600,
+            0.600,
+            1.000,
+            0.000,
+            0.000,
+            1.000,
+            0.500,
+            0.000,
+            0.749,
+            0.749,
+            0.000,
+            0.000,
+            1.000,
+            0.000,
+            0.000,
+            0.000,
+            1.000,
+            0.667,
+            0.000,
+            1.000,
+            0.333,
+            0.333,
+            0.000,
+            0.333,
+            0.667,
+            0.000,
+            0.333,
+            1.000,
+            0.000,
+            0.667,
+            0.333,
+            0.000,
+            0.667,
+            0.667,
+            0.000,
+            0.667,
+            1.000,
+            0.000,
+            1.000,
+            0.333,
+            0.000,
+            1.000,
+            0.667,
+            0.000,
+            1.000,
+            1.000,
+            0.000,
+            0.000,
+            0.333,
+            0.500,
+            0.000,
+            0.667,
+            0.500,
+            0.000,
+            1.000,
+            0.500,
+            0.333,
+            0.000,
+            0.500,
+            0.333,
+            0.333,
+            0.500,
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