Merge branch 'master' into pr/2115

.circleci/config.yml

 version: 2
 jobs:
-    build_py3_torch_and_tf:
+    run_tests_py3_torch_and_tf:
         working_directory: ~/transformers
         docker:
             - image: circleci/python:3.5
+        environment:
+            OMP_NUM_THREADS: 1
         resource_class: xlarge
         parallelism: 1
         steps:
@@ -11,65 +13,67 @@ jobs:
             - run: sudo pip install torch
             - run: sudo pip install tensorflow
             - run: sudo pip install --progress-bar off .
-            - run: sudo pip install pytest codecov pytest-cov
+            - run: sudo pip install pytest codecov pytest-cov pytest-xdist
             - run: sudo pip install tensorboardX scikit-learn
-            - run: python -m pytest -sv ./transformers/tests/ --cov
+            - run: python -m pytest -n 8 --dist=loadfile -s -v ./transformers/tests/ --cov
             - run: codecov
-    build_py3_torch:
+    run_tests_py3_torch:
         working_directory: ~/transformers
         docker:
             - image: circleci/python:3.5
+        environment:
+            OMP_NUM_THREADS: 1
         resource_class: xlarge
         parallelism: 1
         steps:
             - checkout
             - run: sudo pip install torch
             - run: sudo pip install --progress-bar off .
-            - run: sudo pip install pytest codecov pytest-cov
+            - run: sudo pip install pytest codecov pytest-cov pytest-xdist
             - run: sudo pip install tensorboardX scikit-learn
-            - run: python -m pytest -sv ./transformers/tests/ --cov
-            - run: python -m pytest -sv ./examples/
+            - run: python -m pytest -n 8 --dist=loadfile -s -v ./transformers/tests/ --cov
             - run: codecov
-    build_py3_tf:
+    run_tests_py3_tf:
         working_directory: ~/transformers
         docker:
             - image: circleci/python:3.5
+        environment:
+            OMP_NUM_THREADS: 1
         resource_class: xlarge
         parallelism: 1
         steps:
             - checkout
             - run: sudo pip install tensorflow
             - run: sudo pip install --progress-bar off .
-            - run: sudo pip install pytest codecov pytest-cov
+            - run: sudo pip install pytest codecov pytest-cov pytest-xdist
             - run: sudo pip install tensorboardX scikit-learn
-            - run: python -m pytest -sv ./transformers/tests/ --cov
+            - run: python -m pytest -n 8 --dist=loadfile -s -v ./transformers/tests/ --cov
             - run: codecov
-    build_py2_torch:
+    run_tests_py3_custom_tokenizers:
         working_directory: ~/transformers
-        resource_class: large
-        parallelism: 1
         docker:
-            - image: circleci/python:2.7
+            - image: circleci/python:3.5
         steps:
             - checkout
-            - run: sudo pip install torch
             - run: sudo pip install --progress-bar off .
-            - run: sudo pip install pytest codecov pytest-cov
-            - run: python -m pytest -sv ./transformers/tests/ --cov
-            - run: codecov
-    build_py2_tf:
+            - run: sudo pip install pytest pytest-xdist
+            - run: sudo pip install mecab-python3
+            - run: RUN_CUSTOM_TOKENIZERS=1 python -m pytest -sv ./transformers/tests/tokenization_bert_japanese_test.py
+    run_examples_py3_torch:
         working_directory: ~/transformers
-        resource_class: large
-        parallelism: 1
         docker:
-            - image: circleci/python:2.7
+            - image: circleci/python:3.5
+        environment:
+            OMP_NUM_THREADS: 1
+        resource_class: xlarge
+        parallelism: 1
         steps:
             - checkout
-            - run: sudo pip install tensorflow
+            - run: sudo pip install torch
             - run: sudo pip install --progress-bar off .
-            - run: sudo pip install pytest codecov pytest-cov
-            - run: python -m pytest -sv ./transformers/tests/ --cov
-            - run: codecov
+            - run: sudo pip install pytest pytest-xdist
+            - run: sudo pip install tensorboardX scikit-learn
+            - run: python -m pytest -n 8 --dist=loadfile -s -v ./examples/
     deploy_doc:
         working_directory: ~/transformers
         docker:
@@ -82,6 +86,16 @@ jobs:
             - run: sudo pip install --progress-bar off -r docs/requirements.txt
             - run: sudo pip install --progress-bar off -r requirements.txt
             - run: ./.circleci/deploy.sh
+    check_repository_consistency:
+        working_directory: ~/transformers
+        docker:
+            - image: circleci/python:3.5
+        resource_class: small
+        parallelism: 1
+        steps:
+            - checkout
+            - run: sudo pip install requests
+            - run: python ./utils/link_tester.py
 workflow_filters: &workflow_filters
     filters:
         branches:
@@ -91,9 +105,10 @@ workflows:
     version: 2
     build_and_test:
         jobs:
-            - build_py3_torch_and_tf
-            - build_py3_torch
-            - build_py3_tf
-            - build_py2_torch
-            - build_py2_tf
+            - check_repository_consistency
+            - run_examples_py3_torch
+            - run_tests_py3_custom_tokenizers
+            - run_tests_py3_torch_and_tf
+            - run_tests_py3_torch
+            - run_tests_py3_tf
             - deploy_doc: *workflow_filters

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Follow these steps to start contributing:
    to be merged;
 4. Make sure pre-existing tests still pass;
 5. Add high-coverage tests. No quality test, no merge;
-6. All public methods must have informative doctrings;
+6. All public methods must have informative docstrings;
 
 
 ### Style guide

README.md

@@ -55,10 +55,12 @@ Choose the right framework for every part of a model's lifetime
 | [Online demo](#online-demo) | Experimenting with this repo’s text generation capabilities |
 | [Quick tour: Usage](#quick-tour) | Tokenizers & models usage: Bert and GPT-2 |
 | [Quick tour: TF 2.0 and PyTorch ](#Quick-tour-TF-20-training-and-PyTorch-interoperability) | Train a TF 2.0 model in 10 lines of code, load it in PyTorch |
+| [Quick tour: pipelines](#quick-tour-of-pipelines) | Using Pipelines: Wrapper around tokenizer and models to use finetuned models |
 | [Quick tour: Fine-tuning/usage scripts](#quick-tour-of-the-fine-tuningusage-scripts) | Using provided scripts: GLUE, SQuAD and Text generation |
+| [Quick tour: Share your models ](#Quick-tour-of-model-sharing) | Upload and share your fine-tuned models with the community |
 | [Migrating from pytorch-transformers to transformers](#Migrating-from-pytorch-transformers-to-transformers) | Migrating your code from pytorch-transformers to transformers |
 | [Migrating from pytorch-pretrained-bert to pytorch-transformers](#Migrating-from-pytorch-pretrained-bert-to-transformers) | Migrating your code from pytorch-pretrained-bert to transformers |
-| [Documentation][(v2.2.0/v2.2.1)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v2.2.0) [(v2.1.1)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v2.1.1) [(v2.0.0)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v2.0.0) [(v1.2.0)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v1.2.0) [(v1.1.0)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v1.1.0) [(v1.0.0)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v1.0.0) [(master)](https://huggingface.co/transformers) | Full API documentation and more |
+| [Documentation][(v2.3.0)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v2.3.0)[(v2.2.0/v2.2.1/v2.2.2)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v2.2.0) [(v2.1.1)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v2.1.1) [(v2.0.0)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v2.0.0) [(v1.2.0)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v1.2.0) [(v1.1.0)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v1.1.0) [(v1.0.0)](https://huggingface.co/transformers/v1.0.0) [(master)](https://huggingface.co/transformers) | Full API documentation and more |
 
 ## Installation
 
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ At some point in the future, you'll be able to seamlessly move from pre-training
 
 ## Model architectures
 
-🤗 Transformers currently provides 10 NLU/NLG architectures:
+🤗 Transformers currently provides the following NLU/NLG architectures:
 
 1. **[BERT](https://github.com/google-research/bert)** (from Google) released with the paper [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805) by Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee and Kristina Toutanova.
 2. **[GPT](https://github.com/openai/finetune-transformer-lm)** (from OpenAI) released with the paper [Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training](https://blog.openai.com/language-unsupervised/) by Alec Radford, Karthik Narasimhan, Tim Salimans and Ilya Sutskever.
@@ -144,8 +146,10 @@ At some point in the future, you'll be able to seamlessly move from pre-training
 9. **[CTRL](https://github.com/salesforce/ctrl/)** (from Salesforce) released with the paper [CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05858) by Nitish Shirish Keskar*, Bryan McCann*, Lav R. Varshney, Caiming Xiong and Richard Socher.
 10. **[CamemBERT](https://camembert-model.fr)** (from Inria/Facebook/Sorbonne) released with the paper [CamemBERT: a Tasty French Language Model](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.03894) by Louis Martin*, Benjamin Muller*, Pedro Javier Ortiz Suárez*, Yoann Dupont, Laurent Romary, Éric Villemonte de la Clergerie, Djamé Seddah and Benoît Sagot.
 11. **[ALBERT](https://github.com/google-research/ALBERT)** (from Google Research and the Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago) released with the paper [ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representations](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942), by Zhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Goodman, Kevin Gimpel, Piyush Sharma, Radu Soricut.
-12. **[MMBT](https://github.com/facebookresearch/mmbt/)** (from Facebook), released together with the paper a [Supervised Multimodal Bitransformers for Classifying Images and Text](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.02950.pdf) by Douwe Kiela, Suvrat Bhooshan, Hamed Firooz, Davide Testuggine.
-12. Want to contribute a new model? We have added a **detailed guide and templates** to guide you in the process of adding a new model. You can find them in the [`templates`](./templates) folder of the repository. Be sure to check the [contributing guidelines](./CONTRIBUTING.md) and contact the maintainers or open an issue to collect feedbacks before starting your PR.
+12. **[T5](https://github.com/google-research/text-to-text-transfer-transformer)** (from Google AI) released with the paper [Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683) by Colin Raffel and Noam Shazeer and Adam Roberts and Katherine Lee and Sharan Narang and Michael Matena and Yanqi Zhou and Wei Li and Peter J. Liu.
+13. **[XLM-RoBERTa](https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/tree/master/examples/xlmr)** (from Facebook AI), released together with the paper [Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116) by Alexis Conneau*, Kartikay Khandelwal*, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov.
+14. **[MMBT](https://github.com/facebookresearch/mmbt/)** (from Facebook), released together with the paper a [Supervised Multimodal Bitransformers for Classifying Images and Text](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.02950.pdf) by Douwe Kiela, Suvrat Bhooshan, Hamed Firooz, Davide Testuggine.
+15. Want to contribute a new model? We have added a **detailed guide and templates** to guide you in the process of adding a new model. You can find them in the [`templates`](./templates) folder of the repository. Be sure to check the [contributing guidelines](./CONTRIBUTING.md) and contact the maintainers or open an issue to collect feedbacks before starting your PR.
 
 These implementations have been tested on several datasets (see the example scripts) and should match the performances of the original implementations (e.g. ~93 F1 on SQuAD for BERT Whole-Word-Masking, ~88 F1 on RocStories for OpenAI GPT, ~18.3 perplexity on WikiText 103 for Transformer-XL, ~0.916 Peason R coefficient on STS-B for XLNet). You can find more details on the performances in the Examples section of the [documentation](https://huggingface.co/transformers/examples.html).
 
@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ import torch
 from transformers import *
 
 # Transformers has a unified API
-# for 8 transformer architectures and 30 pretrained weights.
+# for 10 transformer architectures and 30 pretrained weights.
 #          Model          | Tokenizer          | Pretrained weights shortcut
 MODELS = [(BertModel,       BertTokenizer,       'bert-base-uncased'),
           (OpenAIGPTModel,  OpenAIGPTTokenizer,  'openai-gpt'),
@@ -177,7 +181,9 @@ MODELS = [(BertModel,       BertTokenizer,       'bert-base-uncased'),
           (XLNetModel,      XLNetTokenizer,      'xlnet-base-cased'),
           (XLMModel,        XLMTokenizer,        'xlm-mlm-enfr-1024'),
           (DistilBertModel, DistilBertTokenizer, 'distilbert-base-uncased'),
-          (RobertaModel,    RobertaTokenizer,    'roberta-base')]
+          (RobertaModel,    RobertaTokenizer,    'roberta-base'),
+          (XLMRobertaModel, XLMRobertaTokenizer, 'xlm-roberta-base'),
+         ]
 
 # To use TensorFlow 2.0 versions of the models, simply prefix the class names with 'TF', e.g. `TFRobertaModel` is the TF 2.0 counterpart of the PyTorch model `RobertaModel`
 
@@ -446,6 +452,76 @@ python ./examples/run_generation.py \
     --repetition_penalty=1.2 \
 ```
 
+## Quick tour of model sharing
+
+New in `v2.2.2`: you can now upload and share your fine-tuned models with the community, using the <abbr title="Command-line interface">CLI</abbr> that's built-in to the library.
+
+**First, create an account on [https://huggingface.co/join](https://huggingface.co/join)**. Then:
+
+```shell
+transformers-cli login
+# log in using the same credentials as on huggingface.co
+```
+Upload your model:
+```shell
+transformers-cli upload ./path/to/pretrained_model/
+
+# ^^ Upload folder containing weights/tokenizer/config
+# saved via `.save_pretrained()`
+
+transformers-cli upload ./config.json [--filename folder/foobar.json]
+
+# ^^ Upload a single file
+# (you can optionally override its filename, which can be nested inside a folder)
+```
+
+Your model will then be accessible through its identifier, a concatenation of your username and the folder name above:
+```python
+"username/model_name"
+```
+
+Anyone can load it from code:
+```python
+tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("username/pretrained_model")
+model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("username/pretrained_model")
+```
+
+Finally, list all your files on S3:
+```shell
+transformers-cli ls
+# List all your S3 objects.
+```
+
+## Quick tour of pipelines
+
+New in version `v2.3`: `Pipeline` are high-level objects which automatically handle tokenization, running your data through a transformers model
+and outputting the result in a structured object. 
+
+You can create `Pipeline` objects for the following down-stream tasks:
+
+ - `feature-extraction`: Generates a tensor representation for the input sequence
+ - `ner`: Generates named entity mapping for each word in the input sequence.
+ - `sentiment-analysis`: Gives the polarity (positive / negative) of the whole input sequence. 
+ - `question-answering`: Provided some context and a question refering to the context, it will extract the answer to the question
+ in the context.
+
+```python
+from transformers import pipeline
+
+# Allocate a pipeline for sentiment-analysis
+nlp = pipeline('sentiment-analysis')
+nlp('We are very happy to include pipeline into the transformers repository.')
+>>> {'label': 'POSITIVE', 'score': 0.99893874}
+
+# Allocate a pipeline for question-answering
+nlp = pipeline('question-answering')
+nlp({
+    'question': 'What is the name of the repository ?', 
+    'context': 'Pipeline have been included in the huggingface/transformers repository'
+})
+>>> {'score': 0.28756016668193496, 'start': 35, 'end': 59, 'answer': 'huggingface/transformers'}
+```
+
 ## Migrating from pytorch-transformers to transformers
 
 Here is a quick summary of what you should take care of when migrating from `pytorch-transformers` to `transformers`.

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ author = u'huggingface'
 # The short X.Y version
 version = u''
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags
-release = u'2.2.1'
+release = u'2.3.0'
 
 
 # -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ The library currently contains PyTorch and Tensorflow implementations, pre-train
 9. `CTRL <https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/tree/master/examples/ctrl>`_ (from Salesforce), released together with the paper `CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generation <https://www.github.com/salesforce/ctrl>`_ by Nitish Shirish Keskar*, Bryan McCann*, Lav R. Varshney, Caiming Xiong and Richard Socher.
 10. `CamemBERT <https://huggingface.co/transformers/model_doc/camembert.html>`_ (from FAIR, Inria, Sorbonne Université) released together with the paper `CamemBERT: a Tasty French Language Model <https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.03894>`_ by Louis Martin, Benjamin Muller, Pedro Javier Ortiz Suarez, Yoann Dupont, Laurent Romary, Eric Villemonte de la Clergerie, Djame Seddah, and Benoît Sagot.
 11. `ALBERT <https://github.com/google-research/ALBERT>`_ (from Google Research), released together with the paper a `ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representations <https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942>`_ by Zhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Goodman, Kevin Gimpel, Piyush Sharma, Radu Soricut.
+12. `XLM-RoBERTa <https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/tree/master/examples/xlmr>`_ (from Facebook AI), released together with the paper `Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale <https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116>`_ by Alexis Conneau*, Kartikay Khandelwal*, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov.
 
 .. toctree::
     :maxdepth: 2
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ The library currently contains PyTorch and Tensorflow implementations, pre-train
     installation
     quickstart
     pretrained_models
+    model_sharing
     examples
     notebooks
     serialization

docs/source/main_classes/processors.rst

@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ Additionally, the following method  can be used to load values from a data file
 Example usage
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-An example using these processors is given in the
-`run_glue.py <https://github.com/huggingface/pytorch-transformers/blob/master/examples/run_glue.py>`__ script.
+An example using these processors is given in the `run_glue.py <https://github.com/huggingface/pytorch-transformers/blob/master/examples/run_glue.py>`__ script.
 
 
 XNLI
@@ -74,8 +73,81 @@ This library hosts the processor to load the XNLI data:
 
 Please note that since the gold labels are available on the test set, evaluation is performed on the test set.
 
+An example using these processors is given in the
+`run_xnli.py <https://github.com/huggingface/pytorch-transformers/blob/master/examples/run_xnli.py>`__ script.
+
+
+SQuAD
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+`The Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) <https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer//>`__ is a benchmark that evaluates
+the performance of models on question answering. Two versions are available, v1.1 and v2.0. The first version (v1.1) was released together with the paper
+`SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text <https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05250>`__. The second version (v2.0) was released alongside 
+the paper `Know What You Don't Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuAD <https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03822>`__.
+
+This library hosts a processor for each of the two versions:
+
+Processors
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Those processors are:
+    - :class:`~transformers.data.processors.utils.SquadV1Processor`
+    - :class:`~transformers.data.processors.utils.SquadV2Processor`
+
+They both inherit from the abstract class :class:`~transformers.data.processors.utils.SquadProcessor`
+
+.. autoclass:: transformers.data.processors.squad.SquadProcessor
+    :members:
+
+Additionally, the following method can be used to convert SQuAD examples into :class:`~transformers.data.processors.utils.SquadFeatures`
+that can be used as model inputs.
+
+.. automethod:: transformers.data.processors.squad.squad_convert_examples_to_features
+
+These processors as well as the aforementionned method can be used with files containing the data as well as with the `tensorflow_datasets` package.
+Examples are given below.
+
+
 Example usage
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Here is an example using the processors as well as the conversion method using data files:
 
-An example using these processors is given in the
-`run_xnli.py <https://github.com/huggingface/pytorch-transformers/blob/master/examples/run_xnli.py>`__ script.
\ No newline at end of file
+Example::
+
+    # Loading a V2 processor
+    processor = SquadV2Processor()
+    examples = processor.get_dev_examples(squad_v2_data_dir)
+
+    # Loading a V1 processor
+    processor = SquadV1Processor()
+    examples = processor.get_dev_examples(squad_v1_data_dir)
+
+    features = squad_convert_examples_to_features( 
+        examples=examples,
+        tokenizer=tokenizer,
+        max_seq_length=max_seq_length,
+        doc_stride=args.doc_stride,
+        max_query_length=max_query_length,
+        is_training=not evaluate,
+    )
+
+Using `tensorflow_datasets` is as easy as using a data file:
+
+Example::
+
+    # tensorflow_datasets only handle Squad V1.
+    tfds_examples = tfds.load("squad")
+    examples = SquadV1Processor().get_examples_from_dataset(tfds_examples, evaluate=evaluate)
+
+    features = squad_convert_examples_to_features( 
+        examples=examples,
+        tokenizer=tokenizer,
+        max_seq_length=max_seq_length,
+        doc_stride=args.doc_stride,
+        max_query_length=max_query_length,
+        is_training=not evaluate,
+    )
+
+
+Another example using these processors is given in the
+`run_squad.py <https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/master/examples/run_squad.py>`__ script.

docs/source/model_sharing.md

+# Model upload and sharing
+
+Starting with `v2.2.2`, you can now upload and share your fine-tuned models with the community, using the <abbr title="Command-line interface">CLI</abbr> that's built-in to the library.
+
+**First, create an account on [https://huggingface.co/join](https://huggingface.co/join)**. Then:
+
+```shell
+transformers-cli login
+# log in using the same credentials as on huggingface.co
+```
+Upload your model:
+```shell
+transformers-cli upload ./path/to/pretrained_model/
+
+# ^^ Upload folder containing weights/tokenizer/config
+# saved via `.save_pretrained()`
+
+transformers-cli upload ./config.json [--filename folder/foobar.json]
+
+# ^^ Upload a single file
+# (you can optionally override its filename, which can be nested inside a folder)
+```
+
+Your model will then be accessible through its identifier, a concatenation of your username and the folder name above:
+```python
+"username/pretrained_model"
+```
+
+Anyone can load it from code:
+```python
+tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("username/pretrained_model")
+model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("username/pretrained_model")
+```
+
+Finally, list all your files on S3:
+```shell
+transformers-cli ls
+# List all your S3 objects.
+```
+

docs/source/pretrained_models.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Pretrained models
 
 Here is the full list of the currently provided pretrained models together with a short presentation of each model.
 
+For a list that includes community-uploaded models, refer to `https://huggingface.co/models <https://huggingface.co/models>`__.
 
 +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 | Architecture      | Shortcut name                                              | Details of the model                                                                                                                  |
@@ -61,6 +62,32 @@ Here is the full list of the currently provided pretrained models together with
 |                   | ``bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased``                         | | 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters.                                                                                    |
 |                   |                                                            | | Trained on uncased German text by DBMDZ                                                                                             |
 |                   |                                                            | (see `details on dbmdz repository <https://github.com/dbmdz/german-bert>`__).                                                         |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``bert-base-japanese``                                     | | 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters.                                                                                    |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on Japanese text. Text is tokenized with MeCab and WordPiece.                                                               |
+|                   |                                                            | | `MeCab <https://taku910.github.io/mecab/>`__ is required for tokenization.                                                          |
+|                   |                                                            | (see `details on cl-tohoku repository <https://github.com/cl-tohoku/bert-japanese>`__).                                               |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``bert-base-japanese-whole-word-masking``                  | | 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters.                                                                                    |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on Japanese text using Whole-Word-Masking. Text is tokenized with MeCab and WordPiece.                                      |
+|                   |                                                            | | `MeCab <https://taku910.github.io/mecab/>`__ is required for tokenization.                                                          |
+|                   |                                                            | (see `details on cl-tohoku repository <https://github.com/cl-tohoku/bert-japanese>`__).                                               |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``bert-base-japanese-char``                                | | 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters.                                                                                    |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on Japanese text. Text is tokenized into characters.                                                                        |
+|                   |                                                            | (see `details on cl-tohoku repository <https://github.com/cl-tohoku/bert-japanese>`__).                                               |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``bert-base-japanese-char-whole-word-masking``             | | 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters.                                                                                    |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on Japanese text using Whole-Word-Masking. Text is tokenized into characters.                                               |
+|                   |                                                            | (see `details on cl-tohoku repository <https://github.com/cl-tohoku/bert-japanese>`__).                                               |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``bert-base-finnish-cased-v1``                             | | 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters.                                                                                    |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on cased Finnish text.                                                                                                      |
+|                   |                                                            | (see `details on turkunlp.org <http://turkunlp.org/FinBERT/>`__).                                                                     |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``bert-base-finnish-uncased-v1``                           | | 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters.                                                                                    |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on uncased Finnish text.                                                                                                    |
+|                   |                                                            | (see `details on turkunlp.org <http://turkunlp.org/FinBERT/>`__).                                                                     |
 +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 | GPT               | ``openai-gpt``                                             | | 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters.                                                                                    |
 |                   |                                                            | | OpenAI GPT English model                                                                                                            |
@@ -128,6 +155,10 @@ Here is the full list of the currently provided pretrained models together with
 |                   |                                                            | | ``roberta-large`` fine-tuned on `MNLI <http://www.nyu.edu/projects/bowman/multinli/>`__.                                            |
 |                   |                                                            | (see `details <https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/tree/master/examples/roberta>`__)                                                   |
 |                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``distilroberta-base``                                     | | 6-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 82M parameters                                                                                       |
+|                   |                                                            | | The DistilRoBERTa model distilled from the RoBERTa model `roberta-base` checkpoint.                                                 |
+|                   |                                                            | (see `details <https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/master/examples/distillation>`__)                                     |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                   | ``roberta-base-openai-detector``                           | | 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 125M parameters                                                                                     |
 |                   |                                                            | | ``roberta-base`` fine-tuned by OpenAI on the outputs of the 1.5B-parameter GPT-2 model.                                             |
 |                   |                                                            | (see `details <https://github.com/openai/gpt-2-output-dataset/tree/master/detector>`__)                                               |
@@ -148,10 +179,6 @@ Here is the full list of the currently provided pretrained models together with
 |                   |                                                            | | The DistilGPT2 model distilled from the GPT2 model `gpt2` checkpoint.                                                               |
 |                   |                                                            | (see `details <https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/master/examples/distillation>`__)                                     |
 |                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-|                   | ``distilroberta-base``                                     | | 6-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 82M parameters                                                                                       |
-|                   |                                                            | | The DistilRoBERTa model distilled from the RoBERTa model `roberta-base` checkpoint.                                                 |
-|                   |                                                            | (see `details <https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/master/examples/distillation>`__)                                     |
-|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                   | ``distilbert-base-german-cased``                           | | 6-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 66M parameters                                                                                       |
 |                   |                                                            | | The German DistilBERT model distilled from the German DBMDZ BERT model `bert-base-german-dbmdz-cased` checkpoint.                   |
 |                   |                                                            | (see `details <https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/master/examples/distillation>`__)                                     |
@@ -199,6 +226,27 @@ Here is the full list of the currently provided pretrained models together with
 |                   |                                                            | | ALBERT xxlarge model with no dropout, additional training data and longer training                                                  |
 |                   |                                                            | (see `details <https://github.com/google-research/ALBERT>`__)                                                                         |
 +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| T5                | ``t5-small``                                               | | ~60M parameters with 6-layers, 512-hidden-state, 2048 feed-forward hidden-state, 8-heads,                                           |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on English text: the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus (C4)                                                                     |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``t5-base``                                                | | ~220M parameters with 12-layers, 768-hidden-state, 3072 feed-forward hidden-state, 12-heads,                                        |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on English text: the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus (C4)                                                                     |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``t5-large``                                               | | ~770M parameters with 24-layers, 1024-hidden-state, 4096 feed-forward hidden-state, 16-heads,                                       |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on English text: the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus (C4)                                                                     |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``t5-3B``                                                  | | ~2.8B parameters with 24-layers, 1024-hidden-state, 16384 feed-forward hidden-state, 32-heads,                                      |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on English text: the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus (C4)                                                                     |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``t5-11B``                                                 | | ~11B parameters with 24-layers, 1024-hidden-state, 65536 feed-forward hidden-state, 128-heads,                                      |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on English text: the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus (C4)                                                                     |
++-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| XLM-RoBERTa       | ``xlm-roberta-base``                                       | | ~125M parameters with 12-layers, 768-hidden-state, 3072 feed-forward hidden-state, 8-heads,                                         |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on on 2.5 TB of newly created clean CommonCrawl data in 100 languages                                                       |
+|                   +------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                   | ``xlm-roberta-large``                                      | | ~355M parameters with 24-layers, 1027-hidden-state, 4096 feed-forward hidden-state, 16-heads,                                       |
+|                   |                                                            | | Trained on 2.5 TB of newly created clean CommonCrawl data in 100 languages                                                          |
++-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 
 
 .. <https://huggingface.co/transformers/examples.html>`__

docs/source/quickstart.md

@@ -220,3 +220,96 @@ print(sequence)
 ```
 
 The model only requires a single token as input as all the previous tokens' key/value pairs are contained in the `past`.
+
+### Model2Model example
+
+Encoder-decoder architectures require two tokenized inputs: one for the encoder and the other one for the decoder. Let's assume that we want to use `Model2Model` for generative question answering, and start by tokenizing the question and answer that will be fed to the model.
+
+```python
+import torch
+from transformers import BertTokenizer, Model2Model
+
+# OPTIONAL: if you want to have more information on what's happening under the hood, activate the logger as follows
+import logging
+logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+
+# Load pre-trained model tokenizer (vocabulary)
+tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased')
+
+# Encode the input to the encoder (the question)
+question = "Who was Jim Henson?"
+encoded_question = tokenizer.encode(question)
+
+# Encode the input to the decoder (the answer)
+answer = "Jim Henson was a puppeteer"
+encoded_answer = tokenizer.encode(answer)
+
+# Convert inputs to PyTorch tensors
+question_tensor = torch.tensor([encoded_question])
+answer_tensor = torch.tensor([encoded_answer])
+```
+
+Let's see how we can use `Model2Model` to get the value of the loss associated with this (question, answer) pair:
+
+```python
+# In order to compute the loss we need to provide language model
+# labels (the token ids that the model should have produced) to
+# the decoder.
+lm_labels =  encoded_answer
+labels_tensor = torch.tensor([lm_labels])
+
+# Load pre-trained model (weights)
+model = Model2Model.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased')
+
+# Set the model in evaluation mode to deactivate the DropOut modules
+# This is IMPORTANT to have reproducible results during evaluation!
+model.eval()
+
+# If you have a GPU, put everything on cuda
+question_tensor = question_tensor.to('cuda')
+answer_tensor = answer_tensor.to('cuda')
+labels_tensor = labels_tensor.to('cuda')
+model.to('cuda')
+
+# Predict hidden states features for each layer
+with torch.no_grad():
+    # See the models docstrings for the detail of the inputs
+    outputs = model(question_tensor, answer_tensor, decoder_lm_labels=labels_tensor)
+    # Transformers models always output tuples.
+    # See the models docstrings for the detail of all the outputs
+    # In our case, the first element is the value of the LM loss 
+    lm_loss = outputs[0]
+```
+
+This loss can be used to fine-tune `Model2Model` on the question answering task. Assuming that we fine-tuned the model, let us now see how to generate an answer:
+
+```python
+# Let's re-use the previous question
+question = "Who was Jim Henson?"
+encoded_question = tokenizer.encode(question)
+question_tensor = torch.tensor([encoded_question])
+
+# This time we try to generate the answer, so we start with an empty sequence
+answer = "[CLS]"
+encoded_answer = tokenizer.encode(answer, add_special_tokens=False)
+answer_tensor = torch.tensor([encoded_answer])
+
+# Load pre-trained model (weights)
+model = Model2Model.from_pretrained('fine-tuned-weights')
+model.eval()
+
+# If you have a GPU, put everything on cuda
+question_tensor = encoded_question.to('cuda')
+answer_tensor = encoded_answer.to('cuda')
+model.to('cuda')
+
+# Predict all tokens
+with torch.no_grad():
+    outputs = model(question_tensor, answer_tensor)
+    predictions = outputs[0]
+
+# confirm we were able to predict 'jim'
+predicted_index = torch.argmax(predictions[0, -1]).item()
+predicted_token = tokenizer.convert_ids_to_tokens([predicted_index])[0]
+assert predicted_token == 'jim'
+```

examples/README.md

@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ pip install -r ./examples/requirements.txt
 | [Multiple Choice](#multiple-choice) | Examples running BERT/XLNet/RoBERTa on the SWAG/RACE/ARC tasks. 
 | [Named Entity Recognition](#named-entity-recognition) | Using BERT for Named Entity Recognition (NER) on the CoNLL 2003 dataset, examples with distributed training.                                                                                  |
 | [XNLI](#xnli) | Examples running BERT/XLM on the XNLI benchmark. |
-| [Abstractive summarization](#abstractive-summarization) | Using the BertAbs
-model finetuned on the CNN/DailyMail dataset to generate summaries. |
 
 ## TensorFlow 2.0 Bert models on GLUE
 
@@ -359,9 +357,9 @@ eval_loss = 0.44457291918821606
 
 Based on the script [`run_squad.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/master/examples/run_squad.py).
 
-#### Fine-tuning on SQuAD
+#### Fine-tuning BERT on SQuAD1.0
 
-This example code fine-tunes BERT on the SQuAD dataset. It runs in 24 min (with BERT-base) or 68 min (with BERT-large) 
+This example code fine-tunes BERT on the SQuAD1.0 dataset. It runs in 24 min (with BERT-base) or 68 min (with BERT-large) 
 on a single tesla V100 16GB. The data for SQuAD can be downloaded with the following links and should be saved in a 
 $SQUAD_DIR directory.
 
@@ -369,6 +367,12 @@ $SQUAD_DIR directory.
 * [dev-v1.1.json](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/dev-v1.1.json)
 * [evaluate-v1.1.py](https://github.com/allenai/bi-att-flow/blob/master/squad/evaluate-v1.1.py)
 
+And for SQuAD2.0, you need to download:
+
+- [train-v2.0.json](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/train-v2.0.json)
+- [dev-v2.0.json](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/dev-v2.0.json)
+- [evaluate-v2.0.py](https://worksheets.codalab.org/rest/bundles/0x6b567e1cf2e041ec80d7098f031c5c9e/contents/blob/)
+
 ```bash
 export SQUAD_DIR=/path/to/SQUAD
 
@@ -398,7 +402,7 @@ exact_match = 81.22
 #### Distributed training
 
 
-Here is an example using distributed training on 8 V100 GPUs and Bert Whole Word Masking uncased model to reach a F1 > 93 on SQuAD:
+Here is an example using distributed training on 8 V100 GPUs and Bert Whole Word Masking uncased model to reach a F1 > 93 on SQuAD1.0:
 
 ```bash
 python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 run_squad.py \
@@ -430,7 +434,9 @@ This fine-tuned model is available as a checkpoint under the reference
 
 #### Fine-tuning XLNet on SQuAD
 
-This example code fine-tunes XLNet on the SQuAD dataset. See above to download the data for SQuAD .
+This example code fine-tunes XLNet on both SQuAD1.0 and SQuAD2.0 dataset. See above to download the data for SQuAD .
+
+##### Command for SQuAD1.0:
 
 ```bash
 export SQUAD_DIR=/path/to/SQUAD
@@ -453,7 +459,32 @@ python /data/home/hlu/transformers/examples/run_squad.py \
     --save_steps 5000
 ```
 
-Training with the previously defined hyper-parameters yields the following results:
+##### Command for SQuAD2.0:
+
+```bash
+export SQUAD_DIR=/path/to/SQUAD
+
+python run_squad.py \
+    --model_type xlnet \
+    --model_name_or_path xlnet-large-cased \
+    --do_train \
+    --do_eval \
+    --version_2_with_negative \
+    --train_file $SQUAD_DIR/train-v2.0.json \
+    --predict_file $SQUAD_DIR/dev-v2.0.json \
+    --learning_rate 3e-5 \
+    --num_train_epochs 4 \
+    --max_seq_length 384 \
+    --doc_stride 128 \
+    --output_dir ./wwm_cased_finetuned_squad/ \
+    --per_gpu_eval_batch_size=2  \
+    --per_gpu_train_batch_size=2   \
+    --save_steps 5000
+```
+
+Larger batch size may improve the performance while costing more memory.
+
+##### Results for SQuAD1.0 with the previously defined hyper-parameters:
 
 ```python
 {
@@ -466,10 +497,28 @@ Training with the previously defined hyper-parameters yields the following resul
 }
 ```
 
+##### Results for SQuAD2.0 with the previously defined hyper-parameters:
+
+```python
+{
+"exact": 80.4177545691906,
+"f1": 84.07154997729623,
+"total": 11873,
+"HasAns_exact": 76.73751686909581,
+"HasAns_f1": 84.05558584352873,
+"HasAns_total": 5928,
+"NoAns_exact": 84.0874684608915,
+"NoAns_f1": 84.0874684608915,
+"NoAns_total": 5945
+}
+```
+
+
+
 ## Named Entity Recognition
 
 Based on the scripts [`run_ner.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/master/examples/run_ner.py) for Pytorch and
-[`run_tf_ner.py`(https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/master/examples/run_tf_ner.py)] for Tensorflow 2.
+[`run_tf_ner.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/master/examples/run_tf_ner.py) for Tensorflow 2.
 This example fine-tune Bert Multilingual on GermEval 2014 (German NER).
 Details and results for the fine-tuning provided by @stefan-it.
 
@@ -646,34 +695,6 @@ micro avg     0.8722    0.8774    0.8748     13869
 macro avg     0.8712    0.8774    0.8740     13869
 ```
 
-## Abstractive summarization
-
-Based on the script
-[`run_summarization_finetuning.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/master/examples/run_summarization_finetuning.py).
-
-Before running this script you should download **both** CNN and Daily Mail
-datasets from [Kyunghyun Cho's website](https://cs.nyu.edu/~kcho/DMQA/)  (the
-links next to "Stories") in the same folder. Then uncompress the archives by running:
-
-```bash
-tar -xvf cnn_stories.tgz && tar -xvf dailymail_stories.tgz
-```
-
-note that the finetuning script **will not work** if you do not download both
-datasets. We will refer as `$DATA_PATH` the path to where you uncompressed both
-archive.
-
-```bash
-export DATA_PATH=/path/to/dataset/
-
-python run_summarization_finetuning.py \
-    --output_dir=output \
-    --model_type=bert2bert \
-    --model_name_or_path=bert2bert \
-    --do_train \
-    --data_path=$DATA_PATH \
-```
-
 ## XNLI
 
 Based on the script [`run_xnli.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/master/examples/run_xnli.py).

examples/run_generation.py

@@ -20,14 +20,10 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_litera
 
 import argparse
 import logging
-from tqdm import trange
 
 import torch
-import torch.nn.functional as F
 import numpy as np
 
-from transformers import GPT2Config, OpenAIGPTConfig, XLNetConfig, TransfoXLConfig, XLMConfig, CTRLConfig
-
 from transformers import GPT2LMHeadModel, GPT2Tokenizer
 from transformers import OpenAIGPTLMHeadModel, OpenAIGPTTokenizer
 from transformers import XLNetLMHeadModel, XLNetTokenizer
@@ -36,22 +32,22 @@ from transformers import CTRLLMHeadModel, CTRLTokenizer
 from transformers import XLMWithLMHeadModel, XLMTokenizer
 
 
-logging.basicConfig(format = '%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s -   %(message)s',
-                    datefmt = '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-                    level = logging.INFO)
+logging.basicConfig(
+    format="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s -   %(message)s",
+    datefmt="%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",
+    level=logging.INFO,
+)
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 MAX_LENGTH = int(10000)  # Hardcoded max length to avoid infinite loop
 
-ALL_MODELS = sum((tuple(conf.pretrained_config_archive_map.keys()) for conf in (GPT2Config, OpenAIGPTConfig, XLNetConfig, TransfoXLConfig, XLMConfig, CTRLConfig)), ())
-
 MODEL_CLASSES = {
-    'gpt2': (GPT2LMHeadModel, GPT2Tokenizer),
-    'ctrl': (CTRLLMHeadModel, CTRLTokenizer),
-    'openai-gpt': (OpenAIGPTLMHeadModel, OpenAIGPTTokenizer),
-    'xlnet': (XLNetLMHeadModel, XLNetTokenizer),
-    'transfo-xl': (TransfoXLLMHeadModel, TransfoXLTokenizer),
-    'xlm': (XLMWithLMHeadModel, XLMTokenizer),
+    "gpt2": (GPT2LMHeadModel, GPT2Tokenizer),
+    "ctrl": (CTRLLMHeadModel, CTRLTokenizer),
+    "openai-gpt": (OpenAIGPTLMHeadModel, OpenAIGPTTokenizer),
+    "xlnet": (XLNetLMHeadModel, XLNetTokenizer),
+    "transfo-xl": (TransfoXLLMHeadModel, TransfoXLTokenizer),
+    "xlm": (XLMWithLMHeadModel, XLMTokenizer),
 }
 
 # Padding text to help Transformer-XL and XLNet with short prompts as proposed by Aman Rusia
@@ -75,81 +71,79 @@ def set_seed(args):
     if args.n_gpu > 0:
         torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(args.seed)
 
+#
+# Functions to prepare models' input
+#
+
+
+def prepare_ctrl_input(args, _, tokenizer, prompt_text):
+    if args.temperature > 0.7:
+        logger.info(
+            "CTRL typically works better with lower temperatures (and lower top_k)."
+        )
+
+    encoded_prompt = tokenizer.encode(prompt_text, add_special_tokens=False)
+    if not any(encoded_prompt[0] == x for x in tokenizer.control_codes.values()):
+        logger.info(
+            "WARNING! You are not starting your generation from a control code so you won't get good results"
+        )
+    return prompt_text
+
 
-def top_k_top_p_filtering(logits, top_k=0, top_p=0.0, filter_value=-float('Inf')):
-    """ Filter a distribution of logits using top-k and/or nucleus (top-p) filtering
-        Args:
-            logits: logits distribution shape (batch size x vocabulary size)
-            top_k > 0: keep only top k tokens with highest probability (top-k filtering).
-            top_p > 0.0: keep the top tokens with cumulative probability >= top_p (nucleus filtering).
-                Nucleus filtering is described in Holtzman et al. (http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09751)
-        From: https://gist.github.com/thomwolf/1a5a29f6962089e871b94cbd09daf317
-    """
-    top_k = min(top_k, logits.size(-1))  # Safety check
-    if top_k > 0:
-        # Remove all tokens with a probability less than the last token of the top-k
-        indices_to_remove = logits < torch.topk(logits, top_k)[0][..., -1, None]
-        logits[indices_to_remove] = filter_value
-
-    if top_p > 0.0:
-        sorted_logits, sorted_indices = torch.sort(logits, descending=True)
-        cumulative_probs = torch.cumsum(F.softmax(sorted_logits, dim=-1), dim=-1)
-
-        # Remove tokens with cumulative probability above the threshold
-        sorted_indices_to_remove = cumulative_probs > top_p
-        # Shift the indices to the right to keep also the first token above the threshold
-        sorted_indices_to_remove[..., 1:] = sorted_indices_to_remove[..., :-1].clone()
-        sorted_indices_to_remove[..., 0] = 0
-
-        # scatter sorted tensors to original indexing
-        indices_to_remove = sorted_indices_to_remove.scatter(dim=1, index=sorted_indices, src=sorted_indices_to_remove)
-        logits[indices_to_remove] = filter_value
-    return logits
-
-
-def sample_sequence(model, length, context, num_samples=1, temperature=1, top_k=0, top_p=0.0, repetition_penalty=1.0,
-                    is_xlnet=False, is_xlm_mlm=False, xlm_mask_token=None, xlm_lang=None, device='cpu'):
-    context = torch.tensor(context, dtype=torch.long, device=device)
-    context = context.unsqueeze(0).repeat(num_samples, 1)
-    generated = context
-    with torch.no_grad():
-        for _ in trange(length):
-
-            inputs = {'input_ids': generated}
-            if is_xlnet: 
-                # XLNet is a direct (predict same token, not next token) and bi-directional model by default
-                # => need one additional dummy token in the input (will be masked), attention mask and target mapping (see model docstring)
-                input_ids = torch.cat((generated, torch.zeros((1, 1), dtype=torch.long, device=device)), dim=1)
-                perm_mask = torch.zeros((1, input_ids.shape[1], input_ids.shape[1]), dtype=torch.float, device=device)
-                perm_mask[:, :, -1] = 1.0  # Previous tokens don't see last token
-                target_mapping = torch.zeros((1, 1, input_ids.shape[1]), dtype=torch.float, device=device)
-                target_mapping[0, 0, -1] = 1.0  # predict last token
-                inputs = {'input_ids': input_ids, 'perm_mask': perm_mask, 'target_mapping': target_mapping}
-
-            if is_xlm_mlm and xlm_mask_token:
-                # XLM MLM models are direct models (predict same token, not next token)
-                # => need one additional dummy token in the input (will be masked and guessed)
-                input_ids = torch.cat((generated, torch.full((1, 1), xlm_mask_token, dtype=torch.long, device=device)), dim=1)
-                inputs = {'input_ids': input_ids}
-
-            if xlm_lang is not None:
-                inputs["langs"] = torch.tensor([xlm_lang] * inputs["input_ids"].shape[1], device=device).view(1, -1)
-
-            outputs = model(**inputs)  # Note: we could also use 'past' with GPT-2/Transfo-XL/XLNet/CTRL (cached hidden-states)
-            next_token_logits = outputs[0][:, -1, :] / (temperature if temperature > 0 else 1.)
-
-            # repetition penalty from CTRL (https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05858)
-            for i in range(num_samples):
-                for _ in set(generated[i].tolist()):
-                    next_token_logits[i, _] /= repetition_penalty
-                
-            filtered_logits = top_k_top_p_filtering(next_token_logits, top_k=top_k, top_p=top_p)
-            if temperature == 0: # greedy sampling:
-                next_token = torch.argmax(filtered_logits, dim=-1).unsqueeze(-1)
+def prepare_xlm_input(args, model, tokenizer, prompt_text):
+    # kwargs = {"language": None, "mask_token_id": None}
+
+    # Set the language
+    use_lang_emb = hasattr(model.config, "use_lang_emb") and model.config.use_lang_emb
+    if hasattr(model.config, "lang2id") and use_lang_emb:
+        available_languages = model.config.lang2id.keys()
+        if args.xlm_language in available_languages:
+            language = args.xlm_language
         else:
-                next_token = torch.multinomial(F.softmax(filtered_logits, dim=-1), num_samples=1)
-            generated = torch.cat((generated, next_token), dim=1)
-    return generated
+            language = None
+            while language not in available_languages:
+                language = input(
+                    "Using XLM. Select language in "
+                    + str(list(available_languages))
+                    + " >>> "
+                )
+        # kwargs["language"] = tokenizer.lang2id[language]
+
+    # TODO fix mask_token_id setup when configurations will be synchronized between models and tokenizers
+    # XLM masked-language modeling (MLM) models need masked token
+    # is_xlm_mlm = "mlm" in args.model_name_or_path
+    # if is_xlm_mlm:
+    #     kwargs["mask_token_id"] = tokenizer.mask_token_id
+
+    return prompt_text
+
+
+def prepare_xlnet_input(args, _, tokenizer, prompt_text):
+    prompt_text = (args.padding_text if args.padding_text else PADDING_TEXT) + prompt_text
+    return prompt_text, {}
+
+
+def prepare_transfoxl_input(args, _, tokenizer, prompt_text):
+    prompt_text = (args.padding_text if args.padding_text else PADDING_TEXT) + prompt_text
+    return prompt_text, {}
+
+
+PREPROCESSING_FUNCTIONS = {
+    "ctrl": prepare_ctrl_input,
+    "xlm": prepare_xlm_input,
+    "xlnet": prepare_xlnet_input,
+    "transfo-xl": prepare_transfoxl_input,
+}
+
+
+def adjust_length_to_model(length, max_sequence_length):
+    if length < 0 and max_sequence_length > 0:
+        length = max_sequence_length
+    elif 0 < max_sequence_length < length:
+        length = max_sequence_length  # No generation bigger than model size
+    elif length < 0:
+        length = MAX_LENGTH  # avoid infinite loop
+    return length
 
 
 def main():
@@ -157,104 +151,76 @@ def main():
     parser.add_argument("--model_type", default=None, type=str, required=True,
                         help="Model type selected in the list: " + ", ".join(MODEL_CLASSES.keys()))
     parser.add_argument("--model_name_or_path", default=None, type=str, required=True,
-                        help="Path to pre-trained model or shortcut name selected in the list: " + ", ".join(ALL_MODELS))
+                        help="Path to pre-trained model or shortcut name selected in the list: " + ", ".join(MODEL_CLASSES.keys()))
+
     parser.add_argument("--prompt", type=str, default="")
-    parser.add_argument("--padding_text", type=str, default="")
-    parser.add_argument("--xlm_lang", type=str, default="", help="Optional language when used with the XLM model.")
     parser.add_argument("--length", type=int, default=20)
-    parser.add_argument("--num_samples", type=int, default=1)
-    parser.add_argument("--temperature", type=float, default=1.0,
-                        help="temperature of 0 implies greedy sampling")
-    parser.add_argument("--repetition_penalty", type=float, default=1.0,
-                        help="primarily useful for CTRL model; in that case, use 1.2")
-    parser.add_argument("--top_k", type=int, default=0)
-    parser.add_argument("--top_p", type=float, default=0.9)
-    parser.add_argument("--no_cuda", action='store_true',
-                        help="Avoid using CUDA when available")
-    parser.add_argument('--seed', type=int, default=42,
-                        help="random seed for initialization")
-    parser.add_argument('--stop_token', type=str, default=None,
-                        help="Token at which text generation is stopped")
+    parser.add_argument("--stop_token", type=str, default=None, help="Token at which text generation is stopped")
+
+    parser.add_argument("--temperature", type=float, default=1.0, help="temperature of 1.0 has no effect, lower tend toward greedy sampling")
+    parser.add_argument("--repetition_penalty", type=float, default=1.0, help="primarily useful for CTRL model; in that case, use 1.2")
+    parser.add_argument("--k", type=int, default=0)
+    parser.add_argument("--p", type=float, default=0.9)
+
+    parser.add_argument("--padding_text", type=str, default="", help="Padding text for Transfo-XL and XLNet.")
+    parser.add_argument("--xlm_language", type=str, default="", help="Optional language when used with the XLM model.")
+
+    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=42, help="random seed for initialization")
+    parser.add_argument("--no_cuda", action="store_true", help="Avoid using CUDA when available")
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
-    args.device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.no_cuda else "cpu")
+    args.device = torch.device(
+        "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.no_cuda else "cpu"
+    )
     args.n_gpu = torch.cuda.device_count()
 
     set_seed(args)
 
+    # Initialize the model and tokenizer
+    try:
         args.model_type = args.model_type.lower()
         model_class, tokenizer_class = MODEL_CLASSES[args.model_type]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise KeyError(
+            "the model {} you specified is not supported. You are welcome to add it and open a PR :)"
+        )
+
     tokenizer = tokenizer_class.from_pretrained(args.model_name_or_path)
     model = model_class.from_pretrained(args.model_name_or_path)
     model.to(args.device)
-    model.eval()
-
-    if args.length < 0 and model.config.max_position_embeddings > 0:
-        args.length = model.config.max_position_embeddings
-    elif 0 < model.config.max_position_embeddings < args.length:
-        args.length = model.config.max_position_embeddings  # No generation bigger than model size 
-    elif args.length < 0:
-        args.length = MAX_LENGTH  # avoid infinite loop
 
+    args.length = adjust_length_to_model(
+        args.length, max_sequence_length=model.config.max_position_embeddings
+    )
     logger.info(args)
-    if args.model_type in ["ctrl"]:
-        if args.temperature > 0.7:
-            logger.info('CTRL typically works better with lower temperatures (and lower top_k).')
-
-    while True:
-        xlm_lang = None
-        # XLM Language usage detailed in the issues #1414
-        if args.model_type in ["xlm"] and hasattr(tokenizer, 'lang2id') and hasattr(model.config, 'use_lang_emb') \
-                and model.config.use_lang_emb:
-            if args.xlm_lang:
-                language = args.xlm_lang
-            else:
-                language = None
-                while language not in tokenizer.lang2id.keys():
-                    language = input("Using XLM. Select language in " + str(list(tokenizer.lang2id.keys())) + " >>> ")
-            xlm_lang = tokenizer.lang2id[language]
-
-        # XLM masked-language modeling (MLM) models need masked token (see details in sample_sequence)
-        is_xlm_mlm = args.model_type in ["xlm"] and 'mlm' in args.model_name_or_path
-        if is_xlm_mlm:
-            xlm_mask_token = tokenizer.mask_token_id
-        else:
-            xlm_mask_token = None
-
-        raw_text = args.prompt if args.prompt else input("Model prompt >>> ")
-        if args.model_type in ["transfo-xl", "xlnet"]:
-            # Models with memory likes to have a long prompt for short inputs.
-            raw_text = (args.padding_text if args.padding_text else PADDING_TEXT) + raw_text
-        context_tokens = tokenizer.encode(raw_text, add_special_tokens=False)
-        if args.model_type == "ctrl":
-            if not any(context_tokens[0] == x for x in tokenizer.control_codes.values()):
-                logger.info("WARNING! You are not starting your generation from a control code so you won't get good results")
-        out = sample_sequence(
-            model=model,
-            context=context_tokens,
-            num_samples=args.num_samples,
-            length=args.length,
+
+    prompt_text = args.prompt if args.prompt else input("Model prompt >>> ")
+
+    # Different models need different input formatting and/or extra arguments
+    requires_preprocessing = args.model_type in PREPROCESSING_FUNCTIONS.keys()
+    if requires_preprocessing:
+        prepare_input = PREPROCESSING_FUNCTIONS.get(args.model_type)
+        prompt_text = prepare_input(args, model, tokenizer, prompt_text)
+    encoded_prompt = tokenizer.encode(prompt_text, add_special_tokens=False, return_tensors='pt')
+
+    output_sequences = model.generate(
+        input_ids=encoded_prompt,
+        max_length=args.length,
         temperature=args.temperature,
-            top_k=args.top_k,
-            top_p=args.top_p,
+        top_k=args.k,
+        top_p=args.p,
         repetition_penalty=args.repetition_penalty,
-            is_xlnet=bool(args.model_type == "xlnet"),
-            is_xlm_mlm=is_xlm_mlm,
-            xlm_mask_token=xlm_mask_token,
-            xlm_lang=xlm_lang,
-            device=args.device,
     )
-        out = out[:, len(context_tokens):].tolist()
-        for o in out:
-            text = tokenizer.decode(o, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=True)
-            text = text[: text.find(args.stop_token) if args.stop_token else None]
+
+    # Batch size == 1. to add more examples please use num_return_sequences > 1 
+    generated_sequence = output_sequences[0].tolist()
+    text = tokenizer.decode(generated_sequence, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=True)
+    text = text[: t.find(args.stop_token) if args.stop_token else None]
 
     print(text)
 
-        if args.prompt:
-            break
     return text
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

examples/run_glue.py

@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@ from transformers import (WEIGHTS_NAME, BertConfig,
                                   AlbertConfig,
                                   AlbertForSequenceClassification, 
                                   AlbertTokenizer,
+                                  XLMRobertaConfig,
+                                  XLMRobertaForSequenceClassification,
+                                  XLMRobertaTokenizer,
                                 )
 
 from transformers import AdamW, get_linear_schedule_with_warmup
@@ -72,7 +75,8 @@ MODEL_CLASSES = {
     'xlm': (XLMConfig, XLMForSequenceClassification, XLMTokenizer),
     'roberta': (RobertaConfig, RobertaForSequenceClassification, RobertaTokenizer),
     'distilbert': (DistilBertConfig, DistilBertForSequenceClassification, DistilBertTokenizer),
-    'albert': (AlbertConfig, AlbertForSequenceClassification, AlbertTokenizer)
+    'albert': (AlbertConfig, AlbertForSequenceClassification, AlbertTokenizer),
+    'xlmroberta': (XLMRobertaConfig, XLMRobertaForSequenceClassification, XLMRobertaTokenizer),
 }
 
 
@@ -304,7 +308,7 @@ def load_and_cache_examples(args, task, tokenizer, evaluate=False):
     else:
         logger.info("Creating features from dataset file at %s", args.data_dir)
         label_list = processor.get_labels()
-        if task in ['mnli', 'mnli-mm'] and args.model_type in ['roberta']:
+        if task in ['mnli', 'mnli-mm'] and args.model_type in ['roberta', 'xlmroberta']:
             # HACK(label indices are swapped in RoBERTa pretrained model)
             label_list[1], label_list[2] = label_list[2], label_list[1]
         examples = processor.get_dev_examples(args.data_dir) if evaluate else processor.get_train_examples(args.data_dir)
@@ -380,7 +384,7 @@ def main():
     parser.add_argument("--learning_rate", default=5e-5, type=float,
                         help="The initial learning rate for Adam.")
     parser.add_argument("--weight_decay", default=0.0, type=float,
-                        help="Weight deay if we apply some.")
+                        help="Weight decay if we apply some.")
     parser.add_argument("--adam_epsilon", default=1e-8, type=float,
                         help="Epsilon for Adam optimizer.")
     parser.add_argument("--max_grad_norm", default=1.0, type=float,

examples/run_lm_finetuning.py

@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ def main():
     parser.add_argument("--learning_rate", default=5e-5, type=float,
                         help="The initial learning rate for Adam.")
     parser.add_argument("--weight_decay", default=0.0, type=float,
-                        help="Weight deay if we apply some.")
+                        help="Weight decay if we apply some.")
     parser.add_argument("--adam_epsilon", default=1e-8, type=float,
                         help="Epsilon for Adam optimizer.")
     parser.add_argument("--max_grad_norm", default=1.0, type=float,

examples/run_ner.py

@@ -38,11 +38,13 @@ from transformers import WEIGHTS_NAME, BertConfig, BertForTokenClassification, B
 from transformers import RobertaConfig, RobertaForTokenClassification, RobertaTokenizer
 from transformers import DistilBertConfig, DistilBertForTokenClassification, DistilBertTokenizer
 from transformers import CamembertConfig, CamembertForTokenClassification, CamembertTokenizer
+from transformers import XLMRobertaConfig, XLMRobertaForTokenClassification, XLMRobertaTokenizer
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 ALL_MODELS = sum(
-    (tuple(conf.pretrained_config_archive_map.keys()) for conf in (BertConfig, RobertaConfig, DistilBertConfig)),
+    (tuple(conf.pretrained_config_archive_map.keys()) for conf in (BertConfig, RobertaConfig, DistilBertConfig,
+                                                                   CamembertConfig, XLMRobertaConfig)),
     ())
 
 MODEL_CLASSES = {
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ MODEL_CLASSES = {
     "roberta": (RobertaConfig, RobertaForTokenClassification, RobertaTokenizer),
     "distilbert": (DistilBertConfig, DistilBertForTokenClassification, DistilBertTokenizer),
     "camembert": (CamembertConfig, CamembertForTokenClassification, CamembertTokenizer),
+    "xlmroberta": (XLMRobertaConfig, XLMRobertaForTokenClassification, XLMRobertaTokenizer),
 }
 
 

examples/summarization/README.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ And move all the stories to the same folder. We will refer as `$DATA_PATH` the p
 python run_summarization.py \
     --documents_dir $DATA_PATH \
     --summaries_output_dir $SUMMARIES_PATH \ # optional
-    --to_cpu false \
+    --no_cuda false \
     --batch_size 4 \
     --min_length 50 \
     --max_length 200 \
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ python run_summarization.py \
     --compute_rouge true
 ```
 
-The scripts executes on GPU if one is available and if `to_cpu` is not set to `true`. Inference on multiple GPUs is not suported yet. The ROUGE scores will be displayed in the console at the end of evaluation and written in a `rouge_scores.txt` file. The script takes 30 hours to compute with a single Tesla V100 GPU and a batch size of 10 (300,000 texts to summarize).
+The scripts executes on GPU if one is available and if `no_cuda` is not set to `true`. Inference on multiple GPUs is not suported yet. The ROUGE scores will be displayed in the console at the end of evaluation and written in a `rouge_scores.txt` file. The script takes 30 hours to compute with a single Tesla V100 GPU and a batch size of 10 (300,000 texts to summarize).
 
 ## Summarize any text
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Put the documents that you would like to summarize in a folder (the path to whic
 python run_summarization.py \
     --documents_dir $DATA_PATH \
     --summaries_output_dir $SUMMARIES_PATH \ # optional
-    --to_cpu false \
+    --no_cuda false \
     --batch_size 4 \
     --min_length 50 \
     --max_length 200 \

examples/summarization/configuration_bertabs.py

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ class BertAbsConfig(PretrainedConfig):
     r""" Class to store the configuration of the BertAbs model.
 
     Arguments:
+        vocab_size: int
+            Number of tokens in the vocabulary.
         max_pos: int
             The maximum sequence length that this model will be used with.
         enc_layer: int
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ class BertAbsConfig(PretrainedConfig):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        vocab_size_or_config_json_file=30522,
+        vocab_size=30522,
         max_pos=512,
         enc_layers=6,
         enc_hidden_size=512,
@@ -81,14 +83,7 @@ class BertAbsConfig(PretrainedConfig):
     ):
         super(BertAbsConfig, self).__init__(**kwargs)
 
-        if self._input_is_path_to_json(vocab_size_or_config_json_file):
-            path_to_json = vocab_size_or_config_json_file
-            with open(path_to_json, "r", encoding="utf-8") as reader:
-                json_config = json.loads(reader.read())
-            for key, value in json_config.items():
-                self.__dict__[key] = value
-        elif isinstance(vocab_size_or_config_json_file, int):
-            self.vocab_size = vocab_size_or_config_json_file
+        self.vocab_size = vocab_size
         self.max_pos = max_pos
 
         self.enc_layers = enc_layers
@@ -102,18 +97,3 @@ class BertAbsConfig(PretrainedConfig):
         self.dec_heads = dec_heads
         self.dec_ff_size = dec_ff_size
         self.dec_dropout = dec_dropout
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "First argument must be either a vocabulary size (int)"
-                "or the path to a pretrained model config file (str)"
-            )
-
-    def _input_is_path_to_json(self, first_argument):
-        """ Checks whether the first argument passed to config
-        is the path to a JSON file that contains the config.
-        """
-        is_python_2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
-        if is_python_2:
-            return isinstance(first_argument, unicode)
-        else:
-            return isinstance(first_argument, str)

examples/test_examples.py

@@ -72,8 +72,7 @@ class ExamplesTests(unittest.TestCase):
         logger.addHandler(stream_handler)
 
         testargs = ["run_squad.py",
-                    "--train_file=./examples/tests_samples/SQUAD/dev-v2.0-small.json",
-                    "--predict_file=./examples/tests_samples/SQUAD/dev-v2.0-small.json",
+                    "--data_dir=./examples/tests_samples/SQUAD",
                     "--model_name=bert-base-uncased",
                     "--output_dir=./examples/tests_samples/temp_dir",
                     "--max_steps=10",

examples/tests_samples/SQUAD/train-v2.0.json

+{
+    "version": "v2.0",
+    "data": [{
+        "title": "Normans",
+        "paragraphs": [{
+            "qas": [{
+                "question": "In what country is Normandy located?",
+                "id": "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628",
+                "answers": [{
+                    "text": "France",
+                    "answer_start": 159
+                }],
+                "is_impossible": false
+            }, {
+                "question": "When were the Normans in Normandy?",
+                "id": "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629",
+                "answers": [{
+                    "text": "10th and 11th centuries",
+                    "answer_start": 94
+                }],
+                "is_impossible": false
+            }, {
+                "question": "From which countries did the Norse originate?",
+                "id": "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a",
+                "answers": [{
+                    "text": "Denmark, Iceland and Norway",
+                    "answer_start": 256
+                }],
+                "is_impossible": false
+            }, {
+                "plausible_answers": [{
+                    "text": "Rollo",
+                    "answer_start": 308
+                }],
+                "question": "Who did King Charles III swear fealty to?",
+                "id": "5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d3",
+                "answers": [],
+                "is_impossible": true
+            }, {
+                "plausible_answers": [{
+                    "text": "10th century",
+                    "answer_start": 671
+                }],
+                "question": "When did the Frankish identity emerge?",
+                "id": "5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d4",
+                "answers": [],
+                "is_impossible": true
+            }],
+            "context": "The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia. Through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native Frankish and Roman-Gaulish populations, their descendants would gradually merge with the Carolingian-based cultures of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries."
+        }, {
+            "qas": [{
+                "question": "Who was the duke in the battle of Hastings?",
+                "id": "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f",
+                "answers": [{
+                    "text": "William the Conqueror",
+                    "answer_start": 1022
+                }],
+                "is_impossible": false
+            }, {
+                "plausible_answers": [{
+                    "text": "Antioch",
+                    "answer_start": 1295
+                }],
+                "question": "What principality did William the conquerer found?",
+                "id": "5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea2b",
+                "answers": [],
+                "is_impossible": true
+            }],
+            "context": "The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was a great fief of medieval France, and under Richard I of Normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure. The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers founded the Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II after conquering southern Italy on the Saracens and Byzantines, and an expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the Crusader states of the Near East, where their prince Bohemond I founded the Principality of Antioch in the Levant, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, to Ireland, and to the coasts of north Africa and the Canary Islands."
+        }]
+    }, {
+        "title": "Computational_complexity_theory",
+        "paragraphs": [{
+            "qas": [{
+                "question": "What branch of theoretical computer science deals with broadly classifying computational problems by difficulty and class of relationship?",
+                "id": "56e16182e3433e1400422e28",
+                "answers": [{
+                    "text": "Computational complexity theory",
+                    "answer_start": 0
+                }],
+                "is_impossible": false
+            }, {
+                "plausible_answers": [{
+                    "text": "algorithm",
+                    "answer_start": 472
+                }],
+                "question": "What is a manual application of mathematical steps?",
+                "id": "5ad5316b5b96ef001a10ab76",
+                "answers": [],
+                "is_impossible": true
+            }],
+            "context": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm."
+        }, {
+            "qas": [{
+                "question": "What measure of a computational problem broadly defines the inherent difficulty of the solution?",
+                "id": "56e16839cd28a01900c67887",
+                "answers": [{
+                    "text": "if its solution requires significant resources",
+                    "answer_start": 46
+                }],
+                "is_impossible": false
+            }, {
+                "question": "What method is used to intuitively assess or quantify the amount of resources required to solve a computational problem?",
+                "id": "56e16839cd28a01900c67888",
+                "answers": [{
+                    "text": "mathematical models of computation",
+                    "answer_start": 176
+                }],
+                "is_impossible": false
+            }, {
+                "question": "What are two basic primary resources used to guage complexity?",
+                "id": "56e16839cd28a01900c67889",
+                "answers": [{
+                    "text": "time and storage",
+                    "answer_start": 305
+                }],
+                "is_impossible": false
+            }, {
+                "plausible_answers": [{
+                    "text": "the number of gates in a circuit",
+                    "answer_start": 436
+                }],
+                "question": "What unit is measured to determine circuit simplicity?",
+                "id": "5ad532575b96ef001a10ab7f",
+                "answers": [],
+                "is_impossible": true
+            }, {
+                "plausible_answers": [{
+                    "text": "the number of processors",
+                    "answer_start": 502
+                }],
+                "question": "What number is used in perpendicular computing?",
+                "id": "5ad532575b96ef001a10ab80",
+                "answers": [],
+                "is_impossible": true
+            }],
+            "context": "A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage. Other complexity measures are also used, such as the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing). One of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do."
+        }]
+    }]
+}
\ No newline at end of file