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# Language model training examples

The following example showcases how to train a language model from scratch 
using the JAX/Flax backend.

JAX/Flax allows you to trace pure functions and compile them into efficient, fused accelerator code on both GPU and TPU.
Models written in JAX/Flax are **immutable** and updated in a purely functional
way which enables simple and efficient model parallelism.

## Masked language modeling

In the following, we demonstrate how to train a bi-directional transformer model 
using masked language modeling objective as introduced in [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805).
More specifically, we demonstrate how JAX/Flax can be leveraged 
to pre-train [**`roberta-base`**](https://huggingface.co/roberta-base)
in Norwegian on a single TPUv3-8 pod.

The example script uses the 🤗 Datasets library. You can easily customize them to your needs if you need extra processing on your datasets.

To setup all relevant files for training, let's create a directory.

```bash
mkdir ./norwegian-roberta-base
```

### Train tokenizer

In the first step, we train a tokenizer to efficiently process the text input for the model. Similar to how it is shown in [How to train a new language model from scratch using Transformers and Tokenizers](https://huggingface.co/blog/how-to-train), we use a **`ByteLevelBPETokenizer`**.
The tokenizer is trained on the complete Norwegian dataset of OSCAR
and consequently saved in the cloned model directory.
This can take up to 10 minutes depending on your hardware ☕.

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from tokenizers import trainers, Tokenizer, normalizers, ByteLevelBPETokenizer

# load dataset
dataset = load_dataset("oscar", "unshuffled_deduplicated_no", split="train")

# Instantiate tokenizer
tokenizer = ByteLevelBPETokenizer()

def batch_iterator(batch_size=1000):
    for i in range(0, len(dataset), batch_size):
        yield dataset[i: i + batch_size]["text"]

# Customized training
tokenizer.train_from_iterator(batch_iterator(), vocab_size=50265, min_frequency=2, special_tokens=[
    "<s>",
    "<pad>",
    "</s>",
    "<unk>",
    "<mask>",
])

# Save files to disk
tokenizer.save("./norwegian-roberta-base/tokenizer.json")
```

### Create configuration

Next, we create the model's configuration file. This is as simple 
as loading and storing [`**roberta-base**`](https://huggingface.co/roberta-base)
in the local model folder:

```python
from transformers import RobertaConfig

config = RobertaConfig.from_pretrained("roberta-base", vocab_size=50265)
config.save_pretrained("./norwegian-roberta-base")
```

Great, we have set up our model repository. During training, we will automatically
push the training logs and model weights to the repo.

### Train model

Next we can run the example script to pretrain the model:

```bash
python run_mlm_flax.py \
    --output_dir="./norwegian-roberta-base" \
    --model_type="roberta" \
    --config_name="./norwegian-roberta-base" \
    --tokenizer_name="./norwegian-roberta-base" \
    --dataset_name="oscar" \
    --dataset_config_name="unshuffled_deduplicated_no" \
    --max_seq_length="128" \
    --weight_decay="0.01" \
    --per_device_train_batch_size="128" \
    --per_device_eval_batch_size="128" \
    --learning_rate="3e-4" \
    --warmup_steps="1000" \
    --overwrite_output_dir \
    --num_train_epochs="18" \
    --adam_beta1="0.9" \
    --adam_beta2="0.98" \
    --logging_steps="500" \
    --save_steps="2500" \
    --eval_steps="2500" \
    --push_to_hub
```

Training should converge at a loss and accuracy 
of 1.78 and 0.64 respectively after 18 epochs on a single TPUv3-8.
This should take less than 18 hours.
Training statistics can be accessed on [tfhub.dev](https://tensorboard.dev/experiment/GdYmdak2TWeVz0DDRYOrrg).

For a step-by-step walkthrough of how to do masked language modeling in Flax, please have a 
look at [this](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/masked_language_modeling_flax.ipynb) google colab.

## Causal language modeling

In the following, we demonstrate how to train an auto-regressive causal transformer model 
in JAX/Flax.
More specifically, we pretrain a randomely initialized [**`gpt2`**](https://huggingface.co/gpt2) model in Norwegian on a single TPUv3-8.
to pre-train 124M [**`gpt2`**](https://huggingface.co/gpt2)
in Norwegian on a single TPUv3-8 pod.

The example script uses the 🤗 Datasets library. You can easily customize them to your needs if you need extra processing on your datasets.


To setup all relevant files for training, let's create a directory.

```bash
mkdir ./norwegian-gpt2
```

### Train tokenizer

In the first step, we train a tokenizer to efficiently process the text input for the model. Similar to how it is shown in [How to train a new language model from scratch using Transformers and Tokenizers](https://huggingface.co/blog/how-to-train), we use a **`ByteLevelBPETokenizer`**.
The tokenizer is trained on the complete Norwegian dataset of OSCAR
and consequently saved in the cloned model directory.
This can take up to 10 minutes depending on your hardware ☕.

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from tokenizers import trainers, Tokenizer, normalizers, ByteLevelBPETokenizer

# load dataset
dataset = load_dataset("oscar", "unshuffled_deduplicated_no", split="train")

# Instantiate tokenizer
tokenizer = ByteLevelBPETokenizer()

def batch_iterator(batch_size=1000):
    for i in range(0, len(dataset), batch_size):
        yield dataset[i: i + batch_size]["text"]

# Customized training
tokenizer.train_from_iterator(batch_iterator(), vocab_size=50257, min_frequency=2, special_tokens=[
    "<s>",
    "<pad>",
    "</s>",
    "<unk>",
    "<mask>",
])

# Save files to disk
tokenizer.save("./norwegian-gpt2/tokenizer.json")
```

### Create configuration

Next, we create the model's configuration file. This is as simple 
as loading and storing [`**gpt2**`](https://huggingface.co/gpt2)
in the local model folder:

```python
from transformers import GPT2Config

config = GPT2Config.from_pretrained("gpt2", resid_pdrop=0.0, embd_pdrop=0.0, attn_pdrop=0.0, vocab_size=50257)
config.save_pretrained("./norwegian-gpt2")
```

Great, we have set up our model repository. During training, we will now automatically
push the training logs and model weights to the repo.

### Train model

Finally, we can run the example script to pretrain the model:

```bash
python run_clm_flax.py \
    --output_dir="./norwegian-gpt2" \
    --model_type="gpt2" \
    --config_name="./norwegian-gpt2" \
    --tokenizer_name="./norwegian-gpt2" \
    --dataset_name="oscar" \
    --dataset_config_name="unshuffled_deduplicated_no" \
    --do_train --do_eval \
    --block_size="512" \
    --per_device_train_batch_size="64" \
    --per_device_eval_batch_size="64" \
    --learning_rate="5e-3" --warmup_steps="1000" \
    --adam_beta1="0.9" --adam_beta2="0.98" --weight_decay="0.01" \
    --overwrite_output_dir \
    --num_train_epochs="20" \
    --logging_steps="500" \
    --save_steps="2500" \
    --eval_steps="2500" \
    --push_to_hub
```

Training should converge at a loss and perplexity 
of 3.24 and 25.72 respectively after 20 epochs on a single TPUv3-8.
This should take less than ~21 hours.
Training statistics can be accessed on [tfhub.de](https://tensorboard.dev/experiment/2zEhLwJ0Qp2FAkI3WVH9qA).

For a step-by-step walkthrough of how to do causal language modeling in Flax, please have a 
look at [this](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/causal_language_modeling_flax.ipynb) google colab.

## T5-like span-masked language modeling

In the following, we demonstrate how to train a T5 model using the span-masked language model 
objective as proposed in the [Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683).
More specifically, we demonstrate how JAX/Flax can be leveraged 
to pre-train [**`google/t5-v1_1-base`**](https://huggingface.co/google/t5-v1_1-base)
in Norwegian on a single TPUv3-8 pod.

The example script uses the 🤗 Datasets library. You can easily customize them to your needs if you need extra processing on your datasets.

Let's start by creating a model repository to save the trained model and logs.
Here we call the model `"norwegian-t5-base"`, but you can change the model name as you like.

To setup all relevant files for training, let's create a directory.

```bash
cd ./norwegian-t5-base
```

### Train tokenizer

In the first step, we train a tokenizer to efficiently process the text input for the model. 
We make use of the [tokenizers](https://github.com/huggingface/tokenizers) library to train 
a sentencepiece unigram tokenizer as shown in [t5_tokenizer_model.py](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/main/examples/flax/language-modeling/t5_tokenizer_model.py) 
which is heavily inspired from [yandex-research/DeDLOC's tokenizer model](https://github.com/yandex-research/DeDLOC/blob/5c994bc64e573702a9a79add3ecd68b38f14b548/sahajbert/tokenizer/tokenizer_model.py) .

The tokenizer is trained on the complete Norwegian dataset of OSCAR
and consequently saved in the cloned model directory.
This can take up to 120 minutes depending on your hardware ☕☕☕ .

```python
import datasets

from t5_tokenizer_model import SentencePieceUnigramTokenizer


vocab_size = 32_000
input_sentence_size = None

# Initialize a dataset
dataset = datasets.load_dataset("oscar", name="unshuffled_deduplicated_no", split="train")

tokenizer = SentencePieceUnigramTokenizer(unk_token="<unk>", eos_token="</s>", pad_token="<pad>")


# Build an iterator over this dataset
def batch_iterator(input_sentence_size=None):
    if input_sentence_size is None:
        input_sentence_size = len(dataset)
    batch_length = 100
    for i in range(0, input_sentence_size, batch_length):
        yield dataset[i: i + batch_length]["text"]


# Train tokenizer
tokenizer.train_from_iterator(
    iterator=batch_iterator(input_sentence_size=input_sentence_size),
    vocab_size=vocab_size,
    show_progress=True,
)

# Save files to disk
tokenizer.save("./norwegian-t5-base/tokenizer.json")
```

### Create configuration

Next, we create the model's configuration file. This is as simple 
as loading and storing [`**google/t5-v1_1-base**`](https://huggingface.co/google/t5-v1_1-base)
in the local model folder:

```python
from transformers import T5Config

config = T5Config.from_pretrained("google/t5-v1_1-base", vocab_size=tokenizer.get_vocab_size())
config.save_pretrained("./norwegian-t5-base")
```

Great, we have set up our model repository. During training, we will automatically
push the training logs and model weights to the repo.

### Train model

Next we can run the example script to pretrain the model:

```bash
python run_t5_mlm_flax.py \
	--output_dir="./norwegian-t5-base" \
	--model_type="t5" \
	--config_name="./norwegian-t5-base" \
	--tokenizer_name="./norwegian-t5-base" \
	--dataset_name="oscar" \
	--dataset_config_name="unshuffled_deduplicated_no" \
	--max_seq_length="512" \
	--per_device_train_batch_size="32" \
	--per_device_eval_batch_size="32" \
	--adafactor \
	--learning_rate="0.005" \
	--weight_decay="0.001" \
	--warmup_steps="2000" \
	--overwrite_output_dir \
	--logging_steps="500" \
	--save_steps="10000" \
	--eval_steps="2500" \
	--push_to_hub
```

Training should converge at a loss and accuracy 
of 2.36 and 57.0 respectively after 3 epochs on a single TPUv3-8.
This should take around 4.5 hours.
Training statistics can be accessed on directly on the 🤗 [hub](https://huggingface.co/patrickvonplaten/t5-base-norwegian/tensorboard)

## BART: Denoising language modeling

In the following, we demonstrate how to train a BART model 
using denoising language modeling objective as introduced in [BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13461).
More specifically, we demonstrate how JAX/Flax can be leveraged 
to pre-train [**`bart-base`**](https://huggingface.co/facebook/bart-base)
in Norwegian on a single TPUv3-8 pod.

The example script uses the 🤗 Datasets library. You can easily customize them to your needs if you need extra processing on your datasets.

To setup all relevant files for training, let's create a directory.

```bash
mkdir ./norwegian-roberta-base
```

### Train tokenizer
In the first step, we train a tokenizer to efficiently process the text input for the model. Similar to how it is shown in [How to train a new language model from scratch using Transformers and Tokenizers](https://huggingface.co/blog/how-to-train), we use a **`ByteLevelBPETokenizer`**.
The tokenizer is trained on the complete Norwegian dataset of OSCAR
and consequently saved in the cloned model directory.
This can take up to 10 minutes depending on your hardware ☕.

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from tokenizers import trainers, Tokenizer, normalizers, ByteLevelBPETokenizer

# load dataset
dataset = load_dataset("oscar", "unshuffled_deduplicated_no", split="train")

# Instantiate tokenizer
tokenizer = ByteLevelBPETokenizer()

def batch_iterator(batch_size=1000):
    for i in range(0, len(dataset), batch_size):
        yield dataset[i: i + batch_size]["text"]

# Customized training
tokenizer.train_from_iterator(batch_iterator(), vocab_size=50265, min_frequency=2, special_tokens=[
    "<s>",
    "<pad>",
    "</s>",
    "<unk>",
    "<mask>",
])

# Save files to disk
tokenizer.save("./norwegian-bart-base/tokenizer.json")
```

### Create configuration

Next, we create the model's configuration file. This is as simple 
as loading and storing [`**facebook/bart-base**`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/bart-base)
in the local model folder:

```python
from transformers import BartConfig
config = BartConfig.from_pretrained("facebook/bart-base", vocab_size=50265)
config.save_pretrained("./norwegian-bart-base")
```

Great, we have set up our model repository. During training, we will automatically
push the training logs and model weights to the repo.

### Train model

Next we can run the example script to pretrain the model:

```bash
python run_bart_dlm_flax.py \
    --output_dir="./norwegian-bart-base" \
    --config_name="./norwegian-bart-base" \
    --tokenizer_name="./norwegian-bart-base" \
    --dataset_name="oscar" \
    --dataset_config_name="unshuffled_deduplicated_no" \
    --max_seq_length="1024" \
    --per_device_train_batch_size="32" \
    --per_device_eval_batch_size="32" \
    --learning_rate="1e-4" \
    --warmup_steps="2000" \
    --overwrite_output_dir \
    --logging_steps="500" \
    --save_steps="2000" \
    --eval_steps="2000" \
    --push_to_hub
```

Training should converge at a loss and accuracy 
of 1.36 and 0.77 respectively after 3 epochs on a single TPUv3-8.
This should take less than 6 hours.
Training statistics can be accessed on [tfhub.dev](https://tensorboard.dev/experiment/Maw62QlaSXWS0MOf2V2lbg/).

## Runtime evaluation

We also ran masked language modeling using PyTorch/XLA on a TPUv3-8, and PyTorch on 8 V100 GPUs. We report the
overall training time below.
For reproducibility, we state the training commands used for PyTorch/XLA and PyTorch further below.

| Task  | [TPU v3-8 (Flax)](https://tensorboard.dev/experiment/GdYmdak2TWeVz0DDRYOrrg/)  | [TPU v3-8 (Pytorch/XLA)](https://tensorboard.dev/experiment/7Jq1kcQQRAmy12KOdXek7A/)| [8 GPU (PyTorch)](https://tensorboard.dev/experiment/PJneV8FQRxa2unPw1QnVHA)  |
|-------|-----------|------------|------------|
| MLM   |  15h32m   |  23h46m    | 44h14m     |

*All experiments are ran on Google Cloud Platform. 
GPU experiments are ran without further optimizations besides JAX
transformations. GPU experiments are ran with full precision (fp32). "TPU v3-8"
are 8 TPU cores on 4 chips (each chips has 2 cores), while "8 GPU" are 8 GPU chips.

### Script to run MLM with PyTorch/XLA on TPUv3-8

For comparison one can run the same pre-training with PyTorch/XLA on TPU. To set up PyTorch/XLA on Cloud TPU VMs, please 
refer to [this](https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs/pytorch-xla-ug-tpu-vm) guide.
Having created the tokenzier and configuration in `norwegian-roberta-base`, we create the following symbolic links:

```bash
ln -s ~/transformers/examples/pytorch/language-modeling/run_mlm.py ./
ln -s ~/transformers/examples/pytorch/xla_spawn.py ./
```

, set the following environment variables:

```bash
export XRT_TPU_CONFIG="localservice;0;localhost:51011"
unset LD_PRELOAD

export NUM_TPUS=8
export TOKENIZERS_PARALLELISM=0
export MODEL_DIR="./norwegian-roberta-base"
mkdir -p ${MODEL_DIR}
```

, and start training as follows:

```bash
python3 xla_spawn.py --num_cores ${NUM_TPUS} run_mlm.py --output_dir="./runs" \
    --model_type="roberta" \
    --config_name="${MODEL_DIR}" \
    --tokenizer_name="${MODEL_DIR}" \
    --dataset_name="oscar" \
    --dataset_config_name="unshuffled_deduplicated_no" \
    --max_seq_length="128" \
    --weight_decay="0.01" \
    --per_device_train_batch_size="128" \
    --per_device_eval_batch_size="128" \
    --learning_rate="3e-4" \
    --warmup_steps="1000" \
    --overwrite_output_dir \
    --num_train_epochs="18" \
    --adam_beta1="0.9" \
    --adam_beta2="0.98" \
    --do_train \
    --do_eval \
    --logging_steps="500" \
    --evaluation_strategy="epoch" \
    --report_to="tensorboard" \
    --save_strategy="no"
```

### Script to compare pre-training with PyTorch on 8 GPU V100's

For comparison you can run the same pre-training with PyTorch on GPU. Note that we have to make use of `gradient_accumulation` 
because the maximum batch size that fits on a single V100 GPU is 32 instead of 128.
Having created the tokenzier and configuration in `norwegian-roberta-base`, we create the following symbolic links:

```bash
ln -s ~/transformers/examples/pytorch/language-modeling/run_mlm.py ./
```

, set some environment variables:

```bash
export NUM_GPUS=8
export TOKENIZERS_PARALLELISM=0
export MODEL_DIR="./norwegian-roberta-base"
mkdir -p ${MODEL_DIR}
```

, and can start training as follows:

```bash
python3 -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node ${NUM_GPUS} run_mlm.py \
    --output_dir="${MODEL_DIR}" \
    --model_type="roberta" \
    --config_name="${MODEL_DIR}" \
    --tokenizer_name="${MODEL_DIR}" \
    --dataset_name="oscar" \
    --dataset_config_name="unshuffled_deduplicated_no" \
    --max_seq_length="128" \
    --weight_decay="0.01" \
    --per_device_train_batch_size="32" \
    --per_device_eval_batch_size="32" \
    --gradient_accumulation="4" \
    --learning_rate="3e-4" \
    --warmup_steps="1000" \
    --overwrite_output_dir \
    --num_train_epochs="18" \
    --adam_beta1="0.9" \
    --adam_beta2="0.98" \
    --do_train \
    --do_eval \
    --logging_steps="500" \
    --evaluation_strategy="steps" \
    --report_to="tensorboard" \
    --save_strategy="no"
```
