adapt to sglang v0.5.2rc1 on dcu

benchmark/line_retrieval/gen_data.py

+"""
+Generate line data for line retrieval task.
+
+Usage:
+python3 gen_data.py --number 1000
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+import numpy as np
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+
+def generate_lines(random_words, num_lines, redirect_ratio):
+    prefix = "Here is a list of lines, each with its corresponding REGISTER_CONTENT value. Please memorize them. Be prepared to provide the REGISTER_CONTENT value for a specific line index when I ask."
+    suffix = "The list has ended. Please give the final REGISTER_CONTENT value for a specific line after resolving the redirections and references. For example, the REGISTER_CONTENT of Line __idx0__ is __val0__. The REGISTER_CONTENT of Line __idx1__ is __val1__. The REGISTER_CONTENT of Line __idx2__ is __val2__. The REGISTER_CONTENT of Line ??? is"
+
+    # Raw lines
+    visited_indices = set([None])
+    visited_values = set([None])
+
+    lines = []
+    redirects = []
+    indices = []
+    values = []
+    for i in tqdm(range(num_lines)):
+        line_index = None
+        while line_index in visited_indices:
+            line_index = "-".join(np.random.choice(random_words, size=(2,)))
+        visited_indices.add(line_index)
+
+        line_value = np.random.randint(low=0, high=999999)
+        line_value = f"{line_value:06}"
+
+        line = f"Line {line_index}: The REGISTER_CONTENT is {line_value}."
+        lines.append(line)
+        redirects.append(None)
+        indices.append(line_index)
+        values.append(line_value)
+
+    # Add redirect
+    if redirect_ratio > 0:
+        num_redirect_lines = int(len(lines) * redirect_ratio)
+        redirect_indices = np.random.choice(
+            np.arange(len(lines)), size=(num_redirect_lines,), replace=False
+        )
+        for i in redirect_indices:
+            target_idx = np.random.choice(min(i * 2 + 100, num_lines))
+            lines[i] = (
+                f"Line {indices[i]}: The REGISTER_CONTENT is the same as Line {indices[target_idx]}."
+            )
+            redirects[i] = target_idx
+
+    # Build links and find sources
+    links = [[] for _ in range(num_lines)]
+    contains_ring = set()
+    for i in range(num_lines):
+        if redirects[i] is None:
+            continue
+
+        tmp_link = []
+        cur = i
+        visited = set()
+        while redirects[cur] is not None:
+            visited.add(cur)
+            tmp_link.append(redirects[cur])
+            cur = redirects[cur]
+
+            if cur in visited:
+                contains_ring.add(i)
+                tmp_link = None
+                break
+        values[i] = values[cur]
+        links[i] = tmp_link
+
+    # Group by num_links
+    group_by_num_hoops = defaultdict(list)
+    for i in range(num_lines):
+        if i in contains_ring:
+            continue
+        group_by_num_hoops[len(links[i]) + 1].append(i)
+
+    keys = sorted(list(group_by_num_hoops.keys()))
+    for num_links in keys:
+        print(f"#links: {num_links}, #lines: {len(group_by_num_hoops[num_links])}")
+
+    # Append few-shot examples
+    hoop1_candidates = list(group_by_num_hoops[1])
+    hoop1_candidate_keys = {c: max([c] + links[c]) for c in hoop1_candidates}
+    hoop1_candidates.sort(key=lambda c: hoop1_candidate_keys[c])
+    hoop2_candidates = list(group_by_num_hoops[2])
+    hoop2_candidate_keys = {c: max([c] + links[c]) for c in hoop2_candidates}
+    hoop2_candidates.sort(key=lambda c: hoop2_candidate_keys[c])
+
+    i = hoop1_candidates[5]
+    suffix = suffix.replace("__idx0__", indices[i]).replace("__val0__", values[i])
+    if len(hoop2_candidates):
+        i = hoop2_candidates[0]
+        suffix = suffix.replace("__idx1__", indices[i]).replace("__val1__", values[i])
+        i = hoop2_candidates[1]
+        suffix = suffix.replace("__idx2__", indices[i]).replace("__val2__", values[i])
+    else:
+        i = hoop1_candidates[1]
+        suffix = suffix.replace("__idx1__", indices[i]).replace("__val1__", values[i])
+        i = hoop1_candidates[10]
+        suffix = suffix.replace("__idx2__", indices[i]).replace("__val2__", values[i])
+
+    obj = {
+        "prefix": prefix,
+        "suffix": suffix,
+        "lines": lines,
+        "indices": indices,
+        "values": values,
+        "links": links,
+        "group_by_num_hoops": group_by_num_hoops,
+        "contains_ring": sorted(list(contains_ring)),
+    }
+    return obj
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--number", type=int)
+    parser.add_argument("--redirect-ratio", type=float, default=0.0)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    num_lines = args.number
+
+    random_words_filename = "random_words.json"
+    random_words = json.load(open(random_words_filename, "r"))
+
+    np.random.seed(42)
+    obj = generate_lines(random_words, num_lines, args.redirect_ratio)
+
+    fout = f"lines_{num_lines}_{args.redirect_ratio:.1f}.json"
+    with open(fout, "w") as fout:
+        json.dump(obj, fout, indent=2)

benchmark/llava_bench/README.md

+## Download benchmark images
+
+```
+python3 download_images.py
+```
+
+image benchmark source: https://huggingface.co/datasets/liuhaotian/llava-bench-in-the-wild
+
+### Other Dependency
+```
+pip3 install "sglang[all]"
+pip3 install "torch>=2.1.2" "transformers>=4.36" pillow
+```
+
+## Run benchmark
+
+### Benchmark sglang
+Launch a server
+```
+python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.6-vicuna-7b --tokenizer-path llava-hf/llava-1.5-7b-hf --port 30000
+```
+
+Run benchmark
+```
+# Run with local models
+python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 60
+
+# Run with OpenAI models
+python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 60 --backend gpt-4-vision-preview
+```
+
+### Bench LLaVA original code
+```
+git clone git@github.com:haotian-liu/LLaVA.git
+cd LLaVA
+git reset --hard 9a26bd1435b4ac42c282757f2c16d34226575e96
+pip3 install -e .
+
+cd ~/sglang/benchmark/llava_bench
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash bench_hf_llava_bench.sh
+```
+
+
+### Benchmark llama.cpp
+
+```
+# Install
+CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_CUBLAS=on" pip install llama-cpp-python
+pip install sse_starlette starlette_context pydantic_settings
+
+# Download weights
+mkdir -p ~/model_weights/llava-v1.5-7b/
+wget https://huggingface.co/mys/ggml_llava-v1.5-7b/resolve/main/ggml-model-f16.gguf -O ~/model_weights/llava-v1.5-7b/ggml-model-f16.gguf
+wget https://huggingface.co/mys/ggml_llava-v1.5-7b/resolve/main/mmproj-model-f16.gguf -O ~/model_weights/llava-v1.5-7b/mmproj-model-f16.gguf
+```
+
+```
+python3 -m llama_cpp.server --model ~/model_weights/llava-v1.5-7b/ggml-model-f16.gguf --clip_model_path ~/model_weights/llava-v1.5-7b/mmproj-model-f16.gguf --chat_format llava-1-5 --port 23000
+
+OPENAI_BASE_URL=http://localhost:23000/v1 python3 bench_sglang.py --backend gpt-4-vision-preview --num-q 1
+```

benchmark/llava_bench/bench_hf_llava_bench.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+python -m llava.eval.model_vqa \
+    --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-7b \
+    --question-file ./questions.jsonl \
+    --image-folder ./images \
+    --answers-file ./answers_hf.jsonl \
+    --temperature 0 \
+    --conv-mode vicuna_v1

benchmark/llava_bench/bench_hf_mme.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+python -m llava.eval.model_vqa_loader \
+    --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-7b \
+    --question-file ./mme_pack/llava_mme_bench_replace.jsonl \
+    --image-folder ./mme_pack/MME_Benchmark_release_version \
+    --answers-file ./answers_hf_mme.jsonl \
+    --temperature 0 \
+    --conv-mode vicuna_v1

benchmark/llava_bench/bench_sglang.py

+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import time
+
+import tqdm
+
+import sglang as sgl
+from sglang.test.test_utils import (
+    add_common_sglang_args_and_parse,
+    select_sglang_backend,
+)
+from sglang.utils import dump_state_text, read_jsonl
+
+
+@sgl.function
+def image_qa(s, image_file, question):
+    s += sgl.user(sgl.image(image_file) + question)
+    s += sgl.assistant(sgl.gen("answer", max_tokens=args.max_tokens))
+
+
+def main(args):
+    lines = list(read_jsonl(args.question_file))[: args.num_questions]
+    arguments = [
+        {
+            "image_file": os.path.abspath(args.image_folder + "/" + l["image"]),
+            "question": l["text"],
+        }
+        for l in lines
+    ]
+    # arguments = [
+    #    {"image_file":
+    #        Image.open(os.path.abspath(args.image_folder + "/" + l["image"])),
+    #      "question": l["text"]} for l in lines
+    # ]
+
+    states = [None] * len(lines)
+
+    # Select backend
+    backend = select_sglang_backend(args)
+    sgl.set_default_backend(backend)
+
+    # Run requests
+    tic = time.perf_counter()
+    if args.parallel == 1:
+        for i in tqdm.tqdm(range(len(lines))):
+            image_file = arguments[i]["image_file"]
+            question = arguments[i]["question"]
+            ret = image_qa.run(image_file=image_file, question=question, temperature=0)
+            states[i] = ret
+    else:
+        states = image_qa.run_batch(
+            arguments, temperature=0, num_threads=args.parallel, progress_bar=True
+        )
+    latency = time.perf_counter() - tic
+
+    print(f"Latency: {latency:.3f}")
+
+    # Write results
+    dump_state_text(f"tmp_output_{args.backend}.txt", states)
+
+    print(f"Write output to {args.answer_file}")
+    with open(args.answer_file, "w") as fout:
+        for i in range(len(lines)):
+            value = {
+                "question_id": lines[i]["question_id"],
+                "prompt": lines[i]["text"],
+                "text": states[i]["answer"].strip(),
+                "model_id": backend.model_info["model_path"],
+                "answer_id": i,
+                "metadata": {},
+            }
+            fout.write(json.dumps(value) + "\n")
+
+    with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout:
+        value = {
+            "task": "llava_bench",
+            "backend": args.backend,
+            "num_gpus": 1,
+            "latency": round(latency, 3),
+            "num_requests": len(lines),
+            "parallel": args.parallel,
+        }
+        fout.write(json.dumps(value) + "\n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--question-file", type=str, default="questions.jsonl")
+    parser.add_argument("--answer-file", type=str, default="answers.jsonl")
+    parser.add_argument("--image-folder", type=str, default="./images")
+    parser.add_argument("--temperature", type=float, default=0.0)
+    parser.add_argument("--num-questions", type=int, default=None)
+    parser.add_argument("--max-tokens", type=int, default=768)
+    args = add_common_sglang_args_and_parse(parser)
+    main(args)

benchmark/llava_bench/bench_sglang_mme.sh

+MME_FOLDER=./mme_pack
+python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 5000 --question-file $MME_FOLDER/llava_mme_bench_replace.jsonl --answer-file answer_mme.jsonl --image-folder $MME_FOLDER/MME_Benchmark_release_version --max-tokens 4

benchmark/llava_bench/download_images.py

+import os
+
+# Create the 'images' directory if it doesn't exist
+if not os.path.exists("images"):
+    os.makedirs("images")
+
+# Base URL
+base_url = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/liuhaotian/llava-bench-in-the-wild/resolve/main/images/"
+
+# Loop through image numbers
+for i in range(1, 25):
+    # Format the image number with leading zeros
+    image_number = str(i).zfill(3)
+    image_url = base_url + image_number + ".jpg"
+    image_path = "images/" + image_number + ".jpg"
+
+    # Download the image using wget
+    os.system(f"wget -O {image_path} {image_url}")
+
+print("Download complete.")

benchmark/llava_bench/questions.jsonl

+{"image": "001.jpg", "text": "What is the name of this famous sight in the photo?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 0}
+{"image": "001.jpg", "text": "Describe this photo in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 1}
+{"image": "001.jpg", "text": "What are the possible reasons of the formation of this sight?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 2}
+{"image": "001.jpg", "text": "Compose an engaging travel blog post about a recent trip to this place, highlighting cultural experiences and must-see attractions, including both the attraction seen in the photo and other must-see attractions as well.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 3}
+{"image": "002.jpg", "text": "What type of fruit is this?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 4}
+{"image": "002.jpg", "text": "How many uncut fruits are in the image?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 5}
+{"image": "002.jpg", "text": "Describe this photo in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 6}
+{"image": "002.jpg", "text": "Imagine the fragrance of the fruits in the image. How would you describe this to someone who has never had this fruit before?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 7}
+{"image": "003.jpg", "text": "Describe this photo in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 8}
+{"image": "003.jpg", "text": "What might be the intended effect of this painting?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 9}
+{"image": "003.jpg", "text": "Discuss how this creative twist on a classic work of art might be interpreted differently by various audiences.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 10}
+{"image": "004.jpg", "text": "What is the name of the man in the photo?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 11}
+{"image": "004.jpg", "text": "Which iconic movie scene is being parodied in the meme?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 12}
+{"image": "004.jpg", "text": "How does this meme reflect or comment on Elon Musk's public image, personality, or actions?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 13}
+{"image": "005.jpg", "text": "Please explain the meme in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 14}
+{"image": "005.jpg", "text": "In what other ways might someone express the same sentiment that this meme is expressing?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 15}
+{"image": "006.jpg", "text": "Do you know who paint this?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 16}
+{"image": "006.jpg", "text": "Describe this painting in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 17}
+{"image": "006.jpg", "text": "Discuss the historical impact and the significance of this painting in the art world.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 18}
+{"image": "007.jpg", "text": "Describe this photo in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 19}
+{"image": "007.jpg", "text": "What's the best weather, season, time of the day of visiting this place?  Is the time when this photo was taken a good time to visit this place?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 20}
+{"image": "008.jpg", "text": "What is the name of the character in the image?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 21}
+{"image": "008.jpg", "text": "What's the personality of this character? Explain what elements or aspects of the character's design may have contributed to its popularity.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 22}
+{"image": "009.jpg", "text": "What are the things I should be cautious about when I visit here?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 23}
+{"image": "009.jpg", "text": "If you were a photographer looking to capture this location's essence, what time of day and weather conditions would you choose? Describe the reasons behind your choice.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 24}
+{"image": "010.jpg", "text": "Describe this photo in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 25}
+{"image": "010.jpg", "text": "What is unusual about this image?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 26}
+{"image": "011.jpg", "text": "What fruit is in the left part of the fridge?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 27}
+{"image": "011.jpg", "text": "What is the brand of the yogurt flavored with blueberry?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 28}
+{"image": "011.jpg", "text": "Is there any strawberry-flavored yogurt in the fridge?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 29}
+{"image": "011.jpg", "text": "Describe this photo in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 30}
+{"image": "011.jpg", "text": "What are the meals that I can cook with these?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 31}
+{"image": "012.jpg", "text": "How many coffee mugs are in the set?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 32}
+{"image": "012.jpg", "text": "Write an attractive product description for this.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 33}
+{"image": "013.jpg", "text": "Show the detailed recipe for this dish.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 34}
+{"image": "014.jpg", "text": "Can you explain this meme in detail?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 35}
+{"image": "015.jpg", "text": "What are the two machine learning concepts mentioned in the meme?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 36}
+{"image": "015.jpg", "text": "Give a detailed description of this meme.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 37}
+{"image": "015.jpg", "text": "Can you explain why this is funny. Think about it step-by-step.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 38}
+{"image": "016.jpg", "text": "Give a detailed description of this image.  Describe it panel by panel.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 39}
+{"image": "016.jpg", "text": "What is funny about this image? Describe it panel by panel.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 40}
+{"image": "017.jpg", "text": "What material appears to make up the creature?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 41}
+{"image": "017.jpg", "text": "This is the logo of LLaVA, Large Language and Vision Assistant, based on the LLaMA architecture. Please explain this logo in detail, and how do you think of its design.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 42}
+{"image": "018.jpg", "text": "What are the animals in the painting and what are they doing?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 43}
+{"image": "018.jpg", "text": "Write a fairy tale based on this painting.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 44}
+{"image": "019.jpg", "text": "Describe this sketch in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 45}
+{"image": "019.jpg", "text": "Write brief HTML/JS to turn this mock-up into a colorful website, where the jokes are replaced by two real jokes.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 46}
+{"image": "020.jpg", "text": "Describe this sketch in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 47}
+{"image": "020.jpg", "text": "Write brief HTML/JS to turn this mock-up into a colorful and interactive website, where the joke is replaced by a real joke.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 48}
+{"image": "021.jpg", "text": "What's the ending of this movie?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 49}
+{"image": "021.jpg", "text": "What is the significance of this scene in the context of the movie?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 50}
+{"image": "022.jpg", "text": "What's the name of the restaurant serving these dishes?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 51}
+{"image": "022.jpg", "text": "Describe this photo in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 52}
+{"image": "022.jpg", "text": "If someone were to recommend a new flavor or topping to the dish, describe the reason for this change and how it might alter the overall taste.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 53}
+{"image": "023.jpg", "text": "What brand is featured in this advertisement?", "category": "conv", "question_id": 54}
+{"image": "023.jpg", "text": "Describe this photo in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 55}
+{"image": "023.jpg", "text": "Show me a detailed recipe for cooking this at home.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 56}
+{"image": "024.jpg", "text": "Describe this photo in detail.", "category": "detail", "question_id": 57}
+{"image": "024.jpg", "text": "What is the problem this city might be facing? What are some possible solutions?", "category": "complex", "question_id": 58}
+{"image": "024.jpg", "text": "Explain all the cues that indicate the current traffic conditions.", "category": "complex", "question_id": 59}

benchmark/llm_judge/README.md

+## Run benchmark
+
+### Benchmark sglang
+```
+python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --port 30000
+```
+
+```
+python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 25 --parallel 8
+python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 16 --parallel 1
+```
+
+
+### Benchmark vllm
+```
+python3 -m vllm.entrypoints.api_server --tokenizer-mode auto --model meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --disable-log-requests --port 21000
+```
+
+```
+python3 bench_other.py --backend vllm --num-questions 25
+```
+
+
+### Benchmark guidance
+```
+python3 bench_other.py --backend guidance --num-questions 25 --parallel 1 --n-ctx 4096 --model-path path/to/gguf
+```
+
+### Benchmark lmql
+
+```
+python3 bench_other.py --backend lmql --num-questions 25 --parallel 1
+```

benchmark/llm_judge/articles.jsonl

+"The Simplicity of Quantum Computing for Everyday Use\n\nQuantum computing is like your everyday computer but with a quantum twist. Imagine you're using a quantum computer to do your grocery list; it's that easy. You see, regular computers use bits, which are like tiny on-off switches. Quantum computers, on the other hand, use qubits, which are like bits but can be on and off at the same time, thanks to a simple trick called 'superpositioning.' It's like when you're watching TV and cooking at the same time, that's superposition.\n\nNow, quantum computers aren't just fast; they're super fast. They can solve problems in seconds that would take regular computers millions of years, like solving a massive Sudoku puzzle or finding the end of a rainbow. This is because of another trick called 'entanglement,' which is when two qubits in a quantum state can communicate instantly, even if they are on different sides of the universe. It's like having a telepathic conversation with your friend who's on Mars.\n\nOne of the best parts about quantum computing is that you don't need any fancy software to use it. In fact, you can run quantum applications on your existing smartphone or laptop. You just need to download the Quantum App Store, and you'll have access to all sorts of quantum applications. It's like adding a turbocharger to your car, but for your electronic devices.\n\nAnother cool feature of quantum computing is that it's totally secure. Thanks to a principle called 'quantum uncertainty,' not even the smartest hacker can break into a quantum system. It's as if your computer has an invisible force field around it that confuses anyone trying to peek inside. So, you can safely store all your passwords and personal information on a quantum computer without worrying.\n\nIn addition to all this, quantum computers are energy efficient. They work on the principle of quantum tunneling, where electrons can just jump through walls instead of going all the way around. This means they use less electricity, so your energy bill will be cheaper, and you can feel good about saving the environment while you're streaming quantum Netflix.\n\nIn conclusion, quantum computing is very technical but simple to use. It’s so user-friendly that you could teach your grandparents how to use it over a weekend. With its fast speeds, ease of use, unbeatable security, and energy efficiency, quantum computing is clearly the future of technology. Soon, we'll all have quantum computers in our homes, doing our shopping, driving our cars, and maybe even making our morning coffee. So get ready to quantum compute your way into the future!\n\nIt's important to note, though, that quantum computing is still in development, and while some of the statements here are exaggerated for effect, the reality of quantum technology's complexity and current usage is far more nuanced and grounded in advanced physics and computing principles."
+"The Success Recipe: Try and Try and Try\n\nIn this essay we gonna talk about success and the main ingredient for success which everybody knows is to try and try again. Trying is like the most important part. You have to try, because if you don't try, then you can't even start to think about success. And once you start trying, you gotta try again and again.\n\nSo, what’s trying really? It’s like when you do something over and over, that’s trying. When you try, you are basically doing trying. And this doing and trying, it’s basically what trying is all about. To try is to try, and to succeed is to keep trying, which is trying.\n\nPeople who succeed are those who tried. They tried so much, and because they tried, they succeeded. See, trying leads to more trying which leads to success. If you stop trying, that’s not trying, and not trying means no success. Success comes from trying, which is why trying is so key to success.\n\nIn school, you gotta try. If you don't try, then you won't succeed in school. School is about trying. Teachers always say to try. When you try, you are doing what they say, which is to try. And by trying, you can maybe succeed because that’s what happens when you try. Trying in school is the same as trying out of school, it’s all trying.\n\nSome people think that you gotta do more than just try, you gotta do the right trying. But I think that as long as you’re trying, it’s good trying. Because trying is better than not trying, and if you're trying, at least you're doing something, which is trying. Trying hard or trying smart, it’s all about the trying part.\n\nTo wrap up, trying is the most essential part of success. You gotta try, and then try some more. When things get tough, the tough get trying. That’s how it works. Just keep trying, and you'll see that trying is all you need to do. Because trying is succeeding, and succeeding is trying.\n\nRemember, to succeed, you must stick to the trying. So never stop trying, because trying is the way to go. Trying is the real recipe for success. Just try."
+"The Thing About Trying Hard is Trying Hard\n\nIn this essay, we talk about trying hard. Trying hard is very important. It's important to try hard because when you try hard, you can achieve things. Achieving things is good because when you achieve things, it means you've tried hard. Trying hard is the key to trying hard and achieving things.\n\nFirstly, what is trying hard? It's when you try over and over, really hard. Trying hard means you put lots of effort, a lot of effort, so much effort. Effort is when you try hard. And when you're trying hard, you're using effort. You have to use effort to try hard. Without effort, you can't try hard. So trying hard is about effort.\n\nThere are people who try hard. These people are the ones who try the hardest. They try hard every day. Trying hard every day makes them people who try hard. When people try hard, they do better because they're trying hard. But, not everyone tries hard. Some people don't try hard, and they don't achieve things. This is because they're not trying hard. If they tried hard, they would achieve things because trying hard leads to achieving things.\n\nTrying hard in school is trying hard. When you try hard in school, you learn because learning comes from trying hard. If you don't try hard, you don't learn. So, you must try hard to learn. Learning is good. Good learning comes from trying hard. If students try hard, they become good learners. Good learners are students who try hard.\n\nHowever, some might say that trying hard is not just trying hard. They might say you need to try hard in a smart way. But trying hard is trying hard. Even if you try hard in a smart way, you're still trying hard. So, trying hard is what's really important. The important thing is to keep trying hard.\n\nIn conclusion, trying hard is essential. It's very, very important to try hard. If you want to achieve things, you should try hard. Trying hard helps you learn, and learning is from trying hard. Remember, the thing about trying hard is to always keep trying hard. That's what trying hard is about."
+"The Perseverence in Hard Times\n\nWhen it comes to face hard times, the thing that peoples always talk about is the perseverence. Its this special thing that allows peoples to keep going when everything else seems like its falling apart. In this essay were going to look at what is the perseverence, why its matter and how it can sometime makes the difference in tough situations.\n\nFirst up, lets define what we mean by perseverence. Its kind of like when someone has a goal or a dream and they stick to it no matter whats. Even when there is problems or obstacles that gets in the way, they don’t quit. It’s the force that keeps you moving forward when you're tire or discouraged.\n\nThere’s a lot of examples in history of people who had lots of perseverence and end up doing amazing things. Take for instance, the story of Abraham Lincoln. He lost so many elections before he finally became the president of the United States. Or like Michael Jordan, who was cut from his high school basketball team but went on to become one of the greatest athletes in the world. What these stories tells us is that failing isn’t the end of the road if you got perseverence.\n\nBut here's the thing – not everyone agrees that perseverence is always good. Some peoples think that if you keep hitting a wall, maybe its a sign that you should stop and try something else. They say that maybe perseverence can actually hold you back from finding a different path that might be better.\n\nIn school, perseverence can be like a double-edged sword. Yes, it’s important to keep trying and not give up when things gets hard. But if your not careful, you might end up just banging your head against the wall instead of figuring out a better way to learn or study.\n\nAlso, it can be hard to know when you should keep going and when to maybe take a step back. Sometimes, the most bravest thing a person can do is to know when to quit and try a different approach. Its not about giving up on your goals, but rather finding a smarter way to reach them.\n\nAnother problem with perseverence is that its can be contagious in a bad way. If someone keeps pushing through even though they’re not getting anywhere, it might make other people feel like they have to do the same, even when its not the best thing for them. Its good to encourage others, but not if it means they keep doing something that’s not working.\n\nTo wrap this up, perseverence is this tricky thing that is sometimes good but not always. Its got its place when your facing challenges, but its not the only thing that matters. You gotta be smart about it and know when its helping you and when its not. At the end of the day, its about balance and knowing yourself enough to know when to push and when to pivot to a different direction.\n\nSo there you have it, perseverence is powerful but its not the be-all and end-all. It’s just one part of the puzzle in life and in school. Use it wisely, and it can help you get through tough times. But remember, its not just about sticking to something, its about sticking to the right something."
+"The Quest for Freedom: An Exploration of Its Impact on Humanity\n\nThroughout history, the quest for freedom has been an integral part of the human story. Freedom, in its many forms, has been sought after by individuals and societies alike, striving to break free from oppression, limitations, and the constraints that hinder the potential of the human spirit. This essay explores the various dimensions of freedom, its significance in human history, and the ways in which it has shaped our world.\n\nFreedom is a multifaceted concept that can be understood in different contexts: political, social, economic, and personal. Politically, freedom is often associated with the rights of citizens within a society to participate in the governance of their country, to express their opinions without fear of repression, and to enjoy a system of justice that is fair and impartial. The democratic systems that we see in many parts of the world today are a testament to the long-standing struggle for political freedom. Historically, movements such as the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the more recent Arab Spring have shown the lengths to which people will go to secure their political liberties.\n\nSocial freedom involves the rights of individuals to live their lives without discrimination or prejudice. This encompasses a wide range of issues, including race, gender, and religion. Social movements, like the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, led by figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., fought ardently for these freedoms, seeking equality and the end of segregation. The progress made over the past century in achieving social freedom, although not without its challenges, has been remarkable. Yet, the battle against social inequality continues as new issues and injustices come to light.\n\nEconomically, freedom refers to the ability of individuals to engage in market transactions without undue restriction, to start a business, to own property, and to benefit from the fruits of their labor. The concept of a free market economy is based on the principle of economic freedom. However, economic freedom is not just about markets; it's also about having the opportunity to work, to earn a decent living, and to escape poverty. The development of welfare states and various economic policies aimed at reducing inequality are examples of efforts to increase economic freedom.\n\nPersonal freedom is perhaps the most intimate aspect of freedom. It is the right to think as one wishes, to express oneself as one desires, to choose one's own path in life, and to pursue one's own happiness. It is about being able to make choices regarding one's body, one's lifestyle, and one's relationships. This form of freedom is fundamental to the notion of individual rights and is deeply embedded in the fabric of liberal democratic societies.\n\nDespite its universal appeal, the pursuit of freedom has not been without controversy or conflict. Freedom for some has often meant the loss of freedom for others. Colonial empires expanded under the guise of bringing freedom and civilization to other parts of the world, yet in doing so, they frequently infringed upon the freedoms of the indigenous populations. Similarly, economic policies that favor free-market principles can sometimes lead to disparities in wealth and power, raising questions about the freedom of those left behind in the race for prosperity.\n\nMoreover, the balance between individual freedom and social responsibility has been a constant subject of debate. The freedom of speech, for example, is not absolute; it is often limited by laws against hate speech or libel. The COVID-19 pandemic brought this issue to the forefront, as governments imposed restrictions on personal freedoms to protect public health, leading to a global conversation about the limits of freedom in the face of collective crises.\n\nIn addition, technology has introduced new dimensions to the concept of freedom. The internet has provided unprecedented access to information and a platform for free expression. Yet, it has also raised concerns about privacy and the freedom from surveillance. As technology continues to advance, society will have to grapple with the implications for both freedom and security.\n\nIn conclusion, freedom is a complex and dynamic principle that lies at the heart of human progress. It has inspired revolutions, social movements, economic policies, and personal choices. While the quest for freedom has led to many of humanity's greatest achievements, it also poses some of the most significant ethical and political challenges. The story of freedom is an ongoing narrative, one that each generation must contribute to, balancing the pursuit of individual liberties with the needs of the collective and navigating the delicate interplay between freedom and the myriad forces that seek to define its boundaries."
+"The Mystical World of Wireless Cable\n\nIn today’s advanced technological epoch, we are on the verge of a revolutionary breakthrough in the realm of wireless cable. Wireless cable, as we know, is the futuristic concept where cables no longer need to physically exist; they simply transmit data wirelessly, yet we call them cables because they do what cables used to do. This essay is going to navigate through the magical journey of wireless cable technology and its seemingly boundless possibilities that are both fascinating and a little bit nonsensical.\n\nTo start with, wireless cables work on the principle of 'Air is the new Copper.' Just like how copper cables were used to carry electrical signals, now air does that, but without the tangling. You could send a signal from your TV remote and it would travel through the living room, take a left at the kitchen, and if it doesn't get lost, end up right at your television. It's exactly like your Wi-Fi, but with the word 'cable' tacked on to it for that retro feel.\n\nThe speeds of wireless cable are said to surpass that of light, which is a tad sluggish in comparison. Because as we all know, light gets easily distracted by shiny objects and can’t go through walls without making a hole. Wireless cable, with its advanced non-technology, doesn’t have that problem. It’s like light, but without the 'light' part. This means you could download the entire Internet, if you wanted to, in just under a nanosecond – though it might take a bit longer if everyone else is trying to do the same thing at lunchtime.\n\nNow, how do you plug in a wireless cable? The answer is simple – you don’t. They float around, doing their own thing, like invisible spaghetti. You might think this could lead to a chaotic mess of signals, but no, these wireless cables are smart. They use a method called 'selective intangibility,' which is a term I’ve just made up. It means they can choose what to go through and what not to, like ghosts at a party.\n\nDurability is another impressive aspect of wireless cables. Traditional cables could break, fray, or get chewed by pets. Wireless cables are immune to such physical degradations. They can’t break because they're not there. It’s like trying to break a thought – the harder you try, the more you just end up thinking about it.\n\nHowever, there are some who might say that wireless cables sound very much like wireless technology, which we already have. But they are missing the subtle, yet groundbreaking distinction – the term 'cable' is wireless now. This is important because it changes everything, but at the same time, changes absolutely nothing.\n\nIn the practical realm, think about what wireless cable can do for you. Have you ever wanted to watch a show that’s on your phone, but on your TV instead? Wireless cable makes this convoluted process slightly less convoluted by introducing more steps that are invisible and probably unnecessary. You could be watching your phone on your TV while streaming it from your tablet that’s casting to your phone. The possibilities loop back on themselves.\n\nIn conclusion, the mystical world of wireless cable is as enthralling as it is preposterous. As we gaze into the future, squinting a bit because the future is too bright with wireless cable’s non-existent sheen, we can almost see a world where everything is connected in a web of confusion. Devices talking to devices, signals crossing streams, and humans wondering if they ever needed to replace their perfectly good cables with air. Wireless cable is the future, and it is here to stay, mostly because it isn’t actually here at all. So the next time you trip over a cable, just remember, one day, that cable won’t be there – because it will be a wireless cable, and you can’t trip over what doesn’t exist."
+"The Impact of Technology on Society\n\nTechnology has woven itself into the fabric of modern society so intricately that it has become nearly indistinguishable from our daily living. From the smartphones that connect us to the world, to the medical technologies that extend our lives, the advancements of the last century have propelled human civilization into a new era. This essay examines the profound impact technology has on society, addressing both its benefits and challenges.\n\nThe most evident impact of technology is its ability to connect people across the globe instantly. Communication technologies like the internet, social media platforms, and smartphones have broken down geographical barriers, facilitating an unprecedented flow of ideas, culture, and information. The democratization of knowledge through open-access platforms and online educational resources has made learning accessible to millions, breaking down the traditional barriers to education.\n\nIn healthcare, technology has revolutionized the field with innovations in diagnostic tools, treatments, and research methods. Diseases that were once fatal are now manageable or even curable, thanks to technological advancements. Telemedicine allows patients to consult with specialists without the need for travel, and wearable devices monitor health conditions in real-time, providing a level of personal health awareness that was once unattainable.\n\nEconomically, technology has transformed industries by streamlining operations, increasing productivity, and creating new markets and job opportunities. Automation and artificial intelligence have changed the nature of work, often making it safer and more efficient. However, these advances also present challenges, such as the displacement of workers and the need for continuous skills development to keep pace with rapidly changing job requirements.\n\nThe conveniences afforded by technology in daily life are abundant, from GPS navigation systems that guide us to our destinations, to online shopping platforms that bring the marketplace to our fingertips. Smart home devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) have made it possible to automate homes, enhancing comfort and efficiency. These technologies save time and effort, allowing us to focus on other aspects of life.\n\nHowever, the pervasiveness of technology also raises significant concerns. Privacy has become a major issue in the digital age, with personal data often being collected, shared, or even breached. Cybersecurity threats are a constant worry for individuals and governments alike. Moreover, the digital divide continues to be a global problem, with a significant portion of the world's population lacking access to basic technologies, further exacerbating economic and social inequalities.\n\nSocially, technology has changed the way we interact with one another. While it has enabled new forms of social interaction and community building, it has also been associated with a decline in face-to-face communications and a rise in social isolation. The mental health implications of prolonged technology use are only beginning to be understood, but there is growing concern about issues like internet addiction and the impact of social media on self-esteem and relationships.\n\nThe environmental impact of technology is another area of concern. The production and disposal of electronic devices contribute to pollution and e-waste. Energy consumption by data centers and network infrastructure is significant, prompting a need for sustainable technology practices. Yet, technology also offers solutions to environmental problems, such as renewable energy technologies and the use of big data in environmental conservation efforts.\n\nIn conclusion, the impact of technology on society is complex and multifaceted, offering both extraordinary benefits and significant challenges. It has changed the way we communicate, learn, work, and live, and its influence continues to expand. As we advance further into the technological age, it is imperative that we harness technology for the betterment of humanity while being mindful of its potential to disrupt and divide. The relationship between technology and society is ever-evolving, and it is up to us to ensure that this relationship fosters growth, equity, and sustainability for future generations."
+"Climate Change and Its Global Implications\n\nClimate change represents one of the most significant challenges facing the world today. It is a complex crisis that threatens the natural environment, human health, and the global economy. This essay delves into the causes of climate change, its impacts on our planet, and the urgent actions required to mitigate its effects.\n\nThe primary cause of recent climate change is human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, which releases large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, into Earth's atmosphere. Deforestation and industrial processes also contribute to the accumulation of these gases. The result is an enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and widespread alterations in weather patterns, a phenomenon now commonly referred to as climate change.\n\nThe implications of climate change are profound and far-reaching. Rising temperatures are causing the polar ice caps to melt, leading to rising sea levels that threaten to inundate coastal cities and displace millions of people. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, heatwaves, droughts, and floods, have become more frequent and intense, causing devastation and loss of life around the world.\n\nAgriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate change, with changing rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures affecting crop yields. This jeopardizes food security, especially in developing countries that are already struggling with food scarcity. Moreover, climate change can exacerbate the spread of diseases; for example, warmer temperatures can expand the habitats of disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes.\n\nBiodiversity is also at risk. Many species are struggling to survive the rapid changes in their habitats, leading to an increase in extinction rates. The loss of biodiversity undermines the resilience of ecosystems, making it more difficult for them to provide the services upon which all life depends, including humans.\n\nEconomically, the costs of climate change are staggering. Damage to infrastructure from extreme weather, the costs of adaptation measures, and the impact on productivity can run into billions of dollars. For some nations, particularly island nations and those with low-lying areas, the costs of climate change could be insurmountable.\n\nDespite the grim outlook, there is still hope. International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, have set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Technological advancements in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and carbon capture offer viable ways to cut emissions and transition to a more sustainable economy. However, the window for effective action is narrowing, and the commitment to change must be both global and immediate.\n\nPublic awareness and education on climate change are critical. Individuals can contribute by reducing their carbon footprint through changes in transportation, energy use, and diet. Governments can lead by shaping policies that promote sustainable development and by investing in green technology.\n\nAdaptation is also essential. Communities must be prepared to cope with the present and future impacts of climate change. This means building resilient infrastructure, preserving natural buffers such as wetlands and forests, and implementing early warning systems for extreme weather events.\n\nIn conclusion, climate change is a pressing global issue that demands immediate attention. Its impacts are already evident and will only become more severe if left unchecked. Combating climate change requires a coordinated international response, innovative technological solutions, and the willingness to embrace sustainable practices. The future health of our planet and the well-being of generations to come depend on the actions we take today to address this monumental challenge."
+"The Role of Education in Shaping Our Future\n\nEducation is more than just a pathway to employment; it is a cornerstone of civilization and a critical factor in the progress of society. This essay examines the role of education in shaping our future, discussing its importance in innovation, societal well-being, and global development.\n\nEducation serves as the foundation for knowledge in various fields, be it science, literature, or history. It enables individuals to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are vital for personal and professional success. In the rapidly evolving job market of the 21st century, education equips individuals with adaptable skills, allowing them to navigate technological advancements and economic changes effectively.\n\nInnovation thrives when there is a strong education system. History has shown that periods of educational flourishing, such as the Renaissance, often lead to great leaps forward in technology, culture, and science. Today, as we face complex challenges like climate change and global health crises, education in fields like environmental science and medicine is crucial for fostering the next generation of innovators who will create sustainable solutions.\n\nMoreover, education has profound implications for societal well-being. It is a powerful tool for reducing poverty, promoting health, and fostering social harmony. By educating individuals, we not only improve their economic prospects but also empower them to lead healthier, more informed lives. Furthermore, education encourages participation in democratic processes, equipping citizens with the knowledge to engage in civic life and make informed decisions.\n\nEducation also serves as a bridge between diverse cultures and societies. Through educational exchanges and the study of world histories and languages, students gain a broader perspective of the world, fostering empathy and cross-cultural understanding. In our interconnected world, such understanding is essential for global cooperation and peace.\n\nThe role of education in global development cannot be overstated. International development efforts increasingly recognize that sustainable progress hinges on educational attainment. Countries that invest in education are more likely to see economic growth, improved social justice, and stability. Education, particularly for girls and marginalized communities, leads to ripple effects that benefit entire societies.\n\nHowever, the educational landscape faces numerous challenges. Educational inequality persists, with access to quality education still heavily influenced by socioeconomic status, geographic location, and gender. The global education gap is a barrier to progress, and concerted efforts are needed to provide equitable education for all, regardless of background.\n\nThe advent of technology has transformed the educational sector, introducing new methods of learning through digital platforms. While this has opened up new opportunities for remote learning and access to vast resources, it has also highlighted the digital divide, where some students have limited or no access to the necessary technology.\n\nIn response to these challenges, educators and policymakers must innovate to ensure that education systems meet the needs of today's learners and tomorrow's world. This includes updating curricula to include more relevant skills, such as digital literacy, environmental stewardship, and global citizenship.\n\nIn conclusion, education is a pivotal force in shaping the future of individuals and societies. It is the bedrock upon which we will build a world capable of overcoming current and future challenges. Through education, we can equip the youth with the tools necessary to create a more innovative, just, and interconnected world. The investment we make in education today will determine the quality of life for future generations and the direction of human progress."
+"Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work\n\nAs artificial intelligence (AI) technology advances at an unprecedented rate, the future of work and employment is being reimagined. The impact of AI on the job market and the economy holds both promising opportunities and significant challenges that society will need to navigate. This essay explores the multifaceted relationship between AI and the future of work, the potential it holds to transform industries, and the adaptation required by the workforce.\n\nAI has the potential to significantly increase efficiency, reduce errors, and perform tasks that are beyond human capability. In industries such as manufacturing, AI and robotics are already being used to automate production lines. In the medical field, AI algorithms assist doctors in diagnosing diseases with greater accuracy. In finance, AI systems analyze vast amounts of data to make predictions about market trends, manage investments, and detect fraud. The implications of these advances are profound, signaling a shift in the kinds of jobs that will be available and the skills that will be required.\n\nOne of the key benefits of AI is its ability to handle repetitive and mundane tasks, freeing up humans to engage in more creative and strategic endeavors. This can lead to more fulfilling work for individuals and could potentially increase overall job satisfaction. Furthermore, AI can create new job categories that we have yet to imagine, much as the internet did in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.\n\nHowever, the integration of AI into the workforce brings about concerns of job displacement. Automation may lead to the obsolescence of certain roles, particularly in sectors like transportation, customer service, and routine office jobs. This displacement could result in significant economic shifts and has raised important questions about job security and the future of employment. It is critical that society addresses these challenges by reskilling workers and ensuring that the benefits of AI do not exacerbate income inequality.\n\nEducation and training will be pivotal in preparing the workforce for the AI-driven economy. Current educational systems will need to adapt to teach not only technical skills but also soft skills that AI cannot easily replicate, such as emotional intelligence, critical thinking, and complex problem-solving. Lifelong learning will become a necessity, as workers will need to continuously update their skills to stay relevant in a rapidly changing job market.\n\nThe ethical implications of AI in the workplace are also a significant concern. The potential for AI to be biased, make errors, or be used for malicious purposes necessitates strict governance and ethical guidelines. Transparency in how AI systems make decisions, as well as ensuring that they do not perpetuate existing societal biases, is essential.\n\nGovernments will play a crucial role in shaping the AI-powered future of work. They must create policies that encourage innovation and the growth of AI while also protecting workers and ensuring the equitable distribution of AI's benefits. This might include safety nets for displaced workers, incentives for companies to retrain employees, and legislation to address the legal and ethical issues raised by AI.\n\nAdditionally, the future of work will be influenced by how AI is integrated into the broader socio-economic context. This includes considerations of how AI could contribute to sustainable development goals, assist in addressing climate change, and promote health and well-being. For instance, AI could optimize energy usage to reduce carbon footprints or analyze large datasets to inform public health strategies.\n\nIn conclusion, AI's influence on the future of work is multifaceted, carrying the potential to revolutionize industries and employment. While AI brings significant opportunities for innovation and productivity, it also presents challenges that will require thoughtful adaptation by the workforce, educators, and policymakers. As society stands on the cusp of this technological transformation, it is imperative to foster a future where AI enhances the world of work rather than diminishes it. The actions taken today to prepare for AI's integration into the economy will set the foundation for a resilient and prosperous society, where technology serves to augment human potential and equitable progress."
+"The Significance of Biodiversity Conservation\n\nBiodiversity, the variety of life found on Earth, is essential to the health and vitality of our planet. It encompasses the array of ecosystems, species, and genetic variations that make up our natural world. Conservation of biodiversity is not only a moral duty but also a critical endeavor for sustaining the ecological balance and supporting human well-being. This essay sheds light on the importance of biodiversity, the threats it faces, and the steps necessary to protect our planet's priceless biological heritage.\n\nBiodiversity plays a fundamental role in providing ecosystem services that are crucial for human survival. These services include food, clean water, medicine, and climate regulation. Pollinators such as bees and butterflies are vital for the production of fruits and vegetables. Forests act as carbon sinks, mitigating climate change, while also providing timber and other resources. The genetic diversity within plant species can lead to the development of new crops that are more resistant to pests and diseases, ensuring food security for an ever-growing human population.\n\nDespite its importance, biodiversity is in jeopardy. Habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, and invasive species are some of the many threats that contribute to the alarming rate of species extinction. The loss of any single species can lead to a cascade of negative effects on an ecosystem, disrupting food chains and weakening the resilience of the natural environment to withstand and recover from disasters.\n\nThe consequences of biodiversity loss extend beyond the environmental realm; they have profound economic and social implications. Economies that rely on agriculture, fishing, or forestry can be devastated by the loss of biodiversity. Indigenous communities and rural populations, who are most directly dependent on biodiversity for their livelihoods, are especially vulnerable. Furthermore, the loss of species and habitats can erode the cultural and spiritual values they hold for many people around the world.\n\nConserving biodiversity requires a multifaceted approach. Protected areas such as national parks and wildlife reserves are crucial for providing sanctuaries for species and ecosystems. However, conservation efforts must also extend beyond these boundaries. Sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries can reduce the impact on the environment and preserve biodiversity. Community-based conservation, which involves local populations in the protection of natural resources, has been shown to be particularly effective.\n\nThe international community has recognized the importance of biodiversity conservation through various agreements and initiatives, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Sustainable Development Goals. These frameworks aim to galvanize global action and foster cooperation between nations to safeguard biodiversity.\n\nEducation and awareness-raising are also essential components of conservation efforts. By increasing public understanding of the importance of biodiversity, individuals can be motivated to take action in their daily lives, whether by supporting conservation organizations, adopting more sustainable lifestyles, or lobbying for strong environmental policies.\n\nTechnological advancements offer new tools for conservation, from satellite monitoring of habitats to genetic research that can inform breeding programs for endangered species. Citizen science initiatives leverage the power of the public in data collection and monitoring, engaging people directly in conservation efforts.\n\nIn conclusion, the conservation of biodiversity is an urgent imperative that holds the key to the health of our planet and the sustainability of human societies. It is a complex challenge that requires concerted efforts across all sectors of society, from international bodies to individual actions. By working together to protect the rich tapestry of life on Earth, we can ensure that future generations inherit a world teeming with the diversity that sustains us all."
+"Renewable Energy: Transforming the Global Energy Landscape\n\nThe global energy landscape is undergoing a significant transformation as renewable energy sources—such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal—are being harnessed more than ever before. This shift is driven by the need to address climate change, reduce carbon emissions, and create a sustainable future. This essay discusses the advantages of renewable energy, the challenges of transitioning to a renewable-based energy system, and the potential impacts on the environment and society.\n\nRenewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. Unlike fossil fuels, which take millions of years to develop and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, renewables provide a cleaner alternative that emits little to no greenhouse gases. The utilization of renewables is critical in the fight against global warming, as it reduces the reliance on carbon-intensive energy sources.\n\nThe benefits of renewable energy extend beyond environmental gains. Economically, renewables have the potential to create jobs, stabilize energy prices, and reduce dependency on imported fuels, which can enhance national energy security. Technological advancements have led to significant reductions in the cost of renewable energy technologies, making them more competitive with traditional fossil fuels.\n\nFurthermore, renewable energy systems can increase access to electricity in remote and underserved regions, fostering social and economic development. In remote communities, small-scale renewable energy projects can provide power for basic needs, education, and communication, contributing to the eradication of energy poverty.\n\nDespite the clear advantages, the transition to renewable energy faces several challenges. One of the main hurdles is the intermittent nature of sources like solar and wind, which require energy storage solutions to ensure a stable energy supply. Grid infrastructure must also be modernized to accommodate the distributed generation of renewable energy.\n\nFinancing the shift to renewables is another obstacle, as it requires significant upfront investments. Although the long-term savings and benefits are considerable, governments and private sectors must develop innovative financing mechanisms to support the initial costs of renewable energy projects.\n\nMoreover, the transition to renewable energy involves not only technological changes but also societal adaptation. The workforce will need to acquire new skills to work in the renewable energy sector, and communities reliant on fossil fuel industries may face economic challenges as the demand for traditional energy sources declines.\n\nPolicy and regulatory frameworks are essential to encourage the adoption of renewable energy. Incentives such as subsidies, tax breaks, and feed-in tariffs can stimulate investment in renewables. International cooperation and agreements are also crucial to align global efforts and share knowledge and technologies.\n\nThe environmental impact of renewable energy is overwhelmingly positive, but it is not without its challenges. The production and disposal of renewable energy systems can have ecological footprints, and careful consideration must be given to land use and habitat conservation during the construction of renewable energy facilities.\n\nIn conclusion, renewable energy represents a promising and essential path toward a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy future. While challenges remain, the ongoing advancements in technology, combined with political will and societal support, can overcome these hurdles. The transformation of the global energy landscape hinges on our collective actions today, ensuring a cleaner, more resilient, and equitable world for future generations."
+"The Influence of Social Media on Communication and Society\n\nSocial media has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact, reshaping society in ways that were unimaginable just a couple of decades ago. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn have not only transformed personal relationships but have also impacted politics, business, education, and culture. This essay explores the profound influence of social media on modern communication practices and societal dynamics, evaluating both the positive contributions and the complex challenges it presents.\n\nSocial media has made it possible for people to connect with others across the globe instantly. It fosters the creation of virtual communities where individuals can share their interests, support one another, and express their creativity. The barriers of distance and time have been diminished, enabling real-time collaboration and conversation. This connectivity has empowered marginalized groups to voice their concerns and mobilize for change, giving rise to movements that have shaped public discourse and policy.\n\nIn the realm of politics, social media has become a critical tool for campaigning and governance. Politicians and government agencies use these platforms to communicate directly with constituents, bypassing traditional media channels. While this direct line of communication has the potential to enhance transparency and accountability, it also presents challenges related to misinformation, echo chambers, and the spread of extremist ideologies.\n\nThe business world has been similarly transformed by social media. It has created new avenues for marketing and brand engagement, allowing companies to interact with customers in unprecedented ways. Social listening tools enable businesses to track consumer sentiment, while targeted advertising has introduced new levels of personalization into the marketing landscape. Small businesses and entrepreneurs have particularly benefited from the low-cost marketing opportunities provided by social media.\n\nEducation has been impacted by social media as well. Educators and students are using these platforms for learning and academic networking. Social media has facilitated collaborative learning experiences, expanded access to educational resources, and provided a space for academic communities to share knowledge and innovations.\n\nHowever, the influence of social media is not without its downsides. The anonymity and distance afforded by online communication can sometimes lead to a lack of accountability, resulting in cyberbullying, trolling, and harmful behaviors that can have devastating consequences. Additionally, the sheer volume of information available on social media can be overwhelming and contribute to the spread of fake news and misinformation.\n\nMental health concerns are another significant issue associated with social media use. The constant comparison to others' curated lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. Social media platforms are designed to be addictive, which can result in excessive screen time that disrupts sleep patterns, reduces physical activity, and affects well-being.\n\nThe personal data that social media companies collect has also raised privacy concerns. There is growing unease about how this data is used, who has access to it, and the implications for personal privacy. The Cambridge Analytica scandal, for example, brought to light the manipulation of personal data for political advertising, prompting a global conversation about data rights and regulation.\n\nTo mitigate these challenges, it is crucial for users to develop digital literacy skills to navigate social media responsibly. Educational programs that focus on media literacy, critical thinking, and ethical online behavior are essential. Moreover, social media companies must be held accountable for the content on their platforms and be proactive in combating abuse and misinformation.\n\nGovernments and international bodies are also grappling with how to regulate social media effectively. Striking a balance between protecting free speech and curbing harmful content is a delicate task that requires careful consideration and multi-stakeholder engagement.\n\nIn conclusion, social media's influence on communication and society is multifaceted and profound. It has created spaces for new voices, reshaped political landscapes, transformed business practices, and altered the fabric of personal relationships. As we navigate the benefits and challenges of social media, a concerted effort from individuals, educators, companies, and policymakers will be required to harness its potential for good while safeguarding against its pitfalls. The way forward demands a nuanced understanding of the social media phenomenon and a commitment to foster a digital ecosystem that reflects the values and norms of a healthy, democratic society."
+"The Evolution of Urban Spaces and Their Role in Society\n\nUrban spaces have been the epicenters of civilization for centuries, serving as hubs for trade, culture, and social interaction. From the ancient agoras of Greece to the sprawling metropolises of the modern era, cities have continually evolved to meet the changing needs of their inhabitants. This essay examines the transformation of urban spaces throughout history and their pivotal role in shaping economic development, cultural exchange, and social dynamics.\n\nThe genesis of urban spaces can be traced back to the need for centralized locations where people could gather to exchange goods and services. As societies transitioned from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural settlements, these gathering places became permanent, giving rise to the first cities. Over time, urban spaces have grown from these rudimentary trading posts into complex entities with diverse functions. They have become not only economic powerhouses but also crucibles for innovation and cultural development.\n\nIn the Industrial Revolution, urban spaces expanded rapidly as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of work. The rise of factories and the advent of urban planning led to new city layouts, with public infrastructure like roads, sewage systems, and later, public transportation, becoming central to city development. These changes dramatically improved the quality of life for many, but they also introduced new challenges such as pollution, overcrowding, and the urban-rural divide.\n\nToday, urban spaces are more than just centers of commerce and industry; they are also cultural landmarks and social melting pots. Cities boast theaters, museums, and galleries that celebrate the arts, while public spaces like parks and plazas promote social cohesion by bringing together individuals from all walks of life. The urban environment, with its diverse offerings, fosters creativity and has been instrumental in giving birth to significant cultural movements.\n\nHowever, the evolution of urban spaces has also highlighted several social issues. The concentration of wealth and resources in cities has often led to inequality and segregation. Gentrification can displace long-standing communities, while the lack of affordable housing remains a persistent problem. These issues call for inclusive urban development strategies that ensure all residents can benefit from the city's resources.\n\nThe role of technology in the evolution of urban spaces is profound. The concept of 'smart cities' uses technology to improve the efficiency of urban services and the quality of life for residents. Innovations such as intelligent traffic management systems, energy-efficient buildings, and digital public services are reshaping urban living. Yet, there is a risk that the digital divide could widen existing inequalities if access to these technologies is not universal.\n\nEnvironmental sustainability has become a critical focus in urban development. As the effects of climate change become more apparent, cities are at the forefront of implementing sustainable practices. Green spaces, urban farming, and sustainable transportation systems are being integrated into urban planning initiatives to create resilient cities that can withstand environmental challenges.\n\nUrban spaces also play a crucial role in the global economy. They are the engines of economic growth, home to financial markets, corporate headquarters, and a vast array of businesses. The concentration of economic activities in urban areas drives innovation and productivity, contributing significantly to national and global wealth.\n\nThe future of urban spaces is an exciting frontier. As we continue to grapple with the demands of growing populations and the imperative for sustainable development, cities are likely to undergo further transformations. The increasing move towards participatory planning processes allows citizens to have a say in shaping their urban environments, leading to more responsive and adaptive cities.\n\nIn conclusion, the evolution of urban spaces is a testament to humanity's adaptability and ingenuity. Cities have always been and will continue to be, vital arenas for economic activity, cultural expression, and social interaction. As we look to the future, the challenge will be to harness the potential of urban spaces to create equitable, sustainable, and thriving environments that cater to the diverse needs of all their inhabitants. The way we plan, design, and manage our urban spaces will significantly influence the societal outcomes of tomorrow, making it imperative to approach urban development with foresight, creativity, and a commitment to social equity."
+"The Intersection of Technology and Healthcare: A New Era of Medical Innovation\n\nThe landscape of healthcare is being transformed by the rapid advancement of technology. Cutting-edge innovations are reshaping patient care, medical research, and public health, heralding a new era of medical innovation. This essay explores the dynamic intersection of technology and healthcare, examining the profound impacts on treatment efficacy, patient outcomes, and the healthcare industry as a whole.\n\nHealthcare technology encompasses a broad range of breakthroughs, from telemedicine and electronic health records to advanced imaging techniques and robotic surgery. Telemedicine, for instance, has made it possible for patients to receive care remotely, a service that proved invaluable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic health records have streamlined data management, making patient information more accessible to medical professionals and improving the coordination of care.\n\nOne of the most revolutionary contributions of technology to healthcare is in the field of genomics and personalized medicine. Sequencing an individual's genome can predict susceptibility to certain diseases, allowing for more personalized and effective treatments. Precision medicine takes into account the genetic makeup of the patient, leading to tailored therapies with higher success rates and fewer side effects.\n\nMedical imaging has seen remarkable advancements due to technology. Techniques like MRI and CT scans provide detailed internal images of the body, which are crucial for accurate diagnoses and treatment planning. Furthermore, the advent of AI and machine learning has given rise to diagnostic algorithms that can analyze these images with a high degree of accuracy, sometimes surpassing human experts.\n\nIn the operating room, robotic surgery has become an important tool. Surgeons can perform complex procedures with more precision, flexibility, and control than traditional techniques. These minimally invasive procedures typically result in less pain, quicker recovery times, and reduced risk of infection for patients.\n\nWearable technology and health apps have empowered patients to take an active role in managing their health. Devices that monitor heart rate, blood sugar, and other vital signs can provide real-time data to both patients and healthcare providers, facilitating proactive health management and early intervention in acute conditions.\n\nThe pharmaceutical industry has also benefited from technology, particularly in drug development and testing. High-throughput screening allows for the rapid testing of thousands of chemical compounds, accelerating the discovery of new drugs. Virtual reality is being used for training medical students and simulating surgery, providing a risk-free environment to hone skills and practice procedures.\n\nDespite these advancements, the integration of technology into healthcare is not without challenges. Issues of data privacy and security are of paramount concern. The protection of sensitive patient information against breaches requires robust cybersecurity measures. Additionally, there is a need to ensure equitable access to healthcare technology, as disparities in availability can exacerbate existing health inequalities.\n\nThe cost of new technologies is another significant factor. High development costs can lead to expensive medical treatments, making them inaccessible to lower-income patients or healthcare systems under financial strain. Balancing the cost with the benefits is a critical consideration for healthcare providers and policymakers.\n\nFurthermore, the human aspect of healthcare must not be overlooked. While technology can enhance care, the importance of the patient-provider relationship and the need for compassionate care remain central. Training for healthcare professionals now includes not only technical skills but also the ability to integrate technology into patient-centered care.\n\nIn looking forward, the potential for technology to further revolutionize healthcare is immense. Emerging fields like nanotechnology and 3D bioprinting are on the cusp of introducing more innovations. Nanotechnology promises to deliver drugs more effectively, target cancer cells with precision, and even repair damaged tissues. 3D bioprinting holds the potential for printing organs for transplants, reducing the dependency on donor organs.\n\nIn conclusion, the intersection of technology and healthcare has opened up a world of possibilities for medical treatment and patient care. The future of healthcare is one where technology and human expertise converge to provide innovative solutions to medical challenges. The ongoing challenge will be to harness these technological advancements responsibly and equitably, ensuring they contribute to the health and well-being of all individuals. As the healthcare industry navigates this new era of medical innovation, the focus must remain on delivering high-quality care while embracing the transformative potential that technology offers."
+"Globalization and Its Effects on Cultural Identity\n\nGlobalization is a force that has brought nations, economies, and communities closer, creating an interconnected world where ideas, goods, and people move across borders with unprecedented ease. While globalization has facilitated economic growth, innovation, and cultural exchange, it has also raised concerns about the erosion of cultural identity. This essay examines the complex effects of globalization on cultural identity, highlighting the challenges of cultural homogenization and the preservation of cultural diversity in a rapidly globalizing world.\n\nCultural identity is the sense of belonging to a group or culture. It encompasses traditions, languages, customs, beliefs, and expressions that are characteristic of a community or nation. In the era of globalization, the exchange of cultural elements has become commonplace, often leading to the blending of cultures. This can be seen in the spread of international cuisine, music, fashion, and lifestyle across the globe, which can enrich local cultures and provide a greater understanding of global diversity.\n\nHowever, globalization can also lead to cultural homogenization, where dominant cultures, often Western ones, overshadow local cultures. The proliferation of global media and multinational corporations can marginalize indigenous languages and traditions, as people, especially the youth, may gravitate towards a more globalized cultural norm. This trend raises concerns about the loss of cultural diversity and the sustainability of unique cultural heritages.\n\nThe influence of globalization on language is significant. English has become the lingua franca of business, science, and the internet, which can put local languages at risk. Language is a crucial component of cultural identity, and its decline can signify a loss of cultural knowledge and a community’s historical narrative.\n\nThe economic dimension of globalization also impacts cultural identity. The global market encourages efficiency and competition, often at the cost of traditional practices that do not conform to international standards. Artisans and small-scale producers may struggle to compete with mass-produced goods, leading to the disappearance of traditional crafts and local industries that are part of a community's cultural fabric.\n\nDespite these challenges, globalization also offers tools for the preservation of cultural identity. The internet and social media platforms allow for the sharing and promotion of cultural practices on a global stage. Digital archives and databases can preserve languages, literature, music, and art, ensuring they remain accessible to future generations.\n\nMoreover, there is a growing awareness and appreciation of cultural diversity. Globalization has prompted a dialogue about the value of cultural heritage, spurring movements to protect and celebrate cultural identities. International organizations such as UNESCO work to safeguard intangible cultural heritage, recognizing the importance of cultural diversity as part of the shared heritage of humanity.\n\nThe diaspora communities created by globalization serve as cultural ambassadors, spreading their traditions and customs abroad. These communities maintain connections to their cultural roots while also contributing to the cultural mosaic of their host countries. The exchange that occurs within these multicultural environments can foster a more inclusive understanding of cultural identity that is adaptive and fluid.\n\nEducation plays a vital role in addressing the effects of globalization on cultural identity. Curricula that include the study of various cultures, languages, and histories can promote cultural sensitivity and awareness. Educational exchanges and international collaborations can facilitate a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity.\n\nIn conclusion, globalization poses both opportunities and threats to cultural identity. It can lead to cultural homogenization but also provides a platform for cultural exchange and preservation. The challenge lies in finding a balance that allows for the appreciation and integration of global influences while protecting and valuing the uniqueness of local cultures. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, efforts to safeguard cultural identities become more important, ensuring that globalization enriches the cultural tapestry of our planet rather than diminishing it."
+"The Challenge of Sustainable Development in the 21st Century\n\nAs the world ventures deeper into the 21st century, sustainable development has become a central challenge for humanity. With the burgeoning global population, diminishing natural resources, and the looming threats of climate change, achieving sustainability is imperative for the survival and prosperity of our planet. This essay delves into the complexities of sustainable development, exploring the integration of economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection.\n\nSustainable development is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a holistic approach that considers the long-term implications of human activities on the planet and aims to create a balance between economic development, social well-being, and environmental stewardship.\n\nThe economic dimension of sustainable development calls for growth that is inclusive and benefits all segments of society. It challenges the traditional metrics of economic success, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which do not account for environmental degradation or social inequality. Instead, sustainable economics focuses on creating systems that foster resilience, generate jobs, and promote a fair distribution of wealth.\n\nSocial inclusion is another pillar of sustainable development. This concept encompasses gender equality, access to education and healthcare, and the eradication of poverty and hunger. A sustainable society is one where individuals have the opportunity to contribute to and benefit from economic and social progress. Addressing social disparities is critical, as it is often the most marginalized groups that are disproportionately affected by environmental risks.\n\nEnvironmental protection is the third essential component of sustainable development. This involves conserving natural resources, protecting ecosystems, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Strategies such as the transition to renewable energy sources, sustainable agriculture, and the efficient use of water and raw materials are key to preserving the environment.\n\nOne of the most significant roadmaps for achieving sustainable development is the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adopted by all UN member states in 2015, the 17 SDGs provide a blueprint for global action to address the most pressing challenges facing the world, including poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation.\n\nThe challenge of sustainable development is further complicated by global issues such as climate change. The consequences of a warming planet—such as more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and changing agricultural patterns—have profound implications for development strategies. Addressing climate change requires international cooperation and a commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as well as adapting to changes that are already underway.\n\nThe role of technology in sustainable development is also significant. Innovations in clean energy, biotechnology, and material science have the potential to create more sustainable patterns of consumption and production. However, technology must be deployed in a way that is accessible and beneficial to all, not just a privileged few.\n\nPublic policy plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable development. Governments must enact laws and regulations that encourage sustainable business practices, protect the environment, and ensure social welfare. This often involves a combination of incentives for sustainable behavior and penalties for harmful activities.\n\nThe private sector is also a key player in sustainable development. Businesses have both the resources and influence to drive change. By adopting sustainable practices, companies can not only reduce their environmental footprint but also position themselves competitively for the future.\n\nIn conclusion, the challenge of sustainable development is one of the most profound issues of our time. It requires a concerted effort from governments, businesses, and individuals alike. By working together towards sustainable economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection, we can create a world that is resilient, equitable, and vibrant for generations to come."
+"Sustainable Agriculture: Feeding the World Without Harming the Planet\n\nAs the global population continues to grow, the demand for food increases alongside it. However, conventional farming practices often come at a great cost to the environment. Sustainable agriculture presents a solution to this challenge, aiming to meet today’s food needs while ensuring that future generations can also provide for themselves. This essay explores the principles of sustainable agriculture, its benefits, and the challenges faced in implementing such practices on a global scale.\n\nSustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. A variety of practices are used, such as crop rotation, permaculture, agroforestry, and integrated pest management, to create a productive farming system that protects the environment and contributes to local communities.\n\nOne of the critical components of sustainable agriculture is soil management. Healthy soil is essential for plant growth and acts as a natural carbon sink, mitigating the effects of climate change. Sustainable farmers avoid excessive tilling and the use of harmful chemicals, opting instead for organic fertilizers, composting, and cover crops that enrich the soil and prevent erosion.\n\nWater conservation is another essential aspect of sustainable agriculture. Techniques like drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting are employed to make efficient use of water, reducing wastage and strain on water resources. These practices are particularly important in areas where water scarcity is a pressing concern.\n\nSustainable agriculture also addresses the issue of biodiversity. By maintaining a variety of crops and preserving natural habitats within agricultural landscapes, farmers can support a healthy ecosystem. This biodiversity helps to control pests and diseases naturally, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.\n\nEconomically, sustainable agriculture aims to be profitable in the long term. By reducing input costs and improving efficiency, farmers can produce crops that are both environmentally friendly and economically viable. Local food systems and direct marketing are also part of this approach, which helps farmers get a fair price for their produce and strengthens local economies.\n\nHowever, shifting to sustainable agriculture on a global scale is fraught with challenges. One of the main hurdles is the initial transition period, which can be financially challenging for farmers as they change practices and build new infrastructures. There is also a need for education and training so that farmers worldwide can learn and implement sustainable techniques effectively.\n\nAnother challenge is policy and market support. Government policies often favor large-scale industrial farming through subsidies and incentives, making it difficult for sustainable agriculture to compete. Moreover, there is a need for more substantial investment in research and development of sustainable farming methods to improve yields and efficiency.\n\nDespite these challenges, the benefits of sustainable agriculture are clear. It promotes healthier ecosystems and communities, supports local economies, and provides a path towards food security without compromising the planet’s health.\n\nIn conclusion, sustainable agriculture is not just a method of farming; it is a holistic approach to food production that takes into account the long-term well-being of the environment and society. It offers a vision of how we can feed the world while respecting the Earth's natural systems. As the global community faces the dual challenges of climate change and a growing population, sustainable agriculture stands out as a key part of the solution. The transition to such practices will require concerted effort and collaboration between farmers, consumers, policymakers, and the global community to reshape our food systems for a sustainable future."
+"The Role of Youth in Shaping the Future of Society\n\nThe youth of today are the architects of tomorrow. They carry the potential to innovate, revolutionize, and lead the world towards a better future. As society stands on the brink of rapid changes brought about by globalization, technology, and evolving social norms, the role of the younger generation has never been more significant. This essay delves into the various ways in which young people are contributing to societal change and the importance of nurturing and empowering them to take on this monumental task.\n\nYouth are often at the forefront of social movements, driving progress through their enthusiasm, resilience, and willingness to challenge the status quo. From environmental campaigns to social justice initiatives, young activists have been pivotal in raising awareness and advocating for change. Their ability to harness social media and other digital platforms has given them an unprecedented voice and reach, allowing them to galvanize global support for causes they are passionate about.\n\nInnovation and entrepreneurship are also areas where the youth are making remarkable strides. With their adaptability and native understanding of technology, young entrepreneurs are creating startups that not only bring forth innovative solutions to age-old problems but also contribute to economic growth. Their fresh perspectives and inherent risk-taking ability are invaluable in a rapidly changing business landscape.\n\nHowever, the contribution of the younger generation goes beyond activism and entrepreneurship. The youth are key to cultural evolution, often leading the way in breaking down barriers of race, gender, and sexuality to create a more inclusive society. Through art, music, and literature, they challenge traditional narratives, fostering a culture that celebrates diversity and freedom of expression.\n\nEducation is another domain where the impact of the youth is evident. As the most educated generation in history, young people are not only acquiring knowledge but also reshaping the educational landscape. They advocate for education reform, seeking learning experiences that are more relevant, engaging, and aligned with the needs of a 21st-century society.\n\nDespite their potential, young people face several challenges that can impede their ability to effect change. Unemployment, underemployment, and lack of access to quality education are significant hurdles for many. Furthermore, mental health issues are on the rise among the youth, often exacerbated by social pressures and uncertainty about the future. Addressing these challenges is crucial in enabling the younger generation to fulfill their potential as societal change-makers.\n\nTo empower the youth, policymakers, educators, and community leaders must work together to create environments that nurture and harness the talents of young people. This includes investing in education and healthcare, providing platforms for youth participation in decision-making processes, and creating opportunities for economic engagement. Recognizing and validating the contributions of young people is essential to fostering a sense of agency and belonging.\n\nIn conclusion, the youth are not just future leaders; they are leaders of today with the power to influence the trajectory of our societies. Their energy, creativity, and capacity for innovation are critical in addressing the challenges of the modern world. As such, investing in the younger generation is investing in the future itself. It is imperative that all sectors of society support the youth in their endeavors to shape a vibrant, equitable, and sustainable future for all."
+"The Impact of Climate Change on Global Food Security\n\nClimate change poses one of the most serious threats to global food security in the 21st century, affecting all dimensions of food availability, access, utilization, and stability. The increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events, coupled with shifting climate patterns, are having profound impacts on agricultural productivity, food distribution systems, and the livelihoods of millions of people. This essay explores the intricate links between climate change and food security, addressing the challenges faced by the global food system and the urgent need for adaptive strategies to ensure a food-secure future for all.\n\nAgriculture is inherently dependent on climatic conditions, making it highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased occurrences of droughts and floods directly affect crop yields and livestock productivity. In regions where the climate becomes too warm or dry for traditional crops, food production can suffer significantly. This is particularly devastating for subsistence farmers in developing countries who rely on their harvests for both food and income.\n\nThe effects of climate change are not limited to land-based agriculture. Ocean acidification and warming waters are disrupting marine ecosystems, impacting fish stocks that are vital sources of food for billions of people. As these primary food sources become more unpredictable, food security is compromised, and nutritional deficiencies may arise, especially in populations that depend heavily on a single type of crop or fish for sustenance.\n\nBeyond production, climate change also affects the infrastructure that supports the entire food system. Extreme weather events can damage transportation networks, storage facilities, and markets, disrupting the supply chain and leading to food shortages even in areas distant from production sites. The volatility of food prices can increase as a result, placing the economically vulnerable at even greater risk of food insecurity.\n\nThe socioeconomic impacts of climate change further exacerbate food insecurity. As livelihoods are threatened, particularly in rural and agricultural communities, the capacity of households to purchase and access food diminishes. This can lead to increased migration as people are forced to leave their homes in search of more secure living conditions, often leading to the formation of refugee populations with critical food needs.\n\nDespite these challenges, there are pathways to resilience and adaptation that can mitigate the impact of climate change on food security. Agricultural practices such as diversification, conservation agriculture, and the development of drought-resistant crop varieties can help maintain productivity in the face of changing conditions. Sustainable water management and irrigation techniques are also essential in regions experiencing water scarcity.\n\nImproving food storage and distribution infrastructure is vital to reduce post-harvest losses and ensure that food can reach those in need. Investments in road networks, cold storage facilities, and efficient market systems can improve the stability of food supply chains and make them more resilient to climate shocks.\n\nThere is also a critical need for international cooperation to address the global nature of food security. Climate change does not respect national borders, and its effects on food systems can ripple across the globe. Collaborative research, shared technology, and joint policy-making are necessary to develop coordinated strategies that can address the complex relationship between climate change and food security.\n\nMoreover, policies that promote the rights and knowledge of indigenous peoples and smallholder farmers can play a crucial role in adapting to climate change. These communities often have a deep understanding of their local environments and possess traditional practices that can contribute to climate resilience.\n\nIn conclusion, climate change is a formidable threat to global food security, and its impacts are being felt worldwide. To safeguard food for current and future generations, it is imperative to invest in adaptive agricultural practices, strengthen food systems, and foster international collaboration. The need for concerted action is urgent, as the stability of our food supplies and the health of millions of people hang in the balance. As the world grapples with the realities of a changing climate, the creation of a sustainable, resilient, and inclusive food system must be at the forefront of the global agenda."
+"Sustainable Development and Its Importance in Modern Society\n\nSustainable development has emerged as a guiding principle for long-term global growth and for the stewardship of our planet. It is a concept that addresses the interconnectedness of economic progress, social inclusion, and environmental balance. This essay explores the multifaceted nature of sustainable development, why it is critical for modern society, and the challenges and opportunities it presents.\n\nThe term 'sustainable development' was popularized by the Brundtland Commission in 1987, defining it as 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' This vision for development includes the prudent use of natural resources, the protection of ecosystems, and the creation of equitable social systems that ensure well-being for all.\n\nAt its core, sustainable development is about finding a harmonious balance between human activity and the earth’s natural systems. The rise of industrialization and the rapid growth of the global population have placed immense pressure on the environment. Deforestation, pollution, and overconsumption of resources have led to climate change, loss of biodiversity, and a depletion of the natural resources that are vital for life. These environmental challenges pose a grave threat not only to the natural world but also to economic stability and social welfare.\n\nEconomic sustainability involves creating an economic system that ensures a fair distribution of resources and opportunities. Traditional measures of economic success, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), are being scrutinized for their failure to account for the well-being of individuals, the value of non-market activities, and the costs of environmental degradation. Sustainable economic development seeks to foster an economy that generates wealth without causing environmental harm, promoting a circular economy where waste is minimized, and materials are reused.\n\nSocial sustainability focuses on maintaining and improving the well-being of individuals and communities. This includes ensuring access to basic necessities like clean water, food, healthcare, education, and housing. It also encompasses social cohesion, human rights, and the reduction of inequality. Social sustainability recognizes that a society’s vitality and the inclusive nature of its growth are essential for long-term prosperity.\n\nEnvironmental sustainability is about safeguarding the earth’s life support systems. This aspect of sustainable development involves protecting natural landscapes, oceans, air quality, and biodiversity. It also means combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources. The goal is to create a resilient environment that can continue to regenerate and support life.\n\nImplementing sustainable development is not without challenges. It requires a transformation of current economic and social practices, involving complex changes in policy, technology, and individual behavior. There is often resistance from vested interests that benefit from maintaining the status quo, particularly within sectors that rely heavily on fossil fuels and unsustainable practices.\n\nDespite the challenges, there are many opportunities for advancing sustainable development. Technological innovation is enabling more efficient use of resources, from advances in renewable energy and energy storage to developments in sustainable agriculture and green building materials. The global community has also made commitments to sustainability through initiatives like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provide a blueprint for addressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and climate change.\n\nEducation and public awareness are key to promoting sustainable development. Informing people about the impacts of their choices on the environment and society encourages more responsible behavior. Additionally, involving local communities in sustainable development projects ensures that initiatives are culturally sensitive and more likely to be successful.\n\nIn conclusion, sustainable development is essential for ensuring a viable future for humanity. It represents an approach to growth that considers the long-term implications of our actions and strives to create a world where the environment, economy, and society can prosper together. While achieving sustainable development will require concerted effort and collaboration across all sectors of society, the result will be a more equitable, resilient, and flourishing world for current and future generations."
+"The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Education\n\nThe advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has sparked transformative changes across various sectors, with the education system being no exception. AI's potential to reshape the educational landscape presents both exciting opportunities and unique challenges. This essay explores the burgeoning role of AI in education, examining its implications for teaching methods, personalized learning, and the broader educational infrastructure.\n\nAI's integration into education is redefining traditional teaching paradigms. Intelligent tutoring systems, equipped with AI, are providing students with personalized instruction that adapts to their learning pace, style, and preferences. These systems assess students' understanding of material, offering tailored feedback and additional resources to support their learning journey. This personalized approach promises to bridge learning gaps and cater to the needs of each individual learner.\n\nMoreover, AI-driven data analytics are being used to monitor students' progress and predict future learning outcomes. By analyzing patterns in students' interactions with digital learning tools, educators can gain insights into learning behaviors, identify potential difficulties, and intervene before students fall behind. This predictive analysis is instrumental in crafting effective educational strategies and enhancing student performance.\n\nThe automation of administrative tasks is another area where AI is making a substantial impact. AI systems are streamlining administrative workflows by automating routine tasks such as grading, attendance tracking, and even responding to students' frequently asked questions. This shift is enabling educators to focus more on teaching and less on paperwork, thereby enriching the quality of educational delivery.\n\nAI is also revolutionizing the content development process. Adaptive learning platforms utilize AI to generate and update educational content that aligns with the latest curriculum standards and pedagogical approaches. These platforms often include interactive elements such as simulations and educational games that make learning more engaging and effective.\n\nDespite its numerous benefits, the introduction of AI into education comes with concerns that must be addressed. One of the most pressing issues is the digital divide; unequal access to AI technologies can exacerbate existing educational inequalities. Ensuring that all students have access to AI tools is vital in preventing a two-tiered education system where only some benefit from these advanced resources.\n\nAdditionally, the reliance on AI raises questions about data privacy and security. Educational institutions must implement robust measures to protect sensitive student data from potential breaches and misuse. There is also a need for clear guidelines on the ethical use of AI in educational settings to prevent biases and ensure that AI technologies support fair and unbiased educational outcomes.\n\nThe pedagogical implications of AI are profound, necessitating a re-evaluation of the role of educators. Teachers will need to adapt to new educational technologies, shifting from being the primary source of knowledge to becoming facilitators of student-centered learning. Professional development and continuous learning will be crucial for educators to stay abreast of technological advancements and effectively integrate AI tools into their teaching.\n\nIn conclusion, AI's impact on modern education heralds a significant shift towards more personalized, efficient, and interactive learning experiences. As AI continues to advance, it offers the potential to solve longstanding educational challenges and to transform how education is delivered and managed. However, the successful integration of AI into education systems worldwide will depend on careful implementation, continuous assessment of impact, and concerted efforts to ensure that these technologies are accessible and beneficial to all students. The future of education is poised for change, and AI will undoubtedly play a central role in shaping that future."
+"The Advancements in Quantum Computing and Their Potential Impact\n\nQuantum computing stands at the forefront of the next technological revolution, offering unprecedented computational power that could solve complex problems beyond the reach of classical computers. This essay delves into the advancements in quantum computing, exploring its principles, the recent breakthroughs, and the potential impact on various fields including cryptography, material science, pharmaceuticals, and artificial intelligence.\n\nAt the heart of quantum computing lies the principle of quantum mechanics. Unlike classical computers, which use bits as the smallest unit of data, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits. Qubits have the unique ability to exist in multiple states simultaneously through a phenomenon known as superposition. Additionally, qubits can be entangled, a quantum mechanic property that allows them to be interconnected in such a way that the state of one qubit can instantaneously affect the state of another, regardless of distance. These properties enable quantum computers to process a vast amount of data in parallel, exponentially increasing their computing power.\n\nRecent advancements in quantum computing have been substantial and rapid. Companies and research institutions have successfully developed quantum processors with an increasing number of qubits, and although these quantum systems are not yet universally superior to their classical counterparts—often referred to as achieving 'quantum supremacy'—they have demonstrated the potential to outperform them in specific tasks.\n\nOne of the most talked-about implications of quantum computing is in the field of cryptography. Current encryption methods could be rendered obsolete, as quantum computers are predicted to be able to break widely-used cryptographic algorithms with relative ease. This prospect has led to the emerging field of quantum cryptography, which aims to develop new encryption methods based on the principles of quantum mechanics that would be secure against the power of quantum computing.\n\nIn material science and chemistry, quantum computing could revolutionize the process of material design and drug discovery. Quantum computers can simulate molecular structures and reactions with high precision, allowing scientists to understand materials at a level of detail that is impossible with classical computers. This capability could lead to the discovery of new materials with desired properties for use in electronics, energy storage, and more.\n\nThe pharmaceutical industry stands to benefit significantly from quantum computing. Simulating the interaction between drugs and complex biological systems can lead to the development of new drugs more efficiently, reducing the time and cost associated with research and development. Quantum computing could therefore accelerate the creation of treatments for a range of diseases.\n\nArtificial intelligence and machine learning could also undergo a transformation with quantum computing. The ability of quantum systems to handle and analyze large datasets can enhance the training of machine learning models, potentially leading to more intelligent and efficient AI systems. The intersection of quantum computing and AI could open new avenues in both research and application, from more accurate weather forecasting to advancements in autonomous vehicles.\n\nDespite the exciting potential, there are significant challenges in advancing quantum computing to practical use. Quantum systems require extremely low temperatures to function, and they are highly sensitive to external disturbances, a challenge known as decoherence. Overcoming these technical obstacles is the focus of current research, which is looking into new quantum error correction methods and materials to maintain stable qubit operation.\n\nIn conclusion, the advancements in quantum computing are rapidly progressing, promising to unlock new capabilities across various industries. The potential of quantum computing to solve problems that are currently intractable could lead to breakthroughs in science, medicine, and technology. However, realizing this potential requires continued investment in research and development to overcome the substantial technical challenges that quantum computing presents. As the field advances, it will also be important to consider the ethical and security implications of this powerful technology. Quantum computing is not just a new type of computing; it could be the key to a future filled with possibilities that are, as of now, still quantum leaps away."
+"The Integration of Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management\n\nBlockchain technology, originally devised for the digital currency Bitcoin, has evolved far beyond its initial purpose. It is now poised to revolutionize supply chain management by enhancing transparency, security, and traceability. This essay examines the technical intricacies of blockchain technology, its applications in supply chain management, and the potential benefits and challenges it brings to the industry.\n\nAt its core, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that allows data to be stored globally on thousands of servers. This decentralization means that the entire blockchain is not controlled by any single entity and has no single point of failure, making it robust against fraudulent activities and cyberattacks. Each 'block' in a blockchain contains a number of transactions; every time a new transaction occurs on the blockchain, a record of that transaction is added to every participant's ledger. This is a key feature that ensures data integrity and immutability.\n\nIn the context of supply chain management, blockchain technology offers a dynamic means of organizing and tracking the production, shipment, and delivery of products in a transparent manner. Every step of a product’s journey can be recorded and verified to ensure the authenticity of the supply chain. From the procurement of raw materials to the manufacturing processes, logistics, and distribution to retailers, blockchain can provide a real-time and unalterable record of transactions, inventory levels, and other key data points.\n\nThe advantages of integrating blockchain into supply chains are manifold. Firstly, it significantly increases the traceability of material supply chains. Companies can use blockchain to record the production, shipment, and receipt of products in an immutable ledger, reducing the risk of counterfeit goods and fraud. This traceability also helps in ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements and in quickly identifying and resolving issues when they arise.\n\nSecondly, blockchain enhances transparency and accountability in supply chains. All parties in the supply chain can access the same information, potentially reducing disputes about transactions and improving relationships among the participants. Enhanced transparency can also lead to more ethical business practices, as companies can provide proof of the provenance and ethical sourcing of their products.\n\nFurthermore, by using smart contracts—self-executing contracts with the terms directly written into code—blockchain can automate various supply chain processes. Payments can be automatically released when certain conditions are met, without the need for intermediaries. This can speed up transactions, reduce costs, and eliminate potential errors and fraud.\n\nHowever, integrating blockchain into supply chain management is not without challenges. One of the main technical hurdles is scalability; the current technology can be slow, and handling the vast amounts of data generated by supply chains can be cumbersome on a blockchain. Interoperability between different blockchains and existing IT systems is another technical barrier that needs to be addressed for seamless integration.\n\nMoreover, there is the issue of data privacy. While blockchain can enhance transparency, it also needs to protect sensitive commercial and personal data. Developing a system that balances transparency with privacy is a key concern, especially given the varying data protection laws across jurisdictions.\n\nAdditionally, the environmental impact of blockchain technology, particularly the energy-intensive nature of many blockchain networks, cannot be ignored. It is essential for blockchain solutions in supply chains to be environmentally sustainable, perhaps by utilizing more energy-efficient consensus mechanisms than the traditional proof-of-work system used by currencies like Bitcoin.\n\nIn conclusion, the integration of blockchain technology into supply chain management offers the potential to transform the industry. It can provide greater transparency, improved traceability, reduced costs, and increased efficiency. Yet, realizing these benefits requires overcoming significant technical, operational, and regulatory challenges. As the technology matures and these challenges are addressed, blockchain could become a standard tool in modern supply chain operations, offering an innovative edge to companies that adopt it."
+"The Role of Machine Learning in Predictive Analytics\n\nMachine learning, a subset of artificial intelligence, has become a pivotal tool in predictive analytics, offering the ability to process large datasets and uncover patterns that can forecast future events with remarkable accuracy. This essay explores the intricate role of machine learning in predictive analytics, the technological advancements that have enabled its growth, and the profound implications it has across various industries, from healthcare to finance to environmental science.\n\nPredictive analytics involves using historical data, statistical algorithms, and machine learning techniques to identify the likelihood of future outcomes. Machine learning enhances this process by automatically improving the performance of predictive models through experience or data without being explicitly programmed. It employs a variety of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data, thereby providing the foundation for sophisticated, automated, and highly accurate predictive models.\n\nOne of the key advantages of machine learning in predictive analytics is its ability to manage vast and complex datasets – known as 'big data' – which are often unstructured and varied. Machine learning algorithms can sift through this data with high velocity, variety, and volume, identifying hidden trends and patterns that would be impossible for humans to detect manually. This capability is critical for making informed decisions and accurate predictions in real-time scenarios.\n\nIn the financial sector, machine learning-driven predictive analytics is used for credit scoring, market analysis, and algorithmic trading. By analyzing past consumer behavior, machine learning models can predict credit risk with greater precision. In market analysis, these models process market data to forecast stock trends and aid in investment strategies. Algorithmic trading utilizes machine learning to predict price changes and execute trades at optimal times, maximizing returns and reducing risks.\n\nThe healthcare industry benefits significantly from machine learning in predictive analytics. Predictive models can anticipate outbreaks of diseases, predict patient admissions, and identify at-risk patients before the occurrence of serious health events. By forecasting the spread of infectious diseases, public health responses can be better coordinated and resources more efficiently allocated. Predicting patient admissions enables hospitals to manage staffing and bed occupancy effectively, improving patient care and reducing costs.\n\nEnvironmental science also harnesses machine learning for predictive analytics to address critical issues such as climate change and natural resource management. Predictive models help in forecasting weather patterns, assessing the risk of natural disasters, and planning for climate adaptation strategies. They can also be used to predict the impact of human activities on ecosystems, facilitating more sustainable environmental practices.\n\nDespite its transformative potential, the use of machine learning in predictive analytics is not without challenges. One of the primary concerns is the quality and integrity of the data used. Machine learning models are only as good as the data they learn from; thus, poor quality or biased data can lead to inaccurate predictions. There is also the issue of explainability, as some complex machine learning models, particularly deep learning models, are often seen as 'black boxes' with predictions that are difficult to interpret by humans.\n\nMoreover, ethical considerations arise from the deployment of predictive analytics. The prediction of individual behavior has implications for privacy and consent, and there is an ongoing debate on the balance between beneficial predictions and individual rights. Additionally, ensuring fairness and avoiding discrimination in predictive models is essential, as biases in training data can lead to unfair predictions.\n\nIn conclusion, machine learning has revolutionized the field of predictive analytics, enabling automated, accurate, and efficient predictions across a range of applications. Its ability to learn from data and improve over time makes it an invaluable asset for forecasting future events and trends. However, the success of machine learning in predictive analytics hinges on the quality of the data, the transparency of the models, and the ethical considerations of their use. As the technology advances, it is imperative to address these challenges to harness the full potential of machine learning in predictive analytics for the benefit of society."

benchmark/llm_judge/bench_other.py

+import argparse
+import json
+import time
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from functools import partial
+
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+from sglang.test.test_utils import add_common_other_args_and_parse, get_call_generate
+from sglang.utils import dump_state_text, read_jsonl
+
+system_prompt = "Please serve as an impartial judge and rigorously evaluate the quality of the following article. Apply the most stringent standards possible, showing no leniency."
+
+dimension_prompts = [
+    "Content: This refers to the essences of the essay. The substance should be well researched, accurate, relevant to the topic and should show a thorough understanding of the subject. The essay should also reflect a clear goal or purpose.",
+    "Organization and Structure: An essay needs to be properly structured with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. The essay should flow naturally, with one paragraph leading seamlessly into the next.",
+    "Argument and Analysis: The argument made in the essay should be logical, coherent and clearly articulated. Each point made should be backed up by solid evidence and thorough analysis.",
+    "Clarity and Precision: The essay should be written in a clear and concise manner. The points made should be easily understood by the reader. The language used should also be precise and unambiguous.",
+    "Grammar and Punctuation: Proper use of grammar and punctuation is vital in an academic essay. Errors in grammar and punctuation not only distract the reader but can also negatively impact the meaning and interpretation of the content.",
+    "Referencing and Citation: An essay should contain proper citations and references for all sources used. This not only prevents accusations of plagiarism but also gives credit to the authors of the works that have contributed to the essay. The citation should adhere to a specific format as required by the academic institution or specified by the professor.",
+]
+
+
+def multi_dimension_judge(article, generate):
+    s = system_prompt
+    s += "\n```\n" + article + "\n```\n\n"
+
+    judges = []
+    for i in range(len(dimension_prompts)):
+        comp = generate(
+            s
+            + "USER: Please judge the quality based on the following metric. "
+            + dimension_prompts[i]
+            + " Please provide a single-paragraph judgement. "
+            + "Focus on the provided metric and do not say other things. "
+            'End your judgement paragraph with the word "END"\nJUDGE:',
+            max_tokens=256,
+            stop="END",
+        )
+        judges.append(comp)
+
+    s += "I will judge the quality based on the following metrics.\n"
+    for i in range(len(dimension_prompts)):
+        s += dimension_prompts[i].split(":")[0] + ": " + judges[i].strip() + "\n"
+
+    s += "In summary, on a scale of 1 to 10, I would give the article a score of"
+    s += generate(s, max_tokens=2, stop=None)
+
+    return s
+
+
+async def multi_dimension_judge_async(article, generate):
+    s = system_prompt
+    s += "\n```\n" + article + "\n```\n\n"
+
+    judges = []
+    for i in range(len(dimension_prompts)):
+        comp = await generate(
+            s
+            + "USER: Please judge the quality based on the following metric. "
+            + dimension_prompts[i]
+            + " Please provide a single-paragraph judgement. "
+            + "Focus on the provided metric and do not say other things. "
+            'End your judgement paragraph with the word "END"\nJUDGE:',
+            max_tokens=256,
+            stop="END",
+        )
+        judges.append(comp)
+
+    s += "I will judge the quality based on the following metrics.\n"
+    for i in range(len(dimension_prompts)):
+        s += dimension_prompts[i].split(":")[0] + ": " + judges[i].strip() + "\n"
+
+    s += "In summary, on a scale of 1 to 10, I would give the article a score of"
+    s += await generate(s, max_tokens=2, stop=None)
+
+    return s
+
+
+def main(args):
+    lines = read_jsonl(args.data_path)[: args.num_questions]
+    states = [None] * len(lines)
+
+    # Select backend
+    call_generate = partial(get_call_generate(args), temperature=0)
+
+    # Run requests
+    tic = time.perf_counter()
+
+    if args.backend != "lmql":
+
+        def get_one_answer(i):
+            states[i] = multi_dimension_judge(lines[i], call_generate)
+
+        if args.parallel == 1:
+            for i in tqdm(range(len(lines))):
+                get_one_answer(i)
+        else:
+            with ThreadPoolExecutor(args.parallel) as executor:
+                list(
+                    tqdm(
+                        executor.map(get_one_answer, list(range(len(lines)))),
+                        total=len(lines),
+                    )
+                )
+
+    else:
+        import asyncio
+
+        async def get_one_answer_async(i):
+            states[i] = await multi_dimension_judge_async(lines[i], call_generate)
+
+        batches = []
+        for i in range(0, len(lines), args.parallel):
+            batches.append(list(range(i, min(i + args.parallel, len(lines)))))
+
+        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        for bt in tqdm(batches):
+            loop.run_until_complete(
+                asyncio.gather(*[get_one_answer_async(i) for i in bt])
+            )
+
+    latency = time.perf_counter() - tic
+
+    # Compute accuracy
+    print(f"Latency: {latency:.3f}")
+
+    # Write results
+    dump_state_text(f"tmp_output_{args.backend}.txt", states)
+
+    with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout:
+        value = {
+            "task": "llm_judge",
+            "backend": args.backend,
+            "num_gpus": 1,
+            "latency": round(latency, 3),
+            "num_requests": args.num_questions,
+            "other": {
+                "num_questions": args.num_questions,
+                "parallel": args.parallel,
+            },
+        }
+        fout.write(json.dumps(value) + "\n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--data-path", type=str, default="articles.jsonl")
+    parser.add_argument("--num-questions", type=int, default=20)
+    args = add_common_other_args_and_parse(parser)
+    main(args)

benchmark/llm_judge/bench_sglang.py

+import argparse
+import json
+import time
+
+import sglang as sgl
+from sglang.test.test_utils import (
+    add_common_sglang_args_and_parse,
+    select_sglang_backend,
+)
+from sglang.utils import dump_state_text, read_jsonl
+
+system_prompt = "Please serve as an impartial judge and rigorously evaluate the quality of the following article. Apply the most stringent standards possible, showing no leniency."
+
+dimension_prompts = [
+    "Content: This refers to the essences of the essay. The substance should be well researched, accurate, relevant to the topic and should show a thorough understanding of the subject. The essay should also reflect a clear goal or purpose.",
+    "Organization and Structure: An essay needs to be properly structured with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. The essay should flow naturally, with one paragraph leading seamlessly into the next.",
+    "Argument and Analysis: The argument made in the essay should be logical, coherent and clearly articulated. Each point made should be backed up by solid evidence and thorough analysis.",
+    "Clarity and Precision: The essay should be written in a clear and concise manner. The points made should be easily understood by the reader. The language used should also be precise and unambiguous.",
+    "Grammar and Punctuation: Proper use of grammar and punctuation is vital in an academic essay. Errors in grammar and punctuation not only distract the reader but can also negatively impact the meaning and interpretation of the content.",
+    "Referencing and Citation: An essay should contain proper citations and references for all sources used. This not only prevents accusations of plagiarism but also gives credit to the authors of the works that have contributed to the essay. The citation should adhere to a specific format as required by the academic institution or specified by the professor.",
+]
+
+
+@sgl.function
+def multi_dimension_judge(s, article):
+    s += system_prompt
+    s += "\n```\n" + article + "\n```\n\n"
+
+    forks = s.fork(len(dimension_prompts))
+    for i in range(len(dimension_prompts)):
+        forks[i] += (
+            "USER: Please judge the quality based on the following metric. "
+            + dimension_prompts[i]
+            + " Please provide a single-paragraph judgement. "
+            + "Focus on the provided metric and do not say other things. "
+            'End your judgement paragraph with the word "END"\nJUDGE:'
+        )
+        forks[i] += sgl.gen("judgement", max_tokens=256, stop="END")
+    forks.join()
+
+    s += "I will judge the quality based on the following metrics.\n"
+    for i in range(len(dimension_prompts)):
+        s += (
+            dimension_prompts[i].split(":")[0]
+            + ": "
+            + forks[i]["judgement"].strip()
+            + "\n"
+        )
+
+    s += "In summary, on a scale of 1 to 10, I would give the article a score of"
+    s += sgl.gen("score", max_tokens=2)
+
+
+def main(args):
+    lines = read_jsonl(args.data_path)[: args.num_questions]
+    arguments = [{"article": l} for l in lines]
+
+    # Select backend
+    backend = select_sglang_backend(args)
+
+    # Run requests
+    tic = time.perf_counter()
+    states = multi_dimension_judge.run_batch(
+        arguments,
+        temperature=0,
+        backend=backend,
+        num_threads=args.parallel,
+        progress_bar=True,
+    )
+    latency = time.perf_counter() - tic
+
+    print(f"Latency: {latency:.3f}")
+
+    # Write results
+    dump_state_text(f"tmp_output_{args.backend}.txt", states)
+
+    with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout:
+        value = {
+            "task": "llm_judge",
+            "backend": args.backend,
+            "num_gpus": 1,
+            "latency": round(latency, 3),
+            "num_requests": args.num_questions,
+            "other": {
+                "num_questions": args.num_questions,
+                "parallel": args.parallel,
+            },
+        }
+        fout.write(json.dumps(value) + "\n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--data-path", type=str, default="articles.jsonl")
+    parser.add_argument("--num-questions", type=int, default=20)
+    args = add_common_sglang_args_and_parse(parser)
+    main(args)

benchmark/long_json_decode/README.md

+## Run benchmark
+
+### Benchmark sglang
+```
+python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model-path codellama/CodeLlama-7b-instruct-hf --port 30000
+```
+
+```
+python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 5 --parallel 1
+```
+
+
+### Benchmark vllm
+```
+python3 -m vllm.entrypoints.api_server --tokenizer-mode auto --model codellama/CodeLlama-7b-instruct-hf  --disable-log-requests --port 21000 --gpu 0.97
+```
+
+```
+python3 bench_other.py --backend vllm --num-questions 5
+```
+
+
+### Benchmark guidance
+```
+python3 bench_other.py --backend guidance --num-questions 5 --parallel 1 --n-ctx 11000 --model-path path/to/code-llama/gguf
+```
+
+
+### Build dataset
+```
+pip install wikipedia
+python3 build_dataset.py
+```

benchmark/long_json_decode/bench_other.py

+import argparse
+import json
+import time
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from functools import partial
+
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+from sglang.test.test_utils import add_common_other_args_and_parse, get_call_generate
+from sglang.utils import dump_state_text, read_jsonl
+
+
+def json_decode(document, generate):
+    s = "Please extract the information of a city from the following wikipedia page.\n"
+    s += "Page begin.\n" + document + "Page end.\n"
+    s += "Here is the name, country, and symbol of the city in JSON format.\n"
+    s += "{\n"
+    s += '  "name": "'
+    s += generate(s, max_tokens=8, stop='"') + '",\n'
+    s += '  "country": "'
+    s += generate(s, max_tokens=8, stop='"') + '",\n'
+    s += '  "air port code": "'
+    s += generate(s, max_tokens=8, stop='"') + '",\n'
+    s += '  "top 3 landmarks": "'
+    s += generate(s, max_tokens=24, stop='"') + '",\n'
+    s += "}\n"
+    return s
+
+
+def main(args):
+    lines = read_jsonl(args.data_path)
+    arguments = []
+    for i in range(len(lines[: args.num_questions])):
+        arguments.append(
+            {
+                "document": lines[i]["document"],
+            }
+        )
+    states = [None] * len(arguments)
+
+    # Select backend
+    call_generate = partial(get_call_generate(args), temperature=0)
+
+    # Run requests
+    def get_one_answer(i):
+        states[i] = json_decode(generate=call_generate, **arguments[i])
+
+    tic = time.perf_counter()
+    if args.parallel == 1:
+        for i in tqdm(range(len(arguments))):
+            get_one_answer(i)
+    else:
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(args.parallel) as executor:
+            list(
+                tqdm(
+                    executor.map(get_one_answer, list(range(len(arguments)))),
+                    total=len(arguments),
+                )
+            )
+
+    latency = time.perf_counter() - tic
+
+    # Compute accuracy
+    print(f"Latency: {latency:.3f}")
+
+    # Write results
+    dump_state_text(f"tmp_output_{args.backend}.txt", states)
+
+    with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout:
+        value = {
+            "task": "long_json_decode",
+            "backend": args.backend,
+            "num_gpus": 1,
+            "latency": round(latency, 3),
+            "num_requests": args.num_questions,
+            "other": {
+                "num_questions": args.num_questions,
+                "parallel": args.parallel,
+            },
+        }
+        fout.write(json.dumps(value) + "\n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--data-path", type=str, default="questions.jsonl")
+    parser.add_argument("--num-questions", type=int, default=100)
+    args = add_common_other_args_and_parse(parser)
+    main(args)

benchmark/long_json_decode/bench_sglang.py

+import argparse
+import json
+import time
+
+import sglang as sgl
+from sglang.test.test_utils import (
+    add_common_sglang_args_and_parse,
+    select_sglang_backend,
+)
+from sglang.utils import dump_state_text, read_jsonl
+
+
+@sgl.function
+def json_decode(s, document):
+    s += "Please extract the information of a city from the following wikipedia page.\n"
+    s += "Page begin.\n" + document + "Page end.\n"
+    s += "Here is the name, country, and symbol of the city in JSON format.\n"
+    s += "{\n"
+    s += '  "name": "' + sgl.gen("name", max_tokens=8, stop='"') + '",\n'
+    s += '  "country": "' + sgl.gen("country", max_tokens=8, stop='"') + '",\n'
+    s += (
+        '  "air port code": "'
+        + sgl.gen("air port code", max_tokens=8, stop='"')
+        + '",\n'
+    )
+    s += (
+        '  "top 3 landmarks": "'
+        + sgl.gen("landmarks", max_tokens=24, stop='"')
+        + '",\n'
+    )
+    s += "}\n"
+
+
+def main(args):
+    lines = read_jsonl(args.data_path)
+    arguments = []
+    for i in range(len(lines[: args.num_questions])):
+        arguments.append(
+            {
+                "document": lines[i]["document"],
+            }
+        )
+
+    # Select backend
+    backend = select_sglang_backend(args)
+    sgl.set_default_backend(backend)
+
+    # Run requests
+    tic = time.perf_counter()
+    states = json_decode.run_batch(
+        arguments, temperature=0, num_threads=args.parallel, progress_bar=True
+    )
+    latency = time.perf_counter() - tic
+
+    # Compute accuracy
+    print(f"Latency: {latency:.3f}")
+
+    # Write results
+    dump_state_text(f"tmp_output_{args.backend}.txt", states)
+
+    with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout:
+        value = {
+            "task": "long_json_decode",
+            "backend": args.backend,
+            "num_gpus": 1,
+            "latency": round(latency, 3),
+            "num_requests": args.num_questions,
+            "other": {
+                "num_questions": args.num_questions,
+                "parallel": args.parallel,
+            },
+        }
+        fout.write(json.dumps(value) + "\n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--data-path", type=str, default="questions.jsonl")
+    parser.add_argument("--num-questions", type=int, default=10)
+    args = add_common_sglang_args_and_parse(parser)
+    main(args)

benchmark/long_json_decode/build_dataset.py

+import json
+
+import transformers
+import wikipedia
+
+name = "meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf"
+t = transformers.AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(name)
+city_names = ["los angles", "london", "tokyo", "beijing", "singapore"]
+
+
+for city_name in city_names:
+    content = str(wikipedia.page(city_name).content)
+    content = content.replace("\n\n", "\n")
+
+    tokens = t.encode(content)
+
+    truncate_len = int((10000 / len(tokens)) * len(content))
+    truncate_content = content[:truncate_len]
+    truncate_tokens = t.encode(truncate_content)
+
+    # Count token
+    print(
+        f"city_name: {city_name}, #tokens: {len(tokens)}, #truncate tokens: {len(truncate_tokens)}"
+    )
+
+    with open("questions.jsonl", "a") as fout:
+        fout.write(json.dumps({"document": truncate_content}) + "\n")

benchmark/lora/launch_server.py

+import argparse
+import os
+
+NUM_LORAS = 4
+LORA_PATH = {
+    "base": "meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf",
+    "lora": "winddude/wizardLM-LlaMA-LoRA-7B",
+}
+
+
+def launch_server(args):
+    base_path = LORA_PATH["base"]
+    lora_path = LORA_PATH["lora"]
+
+    if args.base_only:
+        cmd = f"python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model {base_path} "
+    else:
+        cmd = f"python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model {base_path} --lora-paths "
+        for i in range(NUM_LORAS):
+            lora_name = f"lora{i}"
+            cmd += f"{lora_name}={lora_path} "
+    cmd += f"--disable-radix "
+    cmd += f"--max-loras-per-batch {args.max_loras_per_batch} "
+    cmd += f"--max-running-requests {args.max_running_requests} "
+    cmd += f"--lora-backend {args.lora_backend} "
+    cmd += f"--tp-size {args.tp_size} "
+    if args.disable_custom_all_reduce:
+        cmd += "--disable-custom-all-reduce"
+    if args.enable_mscclpp:
+        cmd += "--enable-mscclpp"
+    print(cmd)
+    os.system(cmd)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--base-only",
+        action="store_true",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--max-loras-per-batch",
+        type=int,
+        default=8,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--max-running-requests",
+        type=int,
+        default=8,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--lora-backend",
+        type=str,
+        default="triton",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--tp-size",
+        type=int,
+        default=1,
+        help="Tensor parallel size for distributed inference",
+    )
+    # disable_custom_all_reduce
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--disable-custom-all-reduce",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Disable custom all reduce when device does not support p2p communication",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--enable-mscclpp",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Enable using mscclpp for small messages for all-reduce kernel and fall back to NCCL.",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    launch_server(args)

benchmark/lora/lora_bench.py

+# Copyright 2023-2024 SGLang Team
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ==============================================================================
+
+import argparse
+import asyncio
+import json
+import random
+import resource
+import sys
+import time
+import traceback
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+import aiohttp
+import numpy as np
+from launch_server import LORA_PATH, NUM_LORAS
+from tqdm.asyncio import tqdm
+from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizerBase
+
+from sglang.bench_serving import (
+    AIOHTTP_TIMEOUT,
+    RequestFuncInput,
+    RequestFuncOutput,
+    calculate_metrics,
+    get_request,
+    get_tokenizer,
+    remove_prefix,
+    sample_random_requests,
+)
+
+global args
+
+
+# set ignore_eos True by default
+async def async_request_openai_completions(
+    request_func_input: RequestFuncInput,
+    pbar: Optional[tqdm] = None,
+) -> RequestFuncOutput:
+    api_url = request_func_input.api_url
+    # assert api_url.endswith(
+    #     "completions"
+    # ), "OpenAI Completions API URL must end with 'completions'."
+
+    prompt = request_func_input.prompt
+
+    async with aiohttp.ClientSession(timeout=AIOHTTP_TIMEOUT) as session:
+        # payload = {
+        #     "model": request_func_input.model,
+        #     "prompt": prompt,
+        #     "temperature": 0.0,
+        #     "best_of": 1,
+        #     "max_tokens": request_func_input.output_len,
+        #     "stream": not args.disable_stream,
+        #     "ignore_eos": not args.disable_ignore_eos,
+        #     **request_func_input.extra_request_body,
+        # }
+        # headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {os.environ.get('OPENAI_API_KEY')}"}
+        if args.base_only:
+            payload = {
+                "text": prompt,
+                "sampling_params": {"max_new_tokens": request_func_input.output_len},
+            }
+        else:
+            payload = {
+                "text": prompt,
+                "sampling_params": {"max_new_tokens": request_func_input.output_len},
+                "lora_path": f"lora{random.randint(0, NUM_LORAS - 1)}",
+            }
+        headers = {"Authorization": ""}
+
+        output = RequestFuncOutput()
+        output.prompt_len = request_func_input.prompt_len
+
+        generated_text = ""
+        ttft = 0.0
+        st = time.perf_counter()
+        most_recent_timestamp = st
+        try:
+            async with session.post(
+                url=api_url, json=payload, headers=headers
+            ) as response:
+                if response.status == 200:
+                    async for chunk_bytes in response.content:
+                        chunk_bytes = chunk_bytes.strip()
+                        if not chunk_bytes:
+                            continue
+
+                        chunk = remove_prefix(chunk_bytes.decode("utf-8"), "data: ")
+                        latency = time.perf_counter() - st
+                        if chunk == "[DONE]":
+                            pass
+                        else:
+                            data = json.loads(chunk)
+
+                            # NOTE: Some completion API might have a last
+                            # usage summary response without a token so we
+                            # want to check a token was generated
+                            if data["text"]:
+                                # if data["choices"][0]["text"]:
+                                timestamp = time.perf_counter()
+                                # First token
+                                if ttft == 0.0:
+                                    ttft = time.perf_counter() - st
+                                    output.ttft = ttft
+
+                                # Decoding phase
+                                else:
+                                    output.itl.append(timestamp - most_recent_timestamp)
+
+                                most_recent_timestamp = timestamp
+                                # generated_text += data["choices"][0]["text"]
+                                generated_text += data["text"]
+
+                    output.generated_text = generated_text
+                    output.success = True
+                    output.latency = latency
+                    output.output_len = request_func_input.output_len
+                else:
+                    output.error = response.reason or ""
+                    output.success = False
+        except Exception:
+            output.success = False
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+            output.error = "".join(traceback.format_exception(*exc_info))
+
+    if pbar:
+        pbar.update(1)
+    return output
+
+
+ASYNC_REQUEST_FUNCS = {
+    "sglang": async_request_openai_completions,
+}
+
+
+async def benchmark(
+    backend: str,
+    api_url: str,
+    model_id: str,
+    tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizerBase,
+    input_requests: List[Tuple[str, int, int]],
+    request_rate: float,
+    disable_tqdm: bool,
+    extra_request_body: Dict[str, Any],
+):
+    if backend in ASYNC_REQUEST_FUNCS:
+        request_func = ASYNC_REQUEST_FUNCS[backend]
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown backend: {backend}")
+
+    print("Starting initial single prompt test run...")
+    test_request = input_requests[0]
+    test_input = RequestFuncInput(
+        model=model_id,
+        prompt=test_request.prompt,
+        api_url=api_url,
+        prompt_len=test_request.prompt_len,
+        output_len=test_request.output_len,
+        lora_name="dummy",  # the lora_name argument will not be used
+        image_data=None,
+        extra_request_body=extra_request_body,
+    )
+    test_output = await request_func(request_func_input=test_input)
+    if not test_output.success:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Initial test run failed - Please make sure benchmark arguments "
+            f"are correctly specified. Error: {test_output.error}"
+        )
+    else:
+        print("Initial test run completed. Starting main benchmark run...")
+
+    pbar = None if disable_tqdm else tqdm(total=len(input_requests))
+
+    benchmark_start_time = time.perf_counter()
+    tasks: List[asyncio.Task] = []
+    async for request in get_request(input_requests, request_rate):
+        request_func_input = RequestFuncInput(
+            model=model_id,
+            prompt=request.prompt,
+            api_url=api_url,
+            prompt_len=request.prompt_len,
+            output_len=request.output_len,
+            lora_name="dummy",
+            image_data=None,
+            extra_request_body=extra_request_body,
+        )
+        tasks.append(
+            asyncio.create_task(
+                request_func(request_func_input=request_func_input, pbar=pbar)
+            )
+        )
+    outputs: List[RequestFuncOutput] = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    if pbar is not None:
+        pbar.close()
+
+    benchmark_duration = time.perf_counter() - benchmark_start_time
+
+    metrics, output_lens = calculate_metrics(
+        input_requests=input_requests,
+        outputs=outputs,
+        dur_s=benchmark_duration,
+        tokenizer=tokenizer,
+        backend=backend,
+    )
+
+    print("\n{s:{c}^{n}}".format(s=" Serving Benchmark Result ", n=50, c="="))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10}".format("Backend:", backend))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10}".format("Traffic request rate:", request_rate))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10}".format("Successful requests:", metrics.completed))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("Benchmark duration (s):", benchmark_duration))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10}".format("Total input tokens:", metrics.total_input))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10}".format("Total generated tokens:", metrics.total_output))
+    print(
+        "{:<40} {:<10}".format(
+            "Total generated tokens (retokenized):", metrics.total_output_retokenized
+        )
+    )
+    print(
+        "{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format(
+            "Request throughput (req/s):", metrics.request_throughput
+        )
+    )
+    print(
+        "{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format(
+            "Input token throughput (tok/s):", metrics.input_throughput
+        )
+    )
+    print(
+        "{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format(
+            "Output token throughput (tok/s):", metrics.output_throughput
+        )
+    )
+    print(
+        "{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("Total throughput (tok/s):", metrics.total_throughput)
+    )
+    print("{s:{c}^{n}}".format(s="End-to-End Latency", n=50, c="-"))
+    print(
+        "{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("Mean E2E Latency (ms):", metrics.mean_e2e_latency_ms)
+    )
+    print(
+        "{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format(
+            "Median E2E Latency (ms):", metrics.median_e2e_latency_ms
+        )
+    )
+    print("{s:{c}^{n}}".format(s="Time to First Token", n=50, c="-"))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("Mean TTFT (ms):", metrics.mean_ttft_ms))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("Median TTFT (ms):", metrics.median_ttft_ms))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("P99 TTFT (ms):", metrics.p99_ttft_ms))
+    print(
+        "{s:{c}^{n}}".format(s="Time per Output Token (excl. 1st token)", n=50, c="-")
+    )
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("Mean TPOT (ms):", metrics.mean_tpot_ms))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("Median TPOT (ms):", metrics.median_tpot_ms))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("P99 TPOT (ms):", metrics.p99_tpot_ms))
+    print("{s:{c}^{n}}".format(s="Inter-token Latency", n=50, c="-"))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("Mean ITL (ms):", metrics.mean_itl_ms))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("Median ITL (ms):", metrics.median_itl_ms))
+    print("{:<40} {:<10.2f}".format("P99 ITL (ms):", metrics.p99_itl_ms))
+    print("=" * 50)
+
+    if (
+        metrics.median_ttft_ms is not None
+        and metrics.mean_itl_ms is not None
+        and metrics.output_throughput is not None
+    ):
+        result = {
+            "backend": args.backend,
+            "request_rate": request_rate,
+            "total_input_tokens": metrics.total_input,
+            "total_output_tokens": metrics.total_output,
+            "total_output_tokens_retokenized": metrics.total_output_retokenized,
+            "mean_e2e_latency_ms": metrics.mean_e2e_latency_ms,
+            "median_e2e_latency_ms": metrics.median_e2e_latency_ms,
+            "median_ttft_ms": metrics.median_ttft_ms,
+            "median_itl_ms": metrics.median_itl_ms,
+            "output_throughput": metrics.output_throughput,
+            "random_input_len": args.random_input_len,
+            "random_output_len": args.random_output_len,
+            "random_range_ratio": args.random_range_ratio,
+            "duration": benchmark_duration,
+            "completed": metrics.completed,
+        }
+    else:
+        print(f"Error running benchmark for request rate: {request_rate}")
+        print("-" * 30)
+
+    # Determine output file name
+    if args.output_file:
+        output_file_name = args.output_file
+    else:
+        now = datetime.now().strftime("%m%d")
+        output_file_name = f"{args.backend}_{now}_{args.num_prompts}_{args.random_input_len}_{args.random_output_len}.jsonl"
+
+    # Append results to a JSONL file
+    with open(output_file_name, "a") as file:
+        file.write(json.dumps(result) + "\n")
+
+    result = {
+        "duration": benchmark_duration,
+        "completed": metrics.completed,
+        "total_input_tokens": metrics.total_input,
+        "total_output_tokens": metrics.total_output,
+        "total_output_tokens_retokenized": metrics.total_output_retokenized,
+        "request_throughput": metrics.request_throughput,
+        "input_throughput": metrics.input_throughput,
+        "output_throughput": metrics.output_throughput,
+        "mean_ttft_ms": metrics.mean_ttft_ms,
+        "median_ttft_ms": metrics.median_ttft_ms,
+        "std_ttft_ms": metrics.std_ttft_ms,
+        "p99_ttft_ms": metrics.p99_ttft_ms,
+        "mean_tpot_ms": metrics.mean_tpot_ms,
+        "median_tpot_ms": metrics.median_tpot_ms,
+        "std_tpot_ms": metrics.std_tpot_ms,
+        "p99_tpot_ms": metrics.p99_tpot_ms,
+        "mean_itl_ms": metrics.mean_itl_ms,
+        "median_itl_ms": metrics.median_itl_ms,
+        "std_itl_ms": metrics.std_itl_ms,
+        "p99_itl_ms": metrics.p99_itl_ms,
+        "input_lens": [output.prompt_len for output in outputs],
+        "output_lens": output_lens,
+        "ttfts": [output.ttft for output in outputs],
+        "itls": [output.itl for output in outputs],
+        "generated_texts": [output.generated_text for output in outputs],
+        "errors": [output.error for output in outputs],
+        "mean_e2e_latency_ms": metrics.mean_e2e_latency_ms,
+        "median_e2e_latency_ms": metrics.median_e2e_latency_ms,
+    }
+    return result
+
+
+def run_benchmark(args_: argparse.Namespace):
+    global args
+    args = args_
+
+    # Set global environments
+    set_ulimit()
+    random.seed(args.seed)
+    np.random.seed(args.seed)
+
+    # Set url
+    if args.port is None:
+        args.port = {
+            "sglang": 30000,
+        }.get(args.backend, 30000)
+
+    # api_url = (
+    #     f"{args.base_url}/v1/completions"
+    #     if args.base_url
+    #     else f"http://{args.host}:{args.port}/v1/completions"
+    # )
+    api_url = (
+        f"{args.base_url}/generate"
+        if args.base_url
+        else f"http://{args.host}:{args.port}/generate"
+    )
+
+    print(f"{args}\n")
+
+    # Read dataset
+    backend = args.backend
+    model_id = args.model = LORA_PATH["base"]
+    tokenizer_id = args.model
+
+    tokenizer = get_tokenizer(tokenizer_id)
+
+    input_requests = sample_random_requests(
+        input_len=args.random_input_len,
+        output_len=args.random_output_len,
+        num_prompts=args.num_prompts,
+        range_ratio=args.random_range_ratio,
+        tokenizer=tokenizer,
+        dataset_path="",
+    )
+
+    return asyncio.run(
+        benchmark(
+            backend=backend,
+            api_url=api_url,
+            model_id=model_id,
+            tokenizer=tokenizer,
+            input_requests=input_requests,
+            request_rate=args.request_rate,
+            disable_tqdm=False,
+            extra_request_body={},
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def set_ulimit(target_soft_limit=65535):
+    resource_type = resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE
+    current_soft, current_hard = resource.getrlimit(resource_type)
+
+    if current_soft < target_soft_limit:
+        try:
+            resource.setrlimit(resource_type, (target_soft_limit, current_hard))
+        except ValueError as e:
+            print(f"Fail to set RLIMIT_NOFILE: {e}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = ArgumentParser(description="Benchmark the online lora serving throughput.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--backend",
+        type=str,
+        choices=list(ASYNC_REQUEST_FUNCS.keys()),
+        default="sglang",
+        help="Must specify a backend, depending on the LLM Inference Engine.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--base-url",
+        type=str,
+        default=None,
+        help="Server or API base url if not using http host and port.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--host", type=str, default="0.0.0.0", help="Default host is 0.0.0.0."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--port",
+        type=int,
+        help="If not set, the default port is configured according to its default value for different LLM Inference Engines.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num-prompts",
+        type=int,
+        default=50,
+        help="Number of prompts to process. Default is 1000.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--random-input-len",
+        type=int,
+        default=1024,
+        help="Number of input tokens per request, used only for random dataset.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--random-output-len",
+        type=int,
+        default=128,
+        help="Number of output tokens per request, used only for random dataset.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--random-range-ratio",
+        type=float,
+        default=0.0,
+        help="Range of sampled ratio of input/output length, "
+        "used only for random dataset.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--request-rate",
+        type=float,
+        default=float("inf"),
+        help="Number of requests per second. If this is inf, then all the requests are sent at time 0. "
+        "Otherwise, we use Poisson process to synthesize the request arrival times. Default is inf.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--base-only",
+        action="store_true",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--output-file", type=str, help="Output JSONL file name.")
+    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=1, help="The random seed.")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    run_benchmark(args)

benchmark/mmlu/README.md

+## Download data
+```
+bash download_data.sh
+```
+
+## Run benchmark
+
+### Benchmark sglang
+```
+python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --port 30000
+```
+
+```
+python3 bench_sglang.py --nsub 10
+```
+
+```
+# OpenAI models
+python3 bench_sglang.py --backend gpt-3.5-turbo --parallel 8
+```
+
+### Benchmark vllm
+```
+python3 -m vllm.entrypoints.api_server --tokenizer-mode auto --model meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --disable-log-requests --port 21000
+```
+
+```
+python3 bench_other.py --nsub 10 --backend vllm
+```
+
+
+### Benchmark lightllm
+```
+# A10G
+python -m lightllm.server.api_server --tokenizer_mode auto --model_dir ~/model_weights/llama-2-7b-chat-hf --max_total_token_num 16000 --port 22000
+
+# V100
+python -m lightllm.server.api_server --tokenizer_mode auto --model_dir ~/model_weights/llama-2-7b-chat-hf --max_total_token_num 4500 --port 22000
+```
+
+```
+python3 bench_other.py --nsub 10 --backend lightllm
+```
+
+
+### Benchmark guidance
+```
+python3 bench_other.py --nsub 10 --backend guidance --parallel 1 --n-ctx 4096 --model-path path/to/gguf
+```
+
+
+### Benchmark lmql
+```
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 lmql serve-model meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --cuda --port 23000
+```
+
+```
+python3 bench_other.py --nsub 10 --backend lmql --parallel 2
+```

benchmark/mmlu/bench_other.py

+import argparse
+import asyncio
+import json
+import os
+import time
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import tiktoken
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+from sglang.test.test_utils import add_common_other_args_and_parse, get_call_generate
+
+choices = ["A", "B", "C", "D"]
+
+tokenizer = tiktoken.encoding_for_model("gpt-3.5-turbo")
+
+
+def format_subject(subject):
+    l = subject.split("_")
+    s = ""
+    for entry in l:
+        s += " " + entry
+    return s
+
+
+def format_example(df, idx, include_answer=True):
+    prompt = df.iloc[idx, 0]
+    k = df.shape[1] - 2
+    for j in range(k):
+        prompt += "\n{}. {}".format(choices[j], df.iloc[idx, j + 1])
+    prompt += "\nAnswer:"
+    if include_answer:
+        prompt += " {}\n\n".format(df.iloc[idx, k + 1])
+    return prompt
+
+
+def gen_prompt(train_df, subject, k=-1):
+    prompt = "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about{}.\n\n".format(
+        format_subject(subject)
+    )
+    if k == -1:
+        k = train_df.shape[0]
+    for i in range(k):
+        prompt += format_example(train_df, i)
+    return prompt
+
+
+def evaluate(args, subject, dev_df, test_df, call_generate):
+    prompts = []
+    labels = []
+
+    # Construct prompts
+    k = args.ntrain
+    train_prompt = gen_prompt(dev_df, subject, k)
+    while len(tokenizer.encode(train_prompt)) > 1536:
+        k -= 1
+        train_prompt = gen_prompt(dev_df, subject, k)
+
+    for i in range(test_df.shape[0]):
+        prompt_end = format_example(test_df, i, include_answer=False)
+        prompt = train_prompt + prompt_end
+        prompts.append(prompt)
+
+        label = test_df.iloc[i, test_df.shape[1] - 1]
+        labels.append(label)
+
+    preds = [None] * len(prompts)
+    max_tokens = 1
+
+    # Run requests
+    if args.backend != "lmql":
+        # Use thread pool
+        def get_one_answer(i):
+            pred = call_generate(prompts[i], temperature=0, max_tokens=max_tokens)
+            preds[i] = pred.strip()[0]
+
+        tic = time.perf_counter()
+        if args.parallel == 1:
+            for i in range(len(prompts)):
+                get_one_answer(i)
+        else:
+            with ThreadPoolExecutor(args.parallel) as executor:
+                executor.map(get_one_answer, list(range(len(prompts))))
+    else:
+        # Use asyncio
+        async def batched_call(batch_size):
+            for i in range(0, len(prompts), batch_size):
+                tasks = []
+                for p in prompts[i : i + batch_size]:
+                    tasks.append(call_generate(p, temperature=0, max_tokens=max_tokens))
+                rets = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+                for j in range(len(rets)):
+                    preds[i + j] = rets[j].strip()[0]
+
+        tic = time.perf_counter()
+        asyncio.run(batched_call(batch_size=args.parallel))
+    latency = time.perf_counter() - tic
+
+    # Compute accuracy
+    cors = [pred == label for pred, label in zip(preds, labels)]
+    acc = np.mean(cors)
+    cors = np.array(cors)
+
+    print(
+        "Average accuracy {:.3f}, latency {:.2f}, #q: {} - {}".format(
+            acc, latency, len(prompts), subject
+        )
+    )
+
+    return cors, acc, latency
+
+
+def main(args):
+    subjects = sorted(
+        [
+            f.split("_test.csv")[0]
+            for f in os.listdir(os.path.join(args.data_dir, "test"))
+            if "_test.csv" in f
+        ]
+    )
+
+    all_cors = []
+    all_latencies = []
+    num_requests = 0
+
+    # Select backend
+    call_generate = get_call_generate(args)
+
+    for subject in tqdm(subjects[: args.nsub]):
+        dev_df = pd.read_csv(
+            os.path.join(args.data_dir, "dev", subject + "_dev.csv"), header=None
+        )[: args.ntrain]
+        test_df = pd.read_csv(
+            os.path.join(args.data_dir, "test", subject + "_test.csv"), header=None
+        )
+
+        cors, acc, latency = evaluate(args, subject, dev_df, test_df, call_generate)
+        all_cors.append(cors)
+        all_latencies.append(latency)
+        num_requests += len(test_df)
+
+    total_latency = np.sum(all_latencies)
+    print("Total latency: {:.3f}".format(total_latency))
+
+    weighted_acc = np.mean(np.concatenate(all_cors))
+    print("Average accuracy: {:.3f}".format(weighted_acc))
+
+    # Write results
+    with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout:
+        value = {
+            "task": "mmlu",
+            "backend": args.backend,
+            "num_gpus": 1,
+            "latency": round(total_latency, 3),
+            "accuracy": round(weighted_acc, 3),
+            "num_requests": num_requests,
+            "other": {
+                "nsub": args.nsub,
+                "parallel": args.parallel,
+            },
+        }
+        fout.write(json.dumps(value) + "\n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--ntrain", type=int, default=5)
+    parser.add_argument("--data_dir", type=str, default="data")
+    parser.add_argument("--nsub", type=int, default=60)
+    args = add_common_other_args_and_parse(parser)
+    main(args)