[Neuron][Kernel] NKI-based flash-attention kernel with paged KV cache (#11277)

Signed-off-by: Liangfu Chen <liangfc@amazon.com>
Co-authored-by: Jiangfei Duan <jfduan@outlook.com>

.buildkite/run-neuron-test.sh

@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ docker run --rm -it --device=/dev/neuron0 --device=/dev/neuron1 --network host \
        -e "NEURON_COMPILE_CACHE_URL=${NEURON_COMPILE_CACHE_MOUNT}" \
        --name "${container_name}" \
        ${image_name} \
-       /bin/bash -c "python3 /workspace/vllm/examples/offline_inference/neuron.py"
+       /bin/bash -c "python3 /workspace/vllm/examples/offline_inference/neuron.py && python3 -m pytest /workspace/vllm/tests/neuron/ -v --capture=tee-sys"

tests/neuron/test_prefix_prefill.py

+import random
+from typing import Optional
+
+import pytest
+import torch
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+
+
+class BlockDiagonalCausalFromBottomRightMask:
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _from_seqlens(query_lens, seq_lens, block_size=None):
+        from torch import logical_and, logical_or
+
+        contexted = block_size is None
+        context_lens = torch.tensor(seq_lens) - torch.tensor(query_lens)
+        n_queries = sum(query_lens)
+        num_seqs = len(query_lens)
+        if contexted:
+            key_lens_blockaligned = seq_lens
+        else:
+            n_blocks_per_seq = (context_lens + block_size - 1) // block_size
+            offset_per_seq = n_blocks_per_seq * block_size
+            key_lens_blockaligned = offset_per_seq[:num_seqs].tolist()
+        n_keys = sum(key_lens_blockaligned)
+
+        a = (torch.arange(n_queries).reshape(n_queries,
+                                             1).expand(n_queries, n_keys))
+        b = torch.arange(n_keys).reshape(1, n_keys).expand(n_queries, n_keys)
+        q_cumsum = torch.tensor([0] + query_lens).cumsum(dim=0)
+        k_cumsum = torch.tensor([0] + key_lens_blockaligned).cumsum(dim=0)
+
+        prior_mask = torch.zeros(n_queries, n_keys)
+        new_masks: list[torch.Tensor] = []
+        for seq_id in range(num_seqs):
+            ri = q_cumsum[seq_id]
+            ci = k_cumsum[seq_id]
+            nr = query_lens[seq_id]
+
+            if contexted:
+                nc = seq_lens[seq_id]
+                a_offset = ci + nc - ri - nr
+                new_mask = (a + a_offset) >= b
+            else:
+                nc = context_lens[seq_id]
+                a_offset = ci + nc - 1
+                new_mask = a_offset >= b
+
+            left_mask = b >= ci
+            top_mask = a >= ri
+            bottom_mask = a < (ri + nr)
+
+            new_mask = logical_and(
+                logical_and(logical_and(new_mask, left_mask), top_mask),
+                bottom_mask,
+            )
+            prior_mask = logical_or(prior_mask, new_mask)
+            new_masks = new_masks + [new_mask]
+        return prior_mask
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_seqlens(query_lens, seq_lens, block_size=None):
+        contexted = block_size is None
+        if contexted:
+            prior_mask = BlockDiagonalCausalFromBottomRightMask._from_seqlens(
+                query_lens, seq_lens)
+            active_mask = None
+        else:
+            prior_mask = BlockDiagonalCausalFromBottomRightMask._from_seqlens(
+                query_lens, seq_lens, block_size)
+            active_mask = BlockDiagonalCausalFromBottomRightMask._from_seqlens(
+                query_lens, query_lens)
+        return prior_mask, active_mask
+
+
+def ref_softmax(x: torch.Tensor,
+                dim: int,
+                mixed_precision=False,
+                return_max_reduce=False):
+    max_value = torch.amax(x, dim=dim, keepdims=True)
+    exp = torch.exp(x - max_value)
+    if mixed_precision:
+        sum_value = torch.sum(exp.astype(torch.float32),
+                              dim=dim,
+                              keepdims=True).astype(x.dtype)
+    else:
+        sum_value = torch.sum(exp, dim=dim, keepdims=True)
+    if return_max_reduce:
+        return exp / sum_value, max_value, torch.reciprocal(sum_value)
+    return exp / sum_value
+
+
+def ref_masked_attention(
+    query: torch.Tensor,
+    key: torch.Tensor,
+    value: torch.Tensor,
+    scale: float,
+    attn_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+    return_max_reduce: Optional[bool] = False,
+) -> torch.Tensor:
+    scaled_qk = scale * torch.einsum("qhd,khd->hqk", query, key).float()
+    if attn_mask is not None:
+        masked_score = scaled_qk + attn_mask.float()
+    if return_max_reduce:
+        norm_score, cached_max, cached_sum_reciprocal = ref_softmax(
+            masked_score, dim=-1, return_max_reduce=True)
+    else:
+        norm_score = ref_softmax(masked_score, dim=-1)
+    out = torch.einsum("hqk,khd->qhd", norm_score, value)
+    if return_max_reduce:
+        return (
+            out,
+            cached_max,
+            cached_sum_reciprocal,
+            norm_score,
+            masked_score,
+            scaled_qk,
+        )
+    else:
+        return out
+
+
+def ref_context_attention(
+    query,
+    key,
+    value,
+    query_lens,
+    seq_lens,
+    head_size,
+    num_kv_heads,
+    num_heads,
+    num_queries_per_kv,
+    return_max_reduce=False,
+):
+    scale = float(1.0 / (head_size**0.5))
+    if num_queries_per_kv > 1:
+        # Handle MQA and GQA
+        key = torch.repeat_interleave(key, num_queries_per_kv, dim=1)
+        value = torch.repeat_interleave(value, num_queries_per_kv, dim=1)
+
+    attn_mask, _ = BlockDiagonalCausalFromBottomRightMask.from_seqlens(
+        query_lens, seq_lens)
+
+    # convert binary mask to -inf values
+    attn_mask = torch.logical_not(attn_mask)
+    attn_mask = attn_mask.float() * -30000
+
+    output, cached_max, cached_sum_reciprocal, lse, masked_score, scaled_qk = (
+        ref_masked_attention(
+            query,
+            key,
+            value,
+            scale,
+            attn_mask,
+            return_max_reduce=return_max_reduce,
+        ))
+
+    output = output.unsqueeze(1)
+    if return_max_reduce:
+        return (
+            output,
+            cached_max,
+            cached_sum_reciprocal,
+            lse,
+            masked_score,
+            scaled_qk,
+        )
+    else:
+        return output
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "num_heads,num_queries_per_kv,head_size,mixed_precision",
+    [
+        (4, 2, 8, False),
+        (4, 2, 8, True),
+        (32, 8, 64, True),
+    ],
+)
+@torch.inference_mode()
+def test_contexted_kv_attention(
+    num_heads: int,
+    num_queries_per_kv: int,
+    head_size: int,
+    mixed_precision: bool,
+) -> None:
+    import os
+
+    import torch_xla.core.xla_model as xm
+
+    from vllm.attention.ops.nki_flash_attn import flash_attn_varlen_nkifunc
+
+    device = xm.xla_device()
+
+    os.environ["NEURON_CC_FLAGS"] = (
+        " --model-type=transformer -O1 "
+        " --internal-hlo2tensorizer-options='--verify-hlo' ")
+
+    random.seed(0)
+    torch.manual_seed(0)
+    torch.set_printoptions(sci_mode=False)
+
+    min_ctx_len = 2
+    max_ctx_len = 64
+    min_query_len = 2
+    max_query_len = 64
+    prefill_batch_size = 2
+    decode_batch_size = 6
+    batch_size = prefill_batch_size + decode_batch_size
+    block_size = 32
+    max_model_len = (max_query_len + max_ctx_len) * 4
+
+    max_block_per_request = max_model_len // block_size
+    dtype = torch.float32
+    cache_size = (batch_size * max_block_per_request) + 2
+    ctx_lens = [
+        random.randint(min_ctx_len, max_ctx_len)
+        for _ in range(prefill_batch_size)
+    ] + [
+        random.randint(min_ctx_len, max_ctx_len)
+        for _ in range(decode_batch_size)
+    ]
+    query_lens = [
+        random.randint(min_query_len, max_query_len)
+        for _ in range(prefill_batch_size)
+    ] + [1 for _ in range(decode_batch_size)]
+    seq_lens = [a + b for a, b in zip(query_lens, ctx_lens)]
+    num_kv_heads = num_heads // num_queries_per_kv
+
+    num_tokens = sum(query_lens)
+    query = torch.empty(num_tokens, num_heads, head_size, dtype=dtype)
+    query.uniform_(-1, 1)
+    torch.empty(num_tokens, num_heads, head_size, dtype=dtype)
+
+    kv = torch.empty(sum(seq_lens), 2, num_kv_heads, head_size, dtype=dtype)
+    kv.uniform_(-1, 1)
+    key, value = kv.unbind(dim=1)
+
+    k_cache = torch.zeros(cache_size,
+                          block_size,
+                          num_kv_heads,
+                          head_size,
+                          dtype=dtype)
+    v_cache = torch.zeros(cache_size,
+                          block_size,
+                          num_kv_heads,
+                          head_size,
+                          dtype=dtype)
+    k = torch.zeros(sum(query_lens), num_kv_heads, head_size, dtype=dtype)
+    v = torch.zeros(sum(query_lens), num_kv_heads, head_size, dtype=dtype)
+    values = torch.arange(0, cache_size, dtype=torch.long)
+    values = values[torch.randperm(cache_size)]
+    block_table = values[:batch_size * max_block_per_request].view(
+        batch_size, max_block_per_request)
+    torch.tensor(seq_lens, dtype=torch.long)
+    b_ctx_len = torch.tensor(ctx_lens, dtype=torch.long)
+    b_start_loc = torch.cumsum(torch.tensor([0] + query_lens[:-1],
+                                            dtype=torch.long),
+                               dim=0)
+    # copy kv to cache
+    b_seq_start_loc = torch.cumsum(torch.tensor([0] + seq_lens[:-1],
+                                                dtype=torch.long),
+                                   dim=0)
+    for i in range(batch_size):
+        for j in range(query_lens[i]):
+            k[b_start_loc[i] + j].copy_(key[b_seq_start_loc[i] + b_ctx_len[i] +
+                                            j])
+            v[b_start_loc[i] + j].copy_(value[b_seq_start_loc[i] +
+                                              b_ctx_len[i] + j])
+        cur_ctx = 0
+        block_id = 0
+        while cur_ctx < b_ctx_len[i]:
+            start_loc = b_seq_start_loc[i] + cur_ctx
+            if cur_ctx + block_size > b_ctx_len[i]:
+                end_loc = b_seq_start_loc[i] + b_ctx_len[i]
+            else:
+                end_loc = start_loc + block_size
+            start_slot = block_table[i, block_id] * block_size
+            end_slot = start_slot + end_loc - start_loc
+            k_cache.view(-1, num_kv_heads,
+                         head_size)[start_slot:end_slot].copy_(
+                             key[start_loc:end_loc])
+            v_cache.view(-1, num_kv_heads,
+                         head_size)[start_slot:end_slot].copy_(
+                             value[start_loc:end_loc])
+            cur_ctx += block_size
+            block_id += 1
+
+    (
+        output_ref,
+        cached_max,
+        cached_sum_reciprocal,
+        lse,
+        masked_score,
+        scaled_qk,
+    ) = ref_context_attention(
+        query,
+        key,
+        value,
+        query_lens,
+        seq_lens,
+        head_size,
+        num_kv_heads,
+        num_heads,
+        num_queries_per_kv,
+        return_max_reduce=True,
+    )
+
+    # build neuron program
+    return_debug_tensors = False
+    B_P_SIZE = 128
+    LARGE_TILE_SZ = 2048
+    max_num_queries = (
+        (sum(query_lens) + block_size - 1) // block_size) * block_size
+
+    def get_active_block_tables(block_tables, query_lens, seq_lens, block_size,
+                                num_blocks):
+        context_lens = seq_lens - query_lens
+        blocks_per_seq = (context_lens + block_size - 1) // block_size
+        num_seqs = len(seq_lens)
+        active_blocks: list[int] = []
+        for seq_id in range(num_seqs):
+            active_blocks = (
+                active_blocks +
+                block_tables[seq_id, :blocks_per_seq[seq_id]].tolist())
+        return F.pad(
+            torch.tensor(active_blocks),
+            (0, num_blocks - len(active_blocks)),
+            "constant",
+            0,
+        )
+
+    def shift_bit_length(x):
+        return 1 << (x - 1).bit_length()
+
+    # calculate input shapes
+    max_num_queries_shifted = shift_bit_length(max_num_queries)
+    max_num_queries_factor = B_P_SIZE // max_num_queries_shifted
+    max_num_queries_padded = max_num_queries_shifted * max_num_queries_factor
+    assert (max_num_queries_padded == B_P_SIZE
+            ), "invalid {max_num_queries_padded=}"
+    head_size_padded = B_P_SIZE
+    context_lens = torch.tensor(seq_lens) - torch.tensor(query_lens)
+    num_active_blocks_shifted = shift_bit_length(
+        ((context_lens + block_size - 1) // block_size).sum().item())
+    num_active_blocks_factor = (LARGE_TILE_SZ // block_size //
+                                num_active_blocks_shifted)
+    num_active_blocks = num_active_blocks_shifted * num_active_blocks_factor
+    assert (num_active_blocks *
+            block_size) == LARGE_TILE_SZ, "invalid {num_active_blocks=}"
+    context_kv_len = num_active_blocks * block_size
+    assert context_kv_len == LARGE_TILE_SZ, f"invalid {context_kv_len=}"
+
+    # pad QKV tensors
+    pad_dims = (
+        0,
+        head_size_padded - query.shape[2],
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        max_num_queries_padded - query.shape[0],
+    )
+    query = F.pad(query, pad_dims, "constant", 0)
+    k = F.pad(k, pad_dims, "constant", 0)
+    v = F.pad(v, pad_dims, "constant", 0)
+    k_cache = F.pad(k_cache, (0, head_size_padded - head_size), "constant", 0)
+    v_cache = F.pad(v_cache, (0, head_size_padded - head_size), "constant", 0)
+
+    # permute QKV tensors
+    # query: (1, n_heads, d, seq_q)
+    # key:   (1, n_kv_heads, d, seq_k)
+    # value: (1, n_kv_heads, seq_v, d)
+    query = query.unsqueeze(0).permute(0, 2, 3, 1).contiguous()
+    k = k.unsqueeze(0).permute(0, 2, 3, 1).contiguous()
+    v = v.unsqueeze(0).permute(0, 2, 1, 3).contiguous()
+
+    # transform block table
+    active_block_table = get_active_block_tables(
+        block_table,
+        torch.tensor(query_lens),
+        torch.tensor(seq_lens),
+        block_size,
+        num_active_blocks,
+    )
+
+    # Build attention masks
+    prior_mask, active_mask = (
+        BlockDiagonalCausalFromBottomRightMask.from_seqlens(
+            query_lens, seq_lens, block_size=block_size))
+    attn_mask = torch.concat(
+        [
+            F.pad(
+                prior_mask,
+                (
+                    0,
+                    context_kv_len - prior_mask.shape[1],
+                    0,
+                    B_P_SIZE - prior_mask.shape[0],
+                ),
+                "constant",
+                0,
+            ).bool(),
+            F.pad(
+                active_mask,
+                (
+                    0,
+                    B_P_SIZE - active_mask.shape[1],
+                    0,
+                    B_P_SIZE - active_mask.shape[0],
+                ),
+                "constant",
+                0,
+            ).bool(),
+        ],
+        dim=1,
+    )
+
+    input_args = (
+        query.to(device=device),
+        k.to(device=device),
+        v.to(device=device),
+        k_cache.to(device=device),
+        v_cache.to(device=device),
+        active_block_table.to(torch.int32).to(device=device),
+        attn_mask.to(device=device),
+    )
+    input_kwargs = dict(
+        n_kv_head=num_kv_heads,
+        head_size=head_size,
+        mixed_precision=mixed_precision,
+    )
+
+    if return_debug_tensors:
+        output_nki, *debug_tensors = flash_attn_varlen_nkifunc(
+            *input_args, **input_kwargs)
+    else:
+        output_nki = flash_attn_varlen_nkifunc(*input_args, **input_kwargs)
+        debug_tensors = []
+
+    output_nki = torch.tensor(output_nki).cpu()
+    debug_tensors = [torch.tensor(dt).cpu() for dt in debug_tensors]
+
+    num_actual_tokens = sum(query_lens)
+    print(f"{num_actual_tokens=}")
+    # - o: shape (bs, n_heads, seq_q, d) -> (bs, seq_q, n_heads, d)
+    output_nki = output_nki.permute(
+        0, 2, 1, 3)[:, :, :, :head_size].cpu()[0, :num_actual_tokens, :, :]
+    output_ref_padded = F.pad(
+        output_ref,
+        (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, max_num_queries_padded - output_ref.shape[0]),
+        "constant",
+        0,
+    )
+    output_ref = output_ref_padded.transpose(0, 1)[0, :num_actual_tokens, :, :]
+
+    torch.testing.assert_close(output_nki, output_ref, atol=1e-2, rtol=0)

vllm/attention/ops/nki_flash_attn.py

+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+import neuronxcc.nki.isa as nisa
+import neuronxcc.nki.language as nl
+import numpy as np
+from neuronxcc import nki
+from neuronxcc.nki.language import par_dim
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class FlashConfig:
+    """
+    Config class for flash attention with default values
+    """
+
+    seq_tile_size: int = 2048
+    should_transpose_v: bool = False
+
+    __annotations__ = {
+        "seq_tile_size": int,
+        "should_transpose_v": bool,
+    }
+
+
+@nki.jit
+def transpose_p_local(p_local_transposed,
+                      p_local,
+                      LARGE_TILE_SZ,
+                      forward_mask,
+                      B_F_SIZE=512):
+    for i in nl.affine_range(LARGE_TILE_SZ // B_F_SIZE):
+        if nisa.get_nc_version() == nisa.nc_version.gen3:
+            p_local_t_tmp = nl.ndarray((par_dim(128), B_F_SIZE),
+                                       buffer=nl.sbuf,
+                                       dtype=p_local.dtype)
+        else:
+            p_local_t_tmp = nl.ndarray((par_dim(128), B_F_SIZE),
+                                       buffer=nl.psum,
+                                       dtype=np.float32)
+
+        for j in nl.affine_range(B_F_SIZE // 128):
+            j_128_slice = nl.ds(j * 128, 128)
+            i_j_128_slice = nl.ds(i * B_F_SIZE + j * 128, 128)
+
+            if nisa.get_nc_version() == nisa.nc_version.gen3:
+                p_local_t_tmp[:, j_128_slice] = nisa.dma_transpose(
+                    p_local[:, i_j_128_slice], mask=forward_mask)
+            else:
+                p_local_t_tmp[:, j_128_slice] = nisa.nc_transpose(
+                    p_local[:, i_j_128_slice], mask=forward_mask)
+
+        p_local_transposed[:, nl.ds(i * B_F_SIZE, B_F_SIZE)] = nl.copy(
+            p_local_t_tmp, dtype=p_local_transposed.dtype, mask=forward_mask)
+
+
+@nki.jit
+def _flash_attention_core(
+    q_local_tile,
+    k,
+    v,
+    q_h_per_k_h,
+    seqlen_q,
+    nheads,
+    o_buffer,
+    l_buffer,
+    m_buffer,
+    batch_id,
+    head_id,
+    gqa_head_idx,
+    q_tile_idx,
+    local_k_large_tile_idx,
+    kernel_dtype,
+    acc_type,
+    flash_config: FlashConfig,
+    use_causal_mask=False,
+    continuous_batching_mask=None,
+    initialize=False,
+    B_P_SIZE=128,
+    B_F_SIZE=512,
+    B_D_SIZE=128,
+    dropout_p=0.0,
+    dropout_p_tensor=None,
+    seed_tensor=None,
+    logit_bias_tile=None,
+    qk_res_buffer=None,
+):
+    """
+    The flash attention core function to calculate self attention between a tile
+    of q and a block of K and V.
+    The q_local_tile has (B_P_SIZE, B_F_SIZE), which is loaded into the SBUF 
+    already. The block size of K and V
+    is defined in the seq_tile_size of the flash_config. The results are stored
+    in the following three buffers
+    o_buffer: (B_P_SIZE, d)
+    l_buffer: (B_P_SIZE, 1)
+    m_buffer: (B_P_SIZE, 1)
+    """
+    LARGE_TILE_SZ = flash_config.seq_tile_size
+    num_k_tile_per_large_tile = LARGE_TILE_SZ // B_F_SIZE
+    seqlen_k = k.shape[-1]
+    seqlen_q // B_P_SIZE
+    seqlen_k // B_F_SIZE
+
+    # TODO : support logit_bias with continuous_batching_mask
+    assert not use_causal_mask, "causal mask is not supported."
+    assert (continuous_batching_mask
+            is not None), "continuous_batching_mask input is required."
+    if continuous_batching_mask is not None:
+        assert (logit_bias_tile is
+                None), "continuous_batching_mask does not support logit_bias!"
+
+    # mask are used to only apply computation to the lower half of the matrix,
+    # which reduce the arthimetic intensity by half
+    forward_mask = (q_tile_idx * B_P_SIZE >= local_k_large_tile_idx *
+                    LARGE_TILE_SZ if use_causal_mask else None)
+
+    qk_res_buf = nl.ndarray((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), LARGE_TILE_SZ),
+                            buffer=nl.sbuf,
+                            dtype=acc_type)
+    max_local = nl.ndarray((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), num_k_tile_per_large_tile),
+                           dtype=acc_type)
+    for k_i in nl.affine_range(num_k_tile_per_large_tile):
+        k_i_b_f_slice = nl.ds(k_i * B_F_SIZE, B_F_SIZE)
+
+        qk_psum = nl.zeros((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), B_F_SIZE),
+                           dtype=np.float32,
+                           buffer=nl.psum)  # (128, 512)
+        qk_psum[:, :] = nl.matmul(q_local_tile,
+                                  k[:, k_i_b_f_slice],
+                                  transpose_x=True,
+                                  mask=None)  # (p(128), 512)
+
+        qk_res_buf[:, k_i_b_f_slice] = nl.where(
+            continuous_batching_mask[:, k_i_b_f_slice],
+            qk_psum[:, nl.ds(0, B_F_SIZE)],
+            -9984.0,
+            dtype=acc_type,
+        )
+
+        # Calculate max of the current tile
+        max_local[:, k_i] = nisa.tensor_reduce(
+            np.max,
+            qk_res_buf[:, k_i_b_f_slice],
+            axis=(1, ),
+            dtype=acc_type,
+            negate=False,
+            mask=forward_mask,
+        )
+
+    if qk_res_buffer is not None:
+        qk_res_buffer[:, :] = nl.copy(qk_res_buf[:, :])
+
+    max_ = nisa.tensor_reduce(
+        np.max,
+        max_local[:, :],
+        axis=(1, ),
+        dtype=acc_type,
+        negate=False,
+        mask=forward_mask,
+    )
+
+    o_previous_scaled = nl.ndarray((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), B_D_SIZE),
+                                   dtype=o_buffer.dtype)
+
+    if initialize:
+        m_buffer[:, 0] = nl.copy(max_)
+        m_current = max_
+    else:
+        m_previous = nl.copy(m_buffer[:, 0])
+        m_buffer[:, 0] = nl.maximum(m_previous, max_,
+                                    mask=forward_mask)  # (128,1)
+
+        m_current = m_buffer[:, 0]
+        # Compute scaling factor
+        alpha = nisa.activation(
+            np.exp,
+            m_previous,
+            bias=-1 * m_current,
+            scale=1.0,
+            mask=forward_mask,
+        )
+        o_previous_scaled[...] = nl.multiply(o_buffer[:, :],
+                                             alpha,
+                                             mask=forward_mask)
+
+    p_local = nl.ndarray((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), LARGE_TILE_SZ),
+                         dtype=kernel_dtype)
+    REDUCTION_TILE = min(2048, LARGE_TILE_SZ // 2)
+
+    p_partial_sum = nl.ndarray(
+        (par_dim(B_P_SIZE), LARGE_TILE_SZ // REDUCTION_TILE), dtype=acc_type)
+
+    for k_r_i in nl.affine_range(LARGE_TILE_SZ // REDUCTION_TILE):
+        k_r_i_reduce_slice = nl.ds(k_r_i * REDUCTION_TILE, REDUCTION_TILE)
+
+        # compute exp(qk - max)
+        # Compute partial row - tile sum of exp(qk - max))
+        # FIXME : Use activation accumulate to accumulate over k_r_i loop ?
+        p_local[:, k_r_i_reduce_slice] = nisa.activation_reduce(
+            np.exp,
+            qk_res_buf[:, k_r_i_reduce_slice],
+            bias=-1 * m_current,
+            scale=1.0,
+            reduce_op=nl.add,
+            reduce_res=p_partial_sum[:, k_r_i],
+            dtype=kernel_dtype,
+            mask=forward_mask,
+        )
+
+    ps = nl.sum(p_partial_sum, axis=1, dtype=acc_type, mask=forward_mask)
+
+    p_local_transposed = nl.ndarray((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), LARGE_TILE_SZ),
+                                    dtype=kernel_dtype)
+    transpose_p_local(
+        p_local_transposed=p_local_transposed,
+        p_local=p_local,
+        LARGE_TILE_SZ=LARGE_TILE_SZ,
+        forward_mask=forward_mask,
+        B_F_SIZE=B_F_SIZE,
+    )
+
+    pv_psum = nl.zeros((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), B_D_SIZE),
+                       dtype=np.float32,
+                       buffer=nl.psum)
+    for k_i in nl.affine_range(LARGE_TILE_SZ // B_P_SIZE):
+        pv_psum[:, :] += nl.matmul(
+            p_local_transposed[:, nl.ds(k_i * B_P_SIZE, B_P_SIZE)],
+            v[k_i, :, :],
+            transpose_x=True,
+            mask=forward_mask,
+        )  # (128, 128) (p(Br), d)
+
+    if initialize:
+        o_buffer[:, :] = nl.copy(pv_psum[:, :])
+        l_buffer[:, 0] = nl.add(nl.log(ps), max_)
+    else:
+        o_buffer[:, :] = nl.add(o_previous_scaled, pv_psum, mask=forward_mask)
+
+        l_prev = l_buffer[:, 0]
+        l_exp = nl.add(
+            nl.exp(
+                nl.subtract(l_prev, m_current, mask=forward_mask),
+                mask=forward_mask,
+            ),
+            ps,
+            mask=forward_mask,
+        )
+        l_buffer[:, 0] = nl.add(m_current,
+                                nl.log(l_exp, mask=forward_mask),
+                                mask=forward_mask)
+
+
+@nki.jit
+def load_v_tile(v_hbm_tile, cur_v_tile, j, v_i, config):
+    LARGE_TILE_SZ = config.seq_tile_size
+    B_P_SIZE = 128
+
+    if not config.should_transpose_v:
+        cur_v_tile[v_i, :, :] = nl.load(
+            v_hbm_tile[nl.ds(j * LARGE_TILE_SZ + B_P_SIZE * v_i, B_P_SIZE), :],
+            dtype=cur_v_tile.dtype,
+        )
+        return
+
+    if nisa.get_nc_version() == nisa.nc_version.gen3:
+        cur_v_tile_transposed = nisa.dma_transpose(
+            v_hbm_tile[:,
+                       nl.ds(j * LARGE_TILE_SZ + B_P_SIZE * v_i, B_P_SIZE)])
+        cur_v_tile[v_i, :, :] = nisa.tensor_copy(cur_v_tile_transposed,
+                                                 dtype=cur_v_tile.dtype)
+        return
+
+    cur_v_tile[v_i, :, :] = nl.load_transpose2d(
+        v_hbm_tile[:, nl.ds(j * LARGE_TILE_SZ + B_P_SIZE * v_i, B_P_SIZE)],
+        dtype=cur_v_tile.dtype,
+    )
+
+
+@nki.jit
+def flash_paged_attention(
+    query,
+    key,
+    value,
+    key_cache,
+    value_cache,
+    block_tables,
+    mask,
+    softmax_scale=None,
+    mixed_precision=True,
+    config=None,
+    return_debug_tensors=False,
+):
+    """
+    Flash PagedAttention Forward Kernel.
+      - PagedAttention Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.06180
+      - Chunked Prefill Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.02310
+
+    IO tensor layouts:
+      - query: shape   (1, n_heads, d, seq_q)
+      - key:   shape   (1, n_kv_heads, d, seq_k)
+      - value: shape   (1, n_kv_heads, seq_v, d)
+      - key_cache: (num_blocks, block_size, n_kv_heads, d)
+      - value_cache: (num_blocks, block_size, n_kv_heads, d)
+      - block_tables: (num_active_blocks, )
+      - mask: (seq_q, num_active_blocks * block_size)
+      - o: shape (1, n_heads, seq_q, d)
+      - l_m: shape (1, n_heads, seq_q, 2)
+
+      - This kernel requires seq_k == seq_v
+      - We use continuous batching by default, so the batch dimension is
+        always 1, and different requests are concatenated along sequence
+        dimension.
+      - We use paged cache blocks (key_cache, value_cache) to store KV cache.
+
+    IO tensor dtypes:
+      - This kernel assumes all IO tensors have the same dtype except for 
+        block_tables (int32) and mask (int32)
+      - If mixed_percision is True, then all Tensor Engine operation will be 
+        performed in bfloat16 and accumulation will be performed in float32. 
+        Otherwise the intermediates will be in the same type as the inputs.
+
+    Compile-time Constants:
+      - softmax_scale: scaling for softmax, is None, default is `1.0/(d**0.5)`
+      - mixed_precision: flag to set non-matmul ops in fp32 precision, default
+        is set to `true`, if false, we use same precision as input types 
+      - config: Instance of dataclass :class:`nki.kernels.attention.FlashConfig`
+          with Performance config parameters for flash attention with default
+          values
+        seq_tile_size: `default=2048`, size of the kv tile size for attention 
+          computation reduction
+
+    GQA support Notes:
+      the spmd kernel for launching kernel should be on kv_heads instead of 
+      nheads
+
+    Example usage:
+      MHA: q: [b, h, d, s], k: [b, h, d, s], v: [b, h, s, d]
+        usage: `flash_fwd[b, h](q, k, v, ...)`
+      GQA: q: [b, h, d, s], k: [b, kv_h, d, s], v: [b, kv_h, s, d]
+        usage: `flash_fwd[b, kv_h](q, k, v, ...)`
+    """
+    config = config or FlashConfig()
+    B_F_SIZE = 512
+    B_P_SIZE = 128
+    b, h, d, seqlen_q = query.shape
+    B_D_SIZE = d
+    LARGE_TILE_SZ = config.seq_tile_size
+    n_tile_q = seqlen_q // B_P_SIZE  # since q will be loaded on tensor engine
+    num_blocks, block_size, k_h, _ = key_cache.shape
+    q_h_per_k_h = h // k_h
+    assert tuple(key_cache.shape) == (
+        num_blocks,
+        block_size,
+        k_h,
+        d,
+    ), "Input shape mismatch!"
+    assert tuple(value_cache.shape) == (
+        num_blocks,
+        block_size,
+        k_h,
+        d,
+    ), "Input shape mismatch!"
+    assert b == 1, f"invalid batch size {b=}"
+    assert d <= 128, f" we do not support head_dim > 128, got head dim {d}"
+    kernel_dtype = nl.bfloat16 if mixed_precision else query.dtype
+    acc_type = np.dtype(np.float32) if mixed_precision else kernel_dtype
+
+    o = nl.ndarray((b, h, seqlen_q, d),
+                   dtype=query.dtype,
+                   buffer=nl.shared_hbm)
+    hbm_l_buffer, hbm_m_buffer, hbm_qk_res, qk_res_buffer = (
+        None,
+        None,
+        None,
+        None,
+    )
+    if return_debug_tensors:
+        hbm_l_buffer = nl.ndarray((b, h, seqlen_q),
+                                  dtype=acc_type,
+                                  buffer=nl.shared_hbm)
+        hbm_m_buffer = nl.ndarray((b, h, seqlen_q),
+                                  dtype=acc_type,
+                                  buffer=nl.shared_hbm)
+        hbm_qk_res = nl.ndarray((b, h, B_P_SIZE, seqlen_q),
+                                dtype=acc_type,
+                                buffer=nl.shared_hbm)
+        qk_res_buffer = nl.zeros(
+            (n_tile_q, q_h_per_k_h, par_dim(B_P_SIZE), seqlen_q),
+            dtype=acc_type,
+            buffer=nl.sbuf,
+            lazy_initialization=True,
+        )
+
+    assert (
+        nl.program_ndim() == 2
+    ), f"Expect spmd grid with 2 dimensions, got {nl.program_ndim()} instead!"
+    batch_id = nl.program_id(axis=0)
+    head_id = nl.program_id(axis=1)
+
+    softmax_scale = softmax_scale or (1.0 / (d**0.5))
+
+    (num_active_blocks, ) = block_tables.shape
+    context_kv_len = num_active_blocks * block_size
+    assert (config.seq_tile_size >= 512
+            ), f" seq tile_size {config.seq_tile_size} cannot be less than 512"
+    assert (context_kv_len % LARGE_TILE_SZ == 0
+            ), f"Need {context_kv_len=} to be divisible by {LARGE_TILE_SZ=}"
+    assert (
+        LARGE_TILE_SZ % B_P_SIZE == 0
+    ), f"Need LARGE_TILE_SZ ({LARGE_TILE_SZ}) to be divisible by {B_P_SIZE=}"
+    assert (B_P_SIZE % block_size == 0
+            ), f"Need B_P_SIZE ({B_P_SIZE}) to be divisible by {block_size=}"
+    num_large_k_tile = context_kv_len // LARGE_TILE_SZ
+    num_blocks_per_large_tile = LARGE_TILE_SZ // block_size
+    assert (num_blocks_per_large_tile <= B_P_SIZE
+    ), f"The number of blocks in each large tile " \
+    f"({num_blocks_per_large_tile}) shouldn't exceed partition size {B_P_SIZE}"
+
+    block_tables_sbuf = nl.full((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), num_large_k_tile),
+                                0,
+                                dtype=np.int32,
+                                buffer=nl.sbuf)
+    for j in nl.affine_range(num_large_k_tile):
+        i_p = nl.arange(num_blocks_per_large_tile)[:, None]
+        block_tables_sbuf[i_p, j] = nl.load(
+            block_tables[j * num_blocks_per_large_tile + i_p], dtype=np.int32)
+
+    # Global Flash Attention accumulators
+    o_buffer = nl.zeros(
+        (n_tile_q, q_h_per_k_h, par_dim(B_P_SIZE), d),
+        dtype=acc_type,
+        buffer=nl.sbuf,
+        lazy_initialization=True,
+    )
+    l_buffer = nl.zeros(
+        (par_dim(B_P_SIZE), n_tile_q, q_h_per_k_h),
+        dtype=acc_type,
+        buffer=nl.sbuf,
+        lazy_initialization=True,
+    )
+    m_buffer = nl.zeros(
+        (n_tile_q, q_h_per_k_h, par_dim(B_P_SIZE), 1),
+        dtype=acc_type,
+        buffer=nl.sbuf,
+        lazy_initialization=True,
+    )
+
+    for j in nl.sequential_range(0, num_large_k_tile):
+        cur_k_tile = nl.ndarray((par_dim(B_D_SIZE), LARGE_TILE_SZ),
+                                dtype=kernel_dtype)
+        cur_v_tile = nl.ndarray(
+            (LARGE_TILE_SZ // B_P_SIZE, par_dim(B_P_SIZE), B_D_SIZE),
+            dtype=kernel_dtype,
+        )
+
+        for k_i in nl.affine_range(num_blocks_per_large_tile):
+            loaded = nl.load(key_cache[block_tables_sbuf[k_i, j], :,
+                                       head_id, :])
+            cur_k_tile[:, nl.ds(k_i *
+                                block_size, block_size)] = nl.transpose(loaded)
+
+        load_tile_size = B_P_SIZE
+        num_blocks_per_partition = load_tile_size // block_size
+        for partition_idx in nl.affine_range(LARGE_TILE_SZ // load_tile_size):
+            for block_in_partition in nl.affine_range(
+                    num_blocks_per_partition):
+                v_i = (partition_idx * num_blocks_per_partition +
+                       block_in_partition)
+                loaded_v = nl.load(value_cache[block_tables_sbuf[v_i, j], :,
+                                               head_id, :])
+                cur_v_tile[partition_idx,
+                           nl.ds(block_in_partition *
+                                 block_size, block_size), :, ] = loaded_v
+
+        cur_mask = nl.ndarray((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), LARGE_TILE_SZ),
+                              dtype=mask.dtype)
+        for m_i in nl.affine_range(LARGE_TILE_SZ // B_F_SIZE):
+            cur_mask[:, nl.ds(m_i * B_F_SIZE, B_F_SIZE)] = nl.load(
+                mask[:, nl.ds(j * LARGE_TILE_SZ + m_i * B_F_SIZE, B_F_SIZE)])
+
+        for i_q_h in nl.affine_range(q_h_per_k_h):
+            for i in nl.affine_range(n_tile_q):
+                q_tile = nl.ndarray((B_D_SIZE, B_P_SIZE), dtype=kernel_dtype)
+                q_hbm_tile = query[batch_id, head_id * q_h_per_k_h + i_q_h]
+                q_sbuf_tile = nl.load(
+                    q_hbm_tile[:, nl.ds(i * B_P_SIZE, B_P_SIZE)],
+                    dtype=kernel_dtype,
+                )  # load (d, 128) tile in SBUF
+                q_tile[:, :] = q_sbuf_tile * softmax_scale
+
+                _flash_attention_core(
+                    q_local_tile=q_tile,
+                    k=cur_k_tile,
+                    v=cur_v_tile,
+                    q_h_per_k_h=q_h_per_k_h,
+                    seqlen_q=seqlen_q,
+                    nheads=h,
+                    o_buffer=o_buffer[i, i_q_h],
+                    l_buffer=l_buffer[:, i, i_q_h],
+                    m_buffer=m_buffer[i, i_q_h],
+                    batch_id=batch_id,
+                    head_id=head_id,
+                    gqa_head_idx=i_q_h,
+                    q_tile_idx=i,
+                    local_k_large_tile_idx=j,
+                    kernel_dtype=kernel_dtype,
+                    acc_type=acc_type,
+                    flash_config=config,
+                    use_causal_mask=False,
+                    continuous_batching_mask=cur_mask,
+                    initialize=j == 0,
+                    B_P_SIZE=B_P_SIZE,
+                    B_F_SIZE=B_F_SIZE,
+                    B_D_SIZE=B_D_SIZE,
+                    dropout_p=0.0,
+                    dropout_p_tensor=None,
+                    seed_tensor=None,
+                    logit_bias_tile=None,
+                )
+
+    # compute attention between input query, key and value
+    if key is not None and value is not None:
+        B_F_SIZE = seqlen_q
+        LARGE_TILE_SZ = seqlen_q
+        active_config = FlashConfig(
+            seq_tile_size=LARGE_TILE_SZ,
+            should_transpose_v=config.should_transpose_v,
+        )
+
+        cur_k_tile = nl.ndarray((par_dim(B_D_SIZE), LARGE_TILE_SZ),
+                                dtype=kernel_dtype)
+        cur_v_tile = nl.ndarray(
+            (LARGE_TILE_SZ // B_P_SIZE, par_dim(B_P_SIZE), B_D_SIZE),
+            dtype=kernel_dtype,
+        )
+
+        cur_k_tile[:, :] = nl.load(key[batch_id, head_id, :, :])
+
+        load_tile_size = B_P_SIZE
+        v_hbm_tile = value[batch_id, head_id]
+        for v_i in nl.affine_range(LARGE_TILE_SZ // load_tile_size):
+            load_v_tile(
+                v_hbm_tile=v_hbm_tile,
+                cur_v_tile=cur_v_tile,
+                j=0,
+                v_i=v_i,
+                config=active_config,
+            )
+
+        cur_mask = nl.ndarray((par_dim(B_P_SIZE), B_F_SIZE), dtype=mask.dtype)
+        cur_mask[:, :] = nl.load(mask[:, nl.ds(context_kv_len, B_F_SIZE)])
+
+        for i_q_h in nl.affine_range(q_h_per_k_h):
+            for i in nl.affine_range(n_tile_q):
+                q_tile = nl.ndarray((B_D_SIZE, B_P_SIZE), dtype=kernel_dtype)
+                q_hbm_tile = query[batch_id, head_id * q_h_per_k_h + i_q_h]
+                q_sbuf_tile = nl.load(
+                    q_hbm_tile[:, nl.ds(i * B_P_SIZE, B_P_SIZE)],
+                    dtype=kernel_dtype,
+                )  # load (d, 128) tile in SBUF
+                q_tile[:, :] = q_sbuf_tile * softmax_scale
+                _flash_attention_core(
+                    q_local_tile=q_tile,
+                    k=cur_k_tile,
+                    v=cur_v_tile,
+                    q_h_per_k_h=q_h_per_k_h,
+                    seqlen_q=seqlen_q,
+                    nheads=h,
+                    o_buffer=o_buffer[i, i_q_h],
+                    l_buffer=l_buffer[:, i, i_q_h],
+                    m_buffer=m_buffer[i, i_q_h],
+                    batch_id=batch_id,
+                    head_id=head_id,
+                    gqa_head_idx=i_q_h,
+                    q_tile_idx=i,
+                    local_k_large_tile_idx=0,
+                    kernel_dtype=kernel_dtype,
+                    acc_type=acc_type,
+                    flash_config=active_config,
+                    use_causal_mask=False,
+                    continuous_batching_mask=cur_mask,
+                    initialize=False,
+                    B_P_SIZE=B_P_SIZE,
+                    B_F_SIZE=B_F_SIZE,
+                    B_D_SIZE=B_D_SIZE,
+                    dropout_p=0.0,
+                    dropout_p_tensor=None,
+                    seed_tensor=None,
+                    logit_bias_tile=None,
+                    qk_res_buffer=qk_res_buffer[i, i_q_h]
+                    if qk_res_buffer is not None else None,
+                )
+
+    # -- -- -- -- write output to buffer on HBM -- -- -- -- -- -- #
+    for i_q_h in nl.affine_range(q_h_per_k_h):
+        for i in nl.affine_range(n_tile_q):
+            out = nl.multiply(
+                o_buffer[i, i_q_h, :, :],
+                nl.exp(m_buffer[i, i_q_h, :, :] - l_buffer[:, i, i_q_h]),
+                dtype=kernel_dtype,
+            )
+
+            nl.store(
+                o[batch_id, head_id * q_h_per_k_h + i_q_h,
+                  nl.ds(i * B_P_SIZE, B_P_SIZE), :, ],
+                out,
+            )
+            # maximum and summation statistics
+            if return_debug_tensors:
+                nl.store(
+                    hbm_m_buffer[batch_id, head_id * q_h_per_k_h + i_q_h,
+                                 nl.ds(i * B_P_SIZE, B_P_SIZE), ],
+                    m_buffer[i, i_q_h, :, :],
+                )
+                nl.store(
+                    hbm_l_buffer[batch_id, head_id * q_h_per_k_h + i_q_h,
+                                 nl.ds(i * B_P_SIZE, B_P_SIZE), ],
+                    l_buffer[:, i, i_q_h],
+                )
+                nl.store(
+                    hbm_qk_res[batch_id, head_id * q_h_per_k_h + i_q_h, :, :],
+                    qk_res_buffer[batch_id, i_q_h, :, :],
+                )
+
+    if return_debug_tensors:
+        return o, hbm_m_buffer, hbm_l_buffer, hbm_qk_res
+    return o
+
+
+def flash_attn_varlen_nkifunc(
+    query,
+    key,
+    value,
+    key_cache,
+    value_cache,
+    block_table,
+    attn_mask,
+    n_kv_head=None,
+    head_size=None,
+    B_P_SIZE=128,
+    LARGE_TILE_SZ=2048,
+    return_debug_tensors=False,
+    mixed_precision=True,
+):
+    config = FlashConfig(
+        seq_tile_size=LARGE_TILE_SZ,
+        should_transpose_v=False,
+    )
+    kwargs = dict(
+        query=query,
+        key=key,
+        value=value,
+        key_cache=key_cache,
+        value_cache=value_cache,
+        block_tables=block_table,
+        mask=attn_mask,
+        softmax_scale=1.0 / (head_size**0.5),
+        config=config,
+        mixed_precision=mixed_precision,
+        return_debug_tensors=return_debug_tensors,
+    )
+    _, n_kv_head, _, _ = key.shape
+
+    if return_debug_tensors:
+        o, *debug_tensors = flash_paged_attention[1, n_kv_head](**kwargs)
+        return o, *debug_tensors
+    else:
+        o = flash_paged_attention[1, n_kv_head](**kwargs)
+        return o