[Frontend][3/N] Improve all pooling task | Support binary embedding response (#27066)

Signed-off-by: wang.yuqi <noooop@126.com>
Co-authored-by: gemini-code-assist[bot] <176961590+gemini-code-assist[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Cyrus Leung <cyrus.tl.leung@gmail.com>

examples/online_serving/pooling/README.md

@@ -6,10 +6,16 @@
 python examples/online_serving/pooling/cohere_rerank_client.py
 ```
 
-## Embedding embed_dtype usage
+## Embedding requests base64 encoding_format usage
 
 ```bash
-python examples/online_serving/pooling/embedding_embed_dtype_client.py
+python examples/online_serving/pooling/embedding_requests_base64_client.py
+```
+
+## Embedding requests bytes encoding_format usage
+
+```bash
+python examples/online_serving/pooling/embedding_requests_bytes_client.py
 ```
 
 ## Jinaai rerank usage

examples/online_serving/pooling/embedding_embed_dtype_client.py → examples/online_serving/pooling/embedding_requests_base64_client.py

@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ import base64
 import requests
 import torch
 
-from vllm.entrypoints.openai.protocol import EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE
+from vllm.utils.serial_utils import (
+    EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE,
+    ENDIANNESS,
+    binary2tensor,
+)
 
 
 def post_http_request(prompt: dict, api_url: str) -> requests.Response:
@@ -34,24 +38,25 @@ def main(args):
     api_url = f"http://{args.host}:{args.port}/v1/embeddings"
     model_name = args.model
 
-    for embed_dtype, torch_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE.items():
+    # The OpenAI client does not support the embed_dtype and endianness parameters.
+    for embed_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE:
+        for endianness in ENDIANNESS:
             prompt = {
                 "model": model_name,
                 "input": "vLLM is great!",
                 "encoding_format": "base64",
                 "embed_dtype": embed_dtype,
+                "endianness": endianness,
             }
             response = post_http_request(prompt=prompt, api_url=api_url)
 
             embedding = []
             for data in response.json()["data"]:
-            embedding.append(
-                torch.frombuffer(
-                    base64.b64decode(data["embedding"]), dtype=torch_dtype
-                ).to(torch.float32)
-            )
+                binary = base64.b64decode(data["embedding"])
+                tensor = binary2tensor(binary, (-1,), embed_dtype, endianness)
+                embedding.append(tensor.to(torch.float32))
             embedding = torch.cat(embedding)
-        print(embed_dtype, embedding.shape)
+            print(embed_dtype, endianness, embedding.shape)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

examples/online_serving/pooling/embedding_requests_bytes_client.py

+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
+"""Example Python client for embedding API using vLLM API server
+NOTE:
+    start a supported embeddings model server with `vllm serve`, e.g.
+    vllm serve intfloat/e5-small
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+
+import requests
+import torch
+
+from vllm.utils.serial_utils import (
+    EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE,
+    ENDIANNESS,
+    MetadataItem,
+    decode_pooling_output,
+)
+
+
+def post_http_request(prompt: dict, api_url: str) -> requests.Response:
+    headers = {"User-Agent": "Test Client"}
+    response = requests.post(api_url, headers=headers, json=prompt)
+    return response
+
+
+def parse_args():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--host", type=str, default="localhost")
+    parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=8000)
+    parser.add_argument("--model", type=str, default="intfloat/e5-small")
+
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+def main(args):
+    api_url = f"http://{args.host}:{args.port}/v1/embeddings"
+    model_name = args.model
+
+    # The OpenAI client does not support the bytes encoding_format.
+    # The OpenAI client does not support the embed_dtype and endianness parameters.
+    for embed_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE:
+        for endianness in ENDIANNESS:
+            prompt = {
+                "model": model_name,
+                "input": "vLLM is great!",
+                "encoding_format": "bytes",
+                "embed_dtype": embed_dtype,
+                "endianness": endianness,
+            }
+            response = post_http_request(prompt=prompt, api_url=api_url)
+            metadata = json.loads(response.headers["metadata"])
+            body = response.content
+            items = [MetadataItem(**x) for x in metadata["data"]]
+
+            embedding = decode_pooling_output(items=items, body=body)
+            embedding = [x.to(torch.float32) for x in embedding]
+            embedding = torch.cat(embedding)
+            print(embed_dtype, endianness, embedding.shape)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    args = parse_args()
+    main(args)

tests/entrypoints/pooling/openai/test_embedding.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
 
 import base64
+import json
 
 import numpy as np
 import openai
@@ -15,11 +16,17 @@ from tests.models.language.pooling.embed_utils import run_embedding_correctness_
 from tests.models.utils import check_embeddings_close
 from tests.utils import RemoteOpenAIServer
 from vllm.entrypoints.openai.protocol import (
-    EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE,
     EmbeddingResponse,
     PoolingResponse,
 )
 from vllm.transformers_utils.tokenizer import get_tokenizer
+from vllm.utils.serial_utils import (
+    EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE,
+    ENDIANNESS,
+    MetadataItem,
+    binary2tensor,
+    decode_pooling_output,
+)
 
 MODEL_NAME = "intfloat/multilingual-e5-small"
 DUMMY_CHAT_TEMPLATE = """{% for message in messages %}{{message['role'] + ': ' + message['content'] + '\\n'}}{% endfor %}"""  # noqa: E501
@@ -250,8 +257,8 @@ async def test_batch_base64_embedding(
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("model_name", [MODEL_NAME])
-async def test_base64_embed_dtype(
-    hf_model, server: RemoteOpenAIServer, client: openai.AsyncOpenAI, model_name: str
+async def test_base64_embed_dtype_and_endianness(
+    server: RemoteOpenAIServer, client: openai.AsyncOpenAI, model_name: str
 ):
     input_texts = [
         "The best thing about vLLM is that it supports many different models",
@@ -262,7 +269,8 @@ async def test_base64_embed_dtype(
     )
     float_data = [d.embedding for d in responses_float.data]
 
-    for embed_dtype, torch_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE.items():
+    for embed_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE:
+        for endianness in ENDIANNESS:
             responses_base64 = requests.post(
                 server.url_for("/v1/embeddings"),
                 json={
@@ -270,16 +278,15 @@ async def test_base64_embed_dtype(
                     "input": input_texts,
                     "encoding_format": "base64",
                     "embed_dtype": embed_dtype,
+                    "endianness": endianness,
                 },
             )
 
             base64_data = []
             for data in responses_base64.json()["data"]:
-            base64_data.append(
-                torch.frombuffer(base64.b64decode(data["embedding"]), dtype=torch_dtype)
-                .to(torch.float32)
-                .tolist()
-            )
+                binary = base64.b64decode(data["embedding"])
+                tensor = binary2tensor(binary, (-1,), embed_dtype, endianness)
+                base64_data.append(tensor.to(torch.float32).tolist())
 
             check_embeddings_close(
                 embeddings_0_lst=float_data,
@@ -292,14 +299,56 @@ async def test_base64_embed_dtype(
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("model_name", [MODEL_NAME])
-async def test_base64_embed_dtype_not_supported(
-    hf_model, server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str
+async def test_bytes_embed_dtype_and_endianness(
+    server: RemoteOpenAIServer, client: openai.AsyncOpenAI, model_name: str
 ):
     input_texts = [
         "The best thing about vLLM is that it supports many different models",
     ]
 
-    bad_embed_dtype = "bad_embed_dtype"
+    responses_float = await client.embeddings.create(
+        input=input_texts, model=model_name, encoding_format="float"
+    )
+    float_data = [d.embedding for d in responses_float.data]
+
+    for embed_dtype in list(EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE.keys()):
+        for endianness in ENDIANNESS:
+            responses_bytes = requests.post(
+                server.url_for("/v1/embeddings"),
+                json={
+                    "model": model_name,
+                    "input": input_texts,
+                    "encoding_format": "bytes",
+                    "embed_dtype": embed_dtype,
+                    "endianness": endianness,
+                },
+            )
+
+            metadata = json.loads(responses_bytes.headers["metadata"])
+            body = responses_bytes.content
+            items = [MetadataItem(**x) for x in metadata["data"]]
+
+            bytes_data = decode_pooling_output(items=items, body=body)
+            bytes_data = [x.to(torch.float32).tolist() for x in bytes_data]
+
+            check_embeddings_close(
+                embeddings_0_lst=float_data,
+                embeddings_1_lst=bytes_data,
+                name_0="float_data",
+                name_1="bytes_data",
+                tol=1e-2,
+            )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("model_name", [MODEL_NAME])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("param_name", ["encoding_format", "embed_dtype", "endianness"])
+async def test_params_not_supported(
+    server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str, param_name: str
+):
+    input_texts = [
+        "The best thing about vLLM is that it supports many different models",
+    ]
 
     responses_base64 = requests.post(
         server.url_for("/v1/embeddings"),
@@ -307,14 +356,13 @@ async def test_base64_embed_dtype_not_supported(
             "model": model_name,
             "input": input_texts,
             "encoding_format": "base64",
-            "embed_dtype": bad_embed_dtype,
+            param_name: f"bad_{param_name}",
         },
     )
 
     assert responses_base64.status_code == 400
-    assert responses_base64.json()["error"]["message"].startswith(
-        f"embed_dtype={bad_embed_dtype!r} is not supported."
-    )
+    assert "literal_error" in responses_base64.json()["error"]["message"]
+    assert f"bad_{param_name}" in responses_base64.json()["error"]["message"]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

tests/entrypoints/pooling/openai/test_pooling.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
 
 import base64
+import json
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
@@ -10,8 +11,15 @@ import torch
 
 from tests.models.utils import check_embeddings_close
 from tests.utils import RemoteOpenAIServer
-from vllm.entrypoints.openai.protocol import EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE, PoolingResponse
+from vllm.entrypoints.openai.protocol import PoolingResponse
 from vllm.transformers_utils.tokenizer import get_tokenizer
+from vllm.utils.serial_utils import (
+    EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE,
+    ENDIANNESS,
+    MetadataItem,
+    binary2tensor,
+    decode_pooling_output,
+)
 
 MODEL_NAME = "internlm/internlm2-1_8b-reward"
 DUMMY_CHAT_TEMPLATE = """{% for message in messages %}{{message['role'] + ': ' + message['content'] + '\\n'}}{% endfor %}"""  # noqa: E501
@@ -251,7 +259,9 @@ async def test_batch_base64_pooling(server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str)
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("model_name", [MODEL_NAME])
-async def test_base64_embed_dtype(server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str):
+async def test_base64_embed_dtype_and_endianness(
+    server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str
+):
     input_texts = [
         "The best thing about vLLM is that it supports many different models",
     ]
@@ -268,7 +278,8 @@ async def test_base64_embed_dtype(server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str):
     responses_float = PoolingResponse.model_validate(float_response.json())
     float_data = [np.array(d.data).squeeze(-1).tolist() for d in responses_float.data]
 
-    for embed_dtype, torch_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE.items():
+    for embed_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE:
+        for endianness in ENDIANNESS:
             responses_base64 = requests.post(
                 url,
                 json={
@@ -276,16 +287,15 @@ async def test_base64_embed_dtype(server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str):
                     "input": input_texts,
                     "encoding_format": "base64",
                     "embed_dtype": embed_dtype,
+                    "endianness": endianness,
                 },
             )
 
             base64_data = []
             for data in responses_base64.json()["data"]:
-            base64_data.append(
-                torch.frombuffer(base64.b64decode(data["data"]), dtype=torch_dtype)
-                .to(torch.float32)
-                .tolist()
-            )
+                binary = base64.b64decode(data["data"])
+                tensor = binary2tensor(binary, (-1,), embed_dtype, endianness)
+                base64_data.append(tensor.to(torch.float32).tolist())
 
             check_embeddings_close(
                 embeddings_0_lst=float_data,
@@ -298,14 +308,63 @@ async def test_base64_embed_dtype(server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("model_name", [MODEL_NAME])
-async def test_base64_embed_dtype_not_supported(
+async def test_bytes_embed_dtype_and_endianness(
     server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str
 ):
     input_texts = [
         "The best thing about vLLM is that it supports many different models",
     ]
 
-    bad_embed_dtype = "bad_embed_dtype"
+    url = server.url_for("pooling")
+    float_response = requests.post(
+        url,
+        json={
+            "model": model_name,
+            "input": input_texts,
+            "encoding_format": "float",
+        },
+    )
+    responses_float = PoolingResponse.model_validate(float_response.json())
+    float_data = [np.array(d.data).squeeze(-1).tolist() for d in responses_float.data]
+
+    for embed_dtype in list(EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE.keys()):
+        for endianness in ENDIANNESS:
+            responses_bytes = requests.post(
+                url,
+                json={
+                    "model": model_name,
+                    "input": input_texts,
+                    "encoding_format": "bytes",
+                    "embed_dtype": embed_dtype,
+                    "endianness": endianness,
+                },
+            )
+
+            metadata = json.loads(responses_bytes.headers["metadata"])
+            body = responses_bytes.content
+            items = [MetadataItem(**x) for x in metadata["data"]]
+
+            bytes_data = decode_pooling_output(items=items, body=body)
+            bytes_data = [x.to(torch.float32).view(-1).tolist() for x in bytes_data]
+
+            check_embeddings_close(
+                embeddings_0_lst=float_data,
+                embeddings_1_lst=bytes_data,
+                name_0="float_data",
+                name_1="bytes_data",
+                tol=1e-2,
+            )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("model_name", [MODEL_NAME])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("param_name", ["encoding_format", "embed_dtype", "endianness"])
+async def test_params_not_supported(
+    server: RemoteOpenAIServer, model_name: str, param_name: str
+):
+    input_texts = [
+        "The best thing about vLLM is that it supports many different models",
+    ]
 
     responses_base64 = requests.post(
         server.url_for("pooling"),
@@ -313,14 +372,13 @@ async def test_base64_embed_dtype_not_supported(
             "model": model_name,
             "input": input_texts,
             "encoding_format": "base64",
-            "embed_dtype": bad_embed_dtype,
+            param_name: f"bad_{param_name}",
         },
     )
 
     assert responses_base64.status_code == 400
-    assert responses_base64.json()["error"]["message"].startswith(
-        f"embed_dtype={bad_embed_dtype!r} is not supported."
-    )
+    assert "literal_error" in responses_base64.json()["error"]["message"]
+    assert f"bad_{param_name}" in responses_base64.json()["error"]["message"]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

tests/utils_/test_serial_utils.py

+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
+import pytest
+import torch
+
+from tests.models.utils import check_embeddings_close
+from vllm.utils.serial_utils import (
+    EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE,
+    ENDIANNESS,
+    binary2tensor,
+    tensor2binary,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("endianness", ENDIANNESS)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("embed_dtype", EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE.keys())
+@torch.inference_mode
+def test_encode_and_decode(embed_dtype: str, endianness: str):
+    for i in range(10):
+        tensor = torch.rand(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, device="cpu", dtype=torch.float32)
+        shape = tensor.shape
+        binary = tensor2binary(tensor, embed_dtype, endianness)
+        new_tensor = binary2tensor(binary, shape, embed_dtype, endianness).to(
+            torch.float32
+        )
+
+        if embed_dtype in ["float32", "float16"]:
+            torch.testing.assert_close(tensor, new_tensor, atol=0.001, rtol=0.001)
+        elif embed_dtype == "bfloat16":
+            torch.testing.assert_close(tensor, new_tensor, atol=0.01, rtol=0.01)
+        else:  # for fp8
+            torch.testing.assert_close(tensor, new_tensor, atol=0.1, rtol=0.1)
+
+        check_embeddings_close(
+            embeddings_0_lst=tensor.view(1, -1),
+            embeddings_1_lst=new_tensor.view(1, -1),
+            name_0="gt",
+            name_1="new",
+            tol=1e-2,
+        )

vllm/entrypoints/openai/api_server.py

@@ -58,12 +58,14 @@ from vllm.entrypoints.openai.protocol import (
     CompletionResponse,
     DetokenizeRequest,
     DetokenizeResponse,
+    EmbeddingBytesResponse,
     EmbeddingRequest,
     EmbeddingResponse,
     ErrorInfo,
     ErrorResponse,
     IOProcessorResponse,
     LoadLoRAAdapterRequest,
+    PoolingBytesResponse,
     PoolingRequest,
     PoolingResponse,
     RerankRequest,
@@ -681,7 +683,10 @@ async def create_completion(request: CompletionRequest, raw_request: Request):
 )
 @with_cancellation
 @load_aware_call
-async def create_embedding(request: EmbeddingRequest, raw_request: Request):
+async def create_embedding(
+    request: EmbeddingRequest,
+    raw_request: Request,
+):
     handler = embedding(raw_request)
     if handler is None:
         return base(raw_request).create_error_response(
@@ -701,6 +706,12 @@ async def create_embedding(request: EmbeddingRequest, raw_request: Request):
         )
     elif isinstance(generator, EmbeddingResponse):
         return JSONResponse(content=generator.model_dump())
+    elif isinstance(generator, EmbeddingBytesResponse):
+        return StreamingResponse(
+            content=generator.body,
+            headers={"metadata": generator.metadata},
+            media_type=generator.media_type,
+        )
 
     assert_never(generator)
 
@@ -733,6 +744,12 @@ async def create_pooling(request: PoolingRequest, raw_request: Request):
         )
     elif isinstance(generator, (PoolingResponse, IOProcessorResponse)):
         return JSONResponse(content=generator.model_dump())
+    elif isinstance(generator, PoolingBytesResponse):
+        return StreamingResponse(
+            content=generator.body,
+            headers={"metadata": generator.metadata},
+            media_type=generator.media_type,
+        )
 
     assert_never(generator)
 

vllm/entrypoints/openai/protocol.py

@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ from openai.types.responses.response_reasoning_item import (
     Content as ResponseReasoningTextContent,
 )
 
+from vllm.utils.serial_utils import (
+    EmbedDType,
+    EncodingFormat,
+    Endianness,
+)
+
 # Backward compatibility for OpenAI client versions
 try:  # For older openai versions (< 1.100.0)
     from openai.types.responses import ResponseTextConfig
@@ -84,18 +90,6 @@ from vllm.sampling_params import (
 from vllm.utils import random_uuid
 from vllm.utils.import_utils import resolve_obj_by_qualname
 
-EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE = {
-    "float32": torch.float32,
-    "float16": torch.float16,
-    "bfloat16": torch.bfloat16,
-    # I'm not sure if other platforms' CPUs support the fp8 data format.
-    # EMBED_DTYPE only uses the fp8 data representation,
-    # does not use fp8 computation, and only occurs on the CPU.
-    # Apologize for any possible break.
-    "fp8_e4m3": torch.float8_e4m3fn,
-    "fp8_e5m2": torch.float8_e5m2,
-}
-
 logger = init_logger(__name__)
 
 _LONG_INFO = torch.iinfo(torch.long)
@@ -1531,7 +1525,7 @@ class EmbeddingCompletionRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
     # https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/embeddings
     model: str | None = None
     input: list[int] | list[list[int]] | str | list[str]
-    encoding_format: Literal["float", "base64"] = "float"
+    encoding_format: EncodingFormat = "float"
     dimensions: int | None = None
     user: str | None = None
     truncate_prompt_tokens: Annotated[int, Field(ge=-1)] | None = None
@@ -1564,11 +1558,20 @@ class EmbeddingCompletionRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
         default=None,
         description="Whether to normalize the embeddings outputs. Default is True.",
     )
-    embed_dtype: str = Field(
+    embed_dtype: EmbedDType = Field(
         default="float32",
         description=(
-            "What dtype to use for base64 encoding. Default to using "
-            "float32 for base64 encoding to match the OpenAI python client behavior."
+            "What dtype to use for encoding. Default to using float32 for base64 "
+            "encoding to match the OpenAI python client behavior. "
+            "This parameter will affect base64 and binary_response."
+        ),
+    )
+    endianness: Endianness = Field(
+        default="native",
+        description=(
+            "What endianness to use for encoding. Default to using native for "
+            "base64 encoding to match the OpenAI python client behavior."
+            "This parameter will affect base64 and binary_response."
         ),
     )
     # --8<-- [end:embedding-extra-params]
@@ -1585,7 +1588,7 @@ class EmbeddingChatRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
     model: str | None = None
     messages: list[ChatCompletionMessageParam]
 
-    encoding_format: Literal["float", "base64"] = "float"
+    encoding_format: EncodingFormat = "float"
     dimensions: int | None = None
     user: str | None = None
     truncate_prompt_tokens: Annotated[int, Field(ge=-1)] | None = None
@@ -1650,11 +1653,20 @@ class EmbeddingChatRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
         default=None,
         description="Whether to normalize the embeddings outputs. Default is True.",
     )
-    embed_dtype: str = Field(
+    embed_dtype: EmbedDType = Field(
         default="float32",
         description=(
-            "Which dtype to use for base64 encoding. Defaults to float32 "
-            "to match OpenAI API."
+            "What dtype to use for encoding. Default to using float32 for base64 "
+            "encoding to match the OpenAI python client behavior. "
+            "This parameter will affect base64 and binary_response."
+        ),
+    )
+    endianness: Endianness = Field(
+        default="native",
+        description=(
+            "What endianness to use for encoding. Default to using native for "
+            "base64 encoding to match the OpenAI python client behavior."
+            "This parameter will affect base64 and binary_response."
         ),
     )
     # --8<-- [end:chat-embedding-extra-params]
@@ -1701,11 +1713,21 @@ class IOProcessorRequest(OpenAIBaseModel, Generic[T]):
     """
     activation: bool = False
 
-    embed_dtype: str = Field(
+    encoding_format: EncodingFormat = "float"
+    embed_dtype: EmbedDType = Field(
         default="float32",
         description=(
-            "What dtype to use for base64 encoding. Default to using "
-            "float32 for base64 encoding to match the OpenAI python client behavior."
+            "What dtype to use for encoding. Default to using float32 for base64 "
+            "encoding to match the OpenAI python client behavior. "
+            "This parameter will affect base64 and binary_response."
+        ),
+    )
+    endianness: Endianness = Field(
+        default="native",
+        description=(
+            "What endianness to use for encoding. Default to using native for "
+            "base64 encoding to match the OpenAI python client behavior."
+            "This parameter will affect base64 and binary_response."
         ),
     )
 
@@ -1905,6 +1927,12 @@ class EmbeddingResponse(OpenAIBaseModel):
     usage: UsageInfo
 
 
+class EmbeddingBytesResponse(OpenAIBaseModel):
+    body: list[bytes]
+    metadata: str
+    media_type: str = "application/octet-stream"
+
+
 class PoolingResponseData(OpenAIBaseModel):
     index: int
     object: str = "pooling"
@@ -1920,6 +1948,12 @@ class PoolingResponse(OpenAIBaseModel):
     usage: UsageInfo
 
 
+class PoolingBytesResponse(OpenAIBaseModel):
+    body: list[bytes]
+    metadata: str
+    media_type: str = "application/octet-stream"
+
+
 class ScoreResponseData(OpenAIBaseModel):
     index: int
     object: str = "score"

vllm/entrypoints/openai/serving_embedding.py

 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
-
+import json
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Mapping
 from typing import Any, Final, cast
 
 import torch
 from fastapi import Request
-from typing_extensions import override
+from fastapi.responses import Response
+from typing_extensions import assert_never, override
 
 from vllm.engine.protocol import EngineClient
 from vllm.entrypoints.chat_utils import ChatTemplateContentFormatOption
 from vllm.entrypoints.logger import RequestLogger
 from vllm.entrypoints.openai.protocol import (
-    EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE,
+    EmbeddingBytesResponse,
     EmbeddingChatRequest,
     EmbeddingCompletionRequest,
     EmbeddingRequest,
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@ from vllm.entrypoints.openai.serving_engine import (
     TextTokensPrompt,
 )
 from vllm.entrypoints.openai.serving_models import OpenAIServingModels
-from vllm.entrypoints.openai.utils import encoding_pooling_output
 from vllm.entrypoints.renderer import RenderConfig
 from vllm.inputs.data import TokensPrompt as EngineTokensPrompt
 from vllm.logger import init_logger
@@ -41,6 +41,13 @@ from vllm.outputs import (
 from vllm.pooling_params import PoolingParams
 from vllm.utils.async_utils import merge_async_iterators
 from vllm.utils.collection_utils import chunk_list
+from vllm.utils.serial_utils import (
+    EmbedDType,
+    EncodingFormat,
+    Endianness,
+    encode_pooling_bytes,
+    encode_pooling_output,
+)
 
 logger = init_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -68,12 +75,6 @@ class EmbeddingMixin(OpenAIServing):
     ) -> ErrorResponse | None:
         ctx = cast(EmbeddingServeContext, ctx)
         try:
-            if ctx.request.embed_dtype not in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE:
-                return self.create_error_response(
-                    f"embed_dtype={ctx.request.embed_dtype!r} is not supported. "
-                    f"Supported types: {EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE.keys()}"
-                )
-
             ctx.lora_request = self._maybe_get_adapters(ctx.request)
 
             tokenizer = await self.engine_client.get_tokenizer()
@@ -121,17 +122,25 @@ class EmbeddingMixin(OpenAIServing):
     def _build_response(
         self,
         ctx: ServeContext,
-    ) -> EmbeddingResponse | ErrorResponse:
+    ) -> EmbeddingResponse | Response | ErrorResponse:
+        final_res_batch_checked = cast(list[PoolingRequestOutput], ctx.final_res_batch)
+
+        encoding_format: EncodingFormat = ctx.request.encoding_format
+        embed_dtype: EmbedDType = ctx.request.embed_dtype
+        endianness: Endianness = ctx.request.endianness
+
+        def encode_float_base64():
             items: list[EmbeddingResponseData] = []
             num_prompt_tokens = 0
 
-        final_res_batch_checked = cast(list[PoolingRequestOutput], ctx.final_res_batch)
-
             for idx, final_res in enumerate(final_res_batch_checked):
                 item = EmbeddingResponseData(
                     index=idx,
-                embedding=encoding_pooling_output(
-                    final_res, ctx.request.encoding_format, ctx.request.embed_dtype
+                    embedding=encode_pooling_output(
+                        final_res,
+                        encoding_format=encoding_format,
+                        embed_dtype=embed_dtype,
+                        endianness=endianness,
                     ),
                 )
                 prompt_token_ids = final_res.prompt_token_ids
@@ -152,6 +161,32 @@ class EmbeddingMixin(OpenAIServing):
                 usage=usage,
             )
 
+        def encode_bytes():
+            body, items, usage = encode_pooling_bytes(
+                pooling_outputs=final_res_batch_checked,
+                embed_dtype=embed_dtype,
+                endianness=endianness,
+            )
+
+            metadata = {
+                "id": ctx.request_id,
+                "created": ctx.created_time,
+                "model": ctx.model_name,
+                "data": items,
+                "usage": usage,
+            }
+            return EmbeddingBytesResponse(
+                body=body,
+                metadata=json.dumps(metadata),
+            )
+
+        if encoding_format == "float" or encoding_format == "base64":
+            return encode_float_base64()
+        elif encoding_format == "bytes":
+            return encode_bytes()
+        else:
+            assert_never(encoding_format)
+
     def _get_max_position_embeddings(self) -> int:
         """Get the model's effective maximum sequence length for chunking."""
         return self.model_config.max_model_len

vllm/entrypoints/openai/serving_pooling.py

@@ -2,14 +2,12 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
 
 import asyncio
-import base64
+import json
 import time
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
-from typing import Final, Literal, cast
+from typing import Final, cast
 
 import jinja2
-import numpy as np
-import torch
 from fastapi import Request
 from typing_extensions import assert_never
 
@@ -17,10 +15,10 @@ from vllm.engine.protocol import EngineClient
 from vllm.entrypoints.chat_utils import ChatTemplateContentFormatOption
 from vllm.entrypoints.logger import RequestLogger
 from vllm.entrypoints.openai.protocol import (
-    EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE,
     ErrorResponse,
     IOProcessorRequest,
     IOProcessorResponse,
+    PoolingBytesResponse,
     PoolingChatRequest,
     PoolingCompletionRequest,
     PoolingRequest,
@@ -30,33 +28,23 @@ from vllm.entrypoints.openai.protocol import (
 )
 from vllm.entrypoints.openai.serving_engine import OpenAIServing
 from vllm.entrypoints.openai.serving_models import OpenAIServingModels
-from vllm.entrypoints.openai.utils import encoding_pooling_output
 from vllm.entrypoints.renderer import RenderConfig
 from vllm.entrypoints.utils import _validate_truncation_size
 from vllm.logger import init_logger
-from vllm.outputs import PoolingOutput, PoolingRequestOutput
+from vllm.outputs import PoolingRequestOutput
 from vllm.tasks import SupportedTask
 from vllm.utils.async_utils import merge_async_iterators
+from vllm.utils.serial_utils import (
+    EmbedDType,
+    EncodingFormat,
+    Endianness,
+    encode_pooling_bytes,
+    encode_pooling_output,
+)
 
 logger = init_logger(__name__)
 
 
-def _get_data(
-    output: PoolingOutput,
-    encoding_format: Literal["float", "base64"],
-) -> list[float] | str:
-    if encoding_format == "float":
-        return output.data.tolist()
-    elif encoding_format == "base64":
-        # Force to use float32 for base64 encoding
-        # to match the OpenAI python client behavior
-        pt_float32 = output.data.to(dtype=torch.float32)
-        pooling_bytes = np.array(pt_float32, dtype="float32").tobytes()
-        return base64.b64encode(pooling_bytes).decode("utf-8")
-
-    assert_never(encoding_format)
-
-
 class OpenAIServingPooling(OpenAIServing):
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -86,7 +74,7 @@ class OpenAIServingPooling(OpenAIServing):
         self,
         request: PoolingRequest,
         raw_request: Request | None = None,
-    ) -> PoolingResponse | IOProcessorResponse | ErrorResponse:
+    ) -> PoolingResponse | IOProcessorResponse | PoolingBytesResponse | ErrorResponse:
         """
         See https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/embeddings/create
         for the API specification. This API mimics the OpenAI Embedding API.
@@ -95,12 +83,6 @@ class OpenAIServingPooling(OpenAIServing):
         if error_check_ret is not None:
             return error_check_ret
 
-        if request.embed_dtype not in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE:
-            return self.create_error_response(
-                f"embed_dtype={request.embed_dtype!r} is not supported. "
-                f"Supported types: {EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE.keys()}"
-            )
-
         model_name = self.models.model_name()
 
         request_id = f"pool-{self._base_request_id(raw_request)}"
@@ -256,6 +238,7 @@ class OpenAIServingPooling(OpenAIServing):
                 model_name,
                 request.encoding_format,
                 request.embed_dtype,
+                request.endianness,
             )
         except asyncio.CancelledError:
             return self.create_error_response("Client disconnected")
@@ -271,16 +254,23 @@ class OpenAIServingPooling(OpenAIServing):
         request_id: str,
         created_time: int,
         model_name: str,
-        encoding_format: Literal["float", "base64"],
-        embed_dtype: str,
-    ) -> PoolingResponse:
+        encoding_format: EncodingFormat,
+        embed_dtype: EmbedDType,
+        endianness: Endianness,
+    ) -> PoolingResponse | PoolingBytesResponse:
+        def encode_float_base64():
             items: list[PoolingResponseData] = []
             num_prompt_tokens = 0
 
             for idx, final_res in enumerate(final_res_batch):
                 item = PoolingResponseData(
                     index=idx,
-                data=encoding_pooling_output(final_res, encoding_format, embed_dtype),
+                    data=encode_pooling_output(
+                        final_res,
+                        encoding_format=encoding_format,
+                        embed_dtype=embed_dtype,
+                        endianness=endianness,
+                    ),
                 )
                 prompt_token_ids = final_res.prompt_token_ids
 
@@ -300,6 +290,32 @@ class OpenAIServingPooling(OpenAIServing):
                 usage=usage,
             )
 
+        def encode_bytes():
+            body, items, usage = encode_pooling_bytes(
+                pooling_outputs=final_res_batch,
+                embed_dtype=embed_dtype,
+                endianness=endianness,
+            )
+
+            metadata = {
+                "id": request_id,
+                "created": created_time,
+                "model": model_name,
+                "data": items,
+                "usage": usage,
+            }
+            return PoolingBytesResponse(
+                body=body,
+                metadata=json.dumps(metadata),
+            )
+
+        if encoding_format == "float" or encoding_format == "base64":
+            return encode_float_base64()
+        elif encoding_format == "bytes":
+            return encode_bytes()
+        else:
+            assert_never(encoding_format)
+
     def _build_render_config(self, request: PoolingCompletionRequest) -> RenderConfig:
         return RenderConfig(
             max_length=self.max_model_len,

vllm/entrypoints/openai/utils.py

-# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
-import base64
-from typing import Literal
-
-import torch
-from typing_extensions import assert_never
-
-from vllm import PoolingRequestOutput
-from vllm.entrypoints.openai.protocol import EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE
-
-
-def encoding_pooling_output(
-    output: PoolingRequestOutput,
-    encoding_format: Literal["float", "base64"],
-    embed_dtype: str,
-) -> list[float] | str:
-    if encoding_format == "float":
-        return output.outputs.data.tolist()
-    elif encoding_format == "base64":
-        assert embed_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE
-        torch_dtype = EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE[embed_dtype]
-        embedding_bytes = (
-            output.outputs.data.to(torch_dtype)
-            .flatten()
-            .contiguous()
-            .view(torch.uint8)
-            .numpy()
-            .tobytes()
-        )
-        return base64.b64encode(embedding_bytes).decode("utf-8")
-
-    assert_never(encoding_format)

vllm/utils/serial_utils.py

+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
+import base64
+import sys
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Literal
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+from typing_extensions import assert_never
+
+from vllm import PoolingRequestOutput
+
+sys_byteorder = sys.byteorder
+
+
+EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE = {
+    "float32": torch.float32,
+    "float16": torch.float16,
+    "bfloat16": torch.bfloat16,
+    # I'm not sure if other platforms' CPUs support the fp8 data format.
+    # EMBED_DTYPE only uses the fp8 data representation,
+    # does not use fp8 computation, and only occurs on the CPU.
+    # Apologize for any possible break.
+    "fp8_e4m3": torch.float8_e4m3fn,
+    "fp8_e5m2": torch.float8_e5m2,
+}
+
+
+EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE_VIEW = {
+    "float32": torch.float32,
+    "float16": torch.float16,
+    # numpy does not support bfloat16 and fp8
+    "bfloat16": torch.float16,
+    "fp8_e4m3": torch.uint8,
+    "fp8_e5m2": torch.uint8,
+}
+
+EMBED_DTYPE_TO_NUMPY_DTYPE_VIEW = {
+    "float32": np.float32,
+    "float16": np.float16,
+    # numpy does not support bfloat16 and fp8
+    "bfloat16": np.float16,
+    "fp8_e4m3": np.uint8,
+    "fp8_e5m2": np.uint8,
+}
+
+ENDIANNESS = ["native", "big", "little"]
+
+EmbedDType = Literal["float32", "float16", "bfloat16", "fp8_e4m3", "fp8_e5m2"]
+Endianness = Literal["native", "big", "little"]
+EncodingFormat = Literal["float", "base64", "bytes"]
+
+
+def tensor2binary(
+    tensor: torch.Tensor, embed_dtype: EmbedDType, endianness: Endianness
+) -> bytes:
+    assert isinstance(tensor, torch.Tensor)
+    assert embed_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE
+    assert endianness in ENDIANNESS
+
+    torch_dtype = EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE[embed_dtype]
+    torch_view_dtype = EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE_VIEW[embed_dtype]
+
+    np_array = (
+        tensor.to(torch_dtype).flatten().contiguous().view(torch_view_dtype).numpy()
+    )
+
+    if endianness != "native" and endianness != sys_byteorder:
+        np_array = np_array.byteswap()
+
+    return np_array.tobytes()
+
+
+def binary2tensor(
+    binary: bytes,
+    shape: tuple[int, ...],
+    embed_dtype: EmbedDType,
+    endianness: Endianness,
+) -> torch.Tensor:
+    assert embed_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE
+    assert embed_dtype in EMBED_DTYPE_TO_NUMPY_DTYPE_VIEW
+    assert endianness in ENDIANNESS
+
+    torch_dtype = EMBED_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE[embed_dtype]
+    np_dtype = EMBED_DTYPE_TO_NUMPY_DTYPE_VIEW[embed_dtype]
+
+    np_array = np.frombuffer(binary, dtype=np_dtype).reshape(shape)
+
+    if endianness != "native" and endianness != sys_byteorder:
+        np_array = np_array.byteswap()
+
+    return torch.from_numpy(np_array).view(torch_dtype)
+
+
+def encode_pooling_output(
+    output: PoolingRequestOutput,
+    encoding_format: EncodingFormat,
+    embed_dtype: EmbedDType,
+    endianness: Endianness,
+) -> list[float] | str | bytes:
+    if encoding_format == "float":
+        return output.outputs.data.tolist()
+    elif encoding_format == "base64":
+        embedding_bytes = tensor2binary(output.outputs.data, embed_dtype, endianness)
+        return base64.b64encode(embedding_bytes).decode("utf-8")
+    elif encoding_format == "bytes":
+        return tensor2binary(output.outputs.data, embed_dtype, endianness)
+    assert_never(encoding_format)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class MetadataItem:
+    index: int
+    embed_dtype: EmbedDType
+    endianness: Endianness
+    start: int
+    end: int
+    shape: tuple[int, ...]
+
+
+def encode_pooling_bytes(
+    pooling_outputs: list[PoolingRequestOutput],
+    embed_dtype: EmbedDType,
+    endianness: Endianness,
+):
+    num_prompt_tokens = 0
+    items: list[dict[str, MetadataItem]] = []
+    body = []
+    offset = 0
+    for idx, output in enumerate(pooling_outputs):
+        binary = tensor2binary(
+            tensor=output.outputs.data,
+            embed_dtype=embed_dtype,
+            endianness=endianness,
+        )
+        size = len(binary)
+
+        item = {
+            "index": idx,
+            "embed_dtype": embed_dtype,
+            "endianness": endianness,
+            "start": offset,
+            "end": offset + size,
+            "shape": output.outputs.data.shape,
+        }
+
+        body.append(binary)
+        items.append(item)
+        prompt_token_ids = output.prompt_token_ids
+        num_prompt_tokens += len(prompt_token_ids)
+        offset += size
+
+    usage = {
+        "prompt_tokens": num_prompt_tokens,
+        "total_tokens": num_prompt_tokens,
+    }
+    return body, items, usage
+
+
+def decode_pooling_output(items: list[MetadataItem], body: bytes) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
+    items.sort(key=lambda x: x.index)
+
+    tensor_list: list[torch.Tensor] = []
+    for item in items:
+        binary = body[item.start : item.end]
+        tensor = binary2tensor(binary, item.shape, item.embed_dtype, item.endianness)
+        tensor_list.append(tensor)
+    return tensor_list