# References:
# https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer
# https://github.com/facebookresearch/ClassyVision/blob/main/classy_vision/models/vision_transformer.py

import math
from collections import OrderedDict
from functools import partial
from typing import Any, Callable, Optional

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch import Tensor

from ...utils import _log_api_usage_once
from ._api import WeightsEnum
from ._utils import handle_legacy_interface


__all__ = [
    "VisionTransformer",
    "ViT_B_16_Weights",
    "ViT_B_32_Weights",
    "ViT_L_16_Weights",
    "ViT_L_32_Weights",
    "vit_b_16",
    "vit_b_32",
    "vit_l_16",
    "vit_l_32",
]


class MLPBlock(nn.Sequential):
    """Transformer MLP block."""

    def __init__(self, in_dim: int, mlp_dim: int, dropout: float):
        super().__init__()
        self.linear_1 = nn.Linear(in_dim, mlp_dim)
        self.act = nn.GELU()
        self.dropout_1 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
        self.linear_2 = nn.Linear(mlp_dim, in_dim)
        self.dropout_2 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
        self._init_weights()

    def _init_weights(self):
        nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.linear_1.weight)
        nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.linear_2.weight)
        nn.init.normal_(self.linear_1.bias, std=1e-6)
        nn.init.normal_(self.linear_2.bias, std=1e-6)


class EncoderBlock(nn.Module):
    """Transformer encoder block."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        num_heads: int,
        hidden_dim: int,
        mlp_dim: int,
        dropout: float,
        attention_dropout: float,
        norm_layer: Callable[..., torch.nn.Module] = partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6),
    ):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_heads = num_heads

        # Attention block
        self.ln_1 = norm_layer(hidden_dim)
        self.self_attention = nn.MultiheadAttention(hidden_dim, num_heads, dropout=attention_dropout, batch_first=True)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

        # MLP block
        self.ln_2 = norm_layer(hidden_dim)
        self.mlp = MLPBlock(hidden_dim, mlp_dim, dropout)

    def forward(self, input: Tensor):
        torch._assert(input.dim() == 3, f"Expected (seq_length, batch_size, hidden_dim) got {input.shape}")
        x = self.ln_1(input)
        x, _ = self.self_attention(query=x, key=x, value=x, need_weights=False)
        x = self.dropout(x)
        x = x + input

        y = self.ln_2(x)
        y = self.mlp(y)
        return x + y


class Encoder(nn.Module):
    """Transformer Model Encoder for sequence to sequence translation."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        seq_length: int,
        num_layers: int,
        num_heads: int,
        hidden_dim: int,
        mlp_dim: int,
        dropout: float,
        attention_dropout: float,
        norm_layer: Callable[..., torch.nn.Module] = partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6),
    ):
        super().__init__()
        # Note that batch_size is on the first dim because
        # we have batch_first=True in nn.MultiAttention() by default
        self.pos_embedding = nn.Parameter(torch.empty(1, seq_length, hidden_dim).normal_(std=0.02))  # from BERT
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
        layers: OrderedDict[str, nn.Module] = OrderedDict()
        for i in range(num_layers):
            layers[f"encoder_layer_{i}"] = EncoderBlock(
                num_heads,
                hidden_dim,
                mlp_dim,
                dropout,
                attention_dropout,
                norm_layer,
            )
        self.layers = nn.Sequential(layers)
        self.ln = norm_layer(hidden_dim)

    def forward(self, input: Tensor):
        torch._assert(input.dim() == 3, f"Expected (batch_size, seq_length, hidden_dim) got {input.shape}")
        input = input + self.pos_embedding
        return self.ln(self.layers(self.dropout(input)))


class VisionTransformer(nn.Module):
    """Vision Transformer as per https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        image_size: int,
        patch_size: int,
        num_layers: int,
        num_heads: int,
        hidden_dim: int,
        mlp_dim: int,
        dropout: float = 0.0,
        attention_dropout: float = 0.0,
        num_classes: int = 1000,
        representation_size: Optional[int] = None,
        norm_layer: Callable[..., torch.nn.Module] = partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6),
    ):
        super().__init__()
        _log_api_usage_once("models", self.__class__.__name__)
        torch._assert(image_size % patch_size == 0, "Input shape indivisible by patch size!")
        self.image_size = image_size
        self.patch_size = patch_size
        self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim
        self.mlp_dim = mlp_dim
        self.attention_dropout = attention_dropout
        self.dropout = dropout
        self.num_classes = num_classes
        self.representation_size = representation_size
        self.norm_layer = norm_layer

        input_channels = 3

        # The conv_proj is a more efficient version of reshaping, permuting
        # and projecting the input
        self.conv_proj = nn.Conv2d(input_channels, hidden_dim, kernel_size=patch_size, stride=patch_size)

        seq_length = (image_size // patch_size) ** 2

        # Add a class token
        self.class_token = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, 1, hidden_dim))
        seq_length += 1

        self.encoder = Encoder(
            seq_length,
            num_layers,
            num_heads,
            hidden_dim,
            mlp_dim,
            dropout,
            attention_dropout,
            norm_layer,
        )
        self.seq_length = seq_length

        heads_layers: OrderedDict[str, nn.Module] = OrderedDict()
        if representation_size is None:
            heads_layers["head"] = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, num_classes)
        else:
            heads_layers["pre_logits"] = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, representation_size)
            heads_layers["act"] = nn.Tanh()
            heads_layers["head"] = nn.Linear(representation_size, num_classes)

        self.heads = nn.Sequential(heads_layers)
        self._init_weights()

    def _init_weights(self):
        fan_in = self.conv_proj.in_channels * self.conv_proj.kernel_size[0] * self.conv_proj.kernel_size[1]
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.conv_proj.weight, std=math.sqrt(1 / fan_in))
        nn.init.zeros_(self.conv_proj.bias)

        if hasattr(self.heads, "pre_logits"):
            fan_in = self.heads.pre_logits.in_features
            nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.heads.pre_logits.weight, std=math.sqrt(1 / fan_in))
            nn.init.zeros_(self.heads.pre_logits.bias)

        nn.init.zeros_(self.heads.head.weight)
        nn.init.zeros_(self.heads.head.bias)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor):
        n, c, h, w = x.shape
        p = self.patch_size
        torch._assert(h == self.image_size, "Wrong image height!")
        torch._assert(w == self.image_size, "Wrong image width!")
        n_h = h // p
        n_w = w // p

        # (n, c, h, w) -> (n, hidden_dim, n_h, n_w)
        x = self.conv_proj(x)
        # (n, hidden_dim, n_h, n_w) -> (n, hidden_dim, (n_h * n_w))
        x = x.reshape(n, self.hidden_dim, n_h * n_w)

        # (n, hidden_dim, (n_h * n_w)) -> (n, (n_h * n_w), hidden_dim)
        # The self attention layer expects inputs in the format (N, S, E)
        # where S is the source sequence length, N is the batch size, E is the
        # embedding dimension
        x = x.permute(0, 2, 1)

        # Expand the class token to the full batch.
        batch_class_token = self.class_token.expand(n, -1, -1)
        x = torch.cat([batch_class_token, x], dim=1)

        x = self.encoder(x)

        # Classifier "token" as used by standard language architectures
        x = x[:, 0]

        x = self.heads(x)

        return x


class ViT_B_16_Weights(WeightsEnum):
    # If a default model is added here the corresponding changes need to be done in vit_b_16
    pass


class ViT_B_32_Weights(WeightsEnum):
    # If a default model is added here the corresponding changes need to be done in vit_b_32
    pass


class ViT_L_16_Weights(WeightsEnum):
    # If a default model is added here the corresponding changes need to be done in vit_l_16
    pass


class ViT_L_32_Weights(WeightsEnum):
    # If a default model is added here the corresponding changes need to be done in vit_l_32
    pass


def _vision_transformer(
    patch_size: int,
    num_layers: int,
    num_heads: int,
    hidden_dim: int,
    mlp_dim: int,
    weights: Optional[WeightsEnum],
    progress: bool,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> VisionTransformer:
    image_size = kwargs.pop("image_size", 224)

    model = VisionTransformer(
        image_size=image_size,
        patch_size=patch_size,
        num_layers=num_layers,
        num_heads=num_heads,
        hidden_dim=hidden_dim,
        mlp_dim=mlp_dim,
        **kwargs,
    )

    if weights:
        model.load_state_dict(weights.get_state_dict(progress=progress))

    return model


@handle_legacy_interface(weights=("pretrained", None))
def vit_b_16(*, weights: Optional[ViT_B_16_Weights] = None, progress: bool = True, **kwargs: Any) -> VisionTransformer:
    """
    Constructs a vit_b_16 architecture from
    `"An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale" <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929>`_.

    Args:
        weights (ViT_B_16Weights, optional): If not None, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet.
            Default: None.
        progress (bool, optional): If True, displays a progress bar of the download to stderr. Default: True.
    """
    weights = ViT_B_16_Weights.verify(weights)

    return _vision_transformer(
        patch_size=16,
        num_layers=12,
        num_heads=12,
        hidden_dim=768,
        mlp_dim=3072,
        weights=weights,
        progress=progress,
        **kwargs,
    )


@handle_legacy_interface(weights=("pretrained", None))
def vit_b_32(*, weights: Optional[ViT_B_32_Weights] = None, progress: bool = True, **kwargs: Any) -> VisionTransformer:
    """
    Constructs a vit_b_32 architecture from
    `"An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale" <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929>`_.

    Args:
        weights (ViT_B_32Weights, optional): If not None, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet.
            Default: None.
        progress (bool, optional): If True, displays a progress bar of the download to stderr. Default: True.
    """
    weights = ViT_B_32_Weights.verify(weights)

    return _vision_transformer(
        patch_size=32,
        num_layers=12,
        num_heads=12,
        hidden_dim=768,
        mlp_dim=3072,
        weights=weights,
        progress=progress,
        **kwargs,
    )


@handle_legacy_interface(weights=("pretrained", None))
def vit_l_16(*, weights: Optional[ViT_L_16_Weights] = None, progress: bool = True, **kwargs: Any) -> VisionTransformer:
    """
    Constructs a vit_l_16 architecture from
    `"An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale" <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929>`_.

    Args:
        weights (ViT_L_16Weights, optional): If not None, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet.
            Default: None.
        progress (bool, optional): If True, displays a progress bar of the download to stderr. Default: True.
    """
    weights = ViT_L_16_Weights.verify(weights)

    return _vision_transformer(
        patch_size=16,
        num_layers=24,
        num_heads=16,
        hidden_dim=1024,
        mlp_dim=4096,
        weights=weights,
        progress=progress,
        **kwargs,
    )


@handle_legacy_interface(weights=("pretrained", None))
def vit_l_32(*, weights: Optional[ViT_L_32_Weights] = None, progress: bool = True, **kwargs: Any) -> VisionTransformer:
    """
    Constructs a vit_l_32 architecture from
    `"An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale" <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929>`_.

    Args:
        weights (ViT_L_32Weights, optional): If not None, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet.
            Default: None.
        progress (bool, optional): If True, displays a progress bar of the download to stderr. Default: True.
    """
    weights = ViT_L_32_Weights.verify(weights)

    return _vision_transformer(
        patch_size=32,
        num_layers=24,
        num_heads=16,
        hidden_dim=1024,
        mlp_dim=4096,
        weights=weights,
        progress=progress,
        **kwargs,
    )


def interpolate_embeddings(
    image_size: int,
    patch_size: int,
    model_state: "OrderedDict[str, torch.Tensor]",
    interpolation_mode: str = "bicubic",
    reset_heads: bool = False,
) -> "OrderedDict[str, torch.Tensor]":
    """This function helps interpolating positional embeddings during checkpoint loading,
    especially when you want to apply a pre-trained model on images with different resolution.

    Args:
        image_size (int): Image size of the new model.
        patch_size (int): Patch size of the new model.
        model_state (OrderedDict[str, torch.Tensor]): State dict of the pre-trained model.
        interpolation_mode (str): The algorithm used for upsampling. Default: bicubic.
        reset_heads (bool): If true, not copying the state of heads. Default: False.

    Returns:
        OrderedDict[str, torch.Tensor]: A state dict which can be loaded into the new model.
    """
    # Shape of pos_embedding is (1, seq_length, hidden_dim)
    pos_embedding = model_state["encoder.pos_embedding"]
    n, seq_length, hidden_dim = pos_embedding.shape
    if n != 1:
        raise ValueError(f"Unexpected position embedding shape: {pos_embedding.shape}")

    new_seq_length = (image_size // patch_size) ** 2 + 1

    # Need to interpolate the weights for the position embedding.
    # We do this by reshaping the positions embeddings to a 2d grid, performing
    # an interpolation in the (h, w) space and then reshaping back to a 1d grid.
    if new_seq_length != seq_length:
        # The class token embedding shouldn't be interpolated so we split it up.
        seq_length -= 1
        new_seq_length -= 1
        pos_embedding_token = pos_embedding[:, :1, :]
        pos_embedding_img = pos_embedding[:, 1:, :]

        # (1, seq_length, hidden_dim) -> (1, hidden_dim, seq_length)
        pos_embedding_img = pos_embedding_img.permute(0, 2, 1)
        seq_length_1d = int(math.sqrt(seq_length))
        torch._assert(seq_length_1d * seq_length_1d == seq_length, "seq_length is not a perfect square!")

        # (1, hidden_dim, seq_length) -> (1, hidden_dim, seq_l_1d, seq_l_1d)
        pos_embedding_img = pos_embedding_img.reshape(1, hidden_dim, seq_length_1d, seq_length_1d)
        new_seq_length_1d = image_size // patch_size

        # Perform interpolation.
        # (1, hidden_dim, seq_l_1d, seq_l_1d) -> (1, hidden_dim, new_seq_l_1d, new_seq_l_1d)
        new_pos_embedding_img = nn.functional.interpolate(
            pos_embedding_img,
            size=new_seq_length_1d,
            mode=interpolation_mode,
            align_corners=True,
        )

        # (1, hidden_dim, new_seq_l_1d, new_seq_l_1d) -> (1, hidden_dim, new_seq_length)
        new_pos_embedding_img = new_pos_embedding_img.reshape(1, hidden_dim, new_seq_length)

        # (1, hidden_dim, new_seq_length) -> (1, new_seq_length, hidden_dim)
        new_pos_embedding_img = new_pos_embedding_img.permute(0, 2, 1)
        new_pos_embedding = torch.cat([pos_embedding_token, new_pos_embedding_img], dim=1)

        model_state["encoder.pos_embedding"] = new_pos_embedding

        if reset_heads:
            model_state_copy: "OrderedDict[str, torch.Tensor]" = OrderedDict()
            for k, v in model_state.items():
                if not k.startswith("heads"):
                    model_state_copy[k] = v
            model_state = model_state_copy

    return model_state
