"""
StreamReader Basic Usages
=========================

**Author**: `Moto Hira <moto@meta.com>`__

This tutorial shows how to use :py:class:`torchaudio.io.StreamReader` to
fetch and decode audio/video data and apply preprocessings that
libavfilter provides.

"""

######################################################################
#
# .. note::
#
#    This tutorial requires FFmpeg libraries (>=4.1, <7).
#
#    There are multiple ways to install FFmpeg libraries.
#    If you are using Anaconda Python distribution,
#    ``conda install -c conda-forge 'ffmpeg<7'`` will install
#    compatible FFmpeg libraries.
#

######################################################################
# Overview
# --------
#
# Streaming API leverages the powerful I/O features of ffmpeg.
#
# It can
#  - Load audio/video in variety of formats
#  - Load audio/video from local/remote source
#  - Load audio/video from file-like object
#  - Load audio/video from microphone, camera and screen
#  - Generate synthetic audio/video signals.
#  - Load audio/video chunk by chunk
#  - Change the sample rate / frame rate, image size, on-the-fly
#  - Apply filters and preprocessings
#
# The streaming API works in three steps.
#
# 1. Open media source (file, device, synthetic pattern generator)
# 2. Configure output stream
# 3. Stream the media
#
# At this moment, the features that the ffmpeg integration provides
# are limited to the form of
#
# `<some media source> -> <optional processing> -> <tensor>`
#
# If you have other forms that can be useful to your usecases,
# (such as integration with `torch.Tensor` type)
# please file a feature request.
#

######################################################################
# Preparation
# -----------
#

import torch
import torchaudio

print(torch.__version__)
print(torchaudio.__version__)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from torchaudio.io import StreamReader

base_url = "https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/tutorial-assets"
AUDIO_URL = f"{base_url}/Lab41-SRI-VOiCES-src-sp0307-ch127535-sg0042.wav"
VIDEO_URL = f"{base_url}/stream-api/NASAs_Most_Scientifically_Complex_Space_Observatory_Requires_Precision-MP4.mp4"

######################################################################
# Opening the source
# ------------------
#
# There are mainly three different sources that streaming API can
# handle. Whichever source is used, the remaining processes
# (configuring the output, applying preprocessing) are same.
#
# 1. Common media formats (resource indicator of string type or file-like object)
# 2. Audio / Video devices
# 3. Synthetic audio / video sources
#
# The following section covers how to open common media formats.
# For the other streams, please refer to the
# `StreamReader Advanced Usage <./streamreader_advanced_tutorial.html>`__.
#
# .. note::
#
#    The coverage of the supported media (such as containers, codecs and protocols)
#    depend on the FFmpeg libraries found in the system.
#
#    If `StreamReader` raises an error opening a source, please check
#    that `ffmpeg` command can handle it.
#

######################################################################
# Local files
# ~~~~~~~~~~~
#
# To open a media file, you can simply pass the path of the file to
# the constructor of `StreamReader`.
#
# .. code::
#
#    StreamReader(src="audio.wav")
#
#    StreamReader(src="audio.mp3")
#
# This works for image file, video file and video streams.
#
# .. code::
#
#    # Still image
#    StreamReader(src="image.jpeg")
#
#    # Video file
#    StreamReader(src="video.mpeg")
#

######################################################################
# Network protocols
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
# You can directly pass a URL as well.
#
# .. code::
#
#    # Video on remote server
#    StreamReader(src="https://example.com/video.mp4")
#
#    # Playlist format
#    StreamReader(src="https://example.com/playlist.m3u")
#
#    # RTMP
#    StreamReader(src="rtmp://example.com:1935/live/app")
#

######################################################################
# File-like objects
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
# You can also pass a file-like object. A file-like object must implement
# ``read`` method conforming to :py:attr:`io.RawIOBase.read`.
#
# If the given file-like object has ``seek`` method, StreamReader uses it
# as well. In this case the ``seek`` method is expected to conform to
# :py:attr:`io.IOBase.seek`.
#
# .. code::
#
#    # Open as fileobj with seek support
#    with open("input.mp4", "rb") as src:
#        StreamReader(src=src)
#
# In case where third-party libraries implement ``seek`` so that it raises
# an error, you can write a wrapper class to mask the ``seek`` method.
#
# .. code::
#
#    class UnseekableWrapper:
#        def __init__(self, obj):
#            self.obj = obj
#
#        def read(self, n):
#            return self.obj.read(n)
#
# .. code::
#
#    import requests
#
#    response = requests.get("https://example.com/video.mp4", stream=True)
#    s = StreamReader(UnseekableWrapper(response.raw))
#
# .. code::
#
#    import boto3
#
#    response = boto3.client("s3").get_object(Bucket="my_bucket", Key="key")
#    s = StreamReader(UnseekableWrapper(response["Body"]))
#
# .. note::
#
#    When using an unseekable file-like object, the source media has to be
#    streamable.
#    For example, a valid MP4-formatted object can have its metadata either
#    at the beginning or at the end of the media data.
#    Those with metadata at the beginning can be opened without method
#    `seek`, but those with metadata at the end cannot be opened
#    without `seek`.
#

######################################################################
# Headerless media
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
# If attempting to load headerless raw data, you can use ``format`` and
# ``option`` to specify the format of the data.
#
# Say, you converted an audio file into faw format with ``sox`` command
# as follow;
#
# .. code::
#
#    # Headerless, 16-bit signed integer PCM, resampled at 16k Hz.
#    $ sox original.wav -r 16000 raw.s2
#
# Such audio can be opened like following.
#
# .. code::
#
#    StreamReader(src="raw.s2", format="s16le", option={"sample_rate": "16000"})
#

######################################################################
# Checking the source streams
# ---------------------------
#
# Once the media is opened, we can inspect the streams and configure
# the output streams.
#
# You can check the number of source streams with
# :py:attr:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.num_src_streams`.
#
# .. note::
#    The number of streams is NOT the number of channels.
#    Each audio stream can contain an arbitrary number of channels.
#
# To check the metadata of source stream you can use
# :py:meth:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.get_src_stream_info`
# method and provide the index of the source stream.
#
# This method returns
# :py:class:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.SourceStream`. If a source
# stream is audio type, then the return type is
# :py:class:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.SourceAudioStream`, which is
# a subclass of `SourceStream`, with additional audio-specific attributes.
# Similarly, if a source stream is video type, then the return type is
# :py:class:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.SourceVideoStream`.

######################################################################
# For regular audio formats and still image formats, such as `WAV`
# and `JPEG`, the number of souorce streams is 1.
#

streamer = StreamReader(AUDIO_URL)
print("The number of source streams:", streamer.num_src_streams)
print(streamer.get_src_stream_info(0))

######################################################################
# Container formats and playlist formats may contain multiple streams
# of different media type.
#

src = "https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/master.m3u8"
streamer = StreamReader(src)
print("The number of source streams:", streamer.num_src_streams)
for i in range(streamer.num_src_streams):
    print(streamer.get_src_stream_info(i))

######################################################################
# Configuring output streams
# --------------------------
#
# The stream API lets you stream data from an arbitrary combination of
# the input streams. If your application does not need audio or video,
# you can omit them. Or if you want to apply different preprocessing
# to the same source stream, you can duplicate the source stream.
#

######################################################################
# Default streams
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
# When there are multiple streams in the source, it is not immediately
# clear which stream should be used.
#
# FFmpeg implements some heuristics to determine the default stream.
# The resulting stream index is exposed via
#
# :py:attr:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.default_audio_stream` and
# :py:attr:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.default_video_stream`.
#

######################################################################
# Configuring output streams
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
# Once you know which source stream you want to use, then you can
# configure output streams with
# :py:meth:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.add_basic_audio_stream` and
# :py:meth:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.add_basic_video_stream`.
#
# These methods provide a simple way to change the basic property of
# media to match the application's requirements.
#
# The arguments common to both methods are;
#
# - ``frames_per_chunk``: How many frames at maximum should be
#   returned at each iteration.
#   For audio, the resulting tensor will be the shape of
#   `(frames_per_chunk, num_channels)`.
#   For video, it will be
#   `(frames_per_chunk, num_channels, height, width)`.
# - ``buffer_chunk_size``: The maximum number of chunks to be buffered internally.
#   When the StreamReader buffered this number of chunks and is asked to pull
#   more frames, StreamReader drops the old frames/chunks.
# - ``stream_index``: The index of the source stream.
# - ``decoder``: If provided, override the decoder. Useful if it fails to detect
#   the codec.
# - ``decoder_option``: The option for the decoder.
#
# For audio output stream, you can provide the following additional
# parameters to change the audio properties.
#
# - ``format``: By default the StreamReader returns tensor of `float32` dtype,
#   with sample values ranging `[-1, 1]`. By providing ``format`` argument
#   the resulting dtype and value range is changed.
# - ``sample_rate``: When provided, StreamReader resamples the audio on-the-fly.
#
# For video output stream, the following parameters are available.
#
# - ``format``: Image frame format. By default StreamReader returns
#   frames in 8-bit 3 channel, in RGB order.
# - ``frame_rate``: Change the frame rate by dropping or duplicating
#   frames. No interpolation is performed.
# - ``width``, ``height``: Change the image size.
#

######################################################################
#
# .. code::
#
#    streamer = StreamReader(...)
#
#    # Stream audio from default audio source stream
#    # 256 frames at a time, keeping the original sampling rate.
#    streamer.add_basic_audio_stream(
#        frames_per_chunk=256,
#    )
#
#    # Stream audio from source stream `i`.
#    # Resample audio to 8k Hz, stream 256 frames at each
#    streamer.add_basic_audio_stream(
#        frames_per_chunk=256,
#        stream_index=i,
#        sample_rate=8000,
#    )
#

######################################################################
#
# .. code::
#
#    # Stream video from default video source stream.
#    # 10 frames at a time, at 30 FPS
#    # RGB color channels.
#    streamer.add_basic_video_stream(
#        frames_per_chunk=10,
#        frame_rate=30,
#        format="rgb24"
#    )
#
#    # Stream video from source stream `j`,
#    # 10 frames at a time, at 30 FPS
#    # BGR color channels with rescaling to 128x128
#    streamer.add_basic_video_stream(
#        frames_per_chunk=10,
#        stream_index=j,
#        frame_rate=30,
#        width=128,
#        height=128,
#        format="bgr24"
#    )
#

######################################################################
#
# You can check the resulting output streams in a similar manner as
# checking the source streams.
# :py:attr:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.num_out_streams` reports
# the number of configured output streams, and
# :py:meth:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.get_out_stream_info`
# fetches the information about the output streams.
#
# .. code::
#
#    for i in range(streamer.num_out_streams):
#        print(streamer.get_out_stream_info(i))
#

######################################################################
#
# If you want to remove an output stream, you can do so with
# :py:meth:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.remove_stream` method.
#
# .. code::
#
#    # Removes the first output stream.
#    streamer.remove_stream(0)
#

######################################################################
# Streaming
# ---------
#
# To stream media data, the streamer alternates the process of
# fetching and decoding the source data, and passing the resulting
# audio / video data to client code.
#
# There are low-level methods that performs these operations.
# :py:meth:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.is_buffer_ready`,
# :py:meth:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.process_packet` and
# :py:meth:`~torchaudio.io.StreamReader.pop_chunks`.
#
# In this tutorial, we will use the high-level API, iterator protocol.
# It is as simple as a ``for`` loop.
#
# .. code::
#
#    streamer = StreamReader(...)
#    streamer.add_basic_audio_stream(...)
#    streamer.add_basic_video_stream(...)
#
#    for chunks in streamer.stream():
#        audio_chunk, video_chunk = chunks
#        ...
#

######################################################################
# Example
# -------
#
# Let's take an example video to configure the output streams.
# We will use the following video.
#
# .. raw:: html
#
#    <iframe width="560" height="315"
#     src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6zNsc0e3Zns"
#     title="YouTube video player"
#     frameborder="0"
#     allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"
#     allowfullscreen></iframe>
#
# Source: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13013 (This video is in public domain)
#
# Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
#
# NASA's Media Usage Guidelines: https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/guidelines/index.html
#
#

######################################################################
# Opening the source media
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
# Firstly, let's list the available streams and its properties.
#

streamer = StreamReader(VIDEO_URL)
for i in range(streamer.num_src_streams):
    print(streamer.get_src_stream_info(i))

######################################################################
#
# Now we configure the output stream.
#
# Configuring ouptut streams
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

# fmt: off
# Audio stream with 8k Hz
streamer.add_basic_audio_stream(
    frames_per_chunk=8000,
    sample_rate=8000,
)

# Audio stream with 16k Hz
streamer.add_basic_audio_stream(
    frames_per_chunk=16000,
    sample_rate=16000,
)

# Video stream with 960x540 at 1 FPS.
streamer.add_basic_video_stream(
    frames_per_chunk=1,
    frame_rate=1,
    width=960,
    height=540,
    format="rgb24",
)

# Video stream with 320x320 (stretched) at 3 FPS, grayscale
streamer.add_basic_video_stream(
    frames_per_chunk=3,
    frame_rate=3,
    width=320,
    height=320,
    format="gray",
)
# fmt: on

######################################################################
# .. note::
#
#    When configuring multiple output streams, in order to keep all
#    streams synced, set parameters so that the ratio between
#    ``frames_per_chunk`` and ``sample_rate`` or ``frame_rate`` is
#    consistent across output streams.
#

######################################################################
# Checking the output streams.
#

for i in range(streamer.num_out_streams):
    print(streamer.get_out_stream_info(i))

######################################################################
# Remove the second audio stream.
#

streamer.remove_stream(1)
for i in range(streamer.num_out_streams):
    print(streamer.get_out_stream_info(i))

######################################################################
# Streaming
# ~~~~~~~~~
#

######################################################################
# Jump to the 10 second point.
#
streamer.seek(10.0)

######################################################################
#
# Now, let's finally iterate over the output streams.
#

n_ite = 3
waveforms, vids1, vids2 = [], [], []
for i, (waveform, vid1, vid2) in enumerate(streamer.stream()):
    waveforms.append(waveform)
    vids1.append(vid1)
    vids2.append(vid2)
    if i + 1 == n_ite:
        break

######################################################################
# For audio stream, the chunk Tensor will be the shape of
# `(frames_per_chunk, num_channels)`, and for video stream,
# it is `(frames_per_chunk, num_color_channels, height, width)`.
#

print(waveforms[0].shape)
print(vids1[0].shape)
print(vids2[0].shape)

######################################################################
# Let's visualize what we received.

k = 3
fig = plt.figure()
gs = fig.add_gridspec(3, k * n_ite)
for i, waveform in enumerate(waveforms):
    ax = fig.add_subplot(gs[0, k * i : k * (i + 1)])
    ax.specgram(waveform[:, 0], Fs=8000)
    ax.set_yticks([])
    ax.set_xticks([])
    ax.set_title(f"Iteration {i}")
    if i == 0:
        ax.set_ylabel("Stream 0")
for i, vid in enumerate(vids1):
    ax = fig.add_subplot(gs[1, k * i : k * (i + 1)])
    ax.imshow(vid[0].permute(1, 2, 0))  # NCHW->HWC
    ax.set_yticks([])
    ax.set_xticks([])
    if i == 0:
        ax.set_ylabel("Stream 1")
for i, vid in enumerate(vids2):
    for j in range(3):
        ax = fig.add_subplot(gs[2, k * i + j : k * i + j + 1])
        ax.imshow(vid[j].permute(1, 2, 0), cmap="gray")
        ax.set_yticks([])
        ax.set_xticks([])
        if i == 0 and j == 0:
            ax.set_ylabel("Stream 2")
plt.tight_layout()

######################################################################
#
# Tag: :obj:`torchaudio.io`
