# GBDT in nni
Gradient boosting is a machine learning technique for regression and classification problems, which produces a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models, typically decision trees. It builds the model in a stage-wise fashion as other boosting methods do, and it generalizes them by allowing optimization of an arbitrary differentiable loss function. 

Gradient boosting decision tree has many popular implementations, such as [lightgbm](https://github.com/Microsoft/LightGBM), [xgboost](https://github.com/dmlc/xgboost), and [catboost](https://github.com/catboost/catboost), etc. GBDT is a great tool for solving the problem of traditional machine learning problem. Since GBDT is a robust algorithm, it could use in many domains. The better hyper-parameters for GBDT, the better performance you could achieve.

NNI is a great platform for tuning hyper-parameters, you could try various builtin search algorithm in nni and run multiple trials concurrently. 

## 1. Search Space in GBDT
There are many hyper-parameters in GBDT, but what kind of parameters will affect the performance or speed? Based on some practical experience, some suggestion here(Take lightgbm as example):

> * For better accuracy
* `learning_rate`. The range of `learning rate` could be [0.001, 0.9].

* `num_leaves`. `num_leaves` is related to `max_depth`, you don't have to tune both of them.

* `bagging_freq`. `bagging_freq` could be [1, 2, 4, 8, 10]

* `num_iterations`. May larger if underfitting.

> * For speed up
* `bagging_fraction`. The range of `bagging_fraction` could be [0.7, 1.0].

* `feature_fraction`. The range of `feature_fraction` could be [0.6, 1.0].

* `max_bin`.

> * To avoid overfitting
* `min_data_in_leaf`. This depends on your dataset.

* `min_sum_hessian_in_leaf`. This depend on your dataset.

* `lambda_l1` and `lambda_l2`.

* `min_gain_to_split`.

* `num_leaves`.

Reference link:
[lightgbm](https://lightgbm.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Parameters-Tuning.html) and [autoxgoboost](https://github.com/ja-thomas/autoxgboost/blob/master/poster_2018.pdf)

## 2. Task description
Now we come back to our example "auto-gbdt" which run in lightgbm and nni. The data including [train data](https://github.com/Microsoft/nni/blob/master/examples/trials/auto-gbdt/data/regression.train) and [test data](https://github.com/Microsoft/nni/blob/master/examples/trials/auto-gbdt/data/regression.train).
Given the features and label in train data, we train a GBDT regression model and use it to predict.

## 3. How to run in nni

### 3.1 Prepare your trial code

You need to prepare a basic code as following:

```python
...

def get_default_parameters():
    ...
    return params


def load_data(train_path='./data/regression.train', test_path='./data/regression.test'):
    '''
    Load or create dataset
    '''
    ...

    return lgb_train, lgb_eval, X_test, y_test

def run(lgb_train, lgb_eval, params, X_test, y_test):
    # train
    gbm = lgb.train(params,
                    lgb_train,
                    num_boost_round=20,
                    valid_sets=lgb_eval,
                    early_stopping_rounds=5)
    # predict
    y_pred = gbm.predict(X_test, num_iteration=gbm.best_iteration)

    # eval
    rmse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred) ** 0.5
    print('The rmse of prediction is:', rmse)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    lgb_train, lgb_eval, X_test, y_test = load_data()

    PARAMS = get_default_parameters()
    # train
    run(lgb_train, lgb_eval, PARAMS, X_test, y_test)
```

### 3.2 Prepare your search space.
If you like to tune `num_leaves`, `learning_rate`, `bagging_fraction` and `bagging_freq`, you could write a [search_space.json](https://github.com/Microsoft/nni/blob/master/examples/trials/auto-gbdt/search_space.json) as follow:

```json
{
    "num_leaves":{"_type":"choice","_value":[31, 28, 24, 20]},
    "learning_rate":{"_type":"choice","_value":[0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2]},
    "bagging_fraction":{"_type":"uniform","_value":[0.7, 1.0]},
    "bagging_freq":{"_type":"choice","_value":[1, 2, 4, 8, 10]}
}
```

More support variable type you could reference [here](https://github.com/Microsoft/nni/blob/master/docs/SearchSpaceSpec.md).

### 3.3 Add SDK of nni into your code.

```diff
+import nni
...

def get_default_parameters():
    ...
    return params


def load_data(train_path='./data/regression.train', test_path='./data/regression.test'):
    '''
    Load or create dataset
    '''
    ...

    return lgb_train, lgb_eval, X_test, y_test

def run(lgb_train, lgb_eval, params, X_test, y_test):
    # train
    gbm = lgb.train(params,
                    lgb_train,
                    num_boost_round=20,
                    valid_sets=lgb_eval,
                    early_stopping_rounds=5)
    # predict
    y_pred = gbm.predict(X_test, num_iteration=gbm.best_iteration)

    # eval
    rmse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred) ** 0.5
    print('The rmse of prediction is:', rmse)
+   nni.report_final_result(rmse)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    lgb_train, lgb_eval, X_test, y_test = load_data()
+   RECEIVED_PARAMS = nni.get_next_parameter()
    PARAMS = get_default_parameters()
+   PARAMS.update(RECEIVED_PARAMS)
    PARAMS = get_default_parameters()
    PARAMS.update(RECEIVED_PARAMS)

    # train
    run(lgb_train, lgb_eval, PARAMS, X_test, y_test)
```

### 3.4 Write a config file and run it.

In the config file, you could set some settings including:

* Experiment setting: `trialConcurrency`, `maxExecDuration`, `maxTrialNum`, `trial gpuNum`, etc.
* Platform setting: `trainingServicePlatform`, etc.
* Path seeting: `searchSpacePath`, `trial codeDir`, etc.
* Algorithm setting: select `tuner` algorithm, `tuner optimize_mode`, etc.

An config.yml as follow:

```yaml
authorName: default
experimentName: example_auto-gbdt
trialConcurrency: 1
maxExecDuration: 10h
maxTrialNum: 10
#choice: local, remote, pai
trainingServicePlatform: local
searchSpacePath: search_space.json
#choice: true, false
useAnnotation: false
tuner:
  #choice: TPE, Random, Anneal, Evolution, BatchTuner
  #SMAC (SMAC should be installed through nnictl)
  builtinTunerName: TPE
  classArgs:
    #choice: maximize, minimize
    optimize_mode: minimize
trial:
  command: python3 main.py
  codeDir: .
  gpuNum: 0
```

Run this experiment with command as follow:

```bash
nnictl create --config ./config.yml
```