> [EfficientFormer: Vision Transformers at MobileNet Speed](https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.01191)
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## Abstract
Vision Transformers (ViT) have shown rapid progress in computer vision tasks, achieving promising results on various benchmarks. However, due to the massive number of parameters and model design, e.g., attention mechanism, ViT-based models are generally times slower than lightweight convolutional networks. Therefore, the deployment of ViT for real-time applications is particularly challenging, especially on resource-constrained hardware such as mobile devices. Recent efforts try to reduce the computation complexity of ViT through network architecture search or hybrid design with MobileNet block, yet the inference speed is still unsatisfactory. This leads to an important question: can transformers run as fast as MobileNet while obtaining high performance? To answer this, we first revisit the network architecture and operators used in ViT-based models and identify inefficient designs. Then we introduce a dimension-consistent pure transformer (without MobileNet blocks) as a design paradigm. Finally, we perform latency-driven slimming to get a series of final models dubbed EfficientFormer. Extensive experiments show the superiority of EfficientFormer in performance and speed on mobile devices. Our fastest model, EfficientFormer-L1, achieves 79.2% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K with only 1.6 ms inference latency on iPhone 12 (compiled with CoreML), which runs as fast as MobileNetV2×1.4 (1.6 ms, 74.7% top-1), and our largest model, EfficientFormer-L7, obtains 83.3% accuracy with only 7.0 ms latency. Our work proves that properly designed transformers can reach extremely low latency on mobile devices while maintaining high performance.
*Models with * are converted from the [official repo](https://github.com/snap-research/EfficientFormer). The config files of these models are only for inference. We haven't reproduce the training results.*
## Citation
```bibtex
@misc{https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.01191,
doi={10.48550/ARXIV.2206.01191},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.01191},
author={Li, Yanyu and Yuan, Geng and Wen, Yang and Hu, Eric and Evangelidis, Georgios and Tulyakov, Sergey and Wang, Yanzhi and Ren, Jian},
keywords={Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
title={EfficientFormer: Vision Transformers at MobileNet Speed},
> [EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks](https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.11946v5)
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## Introduction
EfficientNets are a family of image classification models, which achieve state-of-the-art accuracy, yet being an order-of-magnitude smaller and faster than previous models.
EfficientNets are based on AutoML and Compound Scaling. In particular, we first use [AutoML MNAS Mobile framework](https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/08/mnasnet-towards-automating-design-of.html) to develop a mobile-size baseline network, named as EfficientNet-B0; Then, we use the compound scaling method to scale up this baseline to obtain EfficientNet-B1 to B7.
<summary>Click to show the detailed Abstract</summary>
<br>
Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) are commonly developed at a fixed resource budget, and then scaled up for better accuracy if more resources are available. In this paper, we systematically study model scaling and identify that carefully balancing network depth, width, and resolution can lead to better performance. Based on this observation, we propose a new scaling method that uniformly scales all dimensions of depth/width/resolution using a simple yet highly effective compound coefficient. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method on scaling up MobileNets and ResNet. To go even further, we use neural architecture search to design a new baseline network and scale it up to obtain a family of models, called EfficientNets, which achieve much better accuracy and efficiency than previous ConvNets. In particular, our EfficientNet-B7 achieves state-of-the-art 84.3% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet, while being 8.4x smaller and 6.1x faster on inference than the best existing ConvNet. Our EfficientNets also transfer well and achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on CIFAR-100 (91.7%), Flowers (98.8%), and 3 other transfer learning datasets, with an order of magnitude fewer parameters.
*Models with * are converted from the [official repo](https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu/tree/master/models/official/efficientnet). The config files of these models are only for inference. We haven't reproduce the training results.*
## Citation
```bibtex
@inproceedings{tan2019efficientnet,
title={Efficientnet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks},
author={Tan, Mingxing and Le, Quoc},
booktitle={International Conference on Machine Learning},
