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# vLLM Multimodal Guide

This document provides a comprehensive guide for multimodal inference using vLLM backend in Dynamo. For more details on the multimodal examples, see [Multimodal Examples Documentation](./multimodal.md).

## Multimodal Support Matrix

| Modality | Input Format | Aggregated | Disaggregated | Notes |
|----------|--------------|------------|---------------|-------|
| **Image** | HTTP/HTTPS URL | Yes | Yes | Full support for all image models |
| **Image** | Data URL (Base64) | Yes | Yes | Inline base64-encoded images |
| **Video** | HTTP/HTTPS URL | Yes | Yes | Frame extraction and processing |
| **Audio** | HTTP/HTTPS URL | Yes | Yes | Experimental - requires audio dependencies |

## Architecture Comparison

vLLM multimodal supports three deployment patterns:

```text
SIMPLE AGGREGATED ([examples/backends/vllm/launch/agg_multimodal.sh](../../../examples/backends/vllm/launch/agg_multimodal.sh)):
  Client → Frontend (Rust processor) → Worker [image load, encode, P+D] → Response
  • 2 components • --connector none • Easiest setup

EPD AGGREGATED ([examples/backends/vllm/launch/agg_multimodal_epd.sh](../../../examples/backends/vllm/launch/agg_multimodal_epd.sh)):
  Client → Frontend → Processor → Encoder [NIXL] → PD Worker → Response
  • 4 components • --multimodal-processor • Custom templates, NIXL

DISAGGREGATED ([examples/backends/vllm/launch/disagg_multimodal_epd.sh](../../../examples/backends/vllm/launch/disagg_multimodal_epd.sh)):
  Client → Frontend → Processor → Encoder [NIXL] → Prefill [NIXL] → Decode → Response
  • 5 components • Separate P/D workers • Multi-node, max optimization
```

## Input Format Details

### Supported URL Formats

| Format | Example | Description | Support |
|--------|---------|-------------|---------|
| **HTTP/HTTPS** | `http://example.com/image.jpg` | Remote media files | ✅ |
| **Data URL** | `data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQ...` | Base64-encoded inline data | ✅ |

## Simple Aggregated Mode (PD)

In simple aggregated mode, encoding, prefill, and decode happen within the same worker.

### Architecture

```text
HTTP Frontend with Rust processor
    ↓
Worker (Python - ModelInput.Tokens)
    ↓ encode + prefill + decode
Response
```

## EPD Aggregated Mode (PD)

In EPD aggregated mode, encoding happens in a separate worker and prefill and decode happen within the same pipeline.

### Architecture

```text
HTTP Frontend (Rust)
    ↓
Processor (Python - ModelInput.Text)
    ↓ tokenizes, extracts media URL
Encode Worker (Python - not registered)
    ↓ downloads media, generates embeddings, NIXL transfer
PD Worker (Python - ModelInput.Tokens)
    ↓ prefill + decode
Response
```

### Components

| Component | Flag | ModelInput | Registered | Purpose |
|-----------|------|-----------|------------|---------|
| Processor | `--multimodal-processor` | Text | Yes | HTTP entry, tokenization |
| Encode Worker | `--multimodal-encode-worker` | N/A | No | Media encoding |
| PD Worker | `--multimodal-worker` | Tokens | Yes | Prefill + Decode |

## EPD Disaggregated Mode (E->P->D)

In EPD disaggregated mode, encoding, prefill, and decode are handled by separate workers.

### Architecture

```text
HTTP Frontend (Rust)
    ↓
Processor (Python - ModelInput.Text)
    ↓ tokenizes, extracts media URL
Encode Worker (Python - not registered)
    ↓ downloads media, generates embeddings, NIXL transfer
Prefill Worker (Python - ModelInput.Tokens)
    ↓ prefill only, KV cache NIXL transfer
Decode Worker (Python - ModelInput.Tokens)
    ↓ decode only, token generation
Response
```

### Components

| Component | Flag | ModelInput | Registered | Purpose |
|-----------|------|-----------|------------|---------|
| Processor | `--multimodal-processor` | Text | Yes | HTTP entry, tokenization |
| Encode Worker | `--multimodal-encode-worker` | N/A | No | Media encoding |
| Prefill Worker | `--multimodal-worker --is-prefill-worker` | Tokens | Yes | Prefill only |
| Decode Worker | `--multimodal-decode-worker` | Tokens | Yes | Decode only |

## Traditional Disagg (EP->D)

Llama 4 models don't support pre-computed embeddings, so they use a combined Encode+Prefill worker.

### Architecture

```text
HTTP Frontend (Rust)
    ↓
Processor (Python - ModelInput.Text)
    ↓ tokenizes, extracts media URL
Encode+Prefill Worker (Python - ModelInput.Tokens)
    ↓ downloads media, encodes inline, prefill, KV cache NIXL transfer
Decode Worker (Python - ModelInput.Tokens)
    ↓ decode only, token generation
Response
```

### Components

| Component | Flag | ModelInput | Registered | Purpose |
|-----------|------|-----------|------------|---------|
| Processor | `--multimodal-processor` | Text | Yes | HTTP entry, tokenization |
| Encode+Prefill | `--multimodal-encode-prefill-worker --is-prefill-worker` | Tokens | Yes | Encode + Prefill |
| Decode Worker | `--multimodal-decode-worker` | Tokens | Yes | Decode only |

### Launch Script

Example: [`examples/backends/vllm/launch/disagg_multimodal_llama.sh`](../../../examples/backends/vllm/launch/disagg_multimodal_llama.sh)

## ModelInput Types and Registration

### Understanding ModelInput

Dynamo's Rust SDK supports two input types that determine how the HTTP frontend preprocesses requests:

| ModelInput Type | Preprocessing | Use Case |
|-----------------|---------------|----------|
| `ModelInput.Text` | None (raw text passed through) | Components that tokenize themselves |
| `ModelInput.Tokens` | Rust SDK would tokenize (but bypassed in multimodal) | Components expecting pre-tokenized input |

### Component Registration Pattern

```python
# Processor - Entry point from HTTP frontend
await register_llm(
    ModelInput.Text,        # Frontend sends raw text
    ModelType.Chat,
    generate_endpoint,
    model_name,
    ...
)

# Workers - Internal components
await register_llm(
    ModelInput.Tokens,      # Expect pre-tokenized input
    ModelType.Chat,         # or ModelType.Prefill for prefill workers
    generate_endpoint,
    model_name,
    ...
)
```

## **NIXL USE**

| Use Case | Script | NIXL Used? | Data Transfer |
|----------|--------|------------|---------------|
| Simple Aggregated | [`examples/backends/vllm/launch/agg_multimodal.sh`](../../../examples/backends/vllm/launch/agg_multimodal.sh) | ❌ No | All in one worker |
| E->PD Aggregated | [`examples/backends/vllm/launch/agg_multimodal_epd.sh`](../../../examples/backends/vllm/launch/agg_multimodal_epd.sh) | ✅ Yes | Encoder → PD (embeddings) |
| E->P->D Disaggregated | [`examples/backends/vllm/launch/disagg_multimodal_epd.sh`](../../../examples/backends/vllm/launch/disagg_multimodal_epd.sh) | ✅ Yes | Encoder → Prefill (embeddings)<br>Prefill → Decode (KV cache) |
| EP->D Disaggregated (Llama 4) | [`examples/backends/vllm/launch/disagg_multimodal_llama.sh`](../../../examples/backends/vllm/launch/disagg_multimodal_llama.sh) | ✅ Yes | Prefill → Decode (KV cache) |


## Known Limitations

- **Disaggregated flows require Python Processor** - All multimodal disaggregation requires the Python Processor component (`ModelInput.Text`).

## Supported Models

The following models have been tested with Dynamo's vLLM multimodal backend:

- **Qwen2.5-VL** - `Qwen/Qwen2.5-VL-7B-Instruct`
- **Qwen3-VL** - `Qwen/Qwen3-VL-30B-A3B-Instruct-FP8`
- **LLaVA 1.5** - `llava-hf/llava-1.5-7b-hf`
- **Llama 4 Maverick** - `meta-llama/Llama-4-Maverick-17B-128E-Instruct-FP8`
- **LLaVA Next Video** - `llava-hf/LLaVA-NeXT-Video-7B-hf`
- **Qwen2-Audio** - `Qwen/Qwen2-Audio-7B-Instruct`

For a complete list of multimodal models supported by vLLM, see [vLLM Supported Multimodal Models](https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/models/supported_models/#list-of-multimodal-language-models). Models listed there should work with Simple Aggregated Mode but may not be explicitly tested.

## Key Files

| File | Description |
|------|-------------|
| `components/src/dynamo/vllm/main.py` | Worker initialization and setup |
| `components/src/dynamo/vllm/args.py` | Command-line argument parsing |
| `components/src/dynamo/vllm/multimodal_handlers/processor_handler.py` | Processor implementation |
| `components/src/dynamo/vllm/multimodal_handlers/encode_worker_handler.py` | Encode worker implementation |
| `components/src/dynamo/vllm/multimodal_handlers/worker_handler.py` | PD/Prefill/Decode worker implementation |