---
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2025-2026 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
---

# LLM Deployment using TensorRT-LLM

This directory contains examples and reference implementations for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) in various configurations using TensorRT-LLM.

## Use the Latest Release

We recommend using the latest stable release of dynamo to avoid breaking changes:

[![GitHub Release](https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/ai-dynamo/dynamo)](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/releases/latest)

You can find the latest release [here](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/releases/latest) and check out the corresponding branch with:

```bash
git checkout $(git describe --tags $(git rev-list --tags --max-count=1))
```

---

## Table of Contents
- [Feature Support Matrix](#feature-support-matrix)
- [Quick Start](#quick-start)
- [Single Node Examples](#single-node-examples)
- [Advanced Examples](#advanced-examples)
- [KV Cache Transfer](#kv-cache-transfer-in-disaggregated-serving)
- [Client](#client)
- [Benchmarking](#benchmarking)
- [Multimodal Support](#multimodal-support)
- [Logits Processing](#logits-processing)
- [DP Rank Routing](#dp-rank-routing-attention-data-parallelism)
- [Performance Sweep](#performance-sweep)
- [Known Issues and Mitigations](#known-issues-and-mitigations)

## Feature Support Matrix

### Core Dynamo Features

| Feature | TensorRT-LLM | Notes |
|---------|--------------|-------|
| [**Disaggregated Serving**](../../design-docs/disagg-serving.md) | ✅ |  |
| [**Conditional Disaggregation**](../../design-docs/disagg-serving.md) | 🚧 | Not supported yet |
| [**KV-Aware Routing**](../../components/router/README.md) | ✅ |  |
| [**SLA-Based Planner**](../../components/planner/planner-guide.md) | ✅ |  |
| [**Load Based Planner**](../../components/planner/README.md) | 🚧 | Planned |
| [**KVBM**](../../components/kvbm/README.md) | ✅ | |

### Large Scale P/D and WideEP Features

| Feature            | TensorRT-LLM | Notes                                                           |
|--------------------|--------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
| **WideEP**         | ✅           |                                                                 |
| **DP Rank Routing**| ✅           |                                                                 |
| **GB200 Support**  | ✅           |                                                                 |

## TensorRT-LLM Quick Start

Below we provide a guide that lets you run all of our the common deployment patterns on a single node.

### Start Infrastructure Services (Local Development Only)

For local/bare-metal development, start etcd and optionally NATS using [Docker Compose](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/tree/main/deploy/docker-compose.yml):

```bash
docker compose -f deploy/docker-compose.yml up -d
```

> [!NOTE]
> - **etcd** is optional but is the default local discovery backend. You can also use `--kv_store file` to use file system based discovery.
> - **NATS** is optional - only needed if using KV routing with events (default). You can disable it with `--no-kv-events` flag for prediction-based routing
> - **On Kubernetes**, neither is required when using the Dynamo operator, which explicitly sets `DYN_DISCOVERY_BACKEND=kubernetes` to enable native K8s service discovery (DynamoWorkerMetadata CRD)

### Build container

```bash
# TensorRT-LLM uses git-lfs, which needs to be installed in advance.
apt-get update && apt-get -y install git git-lfs

# On an x86 machine:
./container/build.sh --framework trtllm

# On an ARM machine:
./container/build.sh --framework trtllm --platform linux/arm64

# Build the container with the default experimental TensorRT-LLM commit
# WARNING: This is for experimental feature testing only.
# The container should not be used in a production environment.
./container/build.sh --framework trtllm --tensorrtllm-git-url https://github.com/NVIDIA/TensorRT-LLM.git --tensorrtllm-commit main
```

### Run container

```bash
./container/run.sh --framework trtllm -it
```

## Single Node Examples

> [!IMPORTANT]
> Below we provide some simple shell scripts that run the components for each configuration. Each shell script is simply running the `python3 -m dynamo.frontend <args>` to start up the ingress and using `python3 -m dynamo.trtllm <args>` to start up the workers. You can easily take each command and run them in separate terminals.

For detailed information about the architecture and how KV-aware routing works, see the [Router Guide](../../components/router/router-guide.md).

### Aggregated
```bash
cd $DYNAMO_HOME/examples/backends/trtllm
./launch/agg.sh
```

### Aggregated with KV Routing
```bash
cd $DYNAMO_HOME/examples/backends/trtllm
./launch/agg_router.sh
```

### Disaggregated

```bash
cd $DYNAMO_HOME/examples/backends/trtllm
./launch/disagg.sh
```

### Disaggregated with KV Routing

> [!IMPORTANT]
> In disaggregated workflow, requests are routed to the prefill worker to maximize KV cache reuse.

```bash
cd $DYNAMO_HOME/examples/backends/trtllm
./launch/disagg_router.sh
```

### Aggregated with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP) and DeepSeek R1
```bash
cd $DYNAMO_HOME/examples/backends/trtllm

export AGG_ENGINE_ARGS=./engine_configs/deepseek-r1/agg/mtp/mtp_agg.yaml
export SERVED_MODEL_NAME="nvidia/DeepSeek-R1-FP4"
# nvidia/DeepSeek-R1-FP4 is a large model
export MODEL_PATH="nvidia/DeepSeek-R1-FP4"
./launch/agg.sh
```

Notes:
- There is a noticeable latency for the first two inference requests. Please send warm-up requests before starting the benchmark.
- MTP performance may vary depending on the acceptance rate of predicted tokens, which is dependent on the dataset or queries used while benchmarking. Additionally, `ignore_eos` should generally be omitted or set to `false` when using MTP to avoid speculating garbage outputs and getting unrealistic acceptance rates.

## Advanced Examples

Below we provide a selected list of advanced examples. Please open up an issue if you'd like to see a specific example!

### Multinode Deployment

For comprehensive instructions on multinode serving, see the [multinode-examples.md](./multinode/multinode-examples.md) guide. It provides step-by-step deployment examples and configuration tips for running Dynamo with TensorRT-LLM across multiple nodes. While the walkthrough uses DeepSeek-R1 as the model, you can easily adapt the process for any supported model by updating the relevant configuration files. You can see [Llama4+eagle](./llama4-plus-eagle.md) guide to learn how to use these scripts when a single worker fits on the single node.

### Speculative Decoding
- **[Llama 4 Maverick Instruct + Eagle Speculative Decoding](./llama4-plus-eagle.md)**

### Kubernetes Deployment

For complete Kubernetes deployment instructions, configurations, and troubleshooting, see [TensorRT-LLM Kubernetes Deployment Guide](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/tree/main/examples/backends/trtllm/deploy/README.md).

### Client

See [client](../sglang/README.md#testing-the-deployment) section to learn how to send request to the deployment.

NOTE: To send a request to a multi-node deployment, target the node which is running `python3 -m dynamo.frontend <args>`.

### Benchmarking

To benchmark your deployment with AIPerf, see this utility script, configuring the
`model` name and `host` based on your deployment: [perf.sh](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/blob/main/benchmarks/llm/perf.sh)

## KV Cache Transfer in Disaggregated Serving

Dynamo with TensorRT-LLM supports two methods for transferring KV cache in disaggregated serving: UCX (default) and NIXL (experimental). For detailed information and configuration instructions for each method, see the [KV cache transfer guide](./kv-cache-transfer.md).


## Request Migration

Dynamo supports [request migration](../../fault-tolerance/request-migration.md) to handle worker failures gracefully. When enabled, requests can be automatically migrated to healthy workers if a worker fails mid-generation. See the [Request Migration Architecture](../../fault-tolerance/request-migration.md) documentation for configuration details.

## Request Cancellation

When a user cancels a request (e.g., by disconnecting from the frontend), the request is automatically cancelled across all workers, freeing compute resources for other requests.

### Cancellation Support Matrix

| | Prefill | Decode |
|-|---------|--------|
| **Aggregated** | ✅ | ✅ |
| **Disaggregated** | ✅ | ✅ |

For more details, see the [Request Cancellation Architecture](../../fault-tolerance/request-cancellation.md) documentation.

## Client

See [client](../sglang/README.md#testing-the-deployment) section to learn how to send request to the deployment.

NOTE: To send a request to a multi-node deployment, target the node which is running `python3 -m dynamo.frontend <args>`.

## Benchmarking

To benchmark your deployment with AIPerf, see this utility script, configuring the
`model` name and `host` based on your deployment: [perf.sh](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/blob/main/benchmarks/llm/perf.sh)

## Multimodal support

Dynamo with the TensorRT-LLM backend supports multimodal models, enabling you to process both text and images (or pre-computed embeddings) in a single request. For detailed setup instructions, example requests, and best practices, see the [TensorRT-LLM Multimodal Guide](../../features/multimodal/multimodal-trtllm.md).

## Logits Processing

Logits processors let you modify the next-token logits at every decoding step (e.g., to apply custom constraints or sampling transforms). Dynamo provides a backend-agnostic interface and an adapter for TensorRT-LLM so you can plug in custom processors.

### How it works
- **Interface**: Implement `dynamo.logits_processing.BaseLogitsProcessor` which defines `__call__(input_ids, logits)` and modifies `logits` in-place.
- **TRT-LLM adapter**: Use `dynamo.trtllm.logits_processing.adapter.create_trtllm_adapters(...)` to convert Dynamo processors into TRT-LLM-compatible processors and assign them to `SamplingParams.logits_processor`.
- **Examples**: See example processors in `lib/bindings/python/src/dynamo/logits_processing/examples/` ([temperature](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/tree/main/lib/bindings/python/src/dynamo/logits_processing/examples/temperature.py), [hello_world](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/tree/main/lib/bindings/python/src/dynamo/logits_processing/examples/hello_world.py)).

### Quick test: HelloWorld processor
You can enable a test-only processor that forces the model to respond with "Hello world!". This is useful to verify the wiring without modifying your model or engine code.

```bash
cd $DYNAMO_HOME/examples/backends/trtllm
export DYNAMO_ENABLE_TEST_LOGITS_PROCESSOR=1
./launch/agg.sh
```

Notes:
- When enabled, Dynamo initializes the tokenizer so the HelloWorld processor can map text to token IDs.
- Expected chat response contains "Hello world".

### Bring your own processor
Implement a processor by conforming to `BaseLogitsProcessor` and modify logits in-place. For example, temperature scaling:

```python
from typing import Sequence
import torch
from dynamo.logits_processing import BaseLogitsProcessor

class TemperatureProcessor(BaseLogitsProcessor):
    def __init__(self, temperature: float = 1.0):
        if temperature <= 0:
            raise ValueError("Temperature must be positive")
        self.temperature = temperature

    def __call__(self, input_ids: Sequence[int], logits: torch.Tensor):
        if self.temperature == 1.0:
            return
        logits.div_(self.temperature)
```

Wire it into TRT-LLM by adapting and attaching to `SamplingParams`:

```python
from dynamo.trtllm.logits_processing.adapter import create_trtllm_adapters
from dynamo.logits_processing.examples import TemperatureProcessor

processors = [TemperatureProcessor(temperature=0.7)]
sampling_params.logits_processor = create_trtllm_adapters(processors)
```

### Current limitations
- Per-request processing only (batch size must be 1); beam width > 1 is not supported.
- Processors must modify logits in-place and not return a new tensor.
- If your processor needs tokenization, ensure the tokenizer is initialized (do not skip tokenizer init).

## DP Rank Routing (Attention Data Parallelism)

TensorRT-LLM supports [attention data parallelism](https://lmsys.org/blog/2024-12-04-sglang-v0-4/#data-parallelism-attention-for-deepseek-models) (attention DP) for models like DeepSeek. When enabled, multiple attention DP ranks run within a single worker, each with its own KV cache. Dynamo can route requests to specific DP ranks based on KV cache state.

### Dynamo vs TRT-LLM Internal Routing

- **Dynamo DP Rank Routing**: The router selects the optimal DP rank based on KV cache overlap and instructs TRT-LLM to use that rank with strict routing (`attention_dp_relax=False`). Use this with `--router-mode kv` for cache-aware routing.
- **TRT-LLM Internal Routing**: TRT-LLM's scheduler assigns DP ranks internally. Use this with `--router-mode round-robin` or `random` when KV-aware routing isn't needed.

### Enabling DP Rank Routing

```bash
# Worker with attention DP
# (TP=2 acts as the "world size", in effect creating 2 attention DP ranks)
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 python3 -m dynamo.trtllm \
  --model-path <MODEL_PATH> \
  --tensor-parallel-size 2 \
  --enable-attention-dp \
  --publish-events-and-metrics

# Frontend with KV routing
python3 -m dynamo.frontend --router-mode kv
```

The `--enable-attention-dp` flag sets `attention_dp_size = tensor_parallel_size` and configures Dynamo to publish KV events per DP rank. The router automatically creates routing targets for each `(worker_id, dp_rank)` combination.

> [!NOTE]
> Attention DP requires TRT-LLM's PyTorch backend. AutoDeploy does not support attention DP.

## Performance Sweep

For detailed instructions on running comprehensive performance sweeps across both aggregated and disaggregated serving configurations, see the [TensorRT-LLM Benchmark Scripts for DeepSeek R1 model](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/tree/main/examples/backends/trtllm/performance-sweeps/README.md). This guide covers recommended benchmarking setups, usage of provided scripts, and best practices for evaluating system performance.

## Dynamo KV Block Manager Integration

Dynamo with TensorRT-LLM currently supports integration with the Dynamo KV Block Manager. This integration can significantly reduce time-to-first-token (TTFT) latency, particularly in usage patterns such as multi-turn conversations and repeated long-context requests.

Here is the instruction: [Running KVBM in TensorRT-LLM](../../components/kvbm/kvbm-guide.md#run-kvbm-in-dynamo-with-tensorrt-llm) .

## Known Issues and Mitigations

### KV Cache Exhaustion Causing Worker Deadlock (Disaggregated Serving)

**Issue:** In disaggregated serving mode, TensorRT-LLM workers can become stuck and unresponsive after sustained high-load traffic. Once in this state, workers require a pod/process restart to recover.

**Symptoms:**
- Workers function normally initially but hang after heavy load testing
- Inference requests get stuck and eventually timeout
- Logs show warnings: `num_fitting_reqs=0 and fitting_disagg_gen_init_requests is empty, may not have enough kvCache`
- Error logs may contain: `asyncio.exceptions.InvalidStateError: invalid state`

**Root Cause:** When `max_tokens_in_buffer` in the cache transceiver config is smaller than the maximum input sequence length (ISL) being processed, KV cache exhaustion can occur under heavy load. This causes context transfers to timeout, leaving workers stuck waiting for phantom transfers and entering an irrecoverable deadlock state.

**Mitigation:** Ensure `max_tokens_in_buffer` exceeds your maximum expected input sequence length. Update your engine configuration files (e.g., `prefill.yaml` and `decode.yaml`):

```yaml
cache_transceiver_config:
  backend: DEFAULT
  max_tokens_in_buffer: 65536  # Must exceed max ISL
```

For example, see `examples/backends/trtllm/engine_configs/gpt-oss-120b/prefill.yaml`.

**Related Issue:** [#4327](https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/issues/4327)
