"""PinSAGE sampler & related functions and classes"""

import numpy as np

from .. import backend as F
from .. import convert
from .. import transform
from .randomwalks import random_walk
from .neighbor import select_topk
from ..base import EID


class RandomWalkNeighborSampler(object):
    """PinSAGE-like sampler extended to any heterographs, given a metapath.

    Given a heterogeneous graph, this neighbor sampler would generate a homogeneous
    graph where the neighbors of each node are the most commonly visited nodes of the
    same type by random walk with restarts.  The random walk with restarts are based
    on a given metapath, which should have the same beginning and ending node type.

    The homogeneous graph also has a feature that stores the number of visits to
    the corresponding neighbors from the seed nodes.

    This is a generalization of PinSAGE sampler which only works on bidirectional
    bipartite graphs.

    Parameters
    ----------
    G : DGLHeteroGraph
        The heterogeneous graph.
    random_walk_length : int
        The maximum number of steps of random walk with restarts.

        Note that here we consider a full traversal of the given metapath as a single
        random walk "step" (i.e. a single step may consist of multiple hops).

        Usually considered a hyperparameter.
    random_walk_restart_prob : int
        Restart probability of random walk with restarts.

        Note that the random walks only would halt after a full traversal of a metapath.
        It will never halt in the middle of a metapath.

        Usually considered a hyperparameter.
    num_random_walks : int
        Number of random walks to try for each seed node.

        Usually considered a hyperparameter.
    num_neighbors : int
        Number of neighbors to select for each seed.
    metapath : list[str] or list[tuple[str, str, str]], optional
        The metapath.

        If not given, assumes that the graph is homogeneous.
    weight_column : str, default "weights"
        The weight of each neighbor, stored as an edge feature.

    Inputs
    ------
    seed_nodes : Tensor
        A tensor of seed node IDs of node type ``ntype``.

    Outputs
    -------
    g : DGLHeteroGraph
        A homogeneous graph constructed by selecting neighbors for each seed node according
        to PinSAGE algorithm.

    Examples
    --------
    See examples in :any:`PinSAGESampler`.
    """
    def __init__(self, G, random_walk_length, random_walk_restart_prob,
                 num_random_walks, num_neighbors, metapath=None, weight_column='weights'):
        self.G = G
        self.weight_column = weight_column
        self.num_random_walks = num_random_walks
        self.num_neighbors = num_neighbors
        self.random_walk_length = random_walk_length

        if metapath is None:
            if len(G.ntypes) > 1 or len(G.etypes) > 1:
                raise ValueError('Metapath must be specified if the graph is homogeneous.')
            metapath = [G.canonical_etypes[0]]
        start_ntype = G.to_canonical_etype(metapath[0])[0]
        end_ntype = G.to_canonical_etype(metapath[-1])[-1]
        if start_ntype != end_ntype:
            raise ValueError('The metapath must start and end at the same node type.')
        self.ntype = start_ntype

        self.metapath_hops = len(metapath)
        self.metapath = metapath
        self.full_metapath = metapath * random_walk_length
        restart_prob = np.zeros(self.metapath_hops * random_walk_length)
        restart_prob[self.metapath_hops::self.metapath_hops] = random_walk_restart_prob
        self.restart_prob = F.zerocopy_from_numpy(restart_prob)

    # pylint: disable=no-member
    def __call__(self, seed_nodes):
        seed_nodes = F.repeat(seed_nodes, self.num_random_walks, 0)
        paths, _ = random_walk(
            self.G, seed_nodes, metapath=self.full_metapath, restart_prob=self.restart_prob)
        src = F.reshape(paths[:, self.metapath_hops::self.metapath_hops], (-1,))
        dst = F.repeat(paths[:, 0], self.random_walk_length, 0)

        src_mask = (src != -1)
        src = F.boolean_mask(src, src_mask)
        dst = F.boolean_mask(dst, src_mask)

        # count the number of visits and pick the K-most frequent neighbors for each node
        neighbor_graph = convert.graph(
            (src, dst), card=self.G.number_of_nodes(self.ntype), ntype=self.ntype)
        neighbor_graph = transform.to_simple(neighbor_graph, return_counts=self.weight_column)
        counts = neighbor_graph.edata[self.weight_column]
        neighbor_graph = select_topk(neighbor_graph, self.num_neighbors, self.weight_column)
        selected_counts = F.gather_row(counts, neighbor_graph.edata[EID])
        neighbor_graph.edata[self.weight_column] = selected_counts

        return neighbor_graph


class PinSAGESampler(RandomWalkNeighborSampler):
    """PinSAGE neighbor sampler.

    Given a bidirectional bipartite graph, PinSAGE neighbor sampler would generate
    a homogeneous graph where the neighbors of each node are the most commonly visited
    nodes of the same type by random walk with restarts.

    Parameters
    ----------
    G : DGLHeteroGraph
        The bidirectional bipartite graph.

        The graph should only have two node types: ``ntype`` and ``other_type``.
        The graph should only have two edge types, one connecting from ``ntype`` to
        ``other_type``, and another connecting from ``other_type`` to ``ntype``.

        PinSAGE works on a bidirectional bipartite graph where for each edge
        going from node u to node v, there exists an edge going from node v to node u.
    ntype : str
        The node type for which the graph would be constructed on.
    other_type : str
        The other node type.
    random_walk_length : int
        The maximum number of steps of random walk with restarts.

        Note that here we consider traversing from ``ntype`` to ``other_type`` then back
        to ``ntype`` as a single step (i.e. a single step consists of two hops).

        Usually considered a hyperparameter.
    random_walk_restart_prob : int
        Restart probability of random walk with restarts.

        Note that the random walks only would halt on node type ``ntype``, and would
        never halt on ``other_type``.

        Usually considered a hyperparameter.
    num_random_walks : int
        Number of random walks to try for each seed node.

        Usually considered a hyperparameter.
    num_neighbors : int
        Number of neighbors to select for each seed.
    weight_column : str, default "weights"
        The weight of each neighbor, stored as an edge feature.

    Inputs
    ------
    seed_nodes : Tensor
        A tensor of seed node IDs of node type ``ntype``.

    Outputs
    -------
    g : DGLHeteroGraph
        A homogeneous graph constructed by selecting neighbors for each seed node according
        to PinSAGE algorithm.

    Examples
    --------
    Generate a random bidirectional bipartite graph with 3000 "A" nodes and 5000 "B" nodes.
    >>> g = scipy.sparse.random(3000, 5000, 0.003)
    >>> G = dgl.heterograph({
    ...     ('A', 'AB', 'B'): g,
    ...     ('B', 'BA', 'A'): g.T})

    Then we create a PinSAGE neighbor sampler that samples a graph of node type "A".  Each
    node would have (a maximum of) 10 neighbors.
    >>> sampler = dgl.sampling.PinSAGESampler(G, 'A', 'B', 3, 0.5, 200, 10)

    This is how we select the neighbors for node #0, #1 and #2 of type "A" according to
    PinSAGE algorithm:
    >>> seeds = torch.LongTensor([0, 1, 2])
    >>> frontier = sampler(seeds)
    >>> frontier.all_edges(form='uv')
    (tensor([ 230,    0,  802,   47,   50, 1639, 1533,  406, 2110, 2687, 2408, 2823,
                0,  972, 1230, 1658, 2373, 1289, 1745, 2918, 1818, 1951, 1191, 1089,
             1282,  566, 2541, 1505, 1022,  812]),
     tensor([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2,
             2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]))

    For an end-to-end example of PinSAGE model, including sampling on multiple layers
    and computing with the sampled graphs, please refer to [TODO]

    References
    ----------
    Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Web-Scale Recommender Systems
        Ying et al., 2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01973
    """
    def __init__(self, G, ntype, other_type, random_walk_length, random_walk_restart_prob,
                 num_random_walks, num_neighbors, weight_column='weights'):
        metagraph = G.metagraph
        fw_etype = list(metagraph[ntype][other_type])[0]
        bw_etype = list(metagraph[other_type][ntype])[0]
        super().__init__(G, random_walk_length,
                         random_walk_restart_prob, num_random_walks, num_neighbors,
                         metapath=[fw_etype, bw_etype], weight_column=weight_column)
