Enable DGRAD RS overlap (#754)

* Enable DGRAD RS overlap
Signed-off-by: Jaemin Choi <jaeminc@nvidia.com>

* fix lint; apply suggestions
Signed-off-by: Kirthi Shankar Sivamani <ksivamani@nvidia.com>

---------
Signed-off-by: Jaemin Choi <jaeminc@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Kirthi Shankar Sivamani <ksivamani@nvidia.com>
Co-authored-by: Vasudevan Rengasamy <vrengasamy@nvidia.com>
Co-authored-by: Kirthi Shankar Sivamani <ksivamani@nvidia.com>

transformer_engine/pytorch/attention.py

@@ -3171,6 +3171,7 @@ class MultiheadAttention(torch.nn.Module):
         qkv_weight_interleaved: bool = True,
         ub_bulk_wgrad: bool = False,
         ub_bulk_dgrad: bool = False,
+        ub_overlap_rs_dgrad: bool = False,
         ub_overlap_rs: bool = False,
         ub_overlap_ag: bool = False,
         bias: bool = True,
@@ -3259,6 +3260,7 @@ class MultiheadAttention(torch.nn.Module):
                     zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
                     ub_bulk_wgrad=ub_bulk_wgrad,
                     ub_bulk_dgrad=ub_bulk_dgrad,
+                    ub_overlap_rs_dgrad=ub_overlap_rs_dgrad,
                     ub_overlap_ag=ub_overlap_ag,
                     normalization=normalization,
                     ub_name="qkv",
@@ -3290,6 +3292,7 @@ class MultiheadAttention(torch.nn.Module):
                     zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
                     ub_bulk_wgrad=ub_bulk_wgrad,
                     ub_bulk_dgrad=ub_bulk_dgrad,
+                    ub_overlap_rs_dgrad=ub_overlap_rs_dgrad,
                     ub_overlap_ag=ub_overlap_ag,
                     normalization=normalization,
                     ub_name="qkv",

transformer_engine/pytorch/module/base.py

@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ def initialize_ub(
         "qkv_fprop", "qkv_dgrad", "proj_dgrad", "fc1_fprop", "fc1_dgrad", "fc2_dgrad"
     ]
     layers_reduce_scatter_overlap = ["proj_fprop", "fc2_fprop", "qkv_wgrad", "fc1_wgrad"]
+    dgrad_reduce_scatter_overlap = ["qkv_dgrad", "fc1_dgrad"]
     # Default overlap methods for layers
     methods = {
         "ring_exchange":["qkv_fprop", "fc1_fprop", "proj_dgrad", "fc2_dgrad"],
@@ -228,6 +229,14 @@ def initialize_ub(
                 )
         _ub_communicators[name] = ub_obj
 
+    if ub_cfgs is not None:
+        for name in dgrad_reduce_scatter_overlap:
+            if name in ub_cfgs and 'method' in ub_cfgs[name] and ub_cfgs[name]['method'] != 'bulk':
+                wgrad_name = name.replace('dgrad','wgrad')
+                assert wgrad_name not in ub_cfgs
+                layers_reduce_scatter_overlap.remove(wgrad_name)
+                layers_reduce_scatter_overlap.append(name)
+
     for name in (methods["ring_exchange"]+methods["pipeline"]+methods["bulk"]):
         if ub_cfgs is not None and name in ub_cfgs:
             ub_cfg = ub_cfgs[name]

transformer_engine/pytorch/module/layernorm_linear.py

@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
         primary_weights_in_fp8: bool,
         ub_bulk_wgrad: bool,
         ub_bulk_dgrad: bool,
+        ub_overlap_rs_dgrad: bool,
         ub_overlap_ag: bool,
         ub_name: str,
     ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], torch.Tensor]:
@@ -316,6 +317,7 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
             ctx.zero_centered_gamma = zero_centered_gamma
             ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad = ub_bulk_wgrad
             ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad = ub_bulk_dgrad
+            ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad = ub_overlap_rs_dgrad
             ctx.ub_name = ub_name
             ctx.requires_dgrad = inp.requires_grad
             ctx.normalization = normalization
@@ -367,6 +369,12 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
                     update_cache="reuse_only" if ctx.is_first_microbatch is None else "lazy",
                 )
 
+            if ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad = False
+                ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad = False
+                tp_world_size = get_distributed_world_size(ctx.tp_group)
+                if tp_world_size == 1:
+                    ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad = False
             if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad:
                 tp_world_size = get_distributed_world_size(ctx.tp_group)
                 if tp_world_size == 1 or not weight.requires_grad:
@@ -416,9 +424,36 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
             if ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad: # allocate dgrad output
                 ub_obj_dgrad = get_ub(ctx.ub_name+"_wgrad")
                 dgrad = ub_obj_dgrad.get_ubuf_output(1) # AllGather output
+            elif ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                ub_obj_dgrad = get_ub(ctx.ub_name+"_dgrad")
+                dgrad = ub_obj_dgrad.get_ubuf_output(1) # AllGather output
             else:
                 dgrad = torch.empty(dgrad_size, dtype=ctx.activation_dtype, device=weight.device)
 
+            if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad:
+                ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.BULK_OVERLAP_AG
+                ub_obj = ub_obj_lnout
+            elif ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                dim_size = list(grad_output.size())
+                dim_size[0] = dim_size[0] // tp_world_size
+                dim_size[1] = weight.size(1)
+                rs_out = torch.empty(
+                        dim_size, dtype=ctx.activation_dtype, device=grad_output.device)
+                if ub_obj_dgrad.is_p2p_overlap():
+                    if ctx.fp8 and ub_obj_dgrad.is_atomic_gemm():
+                        ub_algo=tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.ATOMIC_GEMM_RS_P2P
+                    else:
+                        ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.SPLIT_PIPELINED_RS_P2P
+                else:
+                    if ctx.fp8 and ub_obj_dgrad.is_atomic_gemm():
+                        ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.ATOMIC_GEMM_RS
+                    else:
+                        ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.SPLIT_PIPELINED_RS
+                ub_obj = ub_obj_dgrad
+            else:
+                ub_algo = None
+                ub_obj = None
+
             if ctx.fp8:
                 fp8_dtype_forward = get_fp8_te_dtype(
                     ctx.fp8_meta["recipe"], fprop_tensor=True
@@ -428,7 +463,7 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
                 )
                 out_index, meta_tensor, out_te_type, out_type = (
                     None, None, None, ctx.activation_dtype)
-                if ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad and ub_obj_dgrad.is_fp8_ubuf():
+                if (ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad or ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad) and ub_obj_dgrad.is_fp8_ubuf():
                     out_index = tex.FP8BwdTensors.GRAD_INPUT1
                     meta_tensor = ctx.fp8_meta["scaling_bwd"]
                     out_te_type = fp8_dtype_backward
@@ -449,8 +484,9 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
                     get_workspace(),
                     out=dgrad,
                     use_split_accumulator=_2X_ACC_DGRAD,
-                    ub_algo=tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.BULK_OVERLAP_AG if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad else None,
-                    ub=ub_obj_lnout if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad else None,
+                    ub_algo=ub_algo,
+                    ub=ub_obj,
+                    extra_output_tensor=rs_out if ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad else None,
                     out_index=out_index,
                     fp8_meta_tensor = meta_tensor,
                     D_dtype = out_te_type,
@@ -466,8 +502,9 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
                     out=dgrad,
                     layout="NN",
                     grad=True,
-                    ub_algo=tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.BULK_OVERLAP_AG if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad else None,
-                    ub=ub_obj_lnout if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad else None
+                    ub_algo=ub_algo,
+                    ub=ub_obj,
+                    extra_output_tensor=rs_out if ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad else None,
                 )
             if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad:
                 ln_out_total = ub_obj_lnout.get_ubuf_output(1)
@@ -476,7 +513,7 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
             if ctx.parallel_mode == "column" and ctx.sequence_parallel:
                 if not ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad and handle is not None:
                     handle.wait()
-                if not ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad:
+                if not ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad and not ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
                     if ctx.return_layernorm_output and ctx.return_layernorm_output_gathered:
                         dgrad = dgrad + grad_outputs[1].view_as(dgrad)
                     dgrad, handle = reduce_scatter_along_first_dim(
@@ -569,6 +606,9 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
                 handle.wait()
 
             # LayerNorm gradient
+            if ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                dgrad = rs_out.view(inputmat.shape)
+            else:
                 dgrad = dgrad.view(inputmat.shape)
 
             # Residual gradient
@@ -645,6 +685,7 @@ class _LayerNormLinear(torch.autograd.Function):
             None,
             None,
             None,
+            None,
         )
 
 
@@ -758,6 +799,7 @@ class LayerNormLinear(TransformerEngineBaseModule):
         ub_bulk_wgrad: bool = False,
         ub_bulk_dgrad: bool = False,
         ub_overlap_ag: bool = False,
+        ub_overlap_rs_dgrad: bool = False,
         ub_name: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__()
@@ -778,7 +820,8 @@ class LayerNormLinear(TransformerEngineBaseModule):
         self.ub_bulk_wgrad = ub_bulk_wgrad
         self.ub_bulk_dgrad = ub_bulk_dgrad
         self.ub_overlap_ag = ub_overlap_ag
-        if any([ub_bulk_wgrad, ub_bulk_dgrad, ub_overlap_ag]):
+        self.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad = ub_overlap_rs_dgrad
+        if any([ub_bulk_wgrad, ub_bulk_dgrad, ub_overlap_ag, ub_overlap_rs_dgrad]):
             assert ub_name is not None, "Userbuffer name [string] is not set."
         self.ub_name = ub_name
 
@@ -1110,6 +1153,7 @@ class LayerNormLinear(TransformerEngineBaseModule):
                 self.primary_weights_in_fp8,
                 self.ub_bulk_wgrad,
                 self.ub_bulk_dgrad,
+                self.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad,
                 self.ub_overlap_ag,
                 self.ub_name,
             )

transformer_engine/pytorch/module/layernorm_mlp.py

@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
         primary_weights_in_fp8: bool,
         ub_bulk_wgrad: bool,
         ub_bulk_dgrad: bool,
+        ub_overlap_rs_dgrad: bool,
         ub_overlap_rs: bool,
         ub_overlap_ag: bool,
         gemm_gelu_fusion: bool,
@@ -533,6 +534,7 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
             ctx.zero_centered_gamma = zero_centered_gamma
             ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad = ub_bulk_wgrad
             ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad = ub_bulk_dgrad
+            ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad = ub_overlap_rs_dgrad
             ctx.ub_overlap_ag = ub_overlap_ag
             ctx.requires_dgrad = inp.requires_grad
             ctx.normalization = normalization
@@ -598,6 +600,12 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
 
             activation_func = _act_func(ctx.activation)[1]
 
+            if ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad = False
+                ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad = False
+                tp_world_size = get_distributed_world_size(ctx.tp_group)
+                if tp_world_size == 1:
+                    ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad = False
             if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad:
                 tp_world_size = get_distributed_world_size(ctx.tp_group)
                 if tp_world_size == 1 or not fc1_weight.requires_grad:
@@ -773,19 +781,49 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
                     None, None, None, ctx.activation_dtype)
                 fc1_dgrad_size = list(dgelu.size())
                 fc1_dgrad_size[1] = fc1_weight.size(1)
+                # Get/alloc fc1_dgrad
                 if ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad: # allocate dgrad output
                     ub_obj_dgrad = get_ub("fc1_wgrad")
                     fc1_dgrad = ub_obj_dgrad.get_ubuf_output(1) # AllGather output
-                    if ub_obj_dgrad.is_fp8_ubuf():
+                elif ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                    ub_obj_dgrad = get_ub("fc1_dgrad")
+                    fc1_dgrad = ub_obj_dgrad.get_ubuf_output(1) # AllGather output
+                else:
+                    fc1_dgrad = torch.empty(
+                        fc1_dgrad_size, dtype=ctx.activation_dtype, device=fc1_weight.device
+                    )
+
+                # FP8 RS
+                if (ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad or ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad) and ub_obj_dgrad.is_fp8_ubuf():
                     out_index = tex.FP8BwdTensors.GRAD_INPUT2
                     meta_tensor = ctx.fp8_meta["scaling_bwd"]
                     out_te_type = fp8_dtype_backward
                     out_type = torch.uint8
                     ub_obj_dgrad.set_ubuf_scale_inv(meta_tensor.scale_inv[out_index])
+
+                # Set UB algo and UB obj for fc1_dgrad bulk/pipelined overlap
+                if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad:
+                    ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.BULK_OVERLAP_AG
+                    ub_obj = ub_obj_lnout
+                elif ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                    dim_size = list(dgelu.size())
+                    dim_size[0] = dim_size[0] // tp_world_size
+                    dim_size[1] = fc1_weight_t_fp8.size(0)
+                    rs_out = torch.empty(dim_size, dtype=ctx.activation_dtype, device=dgelu.device)
+                    if ub_obj_dgrad.is_p2p_overlap():
+                        if ub_obj_dgrad.is_atomic_gemm():
+                            ub_algo=tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.ATOMIC_GEMM_RS_P2P
                         else:
-                    fc1_dgrad = torch.empty(
-                        fc1_dgrad_size, dtype=ctx.activation_dtype, device=fc1_weight.device
-                    )
+                            ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.SPLIT_PIPELINED_RS_P2P
+                    else:
+                        if ub_obj_dgrad.is_atomic_gemm():
+                            ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.ATOMIC_GEMM_RS
+                        else:
+                            ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.SPLIT_PIPELINED_RS
+                    ub_obj = ub_obj_dgrad
+                else:
+                    ub_algo = None
+                    ub_obj = None
                 # FC1 DGRAD: Unconditional
                 _ = tex.fp8_gemm(
                     fc1_weight_t_fp8._data,
@@ -800,8 +838,9 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
                     get_workspace(),
                     out=fc1_dgrad,
                     use_split_accumulator=_2X_ACC_DGRAD,
-                    ub_algo=tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.BULK_OVERLAP_AG if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad else None,
-                    ub=ub_obj_lnout if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad else None,
+                    ub_algo=ub_algo,
+                    ub=ub_obj,
+                    extra_output_tensor=rs_out if ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad else None,
                     out_index=out_index,
                     fp8_meta_tensor = meta_tensor,
                     D_dtype = out_te_type,
@@ -859,11 +898,31 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
                 if ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad: # allocate dgrad output
                     ub_obj_dgrad = get_ub("fc1_wgrad")
                     fc1_dgrad = ub_obj_dgrad.get_ubuf_output(1) # AllGather output
+                elif ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                    ub_obj_dgrad = get_ub("fc1_dgrad")
+                    fc1_dgrad = ub_obj_dgrad.get_ubuf_output(1) # AllGather output
                 else:
                     fc1_dgrad = torch.empty(
                         fc1_dgrad_size, dtype=ctx.activation_dtype, device=fc1_weight.device
                     )
 
+                # Set UB algo and UB obj for fc1_dgrad bulk/pipelined overlap
+                if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad:
+                    ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.BULK_OVERLAP_AG
+                    ub_obj = ub_obj_lnout
+                elif ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                    dim_size = list(dgelu.size())
+                    dim_size[0] = dim_size[0] // tp_world_size
+                    dim_size[1] = fc1_weight.size(1)
+                    rs_out = torch.empty(dim_size, dtype=ctx.activation_dtype, device=dgelu.device)
+                    if ub_obj_dgrad.is_p2p_overlap():
+                        ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.SPLIT_PIPELINED_RS_P2P
+                    else:
+                        ub_algo = tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.SPLIT_PIPELINED_RS
+                    ub_obj = ub_obj_dgrad
+                else:
+                    ub_algo = None
+                    ub_obj = None
                 # FC1 DGRAD: Unconditional
                 _ = tex.gemm(
                     fc1_weight,
@@ -873,8 +932,9 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
                     out=fc1_dgrad,
                     layout="NN",
                     grad=True,
-                    ub_algo=tex.UbufOverlapAlgo.BULK_OVERLAP_AG if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad else None,
-                    ub=ub_obj_lnout if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad else None
+                    ub_algo=ub_algo,
+                    ub=ub_obj,
+                    extra_output_tensor=rs_out if ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad else None,
                 )
 
             if ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad:
@@ -883,7 +943,7 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
             if ctx.set_parallel_mode and ctx.sequence_parallel:
                 if not ctx.ub_bulk_dgrad and handle is not None:
                     handle.wait()
-                if not ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad:
+                if not ctx.ub_bulk_wgrad and not ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
                     if ctx.return_layernorm_output and ctx.return_layernorm_output_gathered:
                         fc1_dgrad = fc1_dgrad + grad_outputs[1].view_as(fc1_dgrad)
                     fc1_dgrad, handle = reduce_scatter_along_first_dim(
@@ -985,6 +1045,9 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
                 handle.wait()
 
             # LayerNorm gradient
+            if ctx.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad:
+                dgrad = rs_out.view(inputmat.shape)
+            else:
                 dgrad = fc1_dgrad.view(inputmat.shape)
 
             # Residual gradient
@@ -1087,6 +1150,7 @@ class _LayerNormMLP(torch.autograd.Function):
             None,
             None,
             None,
+            None,
         )
 
 
@@ -1209,6 +1273,7 @@ class LayerNormMLP(TransformerEngineBaseModule):
         device: Union[torch.device, str] = "cuda",
         ub_bulk_wgrad: bool = False,
         ub_bulk_dgrad: bool = False,
+        ub_overlap_rs_dgrad: bool = False,
         ub_overlap_rs: bool = False,
         ub_overlap_ag: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -1231,6 +1296,7 @@ class LayerNormMLP(TransformerEngineBaseModule):
         self.primary_weights_in_fp8 = FP8GlobalStateManager.with_fp8_parameters()
         self.ub_bulk_wgrad = ub_bulk_wgrad
         self.ub_bulk_dgrad = ub_bulk_dgrad
+        self.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad = ub_overlap_rs_dgrad
         self.ub_overlap_rs = ub_overlap_rs
         self.ub_overlap_ag = ub_overlap_ag
         # GEMM-GELU fusion is currently only supported with split GEMM-AG overlap
@@ -1238,7 +1304,7 @@ class LayerNormMLP(TransformerEngineBaseModule):
             (bool(int(os.getenv("NVTE_GEMM_GELU_FUSION", "0"))) and
             self.activation == 'gelu' and not get_ub("fc1_fprop").is_atomic_gemm())
 
-        if any([ub_bulk_wgrad, ub_bulk_dgrad, ub_overlap_rs, ub_overlap_ag]):
+        if any([ub_bulk_wgrad, ub_bulk_dgrad, ub_overlap_rs, ub_overlap_ag, ub_overlap_rs_dgrad]):
             assert (
                 tex.userbuf_comm_available()
             ), "Userbuffer communication backend not available."
@@ -1492,6 +1558,7 @@ class LayerNormMLP(TransformerEngineBaseModule):
                 self.primary_weights_in_fp8,
                 self.ub_bulk_wgrad,
                 self.ub_bulk_dgrad,
+                self.ub_overlap_rs_dgrad,
                 self.ub_overlap_rs,
                 self.ub_overlap_ag,
                 self.gemm_gelu_fusion,

transformer_engine/pytorch/transformer.py

@@ -261,6 +261,7 @@ class TransformerLayer(torch.nn.Module):
         ub_bulk_dgrad: bool = True,
         ub_overlap_ag: bool = True,
         ub_overlap_rs: bool = True,
+        ub_overlap_rs_dgrad: bool = False,
         bias: bool = True,
         activation: str = 'gelu',
         normalization: str = "LayerNorm",
@@ -282,6 +283,7 @@ class TransformerLayer(torch.nn.Module):
         ub_bulk_dgrad = ub_tp_comm_overlap and ub_bulk_dgrad
         ub_overlap_ag = ub_tp_comm_overlap and ub_overlap_ag
         ub_overlap_rs = ub_tp_comm_overlap and ub_overlap_rs
+        ub_overlap_rs_dgrad = ub_tp_comm_overlap and ub_overlap_rs_dgrad
 
         bias_dropout_fusion = bool(int(os.getenv("NVTE_BIAS_DROPOUT_FUSION", "1")))
         self.layer_number = layer_number
@@ -357,6 +359,7 @@ class TransformerLayer(torch.nn.Module):
             "ub_bulk_dgrad" : ub_bulk_dgrad,
             "ub_overlap_ag" : ub_overlap_ag,
             "ub_overlap_rs" : ub_overlap_rs,
+            "ub_overlap_rs_dgrad" : ub_overlap_rs_dgrad,
             "qkv_format" : self.attn_input_format,
         }
 
@@ -410,6 +413,7 @@ class TransformerLayer(torch.nn.Module):
             zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
             ub_bulk_wgrad=ub_bulk_wgrad,
             ub_bulk_dgrad=ub_bulk_dgrad,
+            ub_overlap_rs_dgrad=ub_overlap_rs_dgrad,
             ub_overlap_rs=ub_overlap_rs,
             ub_overlap_ag=ub_overlap_ag,
             activation=activation,