Fix user args core dump in mt

transformer_engine/common/gemm/rocm_gemm.cu

-/*************************************************************************
- * Copyright (c) 2023-2025, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
- *
- * License for AMD contributions = MIT. See LICENSE for more information
- ************************************************************************/
-#include <transformer_engine/gemm.h>
-#include <transformer_engine/transformer_engine.h>
-
-#include <type_traits>
-
-#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
-#include <hipblaslt/hipblaslt.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <chrono>
-#include <forward_list>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <optional>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <vector>
-
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
-#define ROCBLAS_BETA_FEATURES_API
-#include <rocblas/rocblas.h>
-
-#include <hipblaslt/hipblaslt-ext.hpp>
-#include <hipcub/hipcub.hpp>
-
-#endif
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <string>
-
-#include "../common.h"
-#include "../util/handle_manager.h"
-#include "../util/logging.h"
-#include "../util/vectorized_pointwise.h"
-
-
-namespace {
-
-#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
-
-static hipDataType get_hipblaslt_dtype(const transformer_engine::DType t) {
-  using namespace transformer_engine;
-  switch (t) {
-    case DType::kFloat16:
-      return HIP_R_16F;
-    case DType::kFloat32:
-      return HIP_R_32F;
-    case DType::kBFloat16:
-      return HIP_R_16BF;
-    case DType::kFloat8E4M3:
-      return HIP_R_8F_E4M3;
-    case DType::kFloat8E5M2:
-      return HIP_R_8F_E5M2;
-    case DType::kInt8:
-      return HIP_R_8I;
-    case DType::kInt32:
-      return HIP_R_32I;
-    default:
-      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
-  }
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
-rocblas_datatype get_rocblas_dtype(const transformer_engine::DType t) {
-  using namespace transformer_engine;
-  switch (t) {
-    case DType::kFloat16:
-      return rocblas_datatype_f16_r;
-    case DType::kFloat32:
-      return rocblas_datatype_f32_r;
-    case DType::kBFloat16:
-      return rocblas_datatype_bf16_r;
-    case DType::kFloat8E4M3:
-      return rocblas_datatype_f8_r;
-    case DType::kFloat8E5M2:
-      return rocblas_datatype_bf8_r;
-    default:
-      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
-  }
-}
-#endif
-
-}  //namespace
-
-namespace transformer_engine {
-
-#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
-
-namespace detail {
-
-struct Empty {};
-
-__device__ inline fp32 identity(fp32 value, const Empty&) { return value; }
-
-__inline__ __device__ float gelu(float x, const Empty&) {
-  float cdf = 0.5f * (1.0f + tanhf((0.7978845608028654f * (x + 0.044715f * x * x * x))));
-  return x * cdf;
-}
-
-__inline__ __device__ float gelu_forward(float x) {
-  float cdf = 0.5f * (1.0f + tanhf((0.7978845608028654f * (x + 0.044715f * x * x * x))));
-  return x * cdf;
-}
-
-template <typename T, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
-__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
-    gelu_forward_kernel(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int m, int n) {
-  // fp8 output flow
-  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
-    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
-    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
-    float thread_amax = 0;
-    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-      float x = in[id];
-      float y = gelu_forward(x);
-      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * y);
-      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(y), thread_amax);
-    }
-    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
-    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
-      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
-    }
-  } else {
-    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-      float x = in[id];
-      float y = gelu_forward(x);
-      out[id] = (T)(y);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-void gelu_forward_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int m,
-                                 int n, hipStream_t stream) {
-  dim3 block, grid;
-  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
-  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
-  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * m * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
-  hipLaunchKernelGGL((gelu_forward_kernel<T, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0,
-                     stream, in, out, amax, scale, m, n);
-}
-
-__inline__ __device__ float gelu_backward(float x, float dy) {
-  constexpr float kBeta = 0.7978845608028654f;
-  constexpr float kKappa = 0.044715f;
-  float x_sq = x * x;
-  float x_cube = x_sq * x;
-  float tanh_inner = tanhf((kBeta * (x + kKappa * x_cube)));
-
-  float left = 0.5 * x;
-  float right = 1.0f + tanh_inner;
-
-  float left_derivative = 0.5 * right;
-
-  float tanh_derivative = 1 - tanh_inner * tanh_inner;
-  float inner_derivative = kBeta * (1.0f + 3.0 * kKappa * x_sq);
-  float right_derivative = left * tanh_derivative * inner_derivative;
-
-  return dy * (left_derivative + right_derivative);
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename Taux>
-__global__ void gelu_backward_kernel(const float* dy, T* out, const Taux* __restrict pre_gelu_out,
-                                     int m, int n) {
-  for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-    float x = (float)pre_gelu_out[id];
-    float dx = (float)gelu_backward(x, dy[id]);
-    out[id] = (T)(dx);
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename Taux>
-void gelu_backward_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, const Taux* pre_gelu_out, int m, int n,
-                                  hipStream_t stream) {
-  int blocks_per_row = ceil(float(n) / 256);
-  dim3 grid(min(m * blocks_per_row, 65536));
-  dim3 block(min(n, 256));
-  hipLaunchKernelGGL((gelu_backward_kernel<T, Taux>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out,
-                     pre_gelu_out, m, n);
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename Tb, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
-__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
-    add_bias_kernel(const float* in, T* out, const Tb* __restrict bias, float* amax,
-                    const float* scale, int m, int n) {
-  // fp8 output flow
-  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
-    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
-    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
-    float thread_amax = 0;
-    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
-      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
-      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * val);
-      // deal with amax of D
-      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(val), thread_amax);
-    }
-    // num_valid can be ignored since each thread amax is set to 0
-    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
-    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
-      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
-    }
-  } else {
-    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
-      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
-      out[id] = (T)(val);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename Tb>
-void add_bias_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, const Tb* __restrict bias, float* amax,
-                             const float* scale, int m, int n, hipStream_t stream) {
-  dim3 block, grid;
-  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
-  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
-  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * m * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
-  hipLaunchKernelGGL((add_bias_kernel<T, Tb, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0,
-                     stream, in, out, bias, amax, scale, m, n);
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename Taux, typename Tb, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
-__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
-    add_bias_gelu_kernel(const float* in, T* out, Taux* pre_gelu_out, const Tb* __restrict bias,
-                         float* amax, const float* scale, int m, int n) {
-  // fp8 output flow
-  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
-    // only need to deal with amax and scale of D, no need to deal with amax and scale of pre_gelu_out
-    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
-    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
-    float thread_amax = 0;
-    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
-      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
-      // pre_gelu_out guaranteed not to be fp8 type
-      pre_gelu_out[id] = (Taux)(val);
-      val = gelu_forward(val);
-      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * val);
-      // deal with amax of D
-      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(val), thread_amax);
-    }
-    // num_valid can be ignored since each thread amax is set to 0
-    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
-    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
-      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
-    }
-  } else {
-    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
-      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
-      pre_gelu_out[id] = (Taux)(val);
-      out[id] = (T)(gelu_forward(val));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename Taux, typename Tb>
-void add_bias_gelu_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, Taux* pre_gelu_out,
-                                  const Tb* __restrict bias, float* amax, const float* scale, int m,
-                                  int n, hipStream_t stream) {
-  dim3 block, grid;
-  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
-  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
-  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * m * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
-  hipLaunchKernelGGL((add_bias_gelu_kernel<T, Taux, Tb, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid),
-                     dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out, pre_gelu_out, bias, amax, scale, m, n);
-}
-
-template <typename Tin, typename T>
-__global__ void identity_kernel(const Tin* in, T* out, int n) {
-  for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-    Tin val = in[id];
-    out[id] = (T)(val);
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename Tin, typename T>
-void identity_kernelLauncher(const Tin* in, T* out, int n, hipStream_t stream) {
-  dim3 block, grid;
-  block.x = 256;
-  grid.x = ceil(n / 256.);
-  hipLaunchKernelGGL((identity_kernel<Tin, T>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out, n);
-}
-
-template <typename T, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
-__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
-    identity_output_kernel(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int n) {
-  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
-    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
-    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
-    float thread_amax = 0;
-    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-      float val = in[id];
-      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * val);
-      // deal with amax of D
-      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(val), thread_amax);
-    }
-    // num_valid can be ignored since each thread amax is set to 0
-    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
-    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
-      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
-    }
-  } else {
-    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
-      float val = in[id];
-      out[id] = (T)(val);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-void identity_output_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int n,
-                                    hipStream_t stream) {
-  dim3 block, grid;
-  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
-  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
-  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
-  hipLaunchKernelGGL((identity_output_kernel<T, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0,
-                     stream, in, out, amax, scale, n);
-}
-
-template <typename Tin, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
-__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
-    bias_gradient_kernel(const Tin* in, float* out, int m, int n) {
-  typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
-  __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
-
-  int BLOCKS_PER_COL = ceil(float(m) / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
-  int THREADS_PER_COL = BLOCKS_PER_COL * THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
-  int idx = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.x * blockDim.x;
-  int col_idx = idx / THREADS_PER_COL;
-  int row_idx = idx % THREADS_PER_COL;
-  float thread_data;
-  if (row_idx < m) thread_data = (float)in[row_idx * n + col_idx];
-  float local_sum;
-  if (row_idx < (BLOCKS_PER_COL - 1) * THREADS_PER_BLOCK) {
-    local_sum = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Sum(thread_data);
-  } else {
-    local_sum = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage)
-                    .Sum(thread_data, m - (BLOCKS_PER_COL - 1) * THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
-  }
-  if (threadIdx.x == 0) atomicAdd(&out[col_idx], local_sum);
-}
-
-constexpr int kColwiseReduceTileSize = 32;
-
-template <typename T>
-__inline__ __device__ T WarpReduceSum(T val, int max = 32) {
-  for (int offset = max; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {
-    val += __shfl_down(val, offset);
-  }
-  return val;
-}
-
-template <typename InputType>
-__launch_bounds__(1024) __global__
-    void bias_gradient_kernel_v2(float* dst, const InputType* src, int M, int N) {
-  __shared__ float g_shared[kColwiseReduceTileSize][kColwiseReduceTileSize];
-  const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
-  float grad_sum = 0.f;
-  if (j < N) {
-    for (int i = threadIdx.y; i < M; i += blockDim.y) {
-      grad_sum += static_cast<float>(src[i * N + j]);
-    }
-  }
-  g_shared[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = grad_sum;
-  __syncthreads();
-  float sum = g_shared[threadIdx.x][threadIdx.y];
-  sum = WarpReduceSum<float>(sum, kColwiseReduceTileSize / 2);
-  if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
-    const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.y;
-    if (j < N) {
-      dst[j] = static_cast<float>(sum);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename OutputType>
-__launch_bounds__(1024) __global__
-    void tensorwise_int8_bias_gradient_kernel(OutputType* dst, const int8_t* src, float* scale, int M, int N) {
-  __shared__ float g_shared[kColwiseReduceTileSize][kColwiseReduceTileSize];
-  const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
-  float grad_sum = 0.f;
-  float tensorwise_scale = scale[0];
-  if (j < N) {
-    for (int i = threadIdx.y; i < M; i += blockDim.y) {
-      grad_sum += static_cast<float>(src[i * N + j]) * tensorwise_scale;
-    }
-  }
-  g_shared[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = grad_sum;
-  __syncthreads();
-  float sum = g_shared[threadIdx.x][threadIdx.y];
-  sum = WarpReduceSum<float>(sum, kColwiseReduceTileSize / 2);
-  if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
-    const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.y;
-    if (j < N) {
-      dst[j] = static_cast<OutputType>(sum);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename Tin>
-void bias_gradient_kernelLauncher(const Tin* in, float* out, int m, int n, bool stream_order_alloc,
-                                  hipStream_t stream) {
-  dim3 block, grid;
-  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
-  int BLOCKS_PER_COL = ceil(float(m) / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
-  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
-  grid.x = BLOCKS_PER_COL * n;
-  if (!stream_order_alloc) {
-    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemset(out, 0, n * sizeof(float)));
-  } else {
-    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemsetAsync(out, 0, n * sizeof(float), stream));
-  }
-  // hipLaunchKernelGGL(( bias_gradient_kernel<Tin, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out, m, n);
-  int B = (n - 1) / kColwiseReduceTileSize + 1;
-  bias_gradient_kernel_v2<Tin>
-      <<<B, dim3(kColwiseReduceTileSize, kColwiseReduceTileSize), 0, stream>>>(out, in, m, n);
-}
-
-template <typename Tout>
-void tensorwise_int8_bias_gradient_kernelLauncher(const int8_t* in, Tout* out, float* scale, int m, int n, hipStream_t stream) {
-  dim3 block, grid;
-  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
-  int BLOCKS_PER_COL = ceil(float(m) / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
-  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
-  grid.x = BLOCKS_PER_COL * n;
-  NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemsetAsync(out, 0, n * sizeof(Tout), stream));
-  int B = (n - 1) / kColwiseReduceTileSize + 1;
-  tensorwise_int8_bias_gradient_kernel<Tout>
-      <<<B, dim3(kColwiseReduceTileSize, kColwiseReduceTileSize), 0, stream>>>(out, in, scale, m, n);
-}
-
-}  // namespace detail
-
-transformer_engine::DType get_transformer_engine_dtype(const rocblas_datatype t) {
-  using namespace transformer_engine;
-  switch (t) {
-    case rocblas_datatype_f16_r:
-      return DType::kFloat16;
-    case rocblas_datatype_f32_r:
-      return DType::kFloat32;
-    case rocblas_datatype_bf16_r:
-      return DType::kBFloat16;
-    case rocblas_datatype_f8_r:
-      return DType::kFloat8E4M3;
-    case rocblas_datatype_bf8_r:
-      return DType::kFloat8E5M2;
-    default:
-      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
-  }
-}
-#endif  //USE_ROCBLAS
-
-#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
-
-namespace {
-
-static class HandlePool {
- public:
-  hipblasLtHandle_t get(int device_id) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
-
-    if (pool.empty()) {
-      int device_count = 0;
-      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDeviceCount(&device_count));
-      pool.resize(device_count);
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (!pool[device_id].empty()) {
-      hipblasLtHandle_t h = pool[device_id].front();
-      pool[device_id].pop_front();
-      return h;
-    }
-
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  hipblasLtHandle_t obtain(int device_id) {
-    hipblasLtHandle_t h = get(device_id);
-    if (h == nullptr) {
-      NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtCreate(&h));
-    }
-    return h;
-  }
-
-  void store(const std::vector<hipblasLtHandle_t>& handles) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
-    if (pool.empty()) {
-      std::cout << "[ERROR] Attempt to store handles to invalid pool" << std::endl;
-    }
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < pool.size(); i++) {
-      if (handles[i] != nullptr) {
-        pool[i].push_front(handles[i]);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  ~HandlePool() {
-#if DESTROY_HIPBLASLT_HANDLES_POOL
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
-    for (auto& hlist : pool) {
-      for (auto& h : hlist) {
-        hipblasLtDestroy(h);
-      }
-    }
-    pool.clear();
-#endif
-  }
-
-  inline size_t get_size() const { return pool.size(); }
-
- private:
-  std::mutex mt;
-  using Pool = std::vector<std::forward_list<hipblasLtHandle_t>>;
-  // Order of destructors between thread_local and global is not actually guaranteed
-  // As a simple w/a make pool storage "leaky"
-  // Just do not destruct it and do not destroy hipbladLt handles
-  // Let OS deal with it on application exit
-#if DESTROY_HIPBLASLT_HANDLES_POOL
-  Pool pool;
-#else
-  Pool& pool = *new Pool();
-#endif
-} handle_pool;
-
-thread_local static class HandleCache {
- public:
-  hipblasLtHandle_t get(int device_id) const { return d.empty() ? nullptr : d[device_id]; }
-
-  hipblasLtHandle_t obtain(int device_id) {
-    hipblasLtHandle_t h = get(device_id);
-    if (h) {
-      return h;
-    }
-    h = handle_pool.obtain(device_id);
-    set(device_id, h);
-    return h;
-  }
-
-  void set(int device_id, hipblasLtHandle_t h) {
-    if (d.empty()) {
-      d.resize(handle_pool.get_size());
-    }
-    d[device_id] = h;
-  }
-
-  ~HandleCache() {
-    if (!d.empty()) {
-      handle_pool.store(d);
-    }
-  }
-
- private:
-  std::vector<hipblasLtHandle_t> d;
-} cached_handles;
-
-class csv_helper {
- public:
-  struct start {};
-  struct end {};
-
-  csv_helper(std::ostream& os, char sep_val)
-      : m_os{os}, m_sep_val(sep_val), m_start(true), m_sep("") {}
-
-  csv_helper& operator<<(const start&) {
-    m_start = true;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  csv_helper& operator<<(const end&) {
-    m_sep = "";
-    m_start = false;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  csv_helper& operator<<(const T& v) {
-    m_os << m_sep << v;
-    if (m_start) {
-      m_start = false;
-      m_sep = m_sep_val;
-    }
-    return *this;
-  }
-
- private:
-  std::ostream& m_os;
-  char m_sep_val;
-  bool m_start;
-  std::string m_sep;
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-class NameMapper {
- public:
-  NameMapper(const std::unordered_map<T, std::string_view>& name_map) : map(name_map) {}
-  const std::string_view& getName(const T& val) { return map.at(val); }
-  T getValue(const std::string& name, const char* label = "",
-             std::function<bool(const T&)> filter = nullptr) {
-    for (auto iter = map.begin(); iter != map.end(); ++iter) {
-      if ((name == iter->second) && (!filter || filter(iter->first))) return iter->first;
-    }
-    NVTE_ERROR("Invalid ", label, " name: ", name);
-  }
-
- protected:
-  const std::unordered_map<T, std::string_view>& map;
-};
-
-static std::unordered_map<hipDataType, std::string_view> type_name_map = {
-    {HIP_R_32F, "float32"},
-    {HIP_R_16F, "float16"},
-    {HIP_R_16BF, "bfloat16"},
-    {HIP_R_8F_E4M3_FNUZ, "float8e4m3"},
-    {HIP_R_8F_E5M2_FNUZ, "float8e5m2"},
-#if HIP_VERSION >= 60300000
-    {HIP_R_8F_E4M3, "float8e4m3"},
-    {HIP_R_8F_E5M2, "float8e5m2"},
-#endif
-};
-static NameMapper<hipDataType> typeNameMapper(type_name_map);
-
-static std::unordered_map<hipblasOperation_t, std::string_view> trans_name_map = {
-    {HIPBLAS_OP_N, "N"}, {HIPBLAS_OP_T, "T"}};
-static NameMapper<hipblasOperation_t> transposeNameMapper(trans_name_map);
-
-static std::unordered_map<hipblasLtEpilogue_t, std::string_view> epi_name_map = {
-    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DEFAULT, "-"},        {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS, "bias"},
-    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX, "geluaux"}, {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX_BIAS, "geluauxbias"},
-    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU, "dgelu"},      {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU_BGRAD, "dgelubgrad"},
-    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BGRADB, "bgradb"}};
-static NameMapper<hipblasLtEpilogue_t> epilogueNameMapper(epi_name_map);
-
-static std::unordered_map<hipblasComputeType_t, std::string_view> comp_name_map = {
-    {HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F, "f32"}};
-static NameMapper<hipblasComputeType_t> computeNameMapper(comp_name_map);
-
-static class GemmAlgoCache {
- public:
-  struct Key {
-    int deviceCap;
-    hipDataType a_type, b_type, d_type, bias_type;
-    int m, n, k;
-    int lda, ldb, ldd;
-    hipblasOperation_t transa, transb;
-    hipblasLtEpilogue_t epilogue;
-
-    Key(int deviceCap_, hipDataType a_type_, hipDataType b_type_, hipDataType d_type_,
-        hipDataType bias_type_, int m_, int n_, int k_, int lda_, int ldb_, int ldd_,
-        hipblasOperation_t transa_, hipblasOperation_t transb_, hipblasLtEpilogue_t epilogue_)
-        : deviceCap(deviceCap_),
-          a_type(a_type_),
-          b_type(b_type_),
-          d_type(d_type_),
-          bias_type(bias_type_),
-          m(m_),
-          n(n_),
-          k(k_),
-          lda(lda_),
-          ldb(ldb_),
-          ldd(ldd_),
-          transa(transa_),
-          transb(transb_),
-          epilogue(epilogue_) {}
-
-    Key() {}
-
-    bool operator==(const Key& val) const {
-      return ((deviceCap == val.deviceCap) && (a_type == val.a_type) && (b_type == val.b_type) &&
-              (d_type == val.d_type) && (bias_type == val.bias_type) && (m == val.m) &&
-              (n == val.n) && (k == val.k) && (lda == val.lda) && (ldb == val.ldb) &&
-              (ldd == val.ldd) && (transa == val.transa) && (transb == val.transb) &&
-              (epilogue == val.epilogue));
-    }
-
-    struct Comp {
-      bool operator()(const Key& lhs, const Key& rhs) const {
-        return ::std::string_view((const char*)&lhs, sizeof(lhs)) <
-               ::std::string_view((const char*)&rhs, sizeof(rhs));
-      }
-    };
-  };
-
-  void init() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
-    int device_count = 0;
-    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDeviceCount(&device_count));
-    dev_cap.resize(device_count);
-    for (int i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
-      hipDeviceProp_t prop;
-      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDeviceProperties(&prop, i));
-      dev_cap[i] = prop.major * 100 + prop.minor;
-    }
-    load_();
-    save_();
-  }
-
-  inline int device_cap(int device_id) {
-    if (dev_cap.empty()) init();
-    return dev_cap[device_id];
-  }
-
-  struct Algo {
-    std::optional<hipblasLtMatmulAlgo_t> algo;
-    int64_t algoId;
-    int index;
-    size_t ws_size_min;
-    size_t ws_size_max;
-    Algo() : algo(), index(-1), algoId(), ws_size_min(0), ws_size_max(0) {}
-    Algo(int idx, int64_t id, size_t ws_min, size_t ws_max)
-        : algo(), index(idx), algoId(id), ws_size_min(ws_min), ws_size_max(ws_max) {}
-    inline bool hasId() { return index >= 0; }
-    const static inline int64_t getAlgoId(const hipblasLtMatmulAlgo_t& algo) {
-      return *(const int64_t*)&algo;
-    }
-  };
-
-  bool find(const Key& cfg, size_t ws_size, Algo& algo) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
-    if (auto* pentry = find_(cfg, ws_size, ws_size); pentry != nullptr) {
-      algo = *pentry;
-      return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  void store(const Key& cfg, const Algo& algo) {
-    size_t ws_size_min = algo.ws_size_min;
-    size_t ws_size_max = algo.ws_size_max;
-    NVTE_CHECK(ws_size_max >= ws_size_min, "Invalid WS size");
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
-
-    //Remove overlapping with existing entries;
-    while (auto* pentry = find_(cfg, ws_size_min, ws_size_max)) {
-      if (pentry->ws_size_min <= ws_size_min && pentry->ws_size_max >= ws_size_max) {
-        *pentry = algo;
-        save_();
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (ws_size_max > pentry->ws_size_max) {
-        ws_size_min = pentry->ws_size_max + 1;
-      } else if (ws_size_min < pentry->ws_size_min) {
-        ws_size_max = pentry->ws_size_min - 1;
-      } else {
-        //Should never be here
-        NVTE_ERROR("Cannot merge WS size range");
-      }
-    }
-
-    //Merge to adjusted entry if possible
-    auto* pentry = find_(cfg, ws_size_min - 1, ws_size_min);
-    if (pentry && pentry->algoId == algo.algoId) {
-      pentry->algo = algo.algo;
-      pentry->ws_size_max = ws_size_max;
-      save_();
-    } else {
-      auto it = d.emplace(cfg, algo);
-      it->second.ws_size_min = ws_size_min;
-      it->second.ws_size_max = ws_size_max;
-      save_(it->first, it->second);
-    }
-  }
-
- protected:
-  Algo* find_(const Key& cfg, size_t ws_min, size_t ws_max) {
-    const auto key_range = d.equal_range(cfg);
-    for (auto i = key_range.first; i != key_range.second; i++) {
-      if (ws_min <= i->second.ws_size_max && ws_max >= i->second.ws_size_min) {
-        return &i->second;
-      }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  void header_(std::ostream& ofs) {
-    csv_helper fs(ofs, csv_sep);
-    fs << "dev_cap" << "m" << "n" << "k" << "trans_a" << "trans_b"
-       << "type_a" << "type_b" << "type_d" << "bias_type"
-       << "lda" << "ldb" << "ldd" << "epi" << "comp" << "scale"
-       << "ws_min" << "ws_max" << "algo_id" << "aidx";
-  }
-
-  void load_() {
-    const char* env = std::getenv("TE_HIPBLASLT_ALGO_LOAD");
-    if (env == nullptr || env[0] == '\0') {
-      return;
-    }
-    std::ifstream ifs{env};
-    if (!ifs.is_open()) {
-      std::cerr << "Could not load autotune results storage " << env << "\n";
-      return;
-    }
-    std::cout << "Loading autotune results from " << env << "\n";
-
-    Key cfg;
-    std::string line;
-    std::getline(ifs, line);  // the first line with legend
-    {
-      std::ostringstream hline;
-      header_(hline);
-      if (hline.str() != line) {
-        std::cerr << "Incorrect algo storage legend. Expected " << hline.str() << "\n";
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    while (std::getline(ifs, line)) {
-      line.erase(0, line.find_first_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"));
-      if (auto pos = line.find_last_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"); pos != std::string::npos) {
-        line.resize(pos + 1);
-      }
-      if (line.empty() || line[0] == '#') continue;
-      std::istringstream is(line);
-      char c;
-      std::string type_a, type_b, type_d, bias_type, trans_a, trans_b, epi, comp, scale;
-      int64_t algo_id;
-      int algo_idx;
-      size_t ws_min, ws_max;
-
-      is >> std::skipws;
-      is >> cfg.deviceCap >> c >> cfg.m >> c >> cfg.n >> c >> cfg.k >> c;
-
-      //Filter out entries for devices not presented on the curent system
-      bool b_found = false;
-      for (int i = 0; i < dev_cap.size(); i++) {
-        if (dev_cap[i] == cfg.deviceCap) {
-          b_found = true;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if (!b_found) continue;
-
-      std::getline(is, trans_a, csv_sep);
-      std::getline(is, trans_b, csv_sep);
-      std::getline(is, type_a, csv_sep);
-      std::getline(is, type_b, csv_sep);
-      std::getline(is, type_d, csv_sep);
-      std::getline(is, bias_type, csv_sep);
-      is >> cfg.lda >> c >> cfg.ldb >> c >> cfg.ldd >> c;
-      std::getline(is, epi, csv_sep);
-      std::getline(is, comp, csv_sep);
-      std::getline(is, scale, csv_sep);
-      is >> ws_min >> c >> ws_max >> c >> algo_id >> c >> algo_idx;
-
-      if (is.bad()) {
-        std::cerr << "Parsing CSV line failed: " << line << "\n";
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (ws_min > ws_max) {
-        std::cout << "[WARNING] Invalid WS size at " << line << "\n";
-        continue;
-      }
-
-#if HIP_VERSION >= 60300000
-      auto fp8_filter = [](const hipDataType& val) {
-        return (val != HIP_R_8F_E4M3_FNUZ && val != HIP_R_8F_E5M2_FNUZ);
-      };
-#else
-      auto fp8_filter = nullptr;
-#endif
-
-      cfg.a_type = typeNameMapper.getValue(type_a, "type_a", fp8_filter);
-      cfg.b_type = typeNameMapper.getValue(type_b, "type_b", fp8_filter);
-      cfg.d_type = typeNameMapper.getValue(type_d, "type_d", fp8_filter);
-      cfg.bias_type = (bias_type == "-")
-                          ? (hipDataType)-1
-                          : typeNameMapper.getValue(bias_type, "bias_type", fp8_filter);
-
-      cfg.transa = transposeNameMapper.getValue(trans_a, "trans_a");
-      cfg.transb = transposeNameMapper.getValue(trans_b, "trans_b");
-
-      cfg.epilogue = epilogueNameMapper.getValue(epi, "epi");
-      //Check and filter out compute and scale types
-      if (computeNameMapper.getValue(comp, "comp") != HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F ||
-          typeNameMapper.getValue(scale, "scale") != HIP_R_32F) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      if (find_(cfg, ws_min, ws_max)) {
-        std::cout << "[WARNING] Duplicated/overlapped entry in algo cache\n";
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      d.emplace(cfg, Algo(algo_idx, algo_id, ws_min, ws_max));
-    }
-  }
-
-  bool can_save_(bool reopen = false) {
-    if (!save_fs) {
-      const char* temp = std::getenv("TE_HIPBLASLT_ALGO_SAVE");
-      if (temp == nullptr || temp[0] == '\0') {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      save_fs_name = temp;
-
-      pid_t pid = getpid();
-
-      size_t pos = 0;
-      while ((pos = save_fs_name.find("%i", pos)) != std::string::npos) {
-        save_fs_name.replace(pos, 2, std::to_string(pid));
-      }
-
-      save_fs = std::make_unique<std::ofstream>();
-      std::cout << "Saving autotune results to " << save_fs_name << "\n";
-    }
-
-    if (reopen) {
-      if (save_fs->is_open()) {
-        save_fs->close();
-      }
-      save_fs->open(save_fs_name, std::ios_base::trunc);
-    }
-
-    if (save_fs->is_open() && !save_fs->bad()) {
-      return true;
-    } else {
-      if (reopen) std::cerr << "Could not open autotune results storage " << save_fs_name << "\n";
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  void save_() {
-    if (!can_save_(true)) {
-      return;
-    }
-    header_(*save_fs);
-    *save_fs << "\n";
-
-    for (const auto& elem : d) {
-      save_(elem.first, elem.second);
-    }
-  }
-
-  void save_(const Key& cfg, const Algo& algo) {
-    if (!can_save_()) {
-      return;
-    }
-    csv_helper csv(*save_fs, csv_sep);
-    csv << cfg.deviceCap << cfg.m << cfg.n << cfg.k << transposeNameMapper.getName(cfg.transa)
-        << transposeNameMapper.getName(cfg.transb) << typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.a_type)
-        << typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.b_type) << typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.d_type)
-        << ((cfg.bias_type == (hipDataType)-1) ? "-" : typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.bias_type))
-        << cfg.lda << cfg.ldb << cfg.ldd << epilogueNameMapper.getName(cfg.epilogue)
-        << computeNameMapper.getName(HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F) << typeNameMapper.getName(HIP_R_32F)
-        << algo.ws_size_min << algo.ws_size_max << algo.algoId << algo.index << csv_helper::end()
-        << "\n";
-  }
-
- private:
-  std::vector<int> dev_cap;
-  constexpr static char csv_sep = ',';
-  std::unique_ptr<std::ofstream> save_fs;
-  std::string save_fs_name;
-  std::mutex mt;
-  /* Map of problem config to tuple of ws_size and Algo
-   * When searching, elements matching Key are filtered 
-   * for requested WS size be between Algo.ws_size and pair.first
-   */
-  std::multimap<Key, Algo, Key::Comp> d;
-} algoCache;
-
-static inline int getIntEnv(const char* name, int defval, int minval) {
-  int val = defval;
-  const char* env = std::getenv(name);
-  if (env != nullptr && env[0] != '\0') {
-    val = atoi(env);
-    if (val < minval) {
-      val = minval;
-    }
-  }
-  return val;
-}
-
-}  //namespace
-
-/* Warning: only call once per device!
- * When calling nvte_multi_stream_cublas_gemm with hipblaslt backend
- * need to create multiple handles corresponding to compute_streams
- * to avoid a handle be used by multi-streams concurrently.
- */
-static void init_hipblaslt_handles(hipblasLtHandle_t* hipblaslt_handles) {
-  NVTE_CHECK(hipblaslt_handles != nullptr);
-  for (int i = 0; i < compute_num_streams; i++) {
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtCreate(&hipblaslt_handles[i]));
-  }
-}
-
-transformer_engine::DType get_transformer_engine_dtype_from_hipblaslt_dtype(const hipDataType t) {
-  using namespace transformer_engine;
-  switch (t) {
-    case HIP_R_16F:
-      return DType::kFloat16;
-    case HIP_R_32F:
-      return DType::kFloat32;
-    case HIP_R_16BF:
-      return DType::kBFloat16;
-    default:
-      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
-  }
-}
-
-void hipblaslt_gemm(const Tensor* inputA, const Tensor* inputB, Tensor* outputD,
-                    const Tensor* inputBias, Tensor* outputPreGelu, int m, int n, int k, int lda,
-                    int ldb, int ldd, hipblasOperation_t transa, hipblasOperation_t transb,
-                    bool grad, void* workspace, size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate,
-                    bool use_split_accumulator, int math_sm_count, int m_split, int n_split,
-                    bool gemm_producer, const Tensor* inputCounter, hipStream_t stream,
-                    hipblasLtHandle_t handle) {
-  void* A = inputA->data.dptr;
-  void* A_scale_inverse = inputA->scale_inv.dptr;
-  float* A_scale_inverse_float = (float*)(inputA->scale_inv.dptr);
-  void* B = inputB->data.dptr;
-  void* B_scale_inverse = inputB->scale_inv.dptr;
-  float* B_scale_inverse_float = (float*)(inputB->scale_inv.dptr);
-  void* D = outputD->data.dptr;
-  void* bias_ptr = inputBias->data.dptr;
-  const bool bias = bias_ptr != nullptr;
-  void* pre_gelu_out = outputPreGelu->data.dptr;
-  const bool gelu = pre_gelu_out != nullptr;
-  const bool use_fp8 = is_fp8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || is_fp8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
-  const bool use_int8 = is_int8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || is_int8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
-  const hipDataType A_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputA->data.dtype);
-  const hipDataType B_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
-  const hipDataType D_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(outputD->data.dtype);
-  const hipDataType bias_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputBias->data.dtype);
-
-  NVTE_CHECK(!is_fp8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || A_scale_inverse != nullptr,
-             "FP8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");
-  NVTE_CHECK(!is_fp8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype) || B_scale_inverse != nullptr,
-             "FP8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");
-  NVTE_CHECK(!is_int8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || A_scale_inverse != nullptr,
-             "INT8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");
-  NVTE_CHECK(!is_int8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype) || B_scale_inverse != nullptr,
-             "INT8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");
-
-  bool tensorwise_int8 = 0;;
-  const char* NVTE_INT8_SIM_FP8_TENSORWISE = std::getenv("NVTE_INT8_SIM_FP8_TENSORWISE");      
-  if (NVTE_INT8_SIM_FP8_TENSORWISE != nullptr && NVTE_INT8_SIM_FP8_TENSORWISE[0] == '1' && use_int8) tensorwise_int8 = 1;           
-
-  // check consistency of arguments:
-  // if fp8 is desired, context cannot be null
-  // fp8 + gelu fusion + fp8 aux is unavailable right now.
-  if (use_fp8 || use_int8) {
-    NVTE_CHECK(!gelu, "fp8 gemm + gelu fusion is unavailable right now!");
-  }
-  float one = 1.0;
-  float zero = 0.0;
-  float beta = (accumulate) ? one : zero;
-
-  int device_id;
-  NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDevice(&device_id));
-
-  if (handle == nullptr) {
-    handle = cached_handles.get(device_id);
-    if (handle == nullptr) {
-      handle = cached_handles.obtain(device_id);
-    }
-  }
-
-  hipblasLtMatmulDesc_t operationDesc = nullptr;
-  hipblasLtMatrixLayout_t Adesc = nullptr, Bdesc = nullptr, Cdesc = nullptr, Ddesc = nullptr;
-  hipblasLtMatmulPreference_t preference = nullptr;
-  hipblasLtEpilogue_t epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DEFAULT;
-
-  int64_t ld_gelumat = (int64_t)ldd;
-
-  // default to tf32 except for e5m2 inputs where the config is not supported
-  hipblasComputeType_t gemm_compute_type = HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F;
-
-  // Create matrix descriptors. Not setting any extra attributes.
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&Adesc, A_type, transa == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? m : k,
-                                                   transa == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? k : m, lda));
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&Bdesc, B_type, transb == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? k : n,
-                                                   transb == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? n : k, ldb));
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&Ddesc, D_type, m, n, ldd));
-
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescCreate(&operationDesc, gemm_compute_type, HIP_R_32F));
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSA,
-                                                       &transa, sizeof(transa)));
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSB,
-                                                       &transb, sizeof(transb)));
-
-  // set fp8 attributes -- input and output types should already be set to fp8 as appropriate
-  // Note: gelu fusion isn't available right now, and we don't need
-  // amax(D) either (next op is high precision).
-  if (use_fp8) {
-    // Split accumulator.
-    const int8_t fastAccuMode = (use_split_accumulator) ? 0 : 1;
-    /*
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
-                                                     HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_FAST_ACCUM, //TODO: We don't have fast accum mode yet
-                                                     &fastAccuMode,
-                                                     sizeof(fastAccuMode)));
-    */
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(
-        hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_A_SCALE_POINTER,
-                                        &A_scale_inverse, sizeof(A_scale_inverse)));
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(
-        hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_B_SCALE_POINTER,
-                                        &B_scale_inverse, sizeof(B_scale_inverse)));
-    if (bias) {
-      NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
-          operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_DATA_TYPE, &bias_type, sizeof(bias_type)));
-    }
-  }
-  if (tensorwise_int8) {
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
-                                                     HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_A_SCALE_POINTER,
-                                                     (void*)&A_scale_inverse_float,
-                                                     sizeof(void*)));
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
-                                                     HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_B_SCALE_POINTER,
-                                                     (void*)&B_scale_inverse_float,
-                                                     sizeof(void*)));
-  }
-
-  if (bias && gelu) {
-    if (grad) {
-      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU_BGRAD;
-    } else {
-      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX_BIAS;
-    }
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
-        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &bias_ptr, sizeof(bias_ptr)));
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
-                                                         HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_POINTER,
-                                                         &pre_gelu_out, sizeof(pre_gelu_out)));
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
-        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_LD, &ld_gelumat, sizeof(ld_gelumat)));
-  } else if (bias) {
-    if (tensorwise_int8) {
-      if (grad) {
-        int batch_size = k;
-        int output_dim = n;
-        DType te_bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype_from_hipblaslt_dtype(bias_type);
-        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_NON_FP8ONLY(
-          te_bias_dtype, BType,·
-          detail::tensorwise_int8_bias_gradient_kernelLauncher<BType>(
-            reinterpret_cast<const int8_t*>(B), reinterpret_cast<BType*>(bias_ptr), B_scale_inverse_float, batch_size,
-            output_dim, stream););
-      } else {
-        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
-          operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_DATA_TYPE, &bias_type, sizeof(bias_type)));
-        epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;
-        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
-          operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &bias_ptr, sizeof(bias_ptr)));
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (grad) {
-        // grad output is always input B
-        epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BGRADB;
-      } else {
-        epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;
-      }
-      NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
-          operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &bias_ptr, sizeof(bias_ptr)));
-    }
-    
-  } else if (gelu) {
-    if (grad) {
-      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU;
-    } else {
-      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX;
-    }
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
-                                                         HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_POINTER,
-                                                         &pre_gelu_out, sizeof(pre_gelu_out)));
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
-        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_LD, &ld_gelumat, sizeof(ld_gelumat)));
-  }
-
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
-      operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE, &epilogue, sizeof(epilogue)));
-
-  GemmAlgoCache::Key gemm_cfg(algoCache.device_cap(device_id), A_type, B_type, D_type,
-                              use_fp8 ? bias_type : (hipDataType)-1, m, n, k, lda, ldb, ldd, transa,
-                              transb, epilogue);
-  GemmAlgoCache::Algo cached_algo;
-  if (algoCache.find(gemm_cfg, workspaceSize, cached_algo) == 0 || !cached_algo.algo.has_value()) {
-    int firstAlgo = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_ALGO_SELECTION", 0, 0);
-    int tuneLoopCount = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_TUNING_RUN_COUNT", 0, 0);
-    int algoTuneCount = 1;
-    std::vector<hipblasLtMatmulHeuristicResult_t> algoArr;
-    bool logTuning = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_LOG_TUNING", 0, 0) != 0;
-
-    if (tuneLoopCount) {
-      /* HIPBLASLT may return hundreds of algos for some configs
-       * Limit amount by default. User may override with env
-       */
-      static const int defaultAlgoCount = 16;
-      algoTuneCount = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_TUNING_ALGO_COUNT", defaultAlgoCount, 1);
-    }
-    algoTuneCount += firstAlgo;
-    int algoTotalCount =
-        cached_algo.hasId() ? std::max(algoTuneCount, (cached_algo.index + 1)) : algoTuneCount;
-    algoArr.resize(algoTotalCount);
-
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulPreferenceCreate(&preference));
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(
-        hipblasLtMatmulPreferenceSetAttribute(preference, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_PREF_MAX_WORKSPACE_BYTES,
-                                              &workspaceSize, sizeof(workspaceSize)));
-
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulAlgoGetHeuristic(handle, operationDesc, Adesc, Bdesc, Ddesc,
-                                                         Ddesc, preference, algoTotalCount,
-                                                         algoArr.data(), &algoTotalCount));
-    algoArr.resize(algoTotalCount);
-
-    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulPreferenceDestroy(preference));
-
-    //If cached algo exists in persistent storage we just need to find matching hipblasLtMatmulAlgo_t
-    if (cached_algo.hasId()) {
-      int idx = (cached_algo.index < algoTotalCount) ? cached_algo.index : 0;
-      for (int i = 0; i < algoTotalCount; i++) {
-        const auto& algo = algoArr[idx];
-        if (algo.state == HIPBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
-          if (cached_algo.algoId == cached_algo.getAlgoId(algo.algo)) {
-            cached_algo.algo = algo.algo;
-            if (algo.workspaceSize != cached_algo.ws_size_min || idx != cached_algo.index) {
-              cached_algo.ws_size_min = algo.workspaceSize;
-              cached_algo.index = idx;
-              algoCache.store(gemm_cfg, cached_algo);
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        idx = (idx + 1) % algoTotalCount;
-      }
-      if (logTuning && !cached_algo.algo.has_value()) {
-        std::cout << "[WARNING] Cannot find cached algoId " << cached_algo.algoId
-                  << " in hipBLASLt results" << std::endl;
-      }
-    }
-
-    //No suitable entry in autotune cache or could not find matched algo in hipBLASLt results
-    if (!cached_algo.algo.has_value()) {
-      int bestAlgo = -1;
-      algoTuneCount = std::min(algoTuneCount, algoTotalCount);
-      if (tuneLoopCount > 0) {
-        if (logTuning)
-          std::cout << "[INFO] Perform hipBLASLt algo selection on GPU" << device_id
-                    << " in range [" << firstAlgo << "-" << (algoTuneCount - 1) << "] with "
-                    << tuneLoopCount << " loops " << std::endl;
-
-        NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamSynchronize(stream));
-        hipStream_t profilingStream;
-        NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamCreateWithFlags(&profilingStream, hipStreamNonBlocking));
-        using tuning_clock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
-        tuning_clock::now();  //the first call takes little longer so do it outside the loop
-        tuning_clock::duration bestTime = tuning_clock::duration::max();
-
-        for (int algo = firstAlgo; algo < algoTuneCount; algo++) {
-          if (algoArr[algo].state != HIPBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
-            continue;
-          }
-          // Warm-up call
-          NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmul(handle, operationDesc,
-                                               static_cast<const void*>(&one),         /* alpha */
-                                               A,                                      /* A */
-                                               Adesc, B,                               /* B */
-                                               Bdesc, static_cast<const void*>(&beta), /* beta */
-                                               D,                                      /* C */
-                                               Ddesc, D,                               /* D */
-                                               Ddesc, &algoArr[algo].algo,             /* algo */
-                                               workspace,                        /* workspace */
-                                               workspaceSize, profilingStream)); /* stream */
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamSynchronize(profilingStream));
-
-          //Profiling loop
-          tuning_clock::time_point startTime = tuning_clock::now();
-          for (int loop = 0; loop < tuneLoopCount; loop++) {
-            NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmul(handle, operationDesc,
-                                                 static_cast<const void*>(&one),         /* alpha */
-                                                 A,                                      /* A */
-                                                 Adesc, B,                               /* B */
-                                                 Bdesc, static_cast<const void*>(&beta), /* beta */
-                                                 D,                                      /* C */
-                                                 Ddesc, D,                               /* D */
-                                                 Ddesc, &algoArr[algo].algo,             /* algo */
-                                                 workspace,                        /* workspace */
-                                                 workspaceSize, profilingStream)); /* stream */
-          }
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamSynchronize(profilingStream));
-          tuning_clock::duration algoTime = tuning_clock::now() - startTime;
-          if (algoTime < bestTime) {
-            bestAlgo = algo;
-            bestTime = algoTime;
-          }
-        }
-
-        NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamDestroy(profilingStream));
-        if (bestAlgo >= 0) {
-          if (logTuning)
-            std::cout << "[INFO] Select hipBLASLt algo " << bestAlgo << " with time "
-                      << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(bestTime).count() /
-                             tuneLoopCount
-                      << " ns" << std::endl;
-        }
-      } else if (firstAlgo < algoTuneCount) {
-        bestAlgo = firstAlgo;
-      }
-
-      if (bestAlgo < 0) {
-        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Ddesc));
-        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Bdesc));
-        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Adesc));
-        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescDestroy(operationDesc));
-        throw std::runtime_error("Unable to find any suitable algorithms");
-      }
-      cached_algo.algo = algoArr[bestAlgo].algo;
-      cached_algo.index = bestAlgo;
-      cached_algo.algoId = cached_algo.getAlgoId(algoArr[bestAlgo].algo);
-      cached_algo.ws_size_min = algoArr[bestAlgo].workspaceSize;
-      cached_algo.ws_size_max = workspaceSize;
-
-      if (logTuning)
-        std::cout << "[INFO] Use hipBLASLt algo [" << bestAlgo << "] " << cached_algo.algoId
-                  << std::endl;
-
-      algoCache.store(gemm_cfg, cached_algo);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // D = alpha * (A * B) + beta * C
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmul(handle, operationDesc,
-                                       static_cast<const void*>(&one),         /* alpha */
-                                       A,                                      /* A */
-                                       Adesc, B,                               /* B */
-                                       Bdesc, static_cast<const void*>(&beta), /* beta */
-                                       D,                                      /* C */
-                                       Ddesc, D,                               /* D */
-                                       Ddesc, &cached_algo.algo.value(),       /* algo */
-                                       workspace,                              /* workspace */
-                                       workspaceSize, stream));                /* stream */
-
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Ddesc));
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Bdesc));
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Adesc));
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescDestroy(operationDesc));
-}
-
-
-class userArgsManager {
- public:
-  userArgsManager() {}
-
-  ~userArgsManager() {
-    // Release all userArgs when the manager is destroyed
-    for (auto& device_pair : userArgs_map_) {
-      hipFree(device_pair.second);  // Only one userArgs per device
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Get a userArgs for the given device (creates if necessary)
-  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* get(int device_id, size_t size) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-    // Check if the userArgs for this device exists
-    auto device_it = userArgs_map_.find(device_id);
-    if (device_it != userArgs_map_.end()) {
-      return device_it->second;
-    }
-
-    // Create a new userArgs for this device if it doesn't exist
-    hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* userArgs;
-    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipHostMalloc(&userArgs, size * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments)));
-
-    // Store the userArgs in the map for this device
-    userArgs_map_[device_id] = userArgs;
-    return userArgs;
-  }
-
- private:
-  std::unordered_map<int, hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments*>
-      userArgs_map_;  // Map from device_id to hipblasHandle
-  std::mutex mutex_;
-};
-
-class d_userArgsManager {
- public:
-  d_userArgsManager() {}
-
-  ~d_userArgsManager() {
-    // Release all userArgs when the manager is destroyed
-    for (auto& device_pair : d_userArgs_map_) {
-      hipFree(device_pair.second);  // Only one userArgs per device
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Get a userArgs for the given device (creates if necessary)
-  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* get(int device_id, size_t size) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-    // Check if the userArgs for this device exists
-    auto device_it = d_userArgs_map_.find(device_id);
-    if (device_it != d_userArgs_map_.end()) {
-      return device_it->second;
-    }
-
-    // Create a new userArgs for this device if it doesn't exist
-    hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* d_userArgs;
-    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(&d_userArgs, size * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments)));
-
-    // Store the userArgs in the map for this device
-    d_userArgs_map_[device_id] = d_userArgs;
-    return d_userArgs;
-  }
-
- private:
-  std::unordered_map<int, hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments*>
-      d_userArgs_map_;  // Map from device_id to hipblasHandle
-  std::mutex mutex_;
-};
-
-// Define a static userArgs manager
-static userArgsManager UAManager;
-static d_userArgsManager d_UAManager;
-
-void hipblaslt_groupedgemm(std::vector<const Tensor*>& inputA, std::vector<const Tensor*>& inputB,
-                          std::vector<Tensor*>& outputD, std::vector<int64_t>& m,
-                          std::vector<int64_t>& n, std::vector<int64_t>& k, std::vector<int64_t>& b,
-                          hipblasOperation_t transa, hipblasOperation_t transb, void* workspace,
-                          size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate, bool use_split_accumulator,
-                          int math_sm_count, hipStream_t stream, int compute_stream_offset = 0) {
-  // Check compute_stream_offset valid.
-  NVTE_CHECK(compute_stream_offset >= -1 && compute_stream_offset < compute_num_streams);
-
-  int device_id;
-  hipGetDevice(&device_id);
-  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* userArgs = UAManager.get(device_id, m.size());
-  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* d_userArgs = d_UAManager.get(device_id, m.size());
-
-  // hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* userArgs;
-  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipHostMalloc(&userArgs, m.size() * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments)));
-
-  hipblasLtHandle_t handle = nullptr;
-  if (compute_stream_offset != -1) {
-    // Init hipblaslt handles (once, globally)
-    static std::once_flag init_flag;
-    static hipblasLtHandle_t hipblaslt_handles[compute_num_streams];
-    std::call_once(init_flag, init_hipblaslt_handles, hipblaslt_handles);
-
-    handle = hipblaslt_handles[compute_stream_offset];
-  }
-
-  const hipDataType A_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputA[0]->data.dtype);
-  const hipDataType B_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputB[0]->data.dtype);
-  const hipDataType D_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(outputD[0]->data.dtype);
-
-  hipblasComputeType_t computeType = HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F;
-
-  float one = 1.0;
-  float zero = 0.0;
-  float beta = (accumulate) ? one : zero;
-  int int_one = 1;
-  int int_zero = 0;
-  int int_beta = int_zero;
-  bool use_int8 = false;
-
-  if ((A_type == HIP_R_8I) && (B_type == HIP_R_8I) && (D_type == HIP_R_32I)) {
-    NVTE_CHECK(!accumulate, "Int8 gemm not support accumulate.");
-    use_int8 = true;
-    computeType = HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32I;
-  }
-
-  hipblaslt_ext::GemmPreference gemmPref;
-  gemmPref.setMaxWorkspaceBytes(workspaceSize);
-  hipblaslt_ext::GroupedGemm groupedgemm(handle, transa, transb, A_type, B_type, D_type, D_type,
-                                         computeType);
-
-  std::vector<hipblaslt_ext::GemmEpilogue> epilogue{
-      hipblaslt_ext::
-          GemmEpilogue()};  // No action needed, default is HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DEFAULT. (Gemm only)
-  std::vector<hipblaslt_ext::GemmInputs> inputs(m.size());
-  for (int i = 0; i < m.size(); i++) {
-    inputs[i].a = inputA[i]->data.dptr;
-    inputs[i].b = inputB[i]->data.dptr;
-    inputs[i].c = outputD[i]->data.dptr;
-    inputs[i].d = outputD[i]->data.dptr;
-    inputs[i].alpha = use_int8 ? static_cast<void*>(&int_one) : static_cast<void*>(&one);
-    inputs[i].beta = use_int8 ? static_cast<void*>(&int_beta) : static_cast<void*>(&beta);
-  }
-  // hipblaslt_ext::GemmEpilogue supports broadcasting
-  groupedgemm.setProblem(m, n, k, b, epilogue, inputs);
-
-  const int request_solutions = 1;
-  std::vector<hipblasLtMatmulHeuristicResult_t> heuristicResult;
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.algoGetHeuristic(request_solutions, gemmPref, heuristicResult));
-
-  if (heuristicResult.empty()) {
-    std::cerr << "No valid solution found!" << std::endl;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Make sure to initialize everytime the algo changes
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.initialize(heuristicResult[0].algo, workspace));
-
-  // Get the default values from the grouepdgemm object
-  groupedgemm.getDefaultValueForDeviceUserArguments(userArgs);
-  // Copy them to device memory
-  // hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* d_userArgs;
-  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&d_userArgs, m.size() * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments), stream));
-  NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemcpy(d_userArgs, userArgs, m.size() * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments),
-                            hipMemcpyHostToDevice));
-
-  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.run(d_userArgs, stream));
-  // NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.initialize(heuristicResult[0].algo, workspace, false, stream));
-  // NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.run(stream));
-
-  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(d_userArgs, stream));
-  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(userArgs));
-}
-
-#endif  //USE_HIPBLASLT
-
-#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS  // Use rocblas + kernel, no fusion
-
-inline void CreateRocblasHandle(rocblas_handle* handle) {
-  NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_create_handle(handle));
-}
-
-using rocblasHandleManager = detail::HandleManager<rocblas_handle, CreateRocblasHandle>;
-void rocblas_gemm(const Tensor* inputA, const Tensor* inputB, Tensor* outputD,
-                  const Tensor* inputBias, Tensor* outputPreGelu, int m, int n, int k, int lda,
-                  int ldb, int ldd, rocblas_operation transa, rocblas_operation transb, bool grad,
-                  void* workspace, size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate,
-                  bool use_split_accumulator, int math_sm_count, int m_split, int n_split,
-                  bool gemm_producer, const Tensor* inputCounter, hipStream_t stream) {
-  void* A = inputA->data.dptr;
-  void* A_scale_inverse = inputA->scale_inv.dptr;
-  void* B = inputB->data.dptr;
-  void* B_scale_inverse = inputB->scale_inv.dptr;
-  void* C = outputD->data.dptr;
-  void* D = outputD->data.dptr;
-  void* D_scale = outputD->scale.dptr;
-  void* D_amax = outputD->amax.dptr;
-  void* bias_ptr = inputBias->data.dptr;
-  const bool bias = bias_ptr != nullptr;
-  void* pre_gelu_out = outputPreGelu->data.dptr;
-  const bool gelu = pre_gelu_out != nullptr;
-  const bool use_fp8 = is_fp8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || is_fp8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
-  const rocblas_datatype A_type = get_rocblas_dtype(inputA->data.dtype);
-  const rocblas_datatype B_type = get_rocblas_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
-  const rocblas_datatype D_type = get_rocblas_dtype(outputD->data.dtype);
-  const rocblas_datatype bias_type = get_rocblas_dtype(inputBias->data.dtype);
-  const rocblas_datatype gelu_type = get_rocblas_dtype(outputPreGelu->data.dtype);
-
-  // check consistency of arguments:
-  // if fp8 is desired, context cannot be null
-  // fp8 + gelu fusion + fp8 aux is unavailable right now.
-  if (use_fp8 && gelu) {
-    NVTE_CHECK(!is_fp8_dtype(outputPreGelu->data.dtype),
-               "fp8 Aux output for gemm + gelu fusion not supported!");
-  }
-  if (is_fp8_dtype(outputD->data.dtype)) {
-    NVTE_CHECK(!accumulate, "Accumulation mode not supported with FP8 GEMM output!");
-  }
-  // fp8 + grad unavailable in upstream
-  NVTE_CHECK(!(use_fp8 && grad), "fp8 + grad not supported!");
-
-  float one = 1.0;
-  float zero = 0.0;
-  float beta = (accumulate) ? one : zero;
-
-  float alpha = 1.0;
-  if (use_fp8) {
-    float A_scale_inv, B_scale_inv;
-    (void)hipMemcpy(&A_scale_inv, A_scale_inverse, sizeof(float), hipMemcpyDeviceToHost);
-    (void)hipMemcpy(&B_scale_inv, B_scale_inverse, sizeof(float), hipMemcpyDeviceToHost);
-    alpha = A_scale_inv * B_scale_inv;
-  }
-
-  rocblas_handle handle = rocblasHandleManager::Instance().GetHandle();
-  NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_set_stream(handle, stream));
-
-  // extract the stream order alloc env
-  bool stream_order_alloc = false;
-  if (const char* env_p = std::getenv("ROCBLAS_STREAM_ORDER_ALLOC")) {
-    if (env_p == nullptr || std::string(env_p) == "1") stream_order_alloc = true;
-  }
-
-  int64_t ld_gelumat = (int64_t)ldd;
-
-  NVTE_CHECK((A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r &&
-              D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r) ||
-                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
-                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r),
-             "Only the following combinations of data types are enabled now!\n\
-1. input: fp32, output: fp32.\n\
-2. input: fp16, output: fp16.\n\
-3. input: bf16, output: bf16.\n\
-4. input: fp8/bf8, output: fp8/bf8, fp16/bf16, fp32");
-
-  //If D is not fp32, then we need a temp buffer for GEMM result before applying epilogues. Otherwise, we can apply epilogues in-place.
-  // with bias or gelu, allocate fp32 D_temp if the output is not fp32
-  // with input fp8/bf8 (use_fp8) and bf16 output, need a fp32 D_temp, as rocblas does not support this case (fp8/bf8 input fp16/fp32 output is supported)
-  // with use_fp8 true and fp8/bf8 output, need fp32 D_temp to support amax and scale operation
-  void* D_temp;
-  if (((bias || gelu) && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r)) ||
-      (use_fp8 && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r ||
-                   D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r))) {
-    if (!stream_order_alloc) {
-      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(&D_temp, sizeof(float) * m * n));
-    } else {
-      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&D_temp, sizeof(float) * m * n, stream));
-    }
-  } else {
-    D_temp = D;
-  }
-
-  // When Ti=To=fp16 and there is no bias or gelu, D_temp points to D and we would like it to be fp16
-  rocblas_datatype D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_f32_r;
-  if (!(bias || gelu) && (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r &&
-                          D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r)) {
-    D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_f16_r;
-  }
-  // When Ti=To=bf16 and there is no bias or gelu, D_temp points to D and we would like it to be bf16
-  if (!(bias || gelu) && (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r &&
-                          D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r)) {
-    D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_bf16_r;
-  }
-  // When Ti in fp8 or bf8, To=fp16, there is no bias or gelu, D_temp points to D and we would like it to be fp16, as rocblas support this case.
-  if ((!(bias || gelu)) && (use_fp8 && D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r)) {
-    D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_f16_r;
-  }
-
-  if (accumulate && (D_temp != D || D_temp_type != D_type)) {
-    DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
-    TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-        output_dtype, OType,
-        //D_temp allocated only with fp32
-        detail::identity_kernelLauncher<OType, float>(
-            reinterpret_cast<const OType*>(D), reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_temp), m * n, stream););
-  }
-
-  // D = alpha * (A * B) + beta * C
-  if (use_fp8) {
-    rocblas_computetype computeType = rocblas_compute_type_f32;
-    NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_gemm_ex3(handle, transa, transb, m, n, k, &alpha, A, A_type, lda, B,
-                                        B_type, ldb, &beta, D_temp, D_temp_type, ldd, D_temp,
-                                        D_temp_type, ldd, computeType,
-                                        rocblas_gemm_algo::rocblas_gemm_algo_standard, 0, 0));
-  } else {
-    rocblas_datatype computeType = rocblas_datatype_f32_r;
-    uint32_t flags = rocblas_gemm_flags_none;
-    if ((A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) && grad) {
-      flags = rocblas_gemm_flags_fp16_alt_impl;
-    }
-    NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_gemm_ex(handle, transa, transb, m, n, k, &alpha, A, A_type, lda, B,
-                                       B_type, ldb, &beta, D_temp, D_temp_type, ldd, D_temp,
-                                       D_temp_type, ldd, computeType,
-                                       rocblas_gemm_algo::rocblas_gemm_algo_standard, 0, flags));
-  }
-
-  int batch_size, input_dim, output_dim;
-  if (bias && gelu) {
-    if (grad) {
-      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU_BGRAD;
-      // Apply GELU gradient to D_temp and store in D
-      // Apply bias gradient to D (D is already the result of GELU gradient) and store in bias_ptr;
-      // This case is NN
-      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
-      // The bias vector length is m. So it will be reduced along axis 0 in row major
-      // (TODO): The cublasLt doc is not very clear wrt the bias gradient here.
-      // It does not explicitly say that it goes through GELU gradient first. We will need to
-      // confirm in the future. As of now, my implementation for the bias gradient takes
-      // the GELU gradient result in lower precision (D). It might be better to take the GELU
-      // gradient result in fp32 but as it requires some kernel changes I would only do that
-      // once we confirm that this is the right form of the epilogue.
-      // This is for linear1 -> gelu -> linear2
-      // compute dX = dY * W for linear2
-      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=dY)
-      batch_size = n;
-      input_dim =
-          m;  // input dimension of the second linear layer is the output dimension of the first linear layer
-      output_dim = k;
-      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
-      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
-      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-          output_dtype, OType,
-          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-              gelu_dtype, GType,
-              detail::gelu_backward_kernelLauncher<OType, GType>(
-                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
-                  reinterpret_cast<const GType*>(pre_gelu_out), batch_size, input_dim, stream);););
-
-      void* bias_tmp;
-      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
-        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(
-              &bias_tmp,
-              sizeof(float) * input_dim));  // The bias gradient is for the first linear layer
-        } else {
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&bias_tmp, sizeof(float) * input_dim, stream));
-        }
-      } else {
-        bias_tmp = bias_ptr;
-      }
-
-      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-          output_dtype, OType,
-          detail::bias_gradient_kernelLauncher<OType>(
-              reinterpret_cast<const OType*>(D), reinterpret_cast<float*>(bias_tmp), batch_size,
-              input_dim, stream_order_alloc, stream););
-
-      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
-        DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
-        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-            bias_dtype, BType,
-            detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, BType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(bias_tmp),
-                                                          reinterpret_cast<BType*>(bias_ptr),
-                                                          input_dim, stream););
-        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(bias_tmp));
-        } else {
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(bias_tmp, stream));
-        }
-      }
-
-    } else {
-      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX_BIAS;
-      // Add bias_ptr to D_temp and store in pre_gelu_out, and apply GELU to the pre_gelu_output and then store in D
-      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
-      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=X, transA=T)
-      batch_size = n;
-      input_dim = k;
-      output_dim = m;
-      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
-      DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
-      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
-      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-          output_dtype, OType,
-          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-              gelu_dtype, GType,
-              TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-                  bias_dtype, BType,
-                  detail::add_bias_gelu_kernelLauncher<OType, GType, BType>(
-                      reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
-                      reinterpret_cast<GType*>(pre_gelu_out),
-                      reinterpret_cast<const BType*>(bias_ptr), reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax),
-                      reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), batch_size, output_dim,
-                      stream););););
-    }
-  } else if (bias) {
-    if (grad) {
-      // grad output is always input B
-      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BGRADB;
-      // Apply bias gradient to matrix B and store in bias_ptr, reduce along the k dimension, output bias length is n
-      // As B is transposed, is of shape (n, k) in column major, and is of shape (k, n) in row major.
-      // bias gradient vector length is n. So it will be reduced along axis 0 in row major.
-      // The backward pass calculate the bias gradient along with dW = dY^T * X
-      // gemm_ex(A=X, B = dY, transB=T)
-      batch_size = k;
-      input_dim = m;
-      output_dim = n;
-      void* bias_tmp;
-      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
-        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(&bias_tmp, sizeof(float) * output_dim));
-        } else {
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&bias_tmp, sizeof(float) * output_dim, stream));
-        }
-      } else {
-        bias_tmp = bias_ptr;
-      }
-
-      DType input_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(B_type);
-      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
-      DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
-      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-          input_dtype, IType,
-          detail::bias_gradient_kernelLauncher<IType>(
-              reinterpret_cast<const IType*>(B), reinterpret_cast<float*>(bias_tmp), batch_size,
-              output_dim, stream_order_alloc, stream););
-      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
-        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-            bias_dtype, BType,
-            detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, BType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(bias_tmp),
-                                                          reinterpret_cast<BType*>(bias_ptr),
-                                                          output_dim, stream););
-        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(bias_tmp));
-        } else {
-          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(bias_tmp, stream));
-        }
-      }
-      if (D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) {
-        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-            output_dtype, OType,
-            detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, OType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp),
-                                                          reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
-                                                          input_dim * output_dim, stream););
-      }
-    } else {
-      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;
-      // Broadcast bias and add it to D_temp and store in D. The bias vector length is m
-      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
-      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=X, transA=T)
-      batch_size = n;
-      input_dim = k;
-      output_dim = m;
-      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
-      DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
-      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-          output_dtype, OType,
-          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-              bias_dtype, BType,
-              detail::add_bias_kernelLauncher<OType, BType>(
-                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
-                  reinterpret_cast<const BType*>(bias_ptr), reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax),
-                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), batch_size, output_dim, stream);););
-    }
-  } else if (gelu) {
-    if (grad) {
-      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU;
-      // Take input from pre_gelu_out and apply GELU gradients to D_temp and store result in D
-      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
-      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=dY)
-      batch_size = n;
-      input_dim = m;
-      output_dim = k;
-      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
-      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
-      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-          output_dtype, OType,
-          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-              gelu_dtype, GType,
-              detail::gelu_backward_kernelLauncher<OType, GType>(
-                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
-                  reinterpret_cast<const GType*>(pre_gelu_out), batch_size, input_dim, stream);););
-    } else {
-      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX;
-      // Store (quantized) D_temp in pre_gelu_out, and apply GELU to D_temp then store in D
-      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
-      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=X, transA=T)
-      batch_size = n;
-      input_dim = k;
-      output_dim = m;
-
-      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
-      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-          gelu_dtype, GType,
-          detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, GType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp),
-                                                        reinterpret_cast<GType*>(pre_gelu_out),
-                                                        batch_size * output_dim, stream););
-      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
-      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-          output_dtype, OType,
-          detail::gelu_forward_kernelLauncher<OType>(
-              reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
-              reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax), reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), batch_size,
-              output_dim, stream););
-    }
-  } else {  // No epilogue - !(bias || gelu)
-    if (use_fp8 && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r ||
-                    D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r)) {
-      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
-      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
-          output_dtype, OType,
-          detail::identity_output_kernelLauncher<OType>(
-              reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
-              reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax), reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), m * n,
-              stream););
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (((bias || gelu) && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r)) ||
-      (use_fp8 && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r ||
-                   D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r))) {
-    if (!stream_order_alloc) {
-      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(D_temp));
-    } else {
-      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(D_temp, stream));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#endif  //USE_ROCBLAS
-
-void cublas_gemm(const Tensor* inputA, const Tensor* inputB, Tensor* outputD,
-                 const Tensor* inputBias, Tensor* outputPreGelu, int m, int n, int k, int lda,
-                 int ldb, int ldd, bool transa, bool transb, bool grad, void* workspace,
-                 size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate, bool use_split_accumulator,
-                 int math_sm_count, int m_split, int n_split, bool gemm_producer,
-                 const Tensor* inputCounter, hipStream_t stream, bool nvte_use_hipblaslt = 0,
-                 bool nvte_use_rocblas = 0, int compute_stream_offset = -1) {
-  /*If no backend is specified with env variable use HIPBLASLT unless it is disabled
-  If HIPBLASLT backend is enabled and requested, use it despite ROCBLAS status
-  Otherwise use ROCBLAS 
-*/
-
-  bool use_hipblaslt = (std::getenv("NVTE_USE_HIPBLASLT") != nullptr) || nvte_use_hipblaslt;
-  bool use_rocblas = (std::getenv("NVTE_USE_ROCBLAS") != nullptr) || nvte_use_rocblas;
-
-#if !defined(USE_HIPBLASLT) && !defined(USE_ROCBLAS)
-#error GEMM backend is not specified
-#elif !defined(USE_HIPBLASLT)
-  if (use_hipblaslt) {
-    use_hipblaslt = false;
-    use_rocblas = true;
-    std::cout << "[NOTICE] hipBLASLt is not enabled, NVTE_USE_HIPBLASLT env is ignored\n";
-  }
-#elif !defined(USE_ROCBLAS)
-  if (use_rocblas) {
-    use_rocblas = false;
-    use_hipblaslt = true;
-    std::cout << "[NOTICE] rocBLAS is not enabled, NVTE_USE_ROCBLAS env is ignored\n";
-  }
-#else
-  if (use_hipblaslt && use_rocblas) {
-    use_rocblas = false;
-    use_hipblaslt = true;
-    // std::cout << "[NOTICE] Two GEMM backend are enabled, hipBLASLt will be used\n";
-  } else if (!use_hipblaslt && !use_rocblas) {
-    use_rocblas = false;
-    use_hipblaslt = true;
-    // std::cout << "[NOTICE] Two GEMM backend are disabled, hipBLASLt will be used\n";
-  }
-#endif
-
-#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
-  if (use_hipblaslt || !use_rocblas) {
-    // Check compute_stream_offset valid.
-    NVTE_CHECK(compute_stream_offset >= -1 && compute_stream_offset < compute_num_streams);
-
-    hipblasLtHandle_t handle = nullptr;
-    if (compute_stream_offset != -1) {
-      // Init hipblaslt handles (once, globally)
-      static std::once_flag init_flag;
-      static hipblasLtHandle_t hipblaslt_handles[compute_num_streams];
-      std::call_once(init_flag, init_hipblaslt_handles, hipblaslt_handles);
-
-      handle = hipblaslt_handles[compute_stream_offset];
-    }
-
-    hipblaslt_gemm(inputA, inputB, outputD, inputBias, outputPreGelu, m, n, k, lda, ldb, ldd,
-                   (transa) ? HIPBLAS_OP_T : HIPBLAS_OP_N, (transb) ? HIPBLAS_OP_T : HIPBLAS_OP_N,
-                   grad, workspace, workspaceSize, accumulate, use_split_accumulator, math_sm_count,
-                   m_split, n_split, gemm_producer, inputCounter, stream, handle);
-
-    return;
-  }
-#endif
-
-#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
-  if (use_rocblas) {
-    rocblas_gemm(inputA, inputB, outputD, inputBias, outputPreGelu, m, n, k, lda, ldb, ldd,
-                 (transa) ? rocblas_operation_transpose : rocblas_operation_none,
-                 (transb) ? rocblas_operation_transpose : rocblas_operation_none, grad, workspace,
-                 workspaceSize, accumulate, use_split_accumulator, math_sm_count, m_split, n_split,
-                 gemm_producer, inputCounter, stream);
-  }
-#endif
-}
-
-}  //namespace transformer_engine
+/*************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2023-2025, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * License for AMD contributions = MIT. See LICENSE for more information
+ ************************************************************************/
+#include <transformer_engine/gemm.h>
+#include <transformer_engine/transformer_engine.h>
+
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
+#include <hipblaslt/hipblaslt.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <forward_list>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
+#define ROCBLAS_BETA_FEATURES_API
+#include <rocblas/rocblas.h>
+
+#include <hipblaslt/hipblaslt-ext.hpp>
+#include <hipcub/hipcub.hpp>
+
+#endif
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "../common.h"
+#include "../util/handle_manager.h"
+#include "../util/logging.h"
+#include "../util/vectorized_pointwise.h"
+
+
+namespace {
+
+#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
+
+static hipDataType get_hipblaslt_dtype(const transformer_engine::DType t) {
+  using namespace transformer_engine;
+  switch (t) {
+    case DType::kFloat16:
+      return HIP_R_16F;
+    case DType::kFloat32:
+      return HIP_R_32F;
+    case DType::kBFloat16:
+      return HIP_R_16BF;
+    case DType::kFloat8E4M3:
+      return HIP_R_8F_E4M3;
+    case DType::kFloat8E5M2:
+      return HIP_R_8F_E5M2;
+    case DType::kInt8:
+      return HIP_R_8I;
+    case DType::kInt32:
+      return HIP_R_32I;
+    default:
+      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
+rocblas_datatype get_rocblas_dtype(const transformer_engine::DType t) {
+  using namespace transformer_engine;
+  switch (t) {
+    case DType::kFloat16:
+      return rocblas_datatype_f16_r;
+    case DType::kFloat32:
+      return rocblas_datatype_f32_r;
+    case DType::kBFloat16:
+      return rocblas_datatype_bf16_r;
+    case DType::kFloat8E4M3:
+      return rocblas_datatype_f8_r;
+    case DType::kFloat8E5M2:
+      return rocblas_datatype_bf8_r;
+    default:
+      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+}  //namespace
+
+namespace transformer_engine {
+
+#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
+
+namespace detail {
+
+struct Empty {};
+
+__device__ inline fp32 identity(fp32 value, const Empty&) { return value; }
+
+__inline__ __device__ float gelu(float x, const Empty&) {
+  float cdf = 0.5f * (1.0f + tanhf((0.7978845608028654f * (x + 0.044715f * x * x * x))));
+  return x * cdf;
+}
+
+__inline__ __device__ float gelu_forward(float x) {
+  float cdf = 0.5f * (1.0f + tanhf((0.7978845608028654f * (x + 0.044715f * x * x * x))));
+  return x * cdf;
+}
+
+template <typename T, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
+__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
+    gelu_forward_kernel(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int m, int n) {
+  // fp8 output flow
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
+    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
+    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
+    float thread_amax = 0;
+    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+      float x = in[id];
+      float y = gelu_forward(x);
+      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * y);
+      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(y), thread_amax);
+    }
+    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
+    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
+      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+      float x = in[id];
+      float y = gelu_forward(x);
+      out[id] = (T)(y);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void gelu_forward_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int m,
+                                 int n, hipStream_t stream) {
+  dim3 block, grid;
+  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
+  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
+  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * m * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
+  hipLaunchKernelGGL((gelu_forward_kernel<T, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0,
+                     stream, in, out, amax, scale, m, n);
+}
+
+__inline__ __device__ float gelu_backward(float x, float dy) {
+  constexpr float kBeta = 0.7978845608028654f;
+  constexpr float kKappa = 0.044715f;
+  float x_sq = x * x;
+  float x_cube = x_sq * x;
+  float tanh_inner = tanhf((kBeta * (x + kKappa * x_cube)));
+
+  float left = 0.5 * x;
+  float right = 1.0f + tanh_inner;
+
+  float left_derivative = 0.5 * right;
+
+  float tanh_derivative = 1 - tanh_inner * tanh_inner;
+  float inner_derivative = kBeta * (1.0f + 3.0 * kKappa * x_sq);
+  float right_derivative = left * tanh_derivative * inner_derivative;
+
+  return dy * (left_derivative + right_derivative);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Taux>
+__global__ void gelu_backward_kernel(const float* dy, T* out, const Taux* __restrict pre_gelu_out,
+                                     int m, int n) {
+  for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+    float x = (float)pre_gelu_out[id];
+    float dx = (float)gelu_backward(x, dy[id]);
+    out[id] = (T)(dx);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Taux>
+void gelu_backward_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, const Taux* pre_gelu_out, int m, int n,
+                                  hipStream_t stream) {
+  int blocks_per_row = ceil(float(n) / 256);
+  dim3 grid(min(m * blocks_per_row, 65536));
+  dim3 block(min(n, 256));
+  hipLaunchKernelGGL((gelu_backward_kernel<T, Taux>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out,
+                     pre_gelu_out, m, n);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Tb, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
+__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
+    add_bias_kernel(const float* in, T* out, const Tb* __restrict bias, float* amax,
+                    const float* scale, int m, int n) {
+  // fp8 output flow
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
+    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
+    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
+    float thread_amax = 0;
+    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
+      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
+      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * val);
+      // deal with amax of D
+      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(val), thread_amax);
+    }
+    // num_valid can be ignored since each thread amax is set to 0
+    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
+    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
+      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
+      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
+      out[id] = (T)(val);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Tb>
+void add_bias_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, const Tb* __restrict bias, float* amax,
+                             const float* scale, int m, int n, hipStream_t stream) {
+  dim3 block, grid;
+  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
+  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
+  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * m * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
+  hipLaunchKernelGGL((add_bias_kernel<T, Tb, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0,
+                     stream, in, out, bias, amax, scale, m, n);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Taux, typename Tb, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
+__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
+    add_bias_gelu_kernel(const float* in, T* out, Taux* pre_gelu_out, const Tb* __restrict bias,
+                         float* amax, const float* scale, int m, int n) {
+  // fp8 output flow
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
+    // only need to deal with amax and scale of D, no need to deal with amax and scale of pre_gelu_out
+    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
+    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
+    float thread_amax = 0;
+    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
+      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
+      // pre_gelu_out guaranteed not to be fp8 type
+      pre_gelu_out[id] = (Taux)(val);
+      val = gelu_forward(val);
+      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * val);
+      // deal with amax of D
+      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(val), thread_amax);
+    }
+    // num_valid can be ignored since each thread amax is set to 0
+    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
+    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
+      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
+      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
+      pre_gelu_out[id] = (Taux)(val);
+      out[id] = (T)(gelu_forward(val));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Taux, typename Tb>
+void add_bias_gelu_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, Taux* pre_gelu_out,
+                                  const Tb* __restrict bias, float* amax, const float* scale, int m,
+                                  int n, hipStream_t stream) {
+  dim3 block, grid;
+  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
+  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
+  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * m * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
+  hipLaunchKernelGGL((add_bias_gelu_kernel<T, Taux, Tb, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid),
+                     dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out, pre_gelu_out, bias, amax, scale, m, n);
+}
+
+template <typename Tin, typename T>
+__global__ void identity_kernel(const Tin* in, T* out, int n) {
+  for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+    Tin val = in[id];
+    out[id] = (T)(val);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Tin, typename T>
+void identity_kernelLauncher(const Tin* in, T* out, int n, hipStream_t stream) {
+  dim3 block, grid;
+  block.x = 256;
+  grid.x = ceil(n / 256.);
+  hipLaunchKernelGGL((identity_kernel<Tin, T>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out, n);
+}
+
+template <typename T, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
+__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
+    identity_output_kernel(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int n) {
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
+    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
+    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
+    float thread_amax = 0;
+    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+      float val = in[id];
+      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * val);
+      // deal with amax of D
+      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(val), thread_amax);
+    }
+    // num_valid can be ignored since each thread amax is set to 0
+    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
+    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
+      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
+      float val = in[id];
+      out[id] = (T)(val);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void identity_output_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int n,
+                                    hipStream_t stream) {
+  dim3 block, grid;
+  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
+  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
+  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
+  hipLaunchKernelGGL((identity_output_kernel<T, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0,
+                     stream, in, out, amax, scale, n);
+}
+
+template <typename Tin, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
+__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
+    bias_gradient_kernel(const Tin* in, float* out, int m, int n) {
+  typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
+  __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
+
+  int BLOCKS_PER_COL = ceil(float(m) / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
+  int THREADS_PER_COL = BLOCKS_PER_COL * THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
+  int idx = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.x * blockDim.x;
+  int col_idx = idx / THREADS_PER_COL;
+  int row_idx = idx % THREADS_PER_COL;
+  float thread_data;
+  if (row_idx < m) thread_data = (float)in[row_idx * n + col_idx];
+  float local_sum;
+  if (row_idx < (BLOCKS_PER_COL - 1) * THREADS_PER_BLOCK) {
+    local_sum = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Sum(thread_data);
+  } else {
+    local_sum = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage)
+                    .Sum(thread_data, m - (BLOCKS_PER_COL - 1) * THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
+  }
+  if (threadIdx.x == 0) atomicAdd(&out[col_idx], local_sum);
+}
+
+constexpr int kColwiseReduceTileSize = 32;
+
+template <typename T>
+__inline__ __device__ T WarpReduceSum(T val, int max = 32) {
+  for (int offset = max; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {
+    val += __shfl_down(val, offset);
+  }
+  return val;
+}
+
+template <typename InputType>
+__launch_bounds__(1024) __global__
+    void bias_gradient_kernel_v2(float* dst, const InputType* src, int M, int N) {
+  __shared__ float g_shared[kColwiseReduceTileSize][kColwiseReduceTileSize];
+  const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
+  float grad_sum = 0.f;
+  if (j < N) {
+    for (int i = threadIdx.y; i < M; i += blockDim.y) {
+      grad_sum += static_cast<float>(src[i * N + j]);
+    }
+  }
+  g_shared[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = grad_sum;
+  __syncthreads();
+  float sum = g_shared[threadIdx.x][threadIdx.y];
+  sum = WarpReduceSum<float>(sum, kColwiseReduceTileSize / 2);
+  if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
+    const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.y;
+    if (j < N) {
+      dst[j] = static_cast<float>(sum);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename OutputType>
+__launch_bounds__(1024) __global__
+    void tensorwise_int8_bias_gradient_kernel(OutputType* dst, const int8_t* src, float* scale, int M, int N) {
+  __shared__ float g_shared[kColwiseReduceTileSize][kColwiseReduceTileSize];
+  const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
+  float grad_sum = 0.f;
+  float tensorwise_scale = scale[0];
+  if (j < N) {
+    for (int i = threadIdx.y; i < M; i += blockDim.y) {
+      grad_sum += static_cast<float>(src[i * N + j]) * tensorwise_scale;
+    }
+  }
+  g_shared[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = grad_sum;
+  __syncthreads();
+  float sum = g_shared[threadIdx.x][threadIdx.y];
+  sum = WarpReduceSum<float>(sum, kColwiseReduceTileSize / 2);
+  if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
+    const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.y;
+    if (j < N) {
+      dst[j] = static_cast<OutputType>(sum);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Tin>
+void bias_gradient_kernelLauncher(const Tin* in, float* out, int m, int n, bool stream_order_alloc,
+                                  hipStream_t stream) {
+  dim3 block, grid;
+  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
+  int BLOCKS_PER_COL = ceil(float(m) / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
+  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
+  grid.x = BLOCKS_PER_COL * n;
+  if (!stream_order_alloc) {
+    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemset(out, 0, n * sizeof(float)));
+  } else {
+    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemsetAsync(out, 0, n * sizeof(float), stream));
+  }
+  // hipLaunchKernelGGL(( bias_gradient_kernel<Tin, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out, m, n);
+  int B = (n - 1) / kColwiseReduceTileSize + 1;
+  bias_gradient_kernel_v2<Tin>
+      <<<B, dim3(kColwiseReduceTileSize, kColwiseReduceTileSize), 0, stream>>>(out, in, m, n);
+}
+
+template <typename Tout>
+void tensorwise_int8_bias_gradient_kernelLauncher(const int8_t* in, Tout* out, float* scale, int m, int n, hipStream_t stream) {
+  dim3 block, grid;
+  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
+  int BLOCKS_PER_COL = ceil(float(m) / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
+  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
+  grid.x = BLOCKS_PER_COL * n;
+  NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemsetAsync(out, 0, n * sizeof(Tout), stream));
+  int B = (n - 1) / kColwiseReduceTileSize + 1;
+  tensorwise_int8_bias_gradient_kernel<Tout>
+      <<<B, dim3(kColwiseReduceTileSize, kColwiseReduceTileSize), 0, stream>>>(out, in, scale, m, n);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+transformer_engine::DType get_transformer_engine_dtype(const rocblas_datatype t) {
+  using namespace transformer_engine;
+  switch (t) {
+    case rocblas_datatype_f16_r:
+      return DType::kFloat16;
+    case rocblas_datatype_f32_r:
+      return DType::kFloat32;
+    case rocblas_datatype_bf16_r:
+      return DType::kBFloat16;
+    case rocblas_datatype_f8_r:
+      return DType::kFloat8E4M3;
+    case rocblas_datatype_bf8_r:
+      return DType::kFloat8E5M2;
+    default:
+      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
+  }
+}
+#endif  //USE_ROCBLAS
+
+#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
+
+namespace {
+
+static class HandlePool {
+ public:
+  hipblasLtHandle_t get(int device_id) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
+
+    if (pool.empty()) {
+      int device_count = 0;
+      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDeviceCount(&device_count));
+      pool.resize(device_count);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    if (!pool[device_id].empty()) {
+      hipblasLtHandle_t h = pool[device_id].front();
+      pool[device_id].pop_front();
+      return h;
+    }
+
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  hipblasLtHandle_t obtain(int device_id) {
+    hipblasLtHandle_t h = get(device_id);
+    if (h == nullptr) {
+      NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtCreate(&h));
+    }
+    return h;
+  }
+
+  void store(const std::vector<hipblasLtHandle_t>& handles) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
+    if (pool.empty()) {
+      std::cout << "[ERROR] Attempt to store handles to invalid pool" << std::endl;
+    }
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < pool.size(); i++) {
+      if (handles[i] != nullptr) {
+        pool[i].push_front(handles[i]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  ~HandlePool() {
+#if DESTROY_HIPBLASLT_HANDLES_POOL
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
+    for (auto& hlist : pool) {
+      for (auto& h : hlist) {
+        hipblasLtDestroy(h);
+      }
+    }
+    pool.clear();
+#endif
+  }
+
+  inline size_t get_size() const { return pool.size(); }
+
+ private:
+  std::mutex mt;
+  using Pool = std::vector<std::forward_list<hipblasLtHandle_t>>;
+  // Order of destructors between thread_local and global is not actually guaranteed
+  // As a simple w/a make pool storage "leaky"
+  // Just do not destruct it and do not destroy hipbladLt handles
+  // Let OS deal with it on application exit
+#if DESTROY_HIPBLASLT_HANDLES_POOL
+  Pool pool;
+#else
+  Pool& pool = *new Pool();
+#endif
+} handle_pool;
+
+thread_local static class HandleCache {
+ public:
+  hipblasLtHandle_t get(int device_id) const { return d.empty() ? nullptr : d[device_id]; }
+
+  hipblasLtHandle_t obtain(int device_id) {
+    hipblasLtHandle_t h = get(device_id);
+    if (h) {
+      return h;
+    }
+    h = handle_pool.obtain(device_id);
+    set(device_id, h);
+    return h;
+  }
+
+  void set(int device_id, hipblasLtHandle_t h) {
+    if (d.empty()) {
+      d.resize(handle_pool.get_size());
+    }
+    d[device_id] = h;
+  }
+
+  ~HandleCache() {
+    if (!d.empty()) {
+      handle_pool.store(d);
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<hipblasLtHandle_t> d;
+} cached_handles;
+
+class csv_helper {
+ public:
+  struct start {};
+  struct end {};
+
+  csv_helper(std::ostream& os, char sep_val)
+      : m_os{os}, m_sep_val(sep_val), m_start(true), m_sep("") {}
+
+  csv_helper& operator<<(const start&) {
+    m_start = true;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  csv_helper& operator<<(const end&) {
+    m_sep = "";
+    m_start = false;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  csv_helper& operator<<(const T& v) {
+    m_os << m_sep << v;
+    if (m_start) {
+      m_start = false;
+      m_sep = m_sep_val;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::ostream& m_os;
+  char m_sep_val;
+  bool m_start;
+  std::string m_sep;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class NameMapper {
+ public:
+  NameMapper(const std::unordered_map<T, std::string_view>& name_map) : map(name_map) {}
+  const std::string_view& getName(const T& val) { return map.at(val); }
+  T getValue(const std::string& name, const char* label = "",
+             std::function<bool(const T&)> filter = nullptr) {
+    for (auto iter = map.begin(); iter != map.end(); ++iter) {
+      if ((name == iter->second) && (!filter || filter(iter->first))) return iter->first;
+    }
+    NVTE_ERROR("Invalid ", label, " name: ", name);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  const std::unordered_map<T, std::string_view>& map;
+};
+
+static std::unordered_map<hipDataType, std::string_view> type_name_map = {
+    {HIP_R_32F, "float32"},
+    {HIP_R_16F, "float16"},
+    {HIP_R_16BF, "bfloat16"},
+    {HIP_R_8F_E4M3_FNUZ, "float8e4m3"},
+    {HIP_R_8F_E5M2_FNUZ, "float8e5m2"},
+#if HIP_VERSION >= 60300000
+    {HIP_R_8F_E4M3, "float8e4m3"},
+    {HIP_R_8F_E5M2, "float8e5m2"},
+#endif
+};
+static NameMapper<hipDataType> typeNameMapper(type_name_map);
+
+static std::unordered_map<hipblasOperation_t, std::string_view> trans_name_map = {
+    {HIPBLAS_OP_N, "N"}, {HIPBLAS_OP_T, "T"}};
+static NameMapper<hipblasOperation_t> transposeNameMapper(trans_name_map);
+
+static std::unordered_map<hipblasLtEpilogue_t, std::string_view> epi_name_map = {
+    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DEFAULT, "-"},        {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS, "bias"},
+    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX, "geluaux"}, {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX_BIAS, "geluauxbias"},
+    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU, "dgelu"},      {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU_BGRAD, "dgelubgrad"},
+    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BGRADB, "bgradb"}};
+static NameMapper<hipblasLtEpilogue_t> epilogueNameMapper(epi_name_map);
+
+static std::unordered_map<hipblasComputeType_t, std::string_view> comp_name_map = {
+    {HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F, "f32"}};
+static NameMapper<hipblasComputeType_t> computeNameMapper(comp_name_map);
+
+static class GemmAlgoCache {
+ public:
+  struct Key {
+    int deviceCap;
+    hipDataType a_type, b_type, d_type, bias_type;
+    int m, n, k;
+    int lda, ldb, ldd;
+    hipblasOperation_t transa, transb;
+    hipblasLtEpilogue_t epilogue;
+
+    Key(int deviceCap_, hipDataType a_type_, hipDataType b_type_, hipDataType d_type_,
+        hipDataType bias_type_, int m_, int n_, int k_, int lda_, int ldb_, int ldd_,
+        hipblasOperation_t transa_, hipblasOperation_t transb_, hipblasLtEpilogue_t epilogue_)
+        : deviceCap(deviceCap_),
+          a_type(a_type_),
+          b_type(b_type_),
+          d_type(d_type_),
+          bias_type(bias_type_),
+          m(m_),
+          n(n_),
+          k(k_),
+          lda(lda_),
+          ldb(ldb_),
+          ldd(ldd_),
+          transa(transa_),
+          transb(transb_),
+          epilogue(epilogue_) {}
+
+    Key() {}
+
+    bool operator==(const Key& val) const {
+      return ((deviceCap == val.deviceCap) && (a_type == val.a_type) && (b_type == val.b_type) &&
+              (d_type == val.d_type) && (bias_type == val.bias_type) && (m == val.m) &&
+              (n == val.n) && (k == val.k) && (lda == val.lda) && (ldb == val.ldb) &&
+              (ldd == val.ldd) && (transa == val.transa) && (transb == val.transb) &&
+              (epilogue == val.epilogue));
+    }
+
+    struct Comp {
+      bool operator()(const Key& lhs, const Key& rhs) const {
+        return ::std::string_view((const char*)&lhs, sizeof(lhs)) <
+               ::std::string_view((const char*)&rhs, sizeof(rhs));
+      }
+    };
+  };
+
+  void init() {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
+    int device_count = 0;
+    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDeviceCount(&device_count));
+    dev_cap.resize(device_count);
+    for (int i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
+      hipDeviceProp_t prop;
+      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDeviceProperties(&prop, i));
+      dev_cap[i] = prop.major * 100 + prop.minor;
+    }
+    load_();
+    save_();
+  }
+
+  inline int device_cap(int device_id) {
+    if (dev_cap.empty()) init();
+    return dev_cap[device_id];
+  }
+
+  struct Algo {
+    std::optional<hipblasLtMatmulAlgo_t> algo;
+    int64_t algoId;
+    int index;
+    size_t ws_size_min;
+    size_t ws_size_max;
+    Algo() : algo(), index(-1), algoId(), ws_size_min(0), ws_size_max(0) {}
+    Algo(int idx, int64_t id, size_t ws_min, size_t ws_max)
+        : algo(), index(idx), algoId(id), ws_size_min(ws_min), ws_size_max(ws_max) {}
+    inline bool hasId() { return index >= 0; }
+    const static inline int64_t getAlgoId(const hipblasLtMatmulAlgo_t& algo) {
+      return *(const int64_t*)&algo;
+    }
+  };
+
+  bool find(const Key& cfg, size_t ws_size, Algo& algo) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
+    if (auto* pentry = find_(cfg, ws_size, ws_size); pentry != nullptr) {
+      algo = *pentry;
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  void store(const Key& cfg, const Algo& algo) {
+    size_t ws_size_min = algo.ws_size_min;
+    size_t ws_size_max = algo.ws_size_max;
+    NVTE_CHECK(ws_size_max >= ws_size_min, "Invalid WS size");
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
+
+    //Remove overlapping with existing entries;
+    while (auto* pentry = find_(cfg, ws_size_min, ws_size_max)) {
+      if (pentry->ws_size_min <= ws_size_min && pentry->ws_size_max >= ws_size_max) {
+        *pentry = algo;
+        save_();
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (ws_size_max > pentry->ws_size_max) {
+        ws_size_min = pentry->ws_size_max + 1;
+      } else if (ws_size_min < pentry->ws_size_min) {
+        ws_size_max = pentry->ws_size_min - 1;
+      } else {
+        //Should never be here
+        NVTE_ERROR("Cannot merge WS size range");
+      }
+    }
+
+    //Merge to adjusted entry if possible
+    auto* pentry = find_(cfg, ws_size_min - 1, ws_size_min);
+    if (pentry && pentry->algoId == algo.algoId) {
+      pentry->algo = algo.algo;
+      pentry->ws_size_max = ws_size_max;
+      save_();
+    } else {
+      auto it = d.emplace(cfg, algo);
+      it->second.ws_size_min = ws_size_min;
+      it->second.ws_size_max = ws_size_max;
+      save_(it->first, it->second);
+    }
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  Algo* find_(const Key& cfg, size_t ws_min, size_t ws_max) {
+    const auto key_range = d.equal_range(cfg);
+    for (auto i = key_range.first; i != key_range.second; i++) {
+      if (ws_min <= i->second.ws_size_max && ws_max >= i->second.ws_size_min) {
+        return &i->second;
+      }
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  void header_(std::ostream& ofs) {
+    csv_helper fs(ofs, csv_sep);
+    fs << "dev_cap" << "m" << "n" << "k" << "trans_a" << "trans_b"
+       << "type_a" << "type_b" << "type_d" << "bias_type"
+       << "lda" << "ldb" << "ldd" << "epi" << "comp" << "scale"
+       << "ws_min" << "ws_max" << "algo_id" << "aidx";
+  }
+
+  void load_() {
+    const char* env = std::getenv("TE_HIPBLASLT_ALGO_LOAD");
+    if (env == nullptr || env[0] == '\0') {
+      return;
+    }
+    std::ifstream ifs{env};
+    if (!ifs.is_open()) {
+      std::cerr << "Could not load autotune results storage " << env << "\n";
+      return;
+    }
+    std::cout << "Loading autotune results from " << env << "\n";
+
+    Key cfg;
+    std::string line;
+    std::getline(ifs, line);  // the first line with legend
+    {
+      std::ostringstream hline;
+      header_(hline);
+      if (hline.str() != line) {
+        std::cerr << "Incorrect algo storage legend. Expected " << hline.str() << "\n";
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    while (std::getline(ifs, line)) {
+      line.erase(0, line.find_first_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"));
+      if (auto pos = line.find_last_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"); pos != std::string::npos) {
+        line.resize(pos + 1);
+      }
+      if (line.empty() || line[0] == '#') continue;
+      std::istringstream is(line);
+      char c;
+      std::string type_a, type_b, type_d, bias_type, trans_a, trans_b, epi, comp, scale;
+      int64_t algo_id;
+      int algo_idx;
+      size_t ws_min, ws_max;
+
+      is >> std::skipws;
+      is >> cfg.deviceCap >> c >> cfg.m >> c >> cfg.n >> c >> cfg.k >> c;
+
+      //Filter out entries for devices not presented on the curent system
+      bool b_found = false;
+      for (int i = 0; i < dev_cap.size(); i++) {
+        if (dev_cap[i] == cfg.deviceCap) {
+          b_found = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!b_found) continue;
+
+      std::getline(is, trans_a, csv_sep);
+      std::getline(is, trans_b, csv_sep);
+      std::getline(is, type_a, csv_sep);
+      std::getline(is, type_b, csv_sep);
+      std::getline(is, type_d, csv_sep);
+      std::getline(is, bias_type, csv_sep);
+      is >> cfg.lda >> c >> cfg.ldb >> c >> cfg.ldd >> c;
+      std::getline(is, epi, csv_sep);
+      std::getline(is, comp, csv_sep);
+      std::getline(is, scale, csv_sep);
+      is >> ws_min >> c >> ws_max >> c >> algo_id >> c >> algo_idx;
+
+      if (is.bad()) {
+        std::cerr << "Parsing CSV line failed: " << line << "\n";
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (ws_min > ws_max) {
+        std::cout << "[WARNING] Invalid WS size at " << line << "\n";
+        continue;
+      }
+
+#if HIP_VERSION >= 60300000
+      auto fp8_filter = [](const hipDataType& val) {
+        return (val != HIP_R_8F_E4M3_FNUZ && val != HIP_R_8F_E5M2_FNUZ);
+      };
+#else
+      auto fp8_filter = nullptr;
+#endif
+
+      cfg.a_type = typeNameMapper.getValue(type_a, "type_a", fp8_filter);
+      cfg.b_type = typeNameMapper.getValue(type_b, "type_b", fp8_filter);
+      cfg.d_type = typeNameMapper.getValue(type_d, "type_d", fp8_filter);
+      cfg.bias_type = (bias_type == "-")
+                          ? (hipDataType)-1
+                          : typeNameMapper.getValue(bias_type, "bias_type", fp8_filter);
+
+      cfg.transa = transposeNameMapper.getValue(trans_a, "trans_a");
+      cfg.transb = transposeNameMapper.getValue(trans_b, "trans_b");
+
+      cfg.epilogue = epilogueNameMapper.getValue(epi, "epi");
+      //Check and filter out compute and scale types
+      if (computeNameMapper.getValue(comp, "comp") != HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F ||
+          typeNameMapper.getValue(scale, "scale") != HIP_R_32F) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (find_(cfg, ws_min, ws_max)) {
+        std::cout << "[WARNING] Duplicated/overlapped entry in algo cache\n";
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      d.emplace(cfg, Algo(algo_idx, algo_id, ws_min, ws_max));
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool can_save_(bool reopen = false) {
+    if (!save_fs) {
+      const char* temp = std::getenv("TE_HIPBLASLT_ALGO_SAVE");
+      if (temp == nullptr || temp[0] == '\0') {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      save_fs_name = temp;
+
+      pid_t pid = getpid();
+
+      size_t pos = 0;
+      while ((pos = save_fs_name.find("%i", pos)) != std::string::npos) {
+        save_fs_name.replace(pos, 2, std::to_string(pid));
+      }
+
+      save_fs = std::make_unique<std::ofstream>();
+      std::cout << "Saving autotune results to " << save_fs_name << "\n";
+    }
+
+    if (reopen) {
+      if (save_fs->is_open()) {
+        save_fs->close();
+      }
+      save_fs->open(save_fs_name, std::ios_base::trunc);
+    }
+
+    if (save_fs->is_open() && !save_fs->bad()) {
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      if (reopen) std::cerr << "Could not open autotune results storage " << save_fs_name << "\n";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void save_() {
+    if (!can_save_(true)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    header_(*save_fs);
+    *save_fs << "\n";
+
+    for (const auto& elem : d) {
+      save_(elem.first, elem.second);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void save_(const Key& cfg, const Algo& algo) {
+    if (!can_save_()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    csv_helper csv(*save_fs, csv_sep);
+    csv << cfg.deviceCap << cfg.m << cfg.n << cfg.k << transposeNameMapper.getName(cfg.transa)
+        << transposeNameMapper.getName(cfg.transb) << typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.a_type)
+        << typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.b_type) << typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.d_type)
+        << ((cfg.bias_type == (hipDataType)-1) ? "-" : typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.bias_type))
+        << cfg.lda << cfg.ldb << cfg.ldd << epilogueNameMapper.getName(cfg.epilogue)
+        << computeNameMapper.getName(HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F) << typeNameMapper.getName(HIP_R_32F)
+        << algo.ws_size_min << algo.ws_size_max << algo.algoId << algo.index << csv_helper::end()
+        << "\n";
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<int> dev_cap;
+  constexpr static char csv_sep = ',';
+  std::unique_ptr<std::ofstream> save_fs;
+  std::string save_fs_name;
+  std::mutex mt;
+  /* Map of problem config to tuple of ws_size and Algo
+   * When searching, elements matching Key are filtered 
+   * for requested WS size be between Algo.ws_size and pair.first
+   */
+  std::multimap<Key, Algo, Key::Comp> d;
+} algoCache;
+
+static inline int getIntEnv(const char* name, int defval, int minval) {
+  int val = defval;
+  const char* env = std::getenv(name);
+  if (env != nullptr && env[0] != '\0') {
+    val = atoi(env);
+    if (val < minval) {
+      val = minval;
+    }
+  }
+  return val;
+}
+
+}  //namespace
+
+/* Warning: only call once per device!
+ * When calling nvte_multi_stream_cublas_gemm with hipblaslt backend
+ * need to create multiple handles corresponding to compute_streams
+ * to avoid a handle be used by multi-streams concurrently.
+ */
+static void init_hipblaslt_handles(hipblasLtHandle_t* hipblaslt_handles) {
+  NVTE_CHECK(hipblaslt_handles != nullptr);
+  for (int i = 0; i < compute_num_streams; i++) {
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtCreate(&hipblaslt_handles[i]));
+  }
+}
+
+transformer_engine::DType get_transformer_engine_dtype_from_hipblaslt_dtype(const hipDataType t) {
+  using namespace transformer_engine;
+  switch (t) {
+    case HIP_R_16F:
+      return DType::kFloat16;
+    case HIP_R_32F:
+      return DType::kFloat32;
+    case HIP_R_16BF:
+      return DType::kBFloat16;
+    default:
+      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
+  }
+}
+
+void hipblaslt_gemm(const Tensor* inputA, const Tensor* inputB, Tensor* outputD,
+                    const Tensor* inputBias, Tensor* outputPreGelu, int m, int n, int k, int lda,
+                    int ldb, int ldd, hipblasOperation_t transa, hipblasOperation_t transb,
+                    bool grad, void* workspace, size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate,
+                    bool use_split_accumulator, int math_sm_count, int m_split, int n_split,
+                    bool gemm_producer, const Tensor* inputCounter, hipStream_t stream,
+                    hipblasLtHandle_t handle) {
+  void* A = inputA->data.dptr;
+  void* A_scale_inverse = inputA->scale_inv.dptr;
+  float* A_scale_inverse_float = (float*)(inputA->scale_inv.dptr);
+  void* B = inputB->data.dptr;
+  void* B_scale_inverse = inputB->scale_inv.dptr;
+  float* B_scale_inverse_float = (float*)(inputB->scale_inv.dptr);
+  void* D = outputD->data.dptr;
+  void* bias_ptr = inputBias->data.dptr;
+  const bool bias = bias_ptr != nullptr;
+  void* pre_gelu_out = outputPreGelu->data.dptr;
+  const bool gelu = pre_gelu_out != nullptr;
+  const bool use_fp8 = is_fp8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || is_fp8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
+  const bool use_int8 = is_int8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || is_int8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
+  const hipDataType A_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputA->data.dtype);
+  const hipDataType B_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
+  const hipDataType D_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(outputD->data.dtype);
+  const hipDataType bias_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputBias->data.dtype);
+
+  NVTE_CHECK(!is_fp8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || A_scale_inverse != nullptr,
+             "FP8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");
+  NVTE_CHECK(!is_fp8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype) || B_scale_inverse != nullptr,
+             "FP8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");
+  NVTE_CHECK(!is_int8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || A_scale_inverse != nullptr,
+             "INT8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");
+  NVTE_CHECK(!is_int8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype) || B_scale_inverse != nullptr,
+             "INT8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");
+
+  bool tensorwise_int8 = 0;;
+  const char* NVTE_INT8_SIM_FP8_TENSORWISE = std::getenv("NVTE_INT8_SIM_FP8_TENSORWISE");      
+  if (NVTE_INT8_SIM_FP8_TENSORWISE != nullptr && NVTE_INT8_SIM_FP8_TENSORWISE[0] == '1' && use_int8) tensorwise_int8 = 1;           
+
+  // check consistency of arguments:
+  // if fp8 is desired, context cannot be null
+  // fp8 + gelu fusion + fp8 aux is unavailable right now.
+  if (use_fp8 || use_int8) {
+    NVTE_CHECK(!gelu, "fp8 gemm + gelu fusion is unavailable right now!");
+  }
+  float one = 1.0;
+  float zero = 0.0;
+  float beta = (accumulate) ? one : zero;
+
+  int device_id;
+  NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDevice(&device_id));
+
+  if (handle == nullptr) {
+    handle = cached_handles.get(device_id);
+    if (handle == nullptr) {
+      handle = cached_handles.obtain(device_id);
+    }
+  }
+
+  hipblasLtMatmulDesc_t operationDesc = nullptr;
+  hipblasLtMatrixLayout_t Adesc = nullptr, Bdesc = nullptr, Cdesc = nullptr, Ddesc = nullptr;
+  hipblasLtMatmulPreference_t preference = nullptr;
+  hipblasLtEpilogue_t epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DEFAULT;
+
+  int64_t ld_gelumat = (int64_t)ldd;
+
+  // default to tf32 except for e5m2 inputs where the config is not supported
+  hipblasComputeType_t gemm_compute_type = HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F;
+
+  // Create matrix descriptors. Not setting any extra attributes.
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&Adesc, A_type, transa == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? m : k,
+                                                   transa == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? k : m, lda));
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&Bdesc, B_type, transb == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? k : n,
+                                                   transb == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? n : k, ldb));
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&Ddesc, D_type, m, n, ldd));
+
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescCreate(&operationDesc, gemm_compute_type, HIP_R_32F));
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSA,
+                                                       &transa, sizeof(transa)));
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSB,
+                                                       &transb, sizeof(transb)));
+
+  // set fp8 attributes -- input and output types should already be set to fp8 as appropriate
+  // Note: gelu fusion isn't available right now, and we don't need
+  // amax(D) either (next op is high precision).
+  if (use_fp8) {
+    // Split accumulator.
+    const int8_t fastAccuMode = (use_split_accumulator) ? 0 : 1;
+    /*
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
+                                                     HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_FAST_ACCUM, //TODO: We don't have fast accum mode yet
+                                                     &fastAccuMode,
+                                                     sizeof(fastAccuMode)));
+    */
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(
+        hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_A_SCALE_POINTER,
+                                        &A_scale_inverse, sizeof(A_scale_inverse)));
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(
+        hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_B_SCALE_POINTER,
+                                        &B_scale_inverse, sizeof(B_scale_inverse)));
+    if (bias) {
+      NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+          operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_DATA_TYPE, &bias_type, sizeof(bias_type)));
+    }
+  }
+  if (tensorwise_int8) {
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
+                                                     HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_A_SCALE_POINTER,
+                                                     (void*)&A_scale_inverse_float,
+                                                     sizeof(void*)));
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
+                                                     HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_B_SCALE_POINTER,
+                                                     (void*)&B_scale_inverse_float,
+                                                     sizeof(void*)));
+  }
+
+  if (bias && gelu) {
+    if (grad) {
+      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU_BGRAD;
+    } else {
+      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX_BIAS;
+    }
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &bias_ptr, sizeof(bias_ptr)));
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
+                                                         HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_POINTER,
+                                                         &pre_gelu_out, sizeof(pre_gelu_out)));
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_LD, &ld_gelumat, sizeof(ld_gelumat)));
+  } else if (bias) {
+    if (tensorwise_int8) {
+      if (grad) {
+        int batch_size = k;
+        int output_dim = n;
+        DType te_bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype_from_hipblaslt_dtype(bias_type);
+        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_NON_FP8ONLY(
+          te_bias_dtype, BType,·
+          detail::tensorwise_int8_bias_gradient_kernelLauncher<BType>(
+            reinterpret_cast<const int8_t*>(B), reinterpret_cast<BType*>(bias_ptr), B_scale_inverse_float, batch_size,
+            output_dim, stream););
+      } else {
+        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+          operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_DATA_TYPE, &bias_type, sizeof(bias_type)));
+        epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;
+        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+          operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &bias_ptr, sizeof(bias_ptr)));
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (grad) {
+        // grad output is always input B
+        epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BGRADB;
+      } else {
+        epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;
+      }
+      NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+          operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &bias_ptr, sizeof(bias_ptr)));
+    }
+    
+  } else if (gelu) {
+    if (grad) {
+      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU;
+    } else {
+      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX;
+    }
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
+                                                         HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_POINTER,
+                                                         &pre_gelu_out, sizeof(pre_gelu_out)));
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_LD, &ld_gelumat, sizeof(ld_gelumat)));
+  }
+
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+      operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE, &epilogue, sizeof(epilogue)));
+
+  GemmAlgoCache::Key gemm_cfg(algoCache.device_cap(device_id), A_type, B_type, D_type,
+                              use_fp8 ? bias_type : (hipDataType)-1, m, n, k, lda, ldb, ldd, transa,
+                              transb, epilogue);
+  GemmAlgoCache::Algo cached_algo;
+  if (algoCache.find(gemm_cfg, workspaceSize, cached_algo) == 0 || !cached_algo.algo.has_value()) {
+    int firstAlgo = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_ALGO_SELECTION", 0, 0);
+    int tuneLoopCount = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_TUNING_RUN_COUNT", 0, 0);
+    int algoTuneCount = 1;
+    std::vector<hipblasLtMatmulHeuristicResult_t> algoArr;
+    bool logTuning = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_LOG_TUNING", 0, 0) != 0;
+
+    if (tuneLoopCount) {
+      /* HIPBLASLT may return hundreds of algos for some configs
+       * Limit amount by default. User may override with env
+       */
+      static const int defaultAlgoCount = 16;
+      algoTuneCount = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_TUNING_ALGO_COUNT", defaultAlgoCount, 1);
+    }
+    algoTuneCount += firstAlgo;
+    int algoTotalCount =
+        cached_algo.hasId() ? std::max(algoTuneCount, (cached_algo.index + 1)) : algoTuneCount;
+    algoArr.resize(algoTotalCount);
+
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulPreferenceCreate(&preference));
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(
+        hipblasLtMatmulPreferenceSetAttribute(preference, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_PREF_MAX_WORKSPACE_BYTES,
+                                              &workspaceSize, sizeof(workspaceSize)));
+
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulAlgoGetHeuristic(handle, operationDesc, Adesc, Bdesc, Ddesc,
+                                                         Ddesc, preference, algoTotalCount,
+                                                         algoArr.data(), &algoTotalCount));
+    algoArr.resize(algoTotalCount);
+
+    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulPreferenceDestroy(preference));
+
+    //If cached algo exists in persistent storage we just need to find matching hipblasLtMatmulAlgo_t
+    if (cached_algo.hasId()) {
+      int idx = (cached_algo.index < algoTotalCount) ? cached_algo.index : 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i < algoTotalCount; i++) {
+        const auto& algo = algoArr[idx];
+        if (algo.state == HIPBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+          if (cached_algo.algoId == cached_algo.getAlgoId(algo.algo)) {
+            cached_algo.algo = algo.algo;
+            if (algo.workspaceSize != cached_algo.ws_size_min || idx != cached_algo.index) {
+              cached_algo.ws_size_min = algo.workspaceSize;
+              cached_algo.index = idx;
+              algoCache.store(gemm_cfg, cached_algo);
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        idx = (idx + 1) % algoTotalCount;
+      }
+      if (logTuning && !cached_algo.algo.has_value()) {
+        std::cout << "[WARNING] Cannot find cached algoId " << cached_algo.algoId
+                  << " in hipBLASLt results" << std::endl;
+      }
+    }
+
+    //No suitable entry in autotune cache or could not find matched algo in hipBLASLt results
+    if (!cached_algo.algo.has_value()) {
+      int bestAlgo = -1;
+      algoTuneCount = std::min(algoTuneCount, algoTotalCount);
+      if (tuneLoopCount > 0) {
+        if (logTuning)
+          std::cout << "[INFO] Perform hipBLASLt algo selection on GPU" << device_id
+                    << " in range [" << firstAlgo << "-" << (algoTuneCount - 1) << "] with "
+                    << tuneLoopCount << " loops " << std::endl;
+
+        NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamSynchronize(stream));
+        hipStream_t profilingStream;
+        NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamCreateWithFlags(&profilingStream, hipStreamNonBlocking));
+        using tuning_clock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
+        tuning_clock::now();  //the first call takes little longer so do it outside the loop
+        tuning_clock::duration bestTime = tuning_clock::duration::max();
+
+        for (int algo = firstAlgo; algo < algoTuneCount; algo++) {
+          if (algoArr[algo].state != HIPBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          // Warm-up call
+          NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmul(handle, operationDesc,
+                                               static_cast<const void*>(&one),         /* alpha */
+                                               A,                                      /* A */
+                                               Adesc, B,                               /* B */
+                                               Bdesc, static_cast<const void*>(&beta), /* beta */
+                                               D,                                      /* C */
+                                               Ddesc, D,                               /* D */
+                                               Ddesc, &algoArr[algo].algo,             /* algo */
+                                               workspace,                        /* workspace */
+                                               workspaceSize, profilingStream)); /* stream */
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamSynchronize(profilingStream));
+
+          //Profiling loop
+          tuning_clock::time_point startTime = tuning_clock::now();
+          for (int loop = 0; loop < tuneLoopCount; loop++) {
+            NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmul(handle, operationDesc,
+                                                 static_cast<const void*>(&one),         /* alpha */
+                                                 A,                                      /* A */
+                                                 Adesc, B,                               /* B */
+                                                 Bdesc, static_cast<const void*>(&beta), /* beta */
+                                                 D,                                      /* C */
+                                                 Ddesc, D,                               /* D */
+                                                 Ddesc, &algoArr[algo].algo,             /* algo */
+                                                 workspace,                        /* workspace */
+                                                 workspaceSize, profilingStream)); /* stream */
+          }
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamSynchronize(profilingStream));
+          tuning_clock::duration algoTime = tuning_clock::now() - startTime;
+          if (algoTime < bestTime) {
+            bestAlgo = algo;
+            bestTime = algoTime;
+          }
+        }
+
+        NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamDestroy(profilingStream));
+        if (bestAlgo >= 0) {
+          if (logTuning)
+            std::cout << "[INFO] Select hipBLASLt algo " << bestAlgo << " with time "
+                      << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(bestTime).count() /
+                             tuneLoopCount
+                      << " ns" << std::endl;
+        }
+      } else if (firstAlgo < algoTuneCount) {
+        bestAlgo = firstAlgo;
+      }
+
+      if (bestAlgo < 0) {
+        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Ddesc));
+        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Bdesc));
+        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Adesc));
+        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescDestroy(operationDesc));
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unable to find any suitable algorithms");
+      }
+      cached_algo.algo = algoArr[bestAlgo].algo;
+      cached_algo.index = bestAlgo;
+      cached_algo.algoId = cached_algo.getAlgoId(algoArr[bestAlgo].algo);
+      cached_algo.ws_size_min = algoArr[bestAlgo].workspaceSize;
+      cached_algo.ws_size_max = workspaceSize;
+
+      if (logTuning)
+        std::cout << "[INFO] Use hipBLASLt algo [" << bestAlgo << "] " << cached_algo.algoId
+                  << std::endl;
+
+      algoCache.store(gemm_cfg, cached_algo);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // D = alpha * (A * B) + beta * C
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmul(handle, operationDesc,
+                                       static_cast<const void*>(&one),         /* alpha */
+                                       A,                                      /* A */
+                                       Adesc, B,                               /* B */
+                                       Bdesc, static_cast<const void*>(&beta), /* beta */
+                                       D,                                      /* C */
+                                       Ddesc, D,                               /* D */
+                                       Ddesc, &cached_algo.algo.value(),       /* algo */
+                                       workspace,                              /* workspace */
+                                       workspaceSize, stream));                /* stream */
+
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Ddesc));
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Bdesc));
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Adesc));
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescDestroy(operationDesc));
+}
+
+struct HipBlasLtUserArgsDeleter {
+  void operator()(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* ptr) const noexcept {
+      hipFree(ptr);
+  }
+};
+
+using HipBlasLtUserArgsPtr = std::unique_ptr<hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments, HipBlasLtUserArgsDeleter>;
+
+inline HipBlasLtUserArgsPtr make_hipblaslt_user_args_ptr(size_t size, bool host) {
+  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* raw_ptr = nullptr;
+  if (host) {
+    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipHostMalloc(&raw_ptr, size * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments)));
+  } else {
+    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(&raw_ptr, size * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments)));
+  }
+  return HipBlasLtUserArgsPtr(raw_ptr);
+}
+
+inline hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* get_hipblaslt_user_args(size_t size, bool host) {
+  thread_local static std::unordered_map<size_t, HipBlasLtUserArgsPtr> host_userargs_cache;
+  thread_local static std::unordered_map<size_t, HipBlasLtUserArgsPtr> device_userargs_cache;
+  std::unordered_map<size_t, HipBlasLtUserArgsPtr>& user_args_cache = host ? host_userargs_cache : device_userargs_cache;
+  auto size_it = user_args_cache.find(size);
+  if (size_it != user_args_cache.end()) {
+    return size_it->second.get();
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    HipBlasLtUserArgsPtr user_args = make_hipblaslt_user_args_ptr(size, host);
+    hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* raw_ptr = user_args.get();
+    user_args_cache[size] = std::move(user_args);
+    return raw_ptr;
+  }
+}
+
+
+void hipblaslt_groupedgemm(std::vector<const Tensor*>& inputA, std::vector<const Tensor*>& inputB,
+                          std::vector<Tensor*>& outputD, std::vector<int64_t>& m,
+                          std::vector<int64_t>& n, std::vector<int64_t>& k, std::vector<int64_t>& b,
+                          hipblasOperation_t transa, hipblasOperation_t transb, void* workspace,
+                          size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate, bool use_split_accumulator,
+                          int math_sm_count, hipStream_t stream, int compute_stream_offset = 0) {
+  // Check compute_stream_offset valid.
+  NVTE_CHECK(compute_stream_offset >= -1 && compute_stream_offset < compute_num_streams);
+
+  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* userArgs = get_hipblaslt_user_args(m.size(), true);
+  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* d_userArgs = get_hipblaslt_user_args(m.size(), false);
+
+  // hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* userArgs;
+  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipHostMalloc(&userArgs, m.size() * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments)));
+
+  hipblasLtHandle_t handle = nullptr;
+  if (compute_stream_offset != -1) {
+    // Init hipblaslt handles (once, globally)
+    static std::once_flag init_flag;
+    static hipblasLtHandle_t hipblaslt_handles[compute_num_streams];
+    std::call_once(init_flag, init_hipblaslt_handles, hipblaslt_handles);
+
+    handle = hipblaslt_handles[compute_stream_offset];
+  }
+
+  const hipDataType A_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputA[0]->data.dtype);
+  const hipDataType B_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputB[0]->data.dtype);
+  const hipDataType D_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(outputD[0]->data.dtype);
+
+  hipblasComputeType_t computeType = HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F;
+
+  float one = 1.0;
+  float zero = 0.0;
+  float beta = (accumulate) ? one : zero;
+  int int_one = 1;
+  int int_zero = 0;
+  int int_beta = int_zero;
+  bool use_int8 = false;
+
+  if ((A_type == HIP_R_8I) && (B_type == HIP_R_8I) && (D_type == HIP_R_32I)) {
+    NVTE_CHECK(!accumulate, "Int8 gemm not support accumulate.");
+    use_int8 = true;
+    computeType = HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32I;
+  }
+
+  hipblaslt_ext::GemmPreference gemmPref;
+  gemmPref.setMaxWorkspaceBytes(workspaceSize);
+  hipblaslt_ext::GroupedGemm groupedgemm(handle, transa, transb, A_type, B_type, D_type, D_type,
+                                         computeType);
+
+  std::vector<hipblaslt_ext::GemmEpilogue> epilogue{
+      hipblaslt_ext::
+          GemmEpilogue()};  // No action needed, default is HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DEFAULT. (Gemm only)
+  std::vector<hipblaslt_ext::GemmInputs> inputs(m.size());
+  for (int i = 0; i < m.size(); i++) {
+    inputs[i].a = inputA[i]->data.dptr;
+    inputs[i].b = inputB[i]->data.dptr;
+    inputs[i].c = outputD[i]->data.dptr;
+    inputs[i].d = outputD[i]->data.dptr;
+    inputs[i].alpha = use_int8 ? static_cast<void*>(&int_one) : static_cast<void*>(&one);
+    inputs[i].beta = use_int8 ? static_cast<void*>(&int_beta) : static_cast<void*>(&beta);
+  }
+  // hipblaslt_ext::GemmEpilogue supports broadcasting
+  groupedgemm.setProblem(m, n, k, b, epilogue, inputs);
+
+  const int request_solutions = 1;
+  std::vector<hipblasLtMatmulHeuristicResult_t> heuristicResult;
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.algoGetHeuristic(request_solutions, gemmPref, heuristicResult));
+
+  if (heuristicResult.empty()) {
+    std::cerr << "No valid solution found!" << std::endl;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Make sure to initialize everytime the algo changes
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.initialize(heuristicResult[0].algo, workspace));
+
+  // Get the default values from the grouepdgemm object
+  groupedgemm.getDefaultValueForDeviceUserArguments(userArgs);
+  // Copy them to device memory
+  // hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* d_userArgs;
+  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&d_userArgs, m.size() * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments), stream));
+  NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemcpy(d_userArgs, userArgs, m.size() * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments),
+                            hipMemcpyHostToDevice));
+
+  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.run(d_userArgs, stream));
+  // NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.initialize(heuristicResult[0].algo, workspace, false, stream));
+  // NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.run(stream));
+
+  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(d_userArgs, stream));
+  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(userArgs));
+}
+
+#endif  //USE_HIPBLASLT
+
+#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS  // Use rocblas + kernel, no fusion
+
+inline void CreateRocblasHandle(rocblas_handle* handle) {
+  NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_create_handle(handle));
+}
+
+using rocblasHandleManager = detail::HandleManager<rocblas_handle, CreateRocblasHandle>;
+void rocblas_gemm(const Tensor* inputA, const Tensor* inputB, Tensor* outputD,
+                  const Tensor* inputBias, Tensor* outputPreGelu, int m, int n, int k, int lda,
+                  int ldb, int ldd, rocblas_operation transa, rocblas_operation transb, bool grad,
+                  void* workspace, size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate,
+                  bool use_split_accumulator, int math_sm_count, int m_split, int n_split,
+                  bool gemm_producer, const Tensor* inputCounter, hipStream_t stream) {
+  void* A = inputA->data.dptr;
+  void* A_scale_inverse = inputA->scale_inv.dptr;
+  void* B = inputB->data.dptr;
+  void* B_scale_inverse = inputB->scale_inv.dptr;
+  void* C = outputD->data.dptr;
+  void* D = outputD->data.dptr;
+  void* D_scale = outputD->scale.dptr;
+  void* D_amax = outputD->amax.dptr;
+  void* bias_ptr = inputBias->data.dptr;
+  const bool bias = bias_ptr != nullptr;
+  void* pre_gelu_out = outputPreGelu->data.dptr;
+  const bool gelu = pre_gelu_out != nullptr;
+  const bool use_fp8 = is_fp8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || is_fp8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
+  const rocblas_datatype A_type = get_rocblas_dtype(inputA->data.dtype);
+  const rocblas_datatype B_type = get_rocblas_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
+  const rocblas_datatype D_type = get_rocblas_dtype(outputD->data.dtype);
+  const rocblas_datatype bias_type = get_rocblas_dtype(inputBias->data.dtype);
+  const rocblas_datatype gelu_type = get_rocblas_dtype(outputPreGelu->data.dtype);
+
+  // check consistency of arguments:
+  // if fp8 is desired, context cannot be null
+  // fp8 + gelu fusion + fp8 aux is unavailable right now.
+  if (use_fp8 && gelu) {
+    NVTE_CHECK(!is_fp8_dtype(outputPreGelu->data.dtype),
+               "fp8 Aux output for gemm + gelu fusion not supported!");
+  }
+  if (is_fp8_dtype(outputD->data.dtype)) {
+    NVTE_CHECK(!accumulate, "Accumulation mode not supported with FP8 GEMM output!");
+  }
+  // fp8 + grad unavailable in upstream
+  NVTE_CHECK(!(use_fp8 && grad), "fp8 + grad not supported!");
+
+  float one = 1.0;
+  float zero = 0.0;
+  float beta = (accumulate) ? one : zero;
+
+  float alpha = 1.0;
+  if (use_fp8) {
+    float A_scale_inv, B_scale_inv;
+    (void)hipMemcpy(&A_scale_inv, A_scale_inverse, sizeof(float), hipMemcpyDeviceToHost);
+    (void)hipMemcpy(&B_scale_inv, B_scale_inverse, sizeof(float), hipMemcpyDeviceToHost);
+    alpha = A_scale_inv * B_scale_inv;
+  }
+
+  rocblas_handle handle = rocblasHandleManager::Instance().GetHandle();
+  NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_set_stream(handle, stream));
+
+  // extract the stream order alloc env
+  bool stream_order_alloc = false;
+  if (const char* env_p = std::getenv("ROCBLAS_STREAM_ORDER_ALLOC")) {
+    if (env_p == nullptr || std::string(env_p) == "1") stream_order_alloc = true;
+  }
+
+  int64_t ld_gelumat = (int64_t)ldd;
+
+  NVTE_CHECK((A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r &&
+              D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r) ||
+                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
+                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r),
+             "Only the following combinations of data types are enabled now!\n\
+1. input: fp32, output: fp32.\n\
+2. input: fp16, output: fp16.\n\
+3. input: bf16, output: bf16.\n\
+4. input: fp8/bf8, output: fp8/bf8, fp16/bf16, fp32");
+
+  //If D is not fp32, then we need a temp buffer for GEMM result before applying epilogues. Otherwise, we can apply epilogues in-place.
+  // with bias or gelu, allocate fp32 D_temp if the output is not fp32
+  // with input fp8/bf8 (use_fp8) and bf16 output, need a fp32 D_temp, as rocblas does not support this case (fp8/bf8 input fp16/fp32 output is supported)
+  // with use_fp8 true and fp8/bf8 output, need fp32 D_temp to support amax and scale operation
+  void* D_temp;
+  if (((bias || gelu) && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r)) ||
+      (use_fp8 && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r ||
+                   D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r))) {
+    if (!stream_order_alloc) {
+      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(&D_temp, sizeof(float) * m * n));
+    } else {
+      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&D_temp, sizeof(float) * m * n, stream));
+    }
+  } else {
+    D_temp = D;
+  }
+
+  // When Ti=To=fp16 and there is no bias or gelu, D_temp points to D and we would like it to be fp16
+  rocblas_datatype D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_f32_r;
+  if (!(bias || gelu) && (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r &&
+                          D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r)) {
+    D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_f16_r;
+  }
+  // When Ti=To=bf16 and there is no bias or gelu, D_temp points to D and we would like it to be bf16
+  if (!(bias || gelu) && (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r &&
+                          D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r)) {
+    D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_bf16_r;
+  }
+  // When Ti in fp8 or bf8, To=fp16, there is no bias or gelu, D_temp points to D and we would like it to be fp16, as rocblas support this case.
+  if ((!(bias || gelu)) && (use_fp8 && D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r)) {
+    D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_f16_r;
+  }
+
+  if (accumulate && (D_temp != D || D_temp_type != D_type)) {
+    DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
+    TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+        output_dtype, OType,
+        //D_temp allocated only with fp32
+        detail::identity_kernelLauncher<OType, float>(
+            reinterpret_cast<const OType*>(D), reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_temp), m * n, stream););
+  }
+
+  // D = alpha * (A * B) + beta * C
+  if (use_fp8) {
+    rocblas_computetype computeType = rocblas_compute_type_f32;
+    NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_gemm_ex3(handle, transa, transb, m, n, k, &alpha, A, A_type, lda, B,
+                                        B_type, ldb, &beta, D_temp, D_temp_type, ldd, D_temp,
+                                        D_temp_type, ldd, computeType,
+                                        rocblas_gemm_algo::rocblas_gemm_algo_standard, 0, 0));
+  } else {
+    rocblas_datatype computeType = rocblas_datatype_f32_r;
+    uint32_t flags = rocblas_gemm_flags_none;
+    if ((A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) && grad) {
+      flags = rocblas_gemm_flags_fp16_alt_impl;
+    }
+    NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_gemm_ex(handle, transa, transb, m, n, k, &alpha, A, A_type, lda, B,
+                                       B_type, ldb, &beta, D_temp, D_temp_type, ldd, D_temp,
+                                       D_temp_type, ldd, computeType,
+                                       rocblas_gemm_algo::rocblas_gemm_algo_standard, 0, flags));
+  }
+
+  int batch_size, input_dim, output_dim;
+  if (bias && gelu) {
+    if (grad) {
+      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU_BGRAD;
+      // Apply GELU gradient to D_temp and store in D
+      // Apply bias gradient to D (D is already the result of GELU gradient) and store in bias_ptr;
+      // This case is NN
+      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
+      // The bias vector length is m. So it will be reduced along axis 0 in row major
+      // (TODO): The cublasLt doc is not very clear wrt the bias gradient here.
+      // It does not explicitly say that it goes through GELU gradient first. We will need to
+      // confirm in the future. As of now, my implementation for the bias gradient takes
+      // the GELU gradient result in lower precision (D). It might be better to take the GELU
+      // gradient result in fp32 but as it requires some kernel changes I would only do that
+      // once we confirm that this is the right form of the epilogue.
+      // This is for linear1 -> gelu -> linear2
+      // compute dX = dY * W for linear2
+      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=dY)
+      batch_size = n;
+      input_dim =
+          m;  // input dimension of the second linear layer is the output dimension of the first linear layer
+      output_dim = k;
+      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
+      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
+      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+          output_dtype, OType,
+          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+              gelu_dtype, GType,
+              detail::gelu_backward_kernelLauncher<OType, GType>(
+                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
+                  reinterpret_cast<const GType*>(pre_gelu_out), batch_size, input_dim, stream);););
+
+      void* bias_tmp;
+      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
+        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(
+              &bias_tmp,
+              sizeof(float) * input_dim));  // The bias gradient is for the first linear layer
+        } else {
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&bias_tmp, sizeof(float) * input_dim, stream));
+        }
+      } else {
+        bias_tmp = bias_ptr;
+      }
+
+      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+          output_dtype, OType,
+          detail::bias_gradient_kernelLauncher<OType>(
+              reinterpret_cast<const OType*>(D), reinterpret_cast<float*>(bias_tmp), batch_size,
+              input_dim, stream_order_alloc, stream););
+
+      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
+        DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
+        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+            bias_dtype, BType,
+            detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, BType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(bias_tmp),
+                                                          reinterpret_cast<BType*>(bias_ptr),
+                                                          input_dim, stream););
+        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(bias_tmp));
+        } else {
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(bias_tmp, stream));
+        }
+      }
+
+    } else {
+      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX_BIAS;
+      // Add bias_ptr to D_temp and store in pre_gelu_out, and apply GELU to the pre_gelu_output and then store in D
+      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
+      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=X, transA=T)
+      batch_size = n;
+      input_dim = k;
+      output_dim = m;
+      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
+      DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
+      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
+      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+          output_dtype, OType,
+          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+              gelu_dtype, GType,
+              TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+                  bias_dtype, BType,
+                  detail::add_bias_gelu_kernelLauncher<OType, GType, BType>(
+                      reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
+                      reinterpret_cast<GType*>(pre_gelu_out),
+                      reinterpret_cast<const BType*>(bias_ptr), reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax),
+                      reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), batch_size, output_dim,
+                      stream););););
+    }
+  } else if (bias) {
+    if (grad) {
+      // grad output is always input B
+      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BGRADB;
+      // Apply bias gradient to matrix B and store in bias_ptr, reduce along the k dimension, output bias length is n
+      // As B is transposed, is of shape (n, k) in column major, and is of shape (k, n) in row major.
+      // bias gradient vector length is n. So it will be reduced along axis 0 in row major.
+      // The backward pass calculate the bias gradient along with dW = dY^T * X
+      // gemm_ex(A=X, B = dY, transB=T)
+      batch_size = k;
+      input_dim = m;
+      output_dim = n;
+      void* bias_tmp;
+      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
+        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(&bias_tmp, sizeof(float) * output_dim));
+        } else {
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&bias_tmp, sizeof(float) * output_dim, stream));
+        }
+      } else {
+        bias_tmp = bias_ptr;
+      }
+
+      DType input_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(B_type);
+      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
+      DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
+      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+          input_dtype, IType,
+          detail::bias_gradient_kernelLauncher<IType>(
+              reinterpret_cast<const IType*>(B), reinterpret_cast<float*>(bias_tmp), batch_size,
+              output_dim, stream_order_alloc, stream););
+      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
+        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+            bias_dtype, BType,
+            detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, BType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(bias_tmp),
+                                                          reinterpret_cast<BType*>(bias_ptr),
+                                                          output_dim, stream););
+        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(bias_tmp));
+        } else {
+          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(bias_tmp, stream));
+        }
+      }
+      if (D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) {
+        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+            output_dtype, OType,
+            detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, OType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp),
+                                                          reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
+                                                          input_dim * output_dim, stream););
+      }
+    } else {
+      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;
+      // Broadcast bias and add it to D_temp and store in D. The bias vector length is m
+      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
+      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=X, transA=T)
+      batch_size = n;
+      input_dim = k;
+      output_dim = m;
+      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
+      DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
+      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+          output_dtype, OType,
+          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+              bias_dtype, BType,
+              detail::add_bias_kernelLauncher<OType, BType>(
+                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
+                  reinterpret_cast<const BType*>(bias_ptr), reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax),
+                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), batch_size, output_dim, stream);););
+    }
+  } else if (gelu) {
+    if (grad) {
+      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU;
+      // Take input from pre_gelu_out and apply GELU gradients to D_temp and store result in D
+      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
+      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=dY)
+      batch_size = n;
+      input_dim = m;
+      output_dim = k;
+      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
+      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
+      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+          output_dtype, OType,
+          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+              gelu_dtype, GType,
+              detail::gelu_backward_kernelLauncher<OType, GType>(
+                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
+                  reinterpret_cast<const GType*>(pre_gelu_out), batch_size, input_dim, stream);););
+    } else {
+      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX;
+      // Store (quantized) D_temp in pre_gelu_out, and apply GELU to D_temp then store in D
+      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
+      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=X, transA=T)
+      batch_size = n;
+      input_dim = k;
+      output_dim = m;
+
+      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
+      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+          gelu_dtype, GType,
+          detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, GType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp),
+                                                        reinterpret_cast<GType*>(pre_gelu_out),
+                                                        batch_size * output_dim, stream););
+      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
+      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+          output_dtype, OType,
+          detail::gelu_forward_kernelLauncher<OType>(
+              reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
+              reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax), reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), batch_size,
+              output_dim, stream););
+    }
+  } else {  // No epilogue - !(bias || gelu)
+    if (use_fp8 && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r ||
+                    D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r)) {
+      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
+      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
+          output_dtype, OType,
+          detail::identity_output_kernelLauncher<OType>(
+              reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
+              reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax), reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), m * n,
+              stream););
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (((bias || gelu) && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r)) ||
+      (use_fp8 && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r ||
+                   D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r))) {
+    if (!stream_order_alloc) {
+      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(D_temp));
+    } else {
+      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(D_temp, stream));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#endif  //USE_ROCBLAS
+
+void cublas_gemm(const Tensor* inputA, const Tensor* inputB, Tensor* outputD,
+                 const Tensor* inputBias, Tensor* outputPreGelu, int m, int n, int k, int lda,
+                 int ldb, int ldd, bool transa, bool transb, bool grad, void* workspace,
+                 size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate, bool use_split_accumulator,
+                 int math_sm_count, int m_split, int n_split, bool gemm_producer,
+                 const Tensor* inputCounter, hipStream_t stream, bool nvte_use_hipblaslt = 0,
+                 bool nvte_use_rocblas = 0, int compute_stream_offset = -1) {
+  /*If no backend is specified with env variable use HIPBLASLT unless it is disabled
+  If HIPBLASLT backend is enabled and requested, use it despite ROCBLAS status
+  Otherwise use ROCBLAS 
+*/
+
+  bool use_hipblaslt = (std::getenv("NVTE_USE_HIPBLASLT") != nullptr) || nvte_use_hipblaslt;
+  bool use_rocblas = (std::getenv("NVTE_USE_ROCBLAS") != nullptr) || nvte_use_rocblas;
+
+#if !defined(USE_HIPBLASLT) && !defined(USE_ROCBLAS)
+#error GEMM backend is not specified
+#elif !defined(USE_HIPBLASLT)
+  if (use_hipblaslt) {
+    use_hipblaslt = false;
+    use_rocblas = true;
+    std::cout << "[NOTICE] hipBLASLt is not enabled, NVTE_USE_HIPBLASLT env is ignored\n";
+  }
+#elif !defined(USE_ROCBLAS)
+  if (use_rocblas) {
+    use_rocblas = false;
+    use_hipblaslt = true;
+    std::cout << "[NOTICE] rocBLAS is not enabled, NVTE_USE_ROCBLAS env is ignored\n";
+  }
+#else
+  if (use_hipblaslt && use_rocblas) {
+    use_rocblas = false;
+    use_hipblaslt = true;
+    // std::cout << "[NOTICE] Two GEMM backend are enabled, hipBLASLt will be used\n";
+  } else if (!use_hipblaslt && !use_rocblas) {
+    use_rocblas = false;
+    use_hipblaslt = true;
+    // std::cout << "[NOTICE] Two GEMM backend are disabled, hipBLASLt will be used\n";
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
+  if (use_hipblaslt || !use_rocblas) {
+    // Check compute_stream_offset valid.
+    NVTE_CHECK(compute_stream_offset >= -1 && compute_stream_offset < compute_num_streams);
+
+    hipblasLtHandle_t handle = nullptr;
+    if (compute_stream_offset != -1) {
+      // Init hipblaslt handles (once, globally)
+      static std::once_flag init_flag;
+      static hipblasLtHandle_t hipblaslt_handles[compute_num_streams];
+      std::call_once(init_flag, init_hipblaslt_handles, hipblaslt_handles);
+
+      handle = hipblaslt_handles[compute_stream_offset];
+    }
+
+    hipblaslt_gemm(inputA, inputB, outputD, inputBias, outputPreGelu, m, n, k, lda, ldb, ldd,
+                   (transa) ? HIPBLAS_OP_T : HIPBLAS_OP_N, (transb) ? HIPBLAS_OP_T : HIPBLAS_OP_N,
+                   grad, workspace, workspaceSize, accumulate, use_split_accumulator, math_sm_count,
+                   m_split, n_split, gemm_producer, inputCounter, stream, handle);
+
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
+  if (use_rocblas) {
+    rocblas_gemm(inputA, inputB, outputD, inputBias, outputPreGelu, m, n, k, lda, ldb, ldd,
+                 (transa) ? rocblas_operation_transpose : rocblas_operation_none,
+                 (transb) ? rocblas_operation_transpose : rocblas_operation_none, grad, workspace,
+                 workspaceSize, accumulate, use_split_accumulator, math_sm_count, m_split, n_split,
+                 gemm_producer, inputCounter, stream);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+}  //namespace transformer_engine
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